The Future of the Peace Process and Prospects fora Nuclear Weapon Free Zone in Northeast Asia

2013 NPT Preparatory Committee NGO Workshop

The Future of the Peace Process and Prospects for a Nuclear Weapon Free Zone in Northeast Asia - 60th Anniversary of the Korean War Armistice -

Palais des Nations, Room XVI Thursday 25 April 2013, 10am – 1pm

Co-sponsorship Peace Depot (JP), Peace Network (ROK), Peace Boat (JP), People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (ROK)

Cooperation International Peace Bureau, Nautilus Institute , Parliamentarians for Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, World Council of Churches

Pr ogr a mme .Ma r i aKi m,Pe a c eDe pot Cha i r :Ms 1 0: 2 0 0: 00Ope ni ng1 Op e ni ngRe mar k s Ad d r e s sb yNat i o nal Co unc i l o fJ ap anNuc l e arFr e eLo c al Aut ho r i t i e s /May o ro fNag as ak i Ad d r e s sb yMay o r sf o rPe ac e /May o ro fHi r o s hi ma 1 1 : 3 0 0: 20Ke y not eSpe e c h1 Ne wAppr oa c he st oDe nuc l e a r i z a t i ona ndPe a c eRe gi meont heKor e a nPe ni ns ul a Mr .

Wo o k s i kChe o ng , Pe ac eNe t wo r k TheSi gni f i c a nc eofAc hi e v i ngaNEANWFZ Mr .

I c hi r oYuas a, Pe ac eDe p o t Endoft heCol dWa ri nEur opea ndI t sI mpl i c a t i onsi nNor t he a s tAs i a Mr .

Co l i nAr c he r , I PB I mpl e me nt a t i onofaNEANWFZi nChi naa ndNor t hKor e a aSky pe Mr .

Pe t e rHay e s , Naut i l usI ns t i t ut e*vi

Comme nt : Re f l e c t i onsa ndt heRol eofPa r l i a me nt a r i a ns Mr .

Al y nWar e ,PNNDg l o b al c o o r d i nat o r Q&A 1 : 3 01 1 : 5 0 Spe c i a lRe ma r ks1 ByDi p l o mat sandPNNDNo r t he as tAs i a 1 : 5 0-1 2: 00 Br e a k1 1 2: 5 0 2: 00Pa ne lDi s c us s i on1 Mr .

Ak i r aKawas ak i , Pe ac eBo at Mo d e r at o r : .

J o nat hanFr e r i c hs , WCC Pane l :Mr Mr .

Tak aoTak ahar a, Pe ac eDe p o t Mr .

Wo o k s i kChe o ng , Pe ac eNe t wo r k 2: 5 01 3 : 00 Cl os e1 Pub l i c at i o no f aJ o i ntAp p e al o nNo r t he as tAs i aNWFZ Cl o s i ngRe mar k s

Pr of i l e s Cha i r Ms .Ma r i aKI M wor ksa tPe a c eDe pot ,doi ngr e s e a r c ha ndc oor di na t i ngi nt e r na t i ona lpa r t ne r s hi ps .

Be f or e ,s hewor ke da sac oor di na t orf orPe a c eNe t wor ka ndCi v i lPe a c eFor um i nSe oul ,Kor e a .She i sa l s oPNNDNEAAs s i s t a ntCoor di na t ora ndame mbe rofBa nAl lNuke sge ne r a t i on( BANg) .

Spe a ke r s Mr .I c hi r oYUASA:Pr e s i de ntofPe a c eDe pot .Bor nI n1 949i nToky o.TohokuUni v e r s i t yGr a dua t e a ndFor me rRe s e a r c he rofNa t i ona lI ns t i t ut eofAdv a nc e dI ndus t r i a lSc i e nc ea ndTe c hnol ogy Cy ugokuCe nt e r .Doc t orofSc i e nc e .Phy s i c a loc e a nogr a phya ndma r i nee nv i r onme nt a ls t udi e s .Ba n Se t oI nl a ndSe ac onf e r e nc ea dv i s e r .Publ i c a t i ons :" Ra di oa c t i v ec ont a mi na t i onoft heSe a "( 201 2) , " As kt hePe a c eCi t yHi r os hi ma "( 1 995 ) .

Mr .Wooks i kCHEONGi soneoft hef oundi ngme mbe r sa ndt her e pr e s e nt a t i v eofPe a c eNe t wor k,a nongov e r nme nt a lor ga ni z a t i onf or me di n1 999,wor ki ngf orpe a c ea nddi s a r ma me nti nt he Nor t he a s tAs i aa ndont heKor e a nPe ni ns ul a .Asape a c ea c t i v i s t ,a ni nde pe nde ntr e s e a r c he r ,a nda j our na l i s t ,heha sor ga ni z e dma nyc a mpa i gnsa ndc onf e r e nc e s ,wr i t t e nbooksa nde s s a y s ,a ndma de s pe e c he sbot hi nKor e aa nda br oa d.

Mr .Col i nARCHER:Pe a c ea ndhuma nr i ght sa c t i v i s ts i nc et hee a r l y1 97 0s .

Ac t i v eonnuc l e a r i s s ue si nUKdur i ngl a t e1 980s ,wi t hCNDa ndEND.Se c r e t a r y Ge ne r a loft heI nt e r na t i ona lPe a c e Bur e a us i nc e1 990.He a v i l yi nv ol v e di nt heWor l dCour tPr oj e c t ,Abol i t i on2000,Ha gueAppe a lf or Pe a c ea ndGl oba lCa mpa i gnf orPe a c eEduc a t i on.Coor di na t orofI PB' sma i npr ogr a mme : Di s a r ma me ntf orSus t a i na bl eDe v e l opme nt ,i nc l udi ngt heGl oba lDa yofAc t i ononMi l i t a r y Spe ndi ng.

Mode r a t or Mr .Aki r aKAWASAKIi sa nEx e c ut i v eCommi t t e eme mbe rofPe a c eBoa t ,a ndCoCha i rofI CAN. I n2009201 0,hes e r v e da sa nNGOAdv i s ort oCoCha i r soft heI nt e r na t i ona lCommi s s i onon Nuc l e a rNonPr ol i f e r a t i ona ndDi s a r ma me nt .Af t e rt he1 1Ma r c h201 1t s una mia ndnuc l e a r di s a s t e r ,hei ni t i a t e dPe a c eBoa t ' sa c t i v i t i e st ohe l pc hi l dr e nofFukus hi maa ndor ga ni z e dGl oba l Conf e r e nc ef oraNuc l e a rPowe rFr e eWor l di nJ a nua r y201 2a st heConf e r e nc eDi r e c t or .He l e c t ur e sa tKe i s e nUni v e r s i t y ,Toky o,a ndf r e que nt l ywr i t e si nJ a pa ne s ene ws pa pe r sa ndj our na l son nuc l e a rdi s a r ma me nt .

Pa ne l i s t s Mr .J ona t ha nFRERI CHSi spr ogr a mmee x e c ut i v e ,pe a c e bui l di nga nddi s a r ma me nt ,f ort he Commi s s i onoft heChur c he sonI nt e r na t i ona lAf f a i r soft heWor l dCounc i lofChur c he s ,ba s e di n Ge ne v a .Hi swor ke x pe r i e nc ei nc l ude sa dv oc a c ya ndc ommuni c a t i onr e s pons i bi l i t i e swi t h huma ni t a r i a n,r e l i e fa ndde v e l opme nt ,publ i che a l t ha ndr e l i gi ousor ga ni z a t i onsde a l i ngwi t h v a r i ousa s pe c t sofhuma ns e c ur i t y .

Mr .Ta ka oTAKAHARAi sPr of e s s orofI nt e r na t i ona lPol i t i c sa ndPe a c eRe s e a r c ha tFa c ul t yof I nt e r na t i ona lSt udi e s ,Me i j iGa kui nUni v e r s i t y ;me mbe roft heI nt e r na t i ona lPe a c eRe s e a r c h I ns t i t ut eMe i j iGa kui nUni v e r s i t y( PRI ME) ;Vi c ePr e s i de ntoft hePe a c eSt udi e sAs s oc i a t i onof J a pa n;me mbe rofPugwa s hI nt e r na t i ona lCounc i l ;I nt e r na t i ona lAdv i s or yBoa r dme mbe r ,Pe a c e Hi s t or ySoc i e t y .

Mr .Pe t e rHAYESi sPr of e s s orofI nt e r na t i ona lRe l a t i ons ,Sc hoolofGl oba l ,Ur ba na ndSoc i a l St udi e s ,Roy a lMe l bour neI ns t i t ut eofTe c hnol ogyUni v e r s i t ya ndDi r e c t or ,Na ut i l usI ns t i t ut ei n Sa nFr a nc i s c oa ndofNa ut i l usa tRMI T.Hewor ksa tt hene x usofs e c ur i t y ,e nv i r onme nta nde ne r gy pol i c ypr obl e ms ,a ndha sde v e l ope dt e c hni que sf ors e e ki ngne a r t e r ms ol ut i onst ogl oba ls e c ur i t y a nds us t a i na bi l i t ypr obl e ms .Pe t e rha swor ke df ort heUNDe v e l opme ntPr ogr a mme , t heAs i a n De v e l opme ntBa nk,a ndt heGl oba lEnv i r onme ntFa c i l i t y .

1

Ma y orTa ueofNa ga s a ki ' sSpe e c h J a pa nKor e aNGOWor ks hop Gr e e t i ngsonbe ha l foft heNa t i ona lCo unc i lofJ a pa nNuc l e a rFr e eLoc a lAut hor i t i e sa tt hi sJ a pa nKo r e aNGO Wor ks hop.Fi r s t ,a l l ow met oe x pr e s smyde e pr e s pe c tf ora l lt ho s ei nv ol v e di nt hi s NGO Wor ks hop,f ol l owi ngo nf r om l a s ty e a r ,a ndy ourde di c a t e de f f or t st or e a l i z eape r ma ne nt pe a c ef ort heNor t he a s tAs i a nr e gi on.

Thepr e s e nc eofNor t hKor e a ,i gnor i ngt her e s t r a i ntf r om t hei nt e r na t i ona lc ommuni t ya ndf or c i bl y c onduc t i ngmi s s i l el a unc ha ndnuc l e a rt e s t s ,i st hr e a t e ni ngt hes a f e t yofr e s i de nt sa ndi nc r e a s i ng t het e ns i onsi nt heNor t he a s tAs i a nr e gi onwhe r ewel i v e .

201 3ma r kst he20thy e a rs i nc eNor t hKor e ade c l a r e di t swi t hdr a wa lf r om t heNPT.Wi t hi t sr e l i a nc e on nuc l e a ra r ma me nt s ,No r t h Ko r e ai sa l s o be c omi ng mor ei s ol a t e df r om t hei nt e r na t i ona l c ommuni t y .Thenuc l e a ri s s ueofNor t hKor e a ,now i mpr ov i ngt hec a pa c i t yofi t smi s s i l e sa nd r e duc i ngt hes i z eofi t snuc l e a rwe a pons ,i sa ni s s uenoto nl yf o rt heNor t he a s tAs i a nr e gi on,buta n i s s uewhi c ht hr e a t e nst hei nt e r na t i ona lc ommuni t y ,a ndmus tbeur ge nt l yr e s ol v e d.

I ti st husv e r yme a ni ngf ult ha tNGOsf r om J a pa na ndKor e aga t he ra mi ds tt he s ec i r c ums t a nc e st o hol daj oi ntwor ks hopo nt het he meof“ TheFut ur eoft hePe a c ePr oc e s sa ndPr os pe c t sf o ra Nuc l e a rWe a ponFr e eZonei nNor t he a s tAs i a . ”Suc hc i v i ls oc i e t ye f f or t swi l li nc r e a s emome nt um f o rt hec r e a t i onofaNor t he a s tAs i a nNuc l e a rWe a ponsFr e eZone ,a ndbui l dt hf ounda t i onsf ora pe r ma ne ntpe a c ei nt her e gi on.

TheNa t i ona lCounc i lofJ a pa nNuc l e a rFr e eLoc a lAut ho r i t i e s ,ofwhi c hIa m Cha i r ,ha sbe e n c onduc t i nga c t i v i t i e swi t ht hea i m ofr e a l i z i ngal oc a lc ommuni t yi n whi c hr e s i de nt sc a nl i v e wi t houtf e a r ,s uc ha shol di nge x hi bi t i onst or e l a yt her e a l i t yofnuc l e a rwe a ponsa ndpr omot et he a bol i t i onofnuc l e a rwe a pons .Webe l i e v et ha tt hec r e a t i o no faNor t he a s tAs i a nNuc l e a rWe a pon Fr e eZone ,t het he meoft oda y ' swor ks hop,i sa ne f f e c t i v ewa yt oov e r c o met hec ur r e nts e r i ous s i t ua t i oni nNor t he a s tAs i a ,a ndwea r ema ki nge f f o r t st owa r dsi t se s t a bl i s hme nt .Spe c i f i c a l l y ,we ha v ei nc l ude dc l a us e sr e l a t i ngt ot hec r e a t i onofaNo r t he a s tAs i aNuc l e a rWe a ponFr e eZonei n de c l a r a t i onsa dopt e da to urCounc i l ' sGe ne r a lAs s e mbl y ,a ndwor ke dt oge t he rwi t hNGOst oga t he r s i gna t ur e sofl oc a lmuni c i pa ll e a de r st os ubmi ta sape t i t i ont ot heJ a pa ne s eGov e r nme nt .Wea l s o c ont i nuet oa ppe a la boutt hene e d oft hec r e a t i on ofs uc h az onet hr oug ht hepr oduc t i on of pa mphl e t st opr omot et hec a us e .

Oft he1 7 89l oc a lmuni c i pa l i t i e si nJ a pa n,at ot a lof1 5 66-88% -ha v ea dopt e dt heNonNuc l e a ra nd Pe a c e De c l a r a t i on.OurCounc i lwi l lc ont i nue t oe x pa nd t he gr oup ofno nnuc l e a rde c l a r e d muni c i pa l i t i e s ,a nd wor kc l os e l yt oge t he rwi t hc i v i ls oc i e t yt or e a l i s eawor l df r e eofnuc l e a r we a pons .

Ia ms ur et ha tt her e pr e s e nt a t i v e sJ a pa ne s ea ndKo r e a nNGOspa r t i c i pa t i ngi nt oda y ' swor k s hop wi l lha v eade e pdi s c us s i on,a nda nnounc eaj oi nta ppe a lf orpe r ma ne ntpe a c ei nt heNor t he a s t As i a nr e gi on.Is i nc e r e l yhopet ha tt hi swi l lc ont r i but et ot her e c omme nc i ngoft heSi xPa r t yTa l ks , a ndf ort hepe a c e f ulr e s ol ut i onoft heNor t hKor e ar e l a t e dnuc l e a ri s s ue st hr oughdi a l ogue .

Fi na l l y ,Is i nc e r e l ywi s hf ort hes uc c e s soft oda y ' sj oi ntJ a pa ne s e Kor e a nNGO wor k s hop,a ndf or t hehe a l t hofa l lpr e s e nthe r e .Le tusc ont i nuet owor kt oge t he rf r om now f ort her e a l i s a t i onofa wor l df r e eofnuc l e a rwe a pons .

2

Addr e s sbyMa y or sf orPe a c e/Ma t s uiKa z umi ,Ma y orofHi r os hi ma Goodmor ni ng,e v e r y one .Ia m Ma t s uiKa z umi ,ma y orofHi r o s hi maCi t y ,a ndpr e s i de ntofMa y or s f orPe a c e .Pl e a s ea l l owmet os a yaf e wwor dsont heoc c a s i onoft hehol di ngoft hi swor ks hop.

Theo r ga ni z e r soft hi swor k s hop,i nc l udi ngPe a c eDe pot ,ha v ebe e nwor ki ngt opr omot eme a s ur e s t ha tf oc usonbui l di ngpe a c ei nnor t he a s tAs i aa nda i mf ort her e a l i z a t i onoft heNor t he a s tAs i a Nuc l e a r We a ponFr e eZone .I tgoe swi t houts a y i ngt ha tt heNor t he a s tAs i aNuc l e a r We a ponFr e e Zonei soneoft hema i ni mpor t a nta ppr oa c he st owa r dsr e a l i z i ngwor l dpe a c e .

Ne v e r t he l e s s ,l ooki nga tNor t he a s tAs i a ’ ss t a t e ,na me l yNor t hKor e a ’ sba l l i s t i cmi s s i l el a unc he sa nd c onduc t i ngofnuc l e a rt e s t sha v ec a us e dt e ns i onsi nt her e gi ont or i s equi c kl y ,a ndonec a ns e et ha t a nunpr e di c t a bl es i t ua t i onpe r s i s t s .

Ami ds tt hi sc onc e r ni ngs i t ua t i on,Iha v ea na ppe a lt oma ket oe v e r y onea sma y oroft hea t omi c bombe dc i t yHi r os hi ma–ac i t yt ha thol dswi s he sf orpe a c e ,whi c ha r egr o unde di nt hehor r i bl ea nd t r a gi ce x pe r i e nc e soft hehi b ak us ha .

I fonewi t ne s s e st hehor r i bl ede v a s t a t i on wr oughtbyt hea t o mi cbombi ngsofHi r os hi maa nd Na ga s a ki ,i ti sobv i oust ha tnuc l e a rwe a ponsa r et hemos ti nhuma neofa nywe a pone v e rde v e l ope d, a ndt ha tnuc l e a rwe a ponsa r et hea bs ol ut ee v i l .Thev e r ye x i s t e nc eoft hi ski ndofwe a ponr ys houl d notbel e ga l .

Thehi b ak us ha ,ha v i ngme taf a t eo fc r ue l t yt ha tc a nnotbeputi nt owo r ds ,ha v eov e r c o meha t r e d, s uf f e r i ng,a ndde s pa i r ,a ndha v ec omet ot heuns ha ka bl ec onv i c t i ont ha tnoonee l s es ho ul de v e r s uf f e rs uc hagr a v et r a ge dy .The yha v es i nc ene v e rc e a s e dwor ki ngt ot r a ns mi tt ot hepe opl eoft he wor l dt he i re a r ne s tde s i r e ,a shuma nbe i ngs ,a nds i nc e r epr a y e rf ora l lt hepe o pl ei nt hewor l dt o l i v ei npe a c e .Ev e r y onei nt hei nt e r na t i ona lc ommuni t ymus tl i s t e nt ot hev oi c e soft he s ehi b ak us ha a nds ha r et hee a r ne s thope soft he s ehi b ak us haf orpe a c ea ndhuma ni t ys ot ha tt he yma yde e pe n t he i rr e s ol v et os t r i v ef oranuc l e a r we a pons f r e ewor l d.

Now,t hei nhuma ni t yofnuc l e a rwe a ponsha sbe e nr i ght f ul l yhi ghl i ght e d,a ndt hemov et oout l a w nuc l e a rwe a ponsi sa c c e l e r a t i ng.Tohe i ght e nt hea c c e l e r a t i one v e nf ur t he r ,e x t e ns i v ee f f or t sa nd c oope r a t i on a r er e qui r e dnotonl yo fc ount r i e s ,a ndi nt e r na t i ona lor ga ni z a t i ons ,buta l s oma ny c i t i z e nsa ndNGOswor l dwi de .

Ma y or sf orPe a c enowe nj oy same mbe r s hi pof5 , 5 87c i t i e sf r om 1 5 6c ount r i e sa ndr e gi onsa r ound t hewor l d.Thepopul a t i onoft hos ec i t i e sma ke supo ne s e v e nt ho ft het ot a lpopul a t i onoft hewor l d, or1bi l l i onpe o pl e .If e e lt ha tnow i st het i met ha tma nype opl emus tj oi npowe r st ot r a ns mi tt o Nor t he a s tAs i aa ndt her e s to ft hewor l dt hev o i c e soft heov e r whe l mi ngma j or i t yofc i t i z e nswho wi s hf ornuc l e a rwe a ponsa bo l i t i on,a ndt os ol i di f yt hemot i ont owa r dsr e a l i z i ngawor l dwi t hout nuc l e a rwe a pons .

Ike e pe a r ne s t l yhopi ngt ha ta tt hi swor ks hop,t hedi s c us s i on r e ga r di ngc onc r e t epo l i c i e sf or a c c ompl i s hi ngt heNuc l e a r We a ponFr e eZonewi l lde e pe n,a ndt ha tc oope r a t i on a mongma ny c i t i z e ns ,NGOs ,a ndgov e r nme nto f f i c i a l sma ya dv a nc et hemov e me ntt obui l dpe a c ei nNor t he a s t As i aones t e pa tat i me .I nc l os i ng,Ie x t e ndmybe s twi s he sf ort hehe a l t ha nds uc c e s sofe v e r y one ga t he r e dhe r et oda y .Tha nky ouf ory oura t t e nt i on.

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Ne wAppr oa c he st oDe nuc l e a r i z a t i ona ndPe a c eRe gi meont heKor e a nPe ni ns ul a Wooks i kChe ong,Pe a c eNe t wor k TheYe a r201 3i st he60a nni v e r s a r yoft heKor e a nWa rAr mi s t i c eAgr e e me nt .Al s o,i tha sbe e n20 y e a r ss i nc eDPRK de c l a r e dt owi t hdr a wf r om t heNuc l e a rNonPr ol i f e r a t i onTr e a t y ( NPT) .The r e ha v ebe e nr e que s to nma ki ngt hey e a r201 3i nt oat uni ngpo i nt .Howe v e r ,s e r i oust e ns i onha sbe e n bui l di ngupi nt heKor e a nPe ni ns ul aduet ot hev i c i ousc i r c l ec r e a t e dbyt hebr i nk ma ns hi ppos e dby Nor t hKor e a ,mi l i t a r yde mons t r a t i onbyt heU. S. ,a ndhe a t e dr he t or i cwa rbe t we e nt woKor e a s .

Wha ti smor ec onc e r ni ngi st he“ none e df ordi pl oma c y ”t he or yha sbe e nga i ni ngs t r e ngt hr e c e nt l y .

But ,wewoul dr a t he rf i ndt her e a s ono ff a i l ur ei nt hel a c kofdi pl oma c y .Theunr e s ol v e dpe a c e a gr e e me nti st hel e a di nge x a mpl eoft hi sl a ggi ngdi pl o ma c y .Si x pa r t yt a l ksi nt heSe pt e mbe r1 9 J oi ntSt a t e me ntde c i de dt ohol df o r umst or e pl a c et hea r mi s t i c ea gr e e me ntwi t hape a c ea gr e e me nt , butno s uc hf or umsha v e oc c ur r e ds i nc e .No r t h Ko r e a ha sa s ke df o rt he pe a c ea gr e e me nt ne go t i a t i ons e v e r a lt i me s ,y e tSout hKor e aa ndt heU. S.ha v ei gnor e dt her e que s t .St r ongdi s c ont e nt c a us e dbyt hi ss l i g hti st heunde r l y i ngr e a s onbe hi ndt her e c e ntpr ov o c a t i v ewor dsf r o m No r t h Kor e a .

Si x pa r t yt a l ksha v ea l s onotbe e nhe l ds i nc et her upt ur eofne got i a t i oni nDe c e mbe r2008.Fort he mos tpa r tSout hKor e aa ndt heU. S.a r er e s pons i bl ef ort hedi s s ol ut i onofs i x pa r t yt a l ks .Two c ount r i e sa s ke df orv e r i f i c a t i onont henuc l e a rde c l a r a t i onf or m ofNor t hKor e a ,whi c hwa snot i nc l ude di nt hea gr e e me nt .Nor t hKor e a ,not or i ousf ori t sf a s t i di ous ne s s ,t ur ne ddownt hepr opos a l , whi c hr e s ul t e di nt heha l t .Si x pa r t yt a l ksha v eba r e l yhe l dons i nc et he n.Nor t hKor e awe r ei n 2009,a ndSout hKor e aa ndt heU. S.s i nc e201 0ha sbe e nhe s i t a ntt oo pe nupt hes i x pa r t yt a l ks .

Di a l oguebe t we e nt het woKo r e a sha spr a c t i c a l l ye nde d,a ndt a l kbe t we e nNor t hKor e aa ndt heU. S. ba r e l ye x i s t sa ta l l .Themi s s i l ea ndnuc l e a rc a pa c i t yofNor t hKor e aha sbe e ns t r e ngt he ne di nt he me a nt i me .

The r ei sar e a s onbe hi ndt hi ss hydi pl oma c yf r om Sout hKo r e aa ndt heU. S.f ort hepa s tf i v ey e a r s .

TheLe eMy ungBa kgov e r nme ntbe c a meobs e s s e dwi t ht hei de aofuni f i c a t i onbya bs or bi ngt he Nor t h whe n Ki mJ ongI lc ol l a ps e dwi t h br a i n di s e a s e .TheOba maAdmi ni s t r a t i on s e e me dt o pur s uet hee ng a ge me ntpo l i c yt owa r dsNor t hKor e ai nt hebe g i nni ng.Whe nNor t hKor e al a unc he d al ongr a ng er oc ke ti nApr i l2009,t heOba maAdmi ni s t r a t i onc ha nge dt hec our s ea ndf oc us e dona “ pi v ott oAs i a , ”r a t he rt ha ne nga gi ngi nne got i a t i onswi t ht heNor t h.

Ho wt or e a c tt opr ov oc a t i on byNor t h Kor e ai sa ni mpor t a ntma t t e r .Wa s hi ngt on Pos twr ot e “ Ans we rNor t hKor e awi t hf i na nc i a ls a nc t i ons . ”Fi na nc i a ls a nc t i onsonNor t hKor e as e e me dt o s t r e ng t he na r oundt heU. S.a f t e rt het hi r dnuc l e a re x pe r i me ntofNor t h Ko r e a .I tt r i e st oput pr e s s ur eont hee l i t ei nNor t hKor e at hr oughBa nc oDe l t aAs i a ( BDA)s t y l es a nc t i ons .Howe v e r ,one s houl d ne v e runde r e s t i ma t et heoppos i t ee f f e c tofBDA.I ft heU. S.ha d noti mpos e d BDA s a nc t i ons ,t hei mpl e me nt a t i onofSe pt e mbe r1 9J oi ntSt a t e me ntwoul dha v ebe e nf a s t e r .

Ul t i ma t e l ys a nc t i onsonNor t hKor e aa ndmi l i t a r yde mons t r a t i ona r eofnous et oc ha ngeNor t h Kor e a ’ sbe ha v i or s .Foronet hi ng,i ti sque s t i ona bl ewhe t he rs a nc t i onswoul da c t ua l l yhur tl e a de r si n Nor t hKor e a ,a nde v e ni fi tdoe s ,t he ywoul dr a t he rt a kemor ea ggr e s s i v ea c t i onst ha ns ur r e nde r .

Theonl ywa yt oma keNor t hKor e a ’ sf i s tope ni st ha tt heU. S.wi l la l s odo.I twi l lbemor ee f f e c t i v e t os e ndame s s a get ha tt heU. S.i swi l l i ngt oe nt e ri nt oape a c ea gr e e me ntbyhol di ngahi ghl e v e l t a l ka nds e ndi ngs pe c i a le nv oyt oPy ongy a ngt ha nt ot a kemi l i t a r ya c t i ons ,v i as e ndi ngB5 2,B2, a ndF22t oKor e a .

Pa r t i c ul a r l y ,di pl oma c yofSout hKor e aa ndt heU. S.s houl dbedi r e c t l yt a r ge t e da tKi mJ o ngUn,t he v e r yl e a de rofNo r t h Ko r e a .Co ns i de r i ngt heNo r t h Ko r e a ns y s t e msi n whi c h gr oup t hi nki ng pr e v a i l s ,de c i s i onf r om t hel e a de ri se s s e nt i a li nc ha ngi ngNor t hKor e a ’ sc our s e .

I nt hemi ddl eof1 980s ,whe nt hea r msr a c ebe t we e nt heU. S.a ndt heSov i e tUni onr e a c he di t s

4

hi ghe s tpoi nt ,wor dsl i ke“ Gl oba lAr ma ge ddon”a nd“ Nuc l e a rWi nt e r ”we r ewi de l yus e da r oundt he gl obe .Di s t r us tbe t we e nt wos i de sr os et oe x t r e me s :Rona l dRe a ga nc a l l e dt heSov i e t“ t hee v i l e mpi r e ”whi l eSov i e tl e a de r st ho ughtt heU. S.wa spr e pa r i ngf oranuc l e a rwa r .ButRe a ga n’ s c ha ngei nhe a r ta l ongwi t hGor ba c he v ’ sne wt hi nki ngbr oughta ne ndt ot heCol dWa rwi t houta s i ngl ebul l e ts hot .‘ Che mi c a lr e a c t i ons ’c r e a t e dt hr oughs e v e r a ls ummi tt a l ksma det hi spos s i bl e .

Thewa yt oe ndt he“ Kor e a nAr ma ge ddo n”l i e she r e .U. S.a ndSout hKor e aha v et oa ns we rwi t h di pl oma c yt ha tc a ni gni t ec he mi c a lr e a c t i onswi t hi nKi mJ ongUn. Anot he rc he mi c a lr e a c t i onsne e dt or e s ol v eKor e a nc r i s i s .The ya r eone sa mongNPT,pe a c et r e a t y , a ndde nuc l e a r i z a t i on.Nor t hKor e ar e t ur nst oNPTa s' t r a ns i t i ona ls t a t us 't ha tme a nst heNor t h a nnounc e swha t ,whe n,how di s ma nt l enuc l e a rwe a pons .Thi si st hemos ts i nc e r eme a s ur et ha t Nor t hKor e ac a ns how i t swi l l i ngne s st ogi v eupnuke .Att hes a met i me ,TwoKo r e a s ,U. S. ,a nd Chi nas i gn pe a c et r e a t y .I ti sa l s opl a us i bl et ha tt hepe a c et r e a t ys t i pul a t e st hes ubj e c t s ,t he me t hods ,a ndt hede a dl i neoft heNor t h' snuc l e a rwe a pons 'di s ma nt l e me nt .Pe a c et r e a t yi st hebe s t wa yt ha tU. S.a ndSout hKor e ac a nde mons t r a t enott oha v ea nyhos t i l ei nt e ntt owa r dNor t hKor e a .

s pa c ef ory ourt hought s

5

TheSi gni f i c a nc eofAc hi e v i ngaNEANWFZ I c hi r oYua s a ,Pe a c eDe pot 1 .I nt r oduc t i on They e a r201 3ma r kst he60t ha nni v e r s a r yoft heKor e a nWa rAr mi s t i c eAgr e e me nt .Butwec a n nots e et hepa t ht ur ni ngt heKor e a nWa rAr mi s t i c eAgr e e me nti nt oape r ma ne ntpe a c er e gi mei n s pi t eofl ongt i mec ompa r a bl et ot hel e ng t hofl i f eofonepe r s onha spa s s e d. Ont hec ont r a r y , mi l i t a r yt e ns i oni sgr owi ng,s uc ha st hes a t e l l i t el a unc ha nd3 r dnuc l e a rt e s tbyNor t hKor e a ( DPRK) .

Ai mi ngt oma i nt a i nt hec ur r e ntpo l i t i c a ls y s t e m,Nor t hKor e ai spus hi ngf or wa r dt hede v e l opme nt ofnuc l e a rwe a pons .De s pi t et hef a c tt ha ts hee x pe c tt obei s ol a t e di nt hewor l d, wha ti st he ba c kg r oundt oma keac hoi c el i ket ha t ?The r ei sdi s t r us tt ot heUni t e dSt a t e si nt heunde r l y i ng.

Nor t hKor e awa ss i ngl e douta st hea x i sofe v i li nt hee r aoft heBus ha dmi ni s t r a t i on.Nor t hKor e a wi t ne s s e dt her e a l i t yt ha tSa dda m Hus s e i nofI r a qha sbe e nc r us he dbyt heUSi n2003 ,a ndwa s pus hi ngf or wa r dt hede v e l o pme ntofnuc l e a rwe a pons .Andi fs o,i twi l lbes e e nt ha tunt i lt he r ei s nogua r a nt e ebe i ngc r us he duni l a t e r a l l ybyt heUni t e dSt a t e s ,t he r ei snoi nt e nt i ont ogi v eupt he de v e l opme ntofnuc l e a rwe a ponsf r om he rown.

2.I nNor t he a s tAs i a ,Col dWa rt hi nki ngi sf ol l owe d St i l lgoi ngt hr ought he20y e a r sf r om t hee ndoft heCol dWa rt ha tbe g a ni nt hef a l loft heBe r l i n Wa l l ,i ti sdi f f i c ul tt os a yt hewor l di sbe i ngf r e e df r om Col dWa rt hi nki ng.I nEur ope ,a f t e rGe r ma n uni f i c a t i on,t hef or ma t i onoft heEU,t hel a unc hoft heEur o pe a nSe c ur i t yCoope r a t i onMe c ha ni s m ( OSCE) ,t her i s kofmi l i t a r yc onf l i c ti nEur opei snol onge re x i s t .Howe v e r ,e v e ni nt heEur ope ,i t r e ma i nst het a c t i c a lU. S.nuc l e a rwe a ponsa bout200ha sbe e nde pl oy e d.

I nNor t he a s tAs i a ,t heKor e a nWa rha snote nde d.Andduet oNor t hKor e a ' snuc l e a rde v e l opme nt , unpr e c e de nt e dmi l i t a r yc onf r ont a t i onc ont i nue s .Uni t e dSt a t e sa ndRus s i ac ont i nuet ode pl oya bout 1 0% oft henuc l e a rwe a ponst he yhe l di ni mme di a t e l ya l a r ma r me d.I nt hewor l d,t her e a l i t yt ha t ha snotbe e nf r e e df r om Col dWa rt hi nki ngs t i l le x i s t s .

Thee x i s t e nc eoft hemi l i t a r yde ma r c a t i onl i neof3 8de gr e e snor t hs y mbol i z e st ha tt heCol dWa r s t r uc t ur es t i l lr e ma i nsi nNor t he a s tAs i a ,Bor de r l i nea ts e as t i l lnotbede t e r mi ne d.The r e f or e ,a s Yonpy ondos he l l i ng, as ma l lc ol l i s i ona r er e pe a t e d.

Thenuc l e a rde v e l opme ntofNor t hKo r e ac ont i nue s ,t hemi l i t a r yc o ope r a t i onofJ a pa nU. S.Sout h Ko r e abe c ome ss t r o ng,a ndChi na Rus s i aa dv a nc et hemode r ni z a t i onofmi l i t a r yf or c e s .Thev i c i ous c i r c l et ha ts houl dbes a i dt ot he" Se c ur i t ydi l e mma "i nwhi c hmut ua ldi s t r us t si nv e ntanuc l e a r a r msr a c e ,i sma i nt a i ne d.

Wec a nbes e e na c c or di ngt ot hi ss c e na r i oonl yi nt hef ut ur ewhe nami l i t a r yt e ns i o nc ont i nue s c ons t a nt l y .Wec a nnotv i e wt her oa dt ope a c ea nds e c ur i t ywi t ht hi ss t r uc t ur ema i nt a i ne d.Onl y now,a ni nc l us i v ef r a me" Common s e c ur i t y "byt hec onv e r s a t i on a ndt hec oope r a t i on be t we e n mul t ic ount r i e si sr e que s t e dt obef or me dt oma kei toutoft hev i c i ousc i r c l eof" Se c ur i t ydi l e mma " .

Thec onc e ptof" Commo ns e c ur i t y "i st heo net ha tPa l meCommi t t e e( " I nde pe nde ntCo mmi s s i o n onDi s a r ma me nta ndSe c ur i t yI s s ue s " )a dv oc a t e di ti n1 982.Thi si sa ni de as a i dt ha t" Common s e c ur i t y "wi l lbef or me dbyt hec onv e r s a t i onbe t we e nmul t ic ount r i e st os e c ur ei tont hea s s umpt i on t ha ta l lc ount r i e sha v ear i ghtt os a f e t y .Thi si de al e dt her oa dt ot hec ol dwa re ndi ng,a ndi tl e dt o

6

t hef or ma t i onoft hef a l loft heBe r l i nWa l la ndEU i nEur ope .Fur t he r mor e ,i ti ss a i dt ha ti tl e dt o t hef or ma t i onoft her e gi ona ls e c ur i t yme c ha ni s m ofOSCEi n1 995 . Ic a met oGe ne v awi t ht he f e e l i ngt ha twa ntt ol e a r nt hemov e me nti nEur o pedur i ngt hef i r s tha l foft he1 990sf r om t hee nd oft he1 980s .

Unf or t una t e l y ,i nNor t he a s tAs i a ,i tdi dno tbe c omes uc hamov e .I ti sne c e s s a r yt oa dv a nc et he a ppr oa c ht ha tf or mst hef r a meo f" Commons e c ur i t y "i nNor t he a s tAs i aonl ynow.So,Iwa ntt o a dv oc a t et hef o r ma t i on ofaNor t he a s tAs i aNuc l e a rWe a pon Fr e eZone ( NEANWFZ)wi t ht he v e r i f i c a t i on s y s t e ma sac l ueofabi gge rf r a mef or ma t i on t opr oduc e"Co ope r a t i on s e c ur i t y " be t we e nmul t ic ount r i e s .

3 .I mpor t a nc eofNEANWFZ I ft heCol dWa ri sma i nt a i ns t i l li nNEA,wene e dt oc ons i de rl ooki ngba c kt ot hee a r l y90' swhe n t hee ndoft heCo l dWa rbe ga ni nEur ope .The r ewa sac ha nc et oma kec ha nget henuc l e a rs t r a t e gy a ndmi l i t a r ys t r uc t ur e .i nNor t he a s tAs i abyt hee ndi ngoft hec ol dwa ra tt hebe gi nni ngoft he 1 990' s .I nt heme a nt i meJ o i ntDe c l ar at i o no nt heDe nuc l e a r i zat i o no ft heKo r e a nPe ni ns ul ac a mei nt o f or c eon20Fe b.

1 992.

Thi si se poc hma ki ng,a ndThi sDe c l a r at i o ni nc l ude ds omebutnota l loft hec or ee l e me nt sofot he r NWFZs , i nc l udi ng pr ohi bi t i onson t het e s t i ng,ma nuf a c t ur e ,pr oduc t i on,r e c e i v i ng,pos s e s s i on, s t or i ng,de pl oy me ntorus eofnuc l e a rwe a pons .Al t houghi twa snotc a l l e daNWFZ,i twa si nf a c t t hef our t hNWFZ t obene got i a t e df ol l owi ngt hee a r l i e rt r e a t i e sa tt ha tt i me .Unf or t una t e l y ,t he De c l a r a t i onwa sne v e rs uc c e s s f ul l yi mpl e me nt e d.TheDe c l a r a t i ondi dnotde v e l opaf ul l y f l e dge d NWFZ t r e a t ys t r uc t ur eunde rwhi c ht he r ewoul d no tonl ybev e r i f i c a t i on pr ov i s i onsbuta l s o c ompl i a nc eme c ha ni s ms .

Any t hi ngha snota dv a nc e da c t ua l l ywi t houtpe r f or mi ngt hee f f or toft hepr ot oc olma ki ngbyt he v e r i f i c a t i on s y s t e ma nd t hene ga t i v es e c ur i t ya s s ur a nc eby .t henuc l e a rwe a pon s t a t e s( Chi na , Rus s i a ,a ndUni t e dSt a t e s ) .TheU. SDPRKwi l lbe c omeas i mme r i ngt e ns i onoppos i t e l yi nonl yt wo y e a r sl a t e ,a ndCommi t me nti nt hej oi ntde c l a r a t i oni snotc a r r i e dout , t hepl a nwa sde r a i l e d.

Si x pa r t yt a l kss t a r t e d on 2003 ,a nd s e tagoa lof" v e r i f i a bl ede nuc l e a r i z a t i on oft heKor e a n Pe ni ns ul a , "but ,a sl o ng a st hes e c ur i t yoft hes y s t e m r e t e nt i on ofNor t h Kor e ac a n notbe de t e r mi ne d,weha v ebe e nf r us t r a t e dwi t ht henumbe roft i me s .Twi s ta ndt ur nha sc ont i nue df or 1 0y e a r sa f t e r wa r ds .Fore x a mpl e ,i n Fe br ua r y201 2,USNor t h Kor e aa gr e e me ntbyhi ghl e v e l c ons ul t a t i onwa sma de .Butt he n,a sv i s i t i ngt hes a t e l l i t el a unc h,s a nc t i onsoft heUNSCa ndt he t hi r dnuc l e a rt e s t ,v i c i ousc y c l eofmi l i t a r yt e ns i onha sc ont i nue d.

Onl yduet ot hei de aofs i x pa r t yt a l ksc a l l e d" v e r i f i a bl ede nuc l e a r i z a t i onoft heKor e a nPe ni ns ul a " , s t a l e ma t ec a nnotber e s ol v e d. I fi ts e e sf r om t hes i deofNor t hKor e aa tt ha tt i me ,a nune qua l f e e l i ngt ha tonl yi t sde nuc l e a r i z a t i oni sur ge df r om t henuc l e a rwe a pons t a t e s ,a ndJ a pa nROK r e l y i ngonUSnuc l e a rde t e r r e nc ewi l lno tbea bl et obewi pe d.

I no r de rt oov e r c omet hi si mpa s s e , J a pa na ndROK s houl dpr opos et heNEANWFZ t oc ha nget hes t a t et ha tl os e ss uc h amut ua l mi s t r us t ,a ndi sa ggl ut i na t i v e ,a nd,a sar e s ul t ,t hee nv i r onme ntt ha tc a nbe c omea ni de at ha tNor t h Kor e ama ydi s ma nt l enuc l e a ra r s e na la te a s ebema i nt a i ne d.Pr opos a lofNEANWFZ Tr e a t yi st he onl ya ns we rt obr e a kdownt hi swa l l .

ButJ a pa ne s eGov e r nme nti spa s s i v et ot heNEANWFZ. The ys a yt ha ti n Nor t he a s tAs i at he r e a l i s t i ce nv i r onme ntf orNWFZi snoty e tr e a dy .Weha v et ot r yt owa r dsr e a l i z a t i ono ft henuc l e a r a ba ndonme ntbyNor t hKor e af ori mpr ov e me ntofs e c ur i t ye nv i r onme nti nNor t he a s tAs i a .

Sot hegov e r nme ntha snotma det hei de ao ft hi spr obl e mi nt hepa s t .Butv a r i ouspr opos a l sha v e be e ndonebyNGO.I n1 995 ,Dr .

Ume ba y a s hi( Pe a c eDe pots pe c i a la dv i s e r )pr e s e nt e dt he “ Thr e e pl usThr e eNa t i onsAr r a nge me nt ”f oraNEANWFZ.Thi spl a ni sc ons i de r e dt obeamos tr e a l i s t i c

7

a nd f unda me nt a la r r a nge me ntbe c a us ei ti nv ol v e ske yt hr e enonnuc l e a rs t a t e soft her e gi on, na me l yt heROK,t heDPRK a nd J a pa n,a st hec e nt r a lpl a y e r sa nd t hr e ene i ghbor i ngnuc l e a r we a pon s t a t e s ,na me l yt he Uni t e d St a t e s ,Chi na ,a nd Rus s i a ,a ss uppor t i v e pl a y e r s oft he a r r a nge me nt .Thi si de aha st hef e a t ur et ha tne i ghbor i ngnuc l e a rwe a pons t a t e si spa r t i c i pa t i ng f r om t hes t a r ti nt het r e a t y ,De nuc l e a r i z a t i onofNor t he a s tAs i ai fa c hi e v e dwi t hl e g a l l ybi ndi ng,i t wi l lbeama j orbr e a kt hr oughi nt hec r e a t i onofpe a c epr oc e s s .

Ai mi ng a ts e c ur i ng t hec ur r e nts t r uc t ur e oft hec ount r y ,No r t h Ko r e a ha sde c l a r e d nuc l e a r pos s e s s i oni nf a c t .The r e f or e ,Nor t hKor e awi l ls t i c kt onuc l e a rpos s e s s i ont ot hel a s tmi nut e .I nt he pr oc e s s ,ori npa r a l l e lwi t ht hec ons ul t a t i ona i me dt oNWFZc onc e pt ,t a ki ng s t e pst ha tl e a dt ot he e ndoft heKor e a nWa ri si mpor t a nt .I ti st ha ts pe c i f i c a l l y ,c onduc tne got i a t i onsgoi ngc onv e r t e dt o pe a c ea gr e e me nt st r uc e .Wha tpr ogr e s soft a l kswi t ht hepa c ka geNEANWFZa ndt hee ndoft he Kor e a nWa ri st hes ol ut i ont ot hi spr obl e m.

4.Topr omot et hei nt e r na t i ona lc oope r a t i onofPa r l i a me nt a r i a ns ,Ma y or sa ndCi t i z e ns I nor de rt or e a l i z eaNWFZ,weha v et os t r e ngt he nt hepubl i copi ni ona ndmov et hegov e r nme nt s t hr ought hepowe roft hepe opl e .Ii nt r oduc et hee f f or t si nJ a pa n.

Fi r s t ,i ti sne c e s s a r yt oe x pa ndt hes uppor tofPa r l i a me nt a r i a nswhoha st hedi r e c ti nf l ue nc epowe r f o re a c h gov e r nme nt .Unf or t una t e l y ,byt heAbea dmi ni s t r a t i on a ppe a r e d,t hi smov e me nti s s hr i nki ng.Howe v e r ,i nMa yl a s ty e a r ,PNNDJ a pa nha sl a unc he dt heNWFZWor ki ngTe a m.I tha s s t a r t e da c t i v i t i e s .

Thes e c ondi ss uppor tofLoc a lAut hor i t i e st ha ta s s ume st hede f e ns eofr e s i de nt ' sl i f ea nds a f e t y .I n J a pa n,Na t i ona lCo unc i lofJ a pa nNuc l e a rFr e eLo c a lAut hor i t i e s ( J NFLA)i sane t wor kof287l oc a l a ut hor i t i e s .Oneoft hema j ort he me soft hec ounc i lha sbe e naNEANWFZ. Thei de at out i l i z es i s t e rc i t i e sr e l a t i ons hi pwi l lbeus e f ult opr omot et hei de aofaNEANWFZ.As oft o da y ,1 29l oc a la ut hor i t i e si nJ a pa nha v ee nt e r e das i s t e rc i t ya gr e e me ntwi t hl oc a la ut hor i t i e si n Sout hKor e a .Wewoul dl i ket oe s t a bl i s hc oope r a t i ona mongl oc a la ut hor i t i e si nJ a pa na ndSout h Ko r e a .Thef i r s ts t e pc oul dbeaj oi ntde c l a r a t i onbyma y o r si nJ a pa na ndROKwhi c hc a l l sf ort he pr omot i onofaNEANWFZ.Da e guCi t ya ndHi r os hi mawi l lbeagoode x a mpl e .

Formor et ha n1 0y e a r sWe ,Pe a c eDe potha dma nywor ks hopj oi nt l yhe l dbyJ a pa na ndSout h Ko r e a nNGOsi nSe oul ,To ky o,Sha ngha i ,Ne wYor k,Vi e naa ndGe ne v a .I n2004,wea nnounc e da Mode lNEANWFZTr e a t ydr a f t e di nc oope r a t i onwi t ha c t i v i s t sa nds c hol a r s .I ti sadr i v i ngf or c eof publ i copi ni onf or ma t i ona sc i v i ls oc i e t yt os uppor tt hea c t i onofpa r l i a me nt a r i a ns ,Ma y or s .

I n Ma r c h 2009,We ,t oda y ` sc os pons o r s hi p gr oups ha dl a unc he d ac a mpa i gn c a l l i ng f o r e ndor s e me nt st ot he“ St a t e me nto fSuppor tf oraNEANWFZ” .Weha v el i s t e dt hee ndor s e me nt sof t he409Ma y or si nJ a pa n.I nAugus t201 1a ndMa r c h201 2,Ta ueMa y orofNa ga s a kia l s oc oope r a t e d wi t hPe a c eDe pott os ubmi tt ot heJ a pa ne s eGov e r nme ntt hi sdoc ume nt .

I na ddi t i on,i ti sa ni mpor t a ntpr obl e mt oobt a i nt hes uppor tt oaNEANWFZofChi nat ha ti ns i s t ont hene ga t i v es e c ur i t ya s s ur a nc ef our t hl ybe f or e ,a ndha se nor mousi nf l ue nc ei nNor t hKor e a Now,e s pe c i a l l yc oope r a t i on' si nv a r i ousa r e a si ns uc hJ a pa nROKbe i ngr e que s t e dt obec ons t r uc t e d i nmul t i l a y e r .Whi l er e f e r r i ngt o" c ompr e he ns i v ea gr e e me ntonpe a c ea nds e c ur i t yi nNor t he a s t As i a "pr opos e dbyt hef or me rU. S.Hi ghof f i c i a l sMor t onH. Ha l pe r i n,wewoul dl i ket opr o mot et he NWFZ. Byt hewa y ,t he r eha v ebe e nf i v eNWFZse s t a bl i s he di nt hewor l d,e a c hofwhi c hi ss t i pul a t e di na n i nt e r na t i ona lt r e a t y .Fi v eNWFZse mbr a c e1 1 8c ount r i e sa nda r e a swhe r ea bout2.

1bi l l i onpe opl e l i v e .Al mo s ta l loft hel a ndi nt heSout he r nHe mi s phe r ei sc ov e r e dwi t hNWFZs .Co unt r i e sof NWFZr e c o gni z et ha ti ti snotnuc l e a rde t e r r e nc ebut“ NonNuc l e a rUmbr e l l a ”t ha tbr i ngss e c ur i t y t ot he m.

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NWFZsa l r e a dye s t a bl i s he dwe r enota bl et obedonee a s i l y .Thegov e r nme nts ome whe r epr opos e s t het r e a t ya ndt her e s ol ut i onoft hea g r e e me nti sa dopt e di nt heUni t e dNa t i ons ,a ndt hee a r l yone ha st a ke ny e a r st ot hea ppr ov a loft het r e a t yf ory e a r s .Be t we e nmul t ic ount r i e soft her e gi onwi t ha c ons t a nte x t e ns i on,t hedi f f i c ul tpr obl e m wi t hhi s t or i c a lde t a i l si ss ur et oe x i s t .TheNWFZt r e a t y ha sbe e na ppr ov e df ort hef i r s tt i met hr oughat e na c i ouspr oc e s sofpi l i ngt hec onv e r s a t i onbe t we e n mul t ic ount r i e s ,a ndc ul t i v a t i ngt hes oi lt ha tc oope r a t e smut ua l l ywhi l eunt y i ngt ho s edi f f i c ul t pr obl e mso nebyone .De c l a r i ngt ha tt heJ a pa nSout hKor e agov e r nme ntwa ntt oma ket heNEANWFZTr e a t yi napubl i cpl a c ea te a r l yt i mei se x t r e me l yi mpor t a ntnow.

Ef f or t st oe x pa ndaNWFZi nt ot heNor t he r nHe mi s phe r eha v ema det hr oughv a r i ousa ppr oa c he s now.Thef ol l owi ngs houl dbema dei nNor t he a s tAs i a .

9

Endi ngCol dWa r–Wha tc a nwel e a r nf r om t heEur ope a ne x pe r i e nc e ?

Col i nAr c he r ,I PB Iha v ebe e na s ke dt odot hea l mos ti mpos s i bl e .Onec a nnotc ov e ri n1 0mi nut e st hewhol ege opo l i t i c soft hi sl ongpe r i od,ba s i c a l l yf r om 1 945t o1 990–BUTIc a ngi v eac i v i ls oc i e t ype r s pe c t i v e a nddr a ws omec ompa r i s onswi t hNEAs i a .

Wha twa st heCol dWa ra bout ?

–y e s ,nuc l e a rwe a pons ,but …t ha ti st hemi l i t a r yt i pofahugei c e be r g.

–i de ol ogy ,di f f e r e ntv i e wsoft hegoods oc i e t y –e mpi r e s –hi s t or y –e c onomy –e s pi ona ge –ps y c hol ogyoff e a r ,v i s i onsoft heOt he r s Andmuc hmor e Ea s i e rt ot e l lt hes t or yt ha nt odr a wt hel e s s ons ,e s pf orav e r ydi f f e r e ntr e gi onwi t hadi f f e r e nt hi s t or y .Andy e t …t he r ea r ear e ma r ka bl enumbe rofs i mi l a r i t i e s : 1 . Pol i t i c a ldi v i s i ons t e mmi ngf r om c a t a s t r ophi cwa r 2.Vi ol e nthi s t or yofna t i ona ls t r uggl e s–bot hi nEur opea ndi nAs i a ,s omewe r ec ol oni s e r s , s omet hec ol oni s e d 3 . Pa r a l l e lUKa ndI r e l a nd/ J a pa na ndKor e a 4.Pr e s e nc ei nt her e gi onoft hebi gpowe r s 5 . Mi l i t a r i s a t i oni nc l udi ngs ubs ,ba s e s ,l a ndf or c e s 6.Fe a rofl a ndi nv a s i on 7 .Me mor yofWW2de s t r uc t i on 8.Unf i ni s he dbus i ne s sofWW2-Ex pe r i e nc eofbot hf a s c i s ma ndc ommuni s mi nr e c e nt hi s t or y 9.Pr opa ga ndaonbot hs i de s ,t houghNKi se x t r e mec a s e–a ndy e tt he r ei sa l s oahi s t or yofr e a l ne got i a t i ons .I nt heCol dWa ri twa sc a l l e ddé t e nt ea nds ur pr i s i ngl yi twa sa c c e pt e d&e v e n pr omot e dbyha wksl i keRe a ga n.

1 0.Ec onomi cc r i s i sofNKha spa r a l l e l swi t ht ha toft heUSSRi ni t sf i na ls t a ge s 1 1 .Fe a roful t i ma t ede s t r uc t i on 1 2.Pos s i bl ei mpa c tons t a t e sa ndpe opl e sout s i det her e gi on,i nde e dt hewhol epl a ne t .

Ands e v e r a lc r uc i a ldi f f e r e nc e s –I ti snotabl oc t obl occ onf r ont a t i onbutr a t he rNK+Chi nav .SK+USA+J a pa n –The r ei snobuf f e rz onec fCe nt r a la ndEa s t e r nEur ope ,whi c hofc our s epl a y e dake yr ol ei n pi one e r i ngt hebr e a ka wa yf r om Mos c owa ndt her e nunc i a t i onofc ommuni s ti de ol ogy .

–Se ouli sj us tas t one ’ st hr owf r om NKbor de ra ndi t spopul a t i oni st husmor ev ul ne r a bl et o c onv e nt i ona la t t a c kt ha nwe r et hepopul a t i onsofEur opeEa s torWe s ti nt heCol dWa r .

–Thena t ur eoft heNKr e gi mea ndi t si de ol ogya r ea r gua bl ydi f f e r e ntf r om t heSov i e ts y s t e m.I tha s mor eoft heha l l ma r ksofas t a t er e l i gi ona ndha st hedy na s t i cs t r uc t ur ec ha r a c t e r i s t i coff e uda l i s m.

ENDI NGTHECOLDWAR[ I NEUROPE] a nda l s oAme r i c a !–t heCol dWa rwa sac ompl e xgl oba lphe nome non,a ndi t se ndi ngwa s n’ tonl ya Eur ope a ns t or y .

Soc i ol ogi c a lba c kgr ound:r ol eoft heba byboome r s .Ahi ghl ypol i t i c i s e d60sge ne r a t i onc omet o ma t ur i t y .e gYounge rone s( me ) :Thos ebor ni n1 95 2we r e1 6i n1 968.By1 97 9( Re a ga nTha t c he r ) wewe r e27 .Whe nt heWa l lc a medownwewe r enote v e n40.

We s t :f r e et i mea ndmone y ,nobi gj obspr obl e m.Tr a v e l .The r ewa sape r s ona ls pa c et odopr ot e s t pol i t i c s .

Ea s t :s uf f e r i ngt hede c a yofc ommuni s m.Noi nt e r ne tbutt he ywe r ewa t c hi ngwe s t e r nTV( i n

10

Ge r …) .Fort he m,f r e e dom wa sv i s i bl ebutnota v a i l a bl e .

Iwi l lnotdwe l lont her ol ehi ghl e v e lpo l i t i c a lf i g ur e ss uc ha sWi l l yBr a ndta ndOl ofPa l me ,l e t a l one Rona l d Re a ga na nd Ma r ga r e tTha t c he rwho ha v ec l a i me dc r e di tf or‘ br i ng i ng down c ommuni s m.Themos ts i gni f i c a ntpol i t i c i a ni sobv i ous l yMi kha i lGor ba c he v .

Ther e a lc r e di tofc our s egoe st ot hepe opl e sofEa s t e r nEur opewhof oug htmos t l ynonv i ol e nt l ya nd i ns omec a s e ss a c r i f i c e dt he i rl i v e s ,f ort he i rf r e e dom.

I ns t e a d,Iwi l lz oom i nononec i v i ls oc i e t ymov e me nt ,pe r ha pst hemos ti mpor t a ntf r om ape a c e mov e me ntpoi ntofv i e w:END ENDwa saEur ope wi demov e me ntf ora" nuc l e a r f r e eEur opef r om Pol a ndt oPor t uga l ”t ha tputon a nnua lEur ope a nNuc l e a rDi s a r ma me ntc onv e nt i onsf r om 1 982t o1 992( i et hel a s t81 0y e a r sof t heCol dWa r ) .I twa ss e tupi nt hewa keoft heDua lTr a c kDe c i s i oni et oof f e rt heWa r s a wPa c ta mut ua ll i mi t a t i on ofme di umr a ngeba l l i s t i cmi s s i l e sc ombi ne dwi t ht het hr e a tt ha ti nc a s eof di s a gr e e me ntNATO woul dde pl o ymor emi ddl e r a ngenuc l e a rwe a ponsi nWe s t e r nEur ope .Wi t h t hea c c e pt a nc eoft hene w mi s s i l e sbyt heBunde s t a gt hi swa se v e nt ua l l yr e j e c t e dbyMos c ow.The s t a gewa ss e tf orama s s i v enuc l e a r i s a t i onofEur opewi t hCr ui s e ,Pe r s hi nga ndSS20mi s s i l e s ,a nd ar e a lt hr e a tofa l l outnuc l e a rwa r .

Wha twa sdi f f e r e ntt ot hepr e v i ous l ye x i s t i ngpe a c emov e me nt s ?Re me mbe rCND f o re x ,ha dbe e n a c t i v es i nc e1 95 7 ,ENDwa sal a t e c ome r .

Fi r s t ,ENDr e f us e dt ot a kes i de si nt heCol dWa r : “ Wed ono twi s ht oa p p o r t i o ng ui l tb e t we e nt hemi l i t a r yl e ad e r so fEa s tandWe s t .Gui l tl i e ss q uar e l yup o n b o t hp a r t i e s .Bo t hp a r t i e sha v ead o p t e dme na c i ngp o s t ur e sandc o mmi t t e dag g r e s s i v eac t i o nsi nd i f f e r e nt p ar t so ft hewo r l d ... ” Se c ondl y ,i ta r gue dnotj us tf o rdi s a r ma me ntbuta l s of ora ne ndt ot hebl ocs y s t e mt ha tha ddi v i de d Eur opes i nc e1 945–agoa li te nv i s a ge dbe i nga c hi e v e dbyanov e ls t r a t e gyof“ dé t e nt ef r om be l ow” orc i t i z e ns ’di pl oma c y .I nt hef a mouswor di ngoft heEND a ppe a l :“ Ther e me d yl i e si no uro wn ha nd s...Wemus tc o mme nc et oac tasi fauni t e d ,ne ut r alandp ac i f i cEur o p eal r e ad ye xi s t s .Wemus t l e a r nt ob el o y al ,no tt o‘ Ea s t ’o r‘ We s t ’ ,b utt oe a c ho t he r ,andwemus td i s r e g a r dt hep r o hi b i t i o nsand l i mi t a t i o nsi mp o s e db yanynat i o nals t at e...Wemus tr e s i s tanyat t e mp tb yt hes t a t e s me no fEa s tand We s tt omani p ul at et hi smo v e me ntt ot he i ro wnad v ant ag e . ” I t ss pe c i f i cge ni uswa st oc ombi nedi s a r ma me nta ndhuma nr i ght si nas i ngl es e tofde ma nds ,t hus dr a wi ngs uppor tf r om bot hs i de soft heI r onCur t a i n.Wa si tut opi a n?Butl o okwha tha ppe ne di n t hee nd!

Nowa ri nEur openow butt henuke sa r es t i l lhe r e–s e eCa me r on’ sj us t i f i c a t i on‘ ke e pi ngupour gua r d’a ga i ns tNK/ I r a nt hr e a t s .

Someke yf i gur e s :We s t e r nEur ope UK–E.P.Thomps on,Ma r yKa l dor ,Da nSmi t ha ndKe nCoa t e s .

Ne t he r l a nds–Mi e ntJ a nFa be ra ndWi m Ba r t e l s .

Ba r t e l swa sa l s ot hepr e s i de ntoft heI nt e r na t i ona lPe a c eCoor di na t i onCe nt r e( I PCC) ,ac oope r a t i on ofWe s t e r n' l i ke mi nde d'mov e me nt s ,whi c hl i nke dt he i rc ommi t me ntt ot hes t r uggl ea g a i ns t nuc l e a rwe a ponsa ndt hes uppor tofi nde pe nde nt ,di s s i de ntpe a c e i ni t i a t i v e si n Ea s t e r nEur ope .

De s pi t et hi si nt e ns i v ec oope r a t i ont he r ea l s oe x i s t e ds omek i ndofr i v a l r ybe t we e nt heENDne t wor k a ndt heI PCC. Ge r ma ny .Pe t r aKe l l y–t houghhe rwor kwa sma i nl yv i at heGr e e ns .

USA:J e s s eJ a c ks on+J oa nneLa ndy

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I ts houl dbes t r e s s e dt ha tt heLi a i s onCommi t t e ewa sno ts omuc hagr oupi ngofi ndi v i dua l sbutof r e pr e s e nt a t i v e sofmov e me nt s ,i nc l udi ngpa r t i e s ,l a bouruni ons ,c hur c he se t c .

Ot he rgr oupsmor ef oc us s e donUSnuc l e a rwe a pons :not a bl yt heFr e e z eCa mpa i gnwhi c hl a t e r t ur ne di nt oPe a c eAc t i on,a ndt hehuger a ngeofl o os e l y or ga ni s e dmov e me nt s ,bot hpr of e s s i ona l g r oupi ngsl i ket hedoc t or sa ndl a wy e r sa ndl oc a l l yor ga ni s e dgr oupi ngs–orUK NW ( CND)or Fr e nc hNW ( Mv tdel apa i x )e t c . .

EEur ope : Wha tEND wa spr oba bl ybe s tknownf o rwa si t swor kwi t hdi s s i de nt si nt heSov i e tUni ona ndi t s e a s t c e nt r a lEur ope a ns a t e l l i t es t a t e s .Al t hough t heEND Appe a lha dwon s omes uppor tf r om di s s i de nt si nt heSov i e tbl oca ti t sl a unc h,mos twe r ehe s i t a nta boutt hewe s t e r npe a c emov e me nt s , whi c ht he yf e l twe r epa r r ot i ng Sov i e ts l oga nsa nd ha d no s y mpa t hyf orpe opl el i v i ng unde r c ommuni s tdi c t a t or s hi p.Vá c l a vHa v e le x pr e s s e dt hi sv i e wf or c e f ul l yi nhi se s s a y“ AnAna t omyofa Re t i c e nc e ”( 1 985 ) .

Ne v e r t he l e s s ,t ha nk sl a r ge l yt ot hepe r s i s t e nc eofEND a nd l i ke mi nde da c t i v i s t sf r om o t he r c ount r i e s ,whoke ptupac ons t a nts t r e a m ofc or r e s ponde nc ewi t hdi s s i de nt si nt heSov i e tbl oca nd v i s i t e dt he m whe ne v e rt he yc oul d,byt hemi d1 980saf r ui t f uldi a l ogueha dbe e ne s t a bl i s he d.END ha dwor ki nggr oupsf ore a c hSov i e tbl occ ount r y .

USSR:Mos c owTr us tGr oup,+Sa kha r ov ,Me dv e de v TheCz e c hos l ov a ki agr o upe x c ha nge dv i e wswi t ha ndv i s i t e dHa v e la ndhi sc ol l e a gue si nCha r t e r7 7 +Di e ns t bi e r ;t heHunga r ygr oupdi dt hes a mewi t hGy ör gyKonr á d,Mi kl osHa r a s z t ia ndas ma l l g r oupofy oungpe a c ea c t i v i s t s ;t hePol a ndgr oupt hes a mewi t hAda m Mi c hni k,J a c e kKur ona nd ma nyy ounge ra c t i v i s t s+Wa l e s a& Sol i da r no s c ;t heEa s tGe r ma nygr oupt hes a mewi t hBä r be l Bohl e ya ndot he r swhowe r el a t e rt obet hec or eofNe ue sFor um +REppe l ma n( c hur c he s ) .

Bot ht heENDConv e nt i onsa ndt heUKENDgr oupwe nti nt ode c l i nei nt hel a t e1 980sa f t e rt he 1 987I nt e r me di a t e r a ngeNuc l e a rFor c e sTr e a t yr e mov e dt hewe a ponst ha tha dgi v e nt heEur ope a n pe a c emov e me nti t spr i nc i pa lr a i s ond’ e t r e .

TWOCONCLUDI NGPOI NTS Pr oba bl yt hebi gge s tdi f f e r e nc ebe t we e nt he s et wos i t ua t i ons–a ndt hebi gge s tobs t a c l et oac i t i z e ns di pl oma c ya ppr oa c hi nNEAs i a-i st hee x t r e met ot a l i t a r i a ng r i pi mpos e dbyt heNKr e g i me ,whi c h l e a v e sl i t t l es pa c ef orbui l di ngr e l a t i ons hi pswi t hpe opl ei not he rc ount r i e s .Mos to bs e r v e r sc ont e nd t ha tt he r ei snoi nde pe nde ntc i v i ls oc i e t yi nt hewe s t e r ns e ns eoft het e r m.Ho we v e ri twoul dbe i nt e r e s t i ngt ohe a rf r om ourSK f r i e ndsa boutt he i re x pe r i e nc e ,i nc l udi ngt hee x pe r i e nc eoft he Ka e s ongi ndus t r i a lpa r k( now a ba ndone dbyNK)a ndf r om gr oupsl i keNa ut i l usa ndPe a c eBoa t whoha v edonemuc ht ot r yt obr i ngpe opl et oge t he ra tac i t i z e nsl e v e l .

The r eha v ebe e nr e c e ntr e por t ss ugge s t i ngt ha tt her e a lpur pos ebe hi ndNK’ st hr e a t si st of r i ght e n of fi nv e s t or si nt heSout ha ndt husde a lapowe r f ulbl owt ot heSKe c onomy–f or c i ngt he i rl e a de r s t ot a kenot i c eofNK’ sde ma nds .Theque s t i onoft hee c onomi cdi me ns i ont ot hec ol l a ps eo fSov i e t c ommuni s mi so net ha ti nt e r e s t smegr e a t l ya ndi sma y beal e nswor t hus i ngwhe ne x a mi ni nga nd t r y i ngt os ol v et heKor e a nc r i s i s .

Re f e r e nc e s : • Da v i dCor t r i ght :Pe ac eWo r k s :TheCi t i z e n’ sRo l ei nEnd i ngt heCo l dWar • La wr e nc eWi t t ne r :TheSt r ug g l eag ai ns tt heBo mb ,Vol31 97 1 pr e s e nt • J oha nGa l t ung: Se ar c hi ngf o rPe ac e ,pp21 9220( onKor e ac onf l i c t )

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I mpl e me nt a t i onofaNEANWFZi nChi naa ndNor t hKor e a Pe t e rHa y e s ,Na ut i l usI ns t i t ut e Wes ugge s tt heUni t e d St a t e si ni t i a t eas t r a t e gi cc onv e r s a t i on wi t h Nor t h Kor e al e a di ngt oa r e gi ona ls e c ur i t ys e t t l e me ntr e s ha pi ngt hes t r a t e gi ce nv i r onme nti ns i xde f i ni nga ndr e v e r s i bl e s t a ge s .

A nuc l e a r a r me d Nor t h Kor e ai suna c c e pt a bl et ot hegl oba lnuc l e a rnonpr ol i f e r a t i on r e gi me , di s t r a c t sa l ls t a t e si nt her e gi onf r om a ddr e s s i ngot he ri mpo r t a nts e c ur i t yi s s ue s ,l e a v e smos tNor t h Kor e a nss t a r v i ng,f ut ur e l e s s ;a ndi mpe r i l st heSout hKor e a ns oc i a la nde c onomi cmi r a c l es houl d c onf l i c tbr e a kout .Pol i c i e sde pe nde ntonwa i t i nga ndhopi ngt heDPRKc ol l a ps e sa r eunr e a l i s t i c .

Chi nawoul dl i ke l yv i e w Ko r e a nr e uni f i c a t i on e x c l us i v e l yunde rUS he ge monya sc ont r a r yt o Chi ne s ei nt e r e s t .

Mor t onHa l pe r i nha spr opos e damul t i l a t e r a lc ompr e he ns i v es e c ur i t ys t r a t e gywi t hs i xde f i ni ng a ndr e v e r s i bl es t a ge st oa ddr e s st heDPRKnuc l e a ri s s uei nt hebr oa de rr e gi ona ls e c ur i t yc ont e x t .

Ea c hs t a ge( s e ebe l o w)ha sbe e n de v e l ope dwi t ht hehe l pofamul t i na t i ona la nd( i nt heUS) bi pa r t i s a ngr oup.

Thi spa pe ro ut l i ne ske yi s s ue sa r i s i ngf r om t hi ss t r a t e gyf ort heUni t e dSt a t e s ,Chi na ,a ndNo r t h Kor e a .Forr e a s onsoft i me ,wedonota ddr e s she r e i nt hei s s ue sa r i s i ngf orSout hKor e a ,J a pa n,or Rus s i ai nt hi spa pe r ,a l t houghul t i ma t e l y ,t he ya r ee qua l l ya si mpor t a nt .

I .

FORTHEUni t e dSt a t e s USv i t a li nt e r e s t si nt her e gi onmos t l ydon’ tr e v ol v ea r oundt heDPRK.The r e f or e ,t heUni t e dSt a t e s s houl de s t a bl i s haf r a me wor kt ha ta ddr e s s e spr i ma r i l yt henuc l e a ri ns e c ur i t i e soft hef i v epa r t i e s , nott heDPRK,a st hef i r s tpr i or i t y .

Thema i nga mei st or e duc et her i s ko fTa i wa nSt r a i t i nduc e dUSo rPRCnuc l e a rf i r s t us e ,a ndt o mode r a t eSi noJ a pa ne s ec onf l i c ta ndt hepo t e nt i a lf o rJ a pa ne s ea ndROKnuc l e a rwe a pons .Onl ya nuc l e a rwe a pons f r e ez one( NWFZ)c a nma na get hec r os s c ut t i ngnuc l e a ri ns e c ur i t i e sofs t a t e si n t hi sr e gi on.ANor t he a s tAs i a nNWFZr e qui r e s : • • • • •

Te r mi na t i onoft hes t a t eofwa r ; Cr e a t i onofape r ma ne ntc ounc i lons e c ur i t yt omoni t ort hea gr e e me nt Mut ua lde c l a r a t i onofnohos t i l ei nt e nt ; Pr ov i s i onsofa s s i s t a nc ef ornuc l e a ra ndot he re ne r gy ; Te r mi na t i onofs a nc t i ons .

I t ’ spe r f e c t l yf e a s i bl ef o rt heUni t e dSt a t e st oma keagua r a nt e et oNPTNonNuc l e a rWe a pons St a t e s[ NNWSs ]i nt her e gi oni naNWFZ,i nc l udi ngt heDPRKs houl di tdi s a r ma ndc ompl ywi t h i t sNPTI AEAobl i ga t i ons ,t ha ti twon’ tus enuc l e a rwe a ponsa g a i ns tt heDPRK.Di t t of ort heot he r Nuc l e a rWe a ponsSt a t e s[ NWSs ] .

Re s i dua lnuc l e a re x t e nde dde t e r r e nc ewi l ls t i l le x i s tf ort heROKa ndJ a pa n,onl yr he t or i ca ndl e ga l f or m wi l lr e a l i gn( a tl a s t )wi t ht her e s t r uc t ur e dUSnuc l e a rf or c e st ha tnol onge ri nc l udea nyf or m of f or wa r dde pl oy e dt he a t e rort a c t i c a lnuc l e a rwe a pons .

Tha t ’ sgood–i t ’ st hee s s e nc eofc r e di bi l i t yt ha tt hi sa l i g nme nte x i s t ,a ndi t ’ sc ur r e nt l yba dl youtof wha c k,whi c ha f f e c t st hepe r c e pt i ons( ne ga t i v e l y )ofUS a dv e r s a r i e s ,a l l i e s ,a nd t hi r d pa r t i e s .

Me a nwhi l e ,nuc l e a rde t e r r e nc ewoul dc ont i nuet of l ow “ a r ound”t heNWFZ be t we e nt heNWSs , a ndbe t we e nt he ma ndt heDPRKwhi l ei ti snuc l e a r a r me d.

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Sho ul daNWSsornuc l e a r a r me ds t a t e( DPRK)us eort hr e a t e nt ous enuc l e a rwe a ponsa g a i ns ta NNWS,t he ni twoul df a c er e s i dua lnuc l e a re x t e nde dde t e r r e nc e ; a ndr e nde rmootNWS’g ua r a nt e e s t onotus enuc l e a rwe a ponsi nora ga i ns tt heZonepa r t i e s .

Thi sa ppr oa c hi st oughont heNor t hKor e a ns ,unl i ket hec ur r e ntUSpol i c yo fs t r a t e gi cdr i f t ,whi c h i ss of tont heNor t hKor e a ns .I tpr of f e r sadi pl oma t i ca ndge os t r a t e gi cc onc e r twi t hChi na ,t heba dl y ne e de dbutmi s s i ngf l i ps i deoft hemi l i t a r y l e dUSpi v oti nt her e gi on.

I I .FORCHI NA Be l ow a r et hr e eke yi s s ue sf r om a nAme r i c a npe r s pe c t i v ef orChi nat or e s ol v ewi t hr e ga r dt oi t s s t a nc emov i ngf or wa r d.

1 .

I mpa c tonChi naofac ompr e he ns i v es e c ur i t ys e t t l e me nt De ng Xi a opi ng f o r e s a w dome s t i ca nd i nt e r na t i ona ls t a bi l i t ya sane c e s s a r ypr e c o ndi t i on f or Chi ne s egr owt h.St a bi l i z i ngt heKor e a npe ni ns ul aa l l owsChi nat of oc usonbui l di ngapr os pe r o us , powe r f ul ,de mo c r a t i c ,c i v i l i z e d,a ndha r moni ouss oc i a l i s tmode r nc ount r ya sout l i ne di nt he1 8t h Pa r t yCongr e s swor kr e por t . Spe c i f i c a l l y ,wea nt i c i pa t et ha tChi nac oul dr e a l i z ema j orga i nsi n s e c ur i t ya nd r e l a t e dc onc e r nsi nf ourke ya r e a sa l s o out l i ne di nt he Ha l pe r i n pr opos a l ,a s s umma r i z e df r om a n Ame r i c a n pe r s pe c t i v ebe l o w, t hi sf r a me wor ke na bl e sChi nat o:r e v i s e r e l a t i onswi t hgr e a tpowe r s ;c ons ol i da t eChi na ’ si nf l ue nc ei nAs i a ;l e v e r a gemul t i l a t e r a lv e nue st o f a c i l i t a t er e f o r m oft hei nt e r na t i ona lor de r ;a ndpr ot e c tChi ne s er i ght sa ndi nt e r e s t si nt hema r i t i me a ndot he rdoma i ns . a )Re v i s er e l a t i onswi t hgr e a tpowe r s : As t a bl epe ni ns ul aa l l owsChi nat omov ef r om ma na gi ngr e g i ona li ns t a bi l i t ypr i ma r i l ybye x e r c i s i ng powe r r e l a t e dc a pa c i t i e st oade c i s i onma ki ngf r a me wor kon s e c ur i t yma t t e r sba s e d on powe r s ha r i ngonamul t i l a t e r a lba s i s .I ta l s or e mov e ss omer a t i ona l ef ors t r onge rUSa l l i a nc e sa nd i nc r e a s e st hepol i t i c a lba r r i e rt obui l di nga ni nt e g r a t e dmi s s i l ede f e ns es y s t e mi fNo r t hKor e ano l o nge rha shos t i l ei nt e nt .Onl yane wf r a me wor ka ppr oa c h,i nc l udi ngaNor t he a s tAs i a nNuc l e a r We a po ns Fr e eZone( NEANWFZ) ,mov e sa wa yf r om aba l a nc e of powe rf o c usa ndi sbr oa dl y c ons i s t e ntwi t ha“ ne wt y peofgr e a tpowe rr e l a t i ons hi p”whi c hChi nas e e kst oe s t a bl i s h. b)Cons ol i da t eChi na ’ si nf l ue nc ei nAs i a : Chi na c a n de mons t r a t el e a de r s hi pa nd c ons ol i da t ei nf l ue nc e by r e mov i ng s ome t hr e a t si n Nor t he a s tAs i at ha tc ur r e nt l ys t r e ngt he nUSa l l i a nc e sa ndmi s s i l ede f e ns es y s t e msbe f or et ho s e po l i t i c a la ndt e c hni c a lr e l a t i ons hi psa r er out i ni z e d,s ol i di f i e da nda r ee nt r e nc he di nabi l a t e r a lo r a l l i a nc es e t t i nga nde x i s tc ompl e t e l yout s i deofa ni nc l us i v e ,mul t i l a t e r a ls e t t i ng. c )Le v e r a gemul t i l a t e r a lv e nue st of a c i l i t a t er e f or m oft hei nt e r na t i ona lor de r : Ha l pe r i n’ spr opo s a lc a l l sf orc r e a t i ngape r ma ne ntc ounc i lons e c ur i t y .Thi sc ounc i lwo ul di nv ol v e ge ne r a t i ngmul t i l a t e r a lpe r s pe c t i v e sa nde ns ur et ha tnoonec ount r yuni l a t e r a l l yr unsa f o uloft he ot he r swi t houts omes or tofc ol l e c t i v er e a c t i on.Chi nac a ne x e r c i s el e a de r s hi pt hr ought hemul t i l a t e r a lv e nuea mpl i f y i ngi t se f f e c t . The r ewi l la l s ol i ke l ybes e v e r a ls ubor ga ni z a t i onst oha ndl e v a r i ouss pe c i a l i z e de l e me nt soft her e l a t i ons hi p. d)Pr ot e c tChi ne s er i ght sa ndi nt e r e s t si nt hema r i t i mea ndot he rdoma i ns : Nor t h Kor e as i t sa t op s ome mi ne r a lwe a l t h butl a c kst he c a pi t a l ,e qui pme nt ,ma na ge me nt e x pe r i e nc ea ndot he rr e s our c e sr e qui r e dt ot a kef ul la dv a nt a geoft heunde r gr oundwe a l t h.Wi t hout as t a bl er e gul a t or ye nv i r onme nt ,f e wa r ewi l l i ngt oi nv e s ti nNor t hKor e a .Onc eNor t hKor e adoe s de v e l o pa nds a nc t i o nsa r el i f t e d,ma nyov e r s e a sma r ke t swi l lbei nt e r e s t e di nt r a dewi t hDPRK. Thos egoodsa ndpr oduc t swi l lha v et ot r a v e lo ni nt e r na t i ona ls e al a ne sa ndt hea c c ount ss e t t l e di n a ni nt e r na t i ona lba nki ngc e nt e r . Chi naha sav e s t e di nt e r e s ti nas t a bl ei nv e s t me ntc l i ma t e ,a pr e di c t a bl el e ga ls y s t e mf ors e t t l i ngdi s put e sa ndunhi nde r e da c c e s st os e a l a ne si ft he r ei sa ny

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c ha nc eofha v i nga ne c onomi c a l l ypos i t i v er e l a t i ons hi pwi t hNor t hKor e aa ndt hewor l d.

2.I mpl i c a t i onsa ndCons i de r a t i onsf orChi naofaNe wCompr e he ns i v eSe c ur i t ySt r a t e gy He r ea r es pe c i f i cque s t i onsa bouti mpl i c a t i onsa ndc ons i de r a t i onsf orChi napos e dbyt hi sne w c onc e pt ua lf r a me wor k.

–Ho w doe st hi sne wf r a me wor khe l pma ket heChi ne s eCommuni s tPa r t ymor es c i e nt i f i ci na l l r e s pe c t s ?

–Howwoul dt hi sne wf r a me wor ka l l o wChi nat or e c a s tt heUSChi nas e c ur i t yr e l a t i ons hi pf r om a ba l a nc e of mi l i t a r y powe rt ooneba s e donpowe r s ha r i ngor“ ne wt y peofgr e a tpowe rr e l a t i ons hi p? ” –Howmuc hdome s t i cs uppor ti sr e qui r e df ore a c ho ft hes i xne wgov e r nme nt si nor de rt odi s c us s ne wf r a me wor ks ?

–Ho w doe st hes hi f ti ndi s c us s i ont e r msa f f e c tot he re l e me nt sofe x i s t i ngUSChi nas t r a t e gi c a ge nda s ?

–Howdoe st hef r a me wor ke na bl ebe t t e rr e l a t i onswi t hJ a pa n?ROK?Rus s i a ?

– Someha v es ugge s t e dt ha tJ a pa ns ho ul dne i t he rbei na na l l i a nc enorde v e l opas e l f r e l i a nt pos t ur e .Wha ti sar e a s ona bl eJ a pa ne s ede f e ns epos t ur et oa c hi e v et hos ec ont r a di c t or ygoa l s ?Doe s a“ r e a s ona bl e ”J a pa ne s ede f e ns epo s t ur ec ha ngei fJ a pa ni si ns i deo rout s i deo fa na l l i a nc e s t r uc t ur e ?

–Ho w doe sChi nade v e l opane wt y peofr e l a t i ons hi pa ndr e a s s ur eNor t hKor e a ,t her e l a t i ons hi p be t we e nChi naa ndNor t hKor e ar e ma i ns“ c l os ea sl i psa ndt e e t h;whe nt hel i psa r egonet het e e t h wi l lbec ol d”a swe l la s“ s ha r i ngt hes a mer i v e r sa ndmount a i ns ” –Ho wmi ghtane wr e l a t i ons hi pr e l i e v epr e s s ur eondi s put e si nt heSout hChi naSe aora nyot he r s e ns i t i v ea r e a s ?

–I ft hes i t ua t i onont heKor e a nPe ni ns ul ai ss t a bi l i z e d,wha tc a nChi nadowi t ht hedi pl oma t i c powe rnol onge re x pe nde di nc r i s i sma na ge me nt ?

–How woul daNEANWFZ a f f e c tChi na ’ snuc l e a rdoc t r i ne ? Doe si tr e qui r ear e t hi nki ngof Chi na ’ sNoFi r s tUs epol i c y ?Howdoe sr e t hi nki ngNoFi r s tUs epol i c ya f f e c tr e l a t i onsa mongt he Nuc l e a rWe a ponsSt a t e s ? Ca nChi naa s s umeal e a de r s hi pr ol ei naNEANWFZ a ndpl a c eo t he r Nuc l e a rWe a ponsSt a t e si nas i t ua t i onwhe r et he ymus tr e c i pr oc a t e ?

–Te r mi na t i onofas t a t eofwa r ;  Doe st hi sma keaTa i wa nSt r a i ts c e na r i omor eorl e s sl i ke l y ?  I st he r enowal owe rorhi ghe rl i ke l i hoodofnuc l e a re s c a l a t i on?  Howa r et he“ ne whi s t or i cmi s s i ons ”c ha nge d?  I ft he“ ne w hi s t or i cmi s s i ons ”a r ec ha nge d,wha tdoe si tme a nf orpr i or i t i z i ngt he s e r v i c e s ,budge t s ,a nda r mspr oc ur e me nt / de v e l opme nt ?  How mi ghtShe ny a ngMi l i t a r yRe gi onber e o r ga ni z e dorr e e qui ppe di ft het hr e a tofa r e s ume dKor e a nWa rr e c e de sori se l i mi na t e d?  Wha tdoe st heNor t h Kor e a n gov e r nme ntus ea sa ne x t e r na lj us t i f i c a t i on f ora ny ha r ds hi psi ft he r e ’ snoout s i dehos t i l i t y ?  How be s tt oa ddr e s s“ e v e nt ua lKor e a nuni f i c a t i on” ?Unde rwhi c hs y s t e m?a ndhow t o de a lwi t ht hes y s t e m whi c hwi l le v e nt ua l l ybes ubs ume d?

–Cr e a t i onofape r ma ne ntc ounc i lons e c ur i t y ;  Whowr i t e st her ul e s ?  Wha tme c ha ni s mse x i s torha v et obec r e a t e dt oe nf or c et her ul e s ?  Wha tki ndso fne wj obsa ndt r a i ni nga r er e qui r e dt os t a f ft hene wor ga ni z a t i on?Whe r e a r et he yt r a i ne d,he a dqua r t e r e d?  Whof undst hi sor ga ni z a t i on?  Ca nt heo r ga ni z a t i on bec r e a t e di n wa y st ha ts t r e ngt he n mul t i l a t e r a lv e nue sl i ke ASEAN,ARFa ndt heUNordoe si tne c e s s a r i l ydi l ut eot he rmul t i l a t e r a lv e nue s ?

–Mut ua lde c l a r a t i onofnohos t i l ei nt e nt ;  Wha tne wdi pl oma t i cs pa c ei sope ne dupa f t e rmut ua lde c l a r a t i onofnohos t i l ei nt e nt ?  How doe st hi sde c l a r e da bs e nc e ofno hos t i l ei nt e nti mpa c ts t a t e dr a t i ona l e sof

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de v e l opi ngmi s s i l ede f e ns et ode f e nda ga i ns taNor t hKor e a nmi s s i l e ?  Wha te x c us e smi ghtpo l i t i c a lpa r t i e s / l e a de r s hi p us et os t i l lr e s o r tt ona t i ona l i s mi f t he r e ’ snoe x pr e s s e dhos t i l ei nt e nt ?

–Pr ov i s i onsofa s s i s t a nc ef ornuc l e a ra ndot he re ne r gyne e ds ;  Whode t e r mi ne swha te ne r gyne e dsa r ev a l i d?  Wha tme c ha ni s me ns ur e st ha tv a l i da t e dne e dsa r ef ul f i l l e d?  Wha tne wi mpor t / e x por toppor t uni t i e sa r i s e ?  Ho wi st heRus s i a ndi s pos i t i oni nt heFa rEa s ta f f e c t e dbyas t a bl epl a c ef orapi pe l i net o pa s st ot heDPRKa ndROKi faNEANWFZr e duc e st e ns i ona ndc r e a t e ss t a bi l i t yi nt he Kor e a nPe ni ns ul aa ndwi l lt he s ee ne r gyf l owsbei nChi na ’ si nt e r e s t ?  Whode c i de swhi c hc ount r i e sge tc ont r a c t s ?  Wha tne w por t sa nd i nf r a s t r uc t ur ea r er e qui r e dt oc r e a t e a me a ni ngf ulpowe r di s t r i but i ons y s t e m?  Wha ta r et hebe ne f i t st oc r e a t i ngar e gi ona lpowe rdi s t r i but i ons y s t e m?  Wha ti st hebe s twa yt or a t i ona l i z et hepowe rge ne r a t i ons y s t e m?  Wha tc onf i de nc ebui l di ngme a s ur e sbe t we e nt r a di t i ona la nt a goni s t s— J a pa na ndKor e a —c a nc r e a t ef or msofi nt e r de pe nde nc et ha ti nc r e a s ec oope r a t i oni na r e a ss uc ha st he nuc l e a rf ue lc y c l ea nda c c e s st os pa c e –Te r mi na t i onofs a nc t i ons ;  Wha tne wba nki ngf a c i l i t i e sc a nope n?  Howi sy ua nc onv e r t i bi l i t ya f f e c t e d?  Howwi l la ne c onomi c a l l yv i br a ntDPRKi mpa c tbor de r i ngPRCpr ov i nc e s ?  Howmi ghtPRCe nga gewi t hDPRKt oe nc our a gee c onomi cr e f or m?  Wha tne wl e ga lgua r a nt e e swi l le nc our a gei nv e s t me nti nNor t hKor e a ?

–Cr e a t i onofaNuc l e a rWe a pons Fr e eZone( NWFZ)  Howdoe saNWFZc ompl e me nta ndde v e l opChi ne s enuc l e a rdoc t r i ne ?  Ho wi st hene wl e ga lba s i sf orChi na ’ sNoFi r s tUs ede c l a r a t i onc ha nge d? How i si t pr omul ga t e d?  Wha ta r et hei mpa c t sonChi na ’ sa bi l i t yt ode pl oynuc l e a rf or c e st hr ought heNWFZ,e g nuc l e a r c a pa bl es ubma r i ne s ?  Ho wdoe si ta f f e c tChi nai ft he r ei snone e df orUni t e dSt a t e st os uppl ynuc l e a re x t e nde d de t e r r e nc ebutr e pl a c e si twi t h“ e x i s t e nt i a lnuc l e a rde t e r r e nc e ”( t ha ti s ,r e s i dua lnuc l e a r de t e r r e nc et ha ta r i s e sf r om t heme r ee x i s t e nc eofnuc l e a rwe a ponsout s i det her e gi on) ?  Wha tChi ne s ei nt e r e s t sa r es e r v e dbygoi ngbe y ondi t sNoFi r s tUs epol i c yt opr ov i dea muc hs t r onge rc ommi t me ntt onotus enuc l e a rwe a ponsa ga i ns tJ a pa n?

–Ar et he r ea nyot he rf r a me wor kst ha twoul dbe t t e rs e r v eChi na ’ si nt e r e s t s ?

3 .Mi ghtChi naa c t i v i t ys uppor tt hi sc onc e pt ?

Chi naha sak e yr ol ei nt hef ut ur eo fNor t he a s tAs i a ns e c ur i t yma na ge me nt ,a nda l ls t e psl e a di ngt o e s t a bl i s hi ng,de f i ni nga ndma i nt a i ni ngaNuc l e a rWe a ponFr e eZone .Chi nac oul dhe l pt oa dv a nc e ane wf r a me wor kby : –hos t i ngac onf e r e nc ei nChi naa tt hee a r l i e s tda t emut ua l l yc onv e ni e ntt oa l lpa r t i e s ?

–f a c i l i t a t i ngme e t i ngswi t hke yNor t hKor e a nsa bl et oma kede c i s i ons ,ora tami ni mum,Nor t h Kor e a nsa bl et oa ut hor i t a t i v e l yr e l a ydi s c us s i ons ?

–unde r t a ki ngr e s e a r c ha nda na l y s i son c r i t i c a lout s t a ndi ngi s s ue st ha twoul dma keorbr e a ka r e gi ona lc ompr e he ns i v es e c ur i t ys e t t l e me nta ndaNEANWFZ? –e x pl or i ngt hi sc onc e pti nt r a c k1 .

5di a l ogue swi t hs e c ur i t yc ount e r pa r t si ne a c hc ount r y ?

–e nga gi ng r e l e v a ntme di a ,Kor e as c hol a r sa nd ot he ropi ni on l e a de r sa spa r toft heov e r a l l a wa r e ne s sc a mpa i gn?

I I I .FORNORTH KOREA Thebe ne f i t st ha tmi ghtf l ow t oNor t hKor e a— i npa r t i c ul a r ,agua r a nt e et onotbea t t a c ke dwi t h nuc l e a rwe a ponsunde rt heNuc l e a rWe a pons Fr e eZone— wo ul doc c uronl yi ft heNor t hf ul l y

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di s ma nt l e di t snuc l e a rc a pa bi l i t i e sunde rmoni t or i nga ndv e r i f i c a t i onbya na ge nc ya gr e e dt oa spa r t oft het r e a t y .Nonnuc l e a rs t a t e sc oul dpul loutoft het r e a t ya f t e rs omea gr e e dt i me f r a mei f ,byt he n, t heNor t hha dnotdi s ma nt l e di t snuc l e a rpr ogr a m.

Woul dt heNor t hKor e a nsf i ndv a l ua bl eamul t i l a t e r a l ,l e ga l l ybi ndi nggua r a nt e et ha tt he ywon’ tbe a t t a c ke dwi t hnuc l e a rwe a pons ?Wedon’ tknow.The yha v ec ons i s t e nt l ys a i di t ’ soneoft he i rmos t i mpor t a nti s s ue s .Tha tma yha v es hi f t e dnow t ha tt he yde c l a r e dt he ms e l v e s“ f or e v e rnuc l e a r a r me d. ”Ta l ki ngt ot he mi st heonl yonewa yt of i ndout .

I ft he ys a yno,t he nt heUSs houl di gnor et he ma ndpr oc e e d,be c a us ear e gi ona lNWFZ i si ni t s i nt e r e s t sa ny wa y .TheUS s ho ul dnotgi v ev e t opowe rt ot heDPRK.TheUSs houl df oc uson s ha pi ngt her e gi ona le nv i r onme nt ,notba dbe ha v i or s .I ft he ys a yy e s ,t he nt heUSs houl dma k e r oom i nt heNWFZf ort he mt oe nt e r ,e i t he ra tt heout s e t ,orov e rt i me .Ye s ,i tc a nbev e r i f i e d,e v e n i nt heDPRK. CONCLUSI ON Aswel e a r ne da f t e rUSPr e s i de ntRi c ha r dNi x ona ndChi na ’ sCha i r ma nMa oZe dongme ti n1 97 2 a nda f t e rUSPr e s i de ntRona l dRe a ga nme tSov i e tPr e s i de ntMi kha i lGor ba c he vi n1 986,t hewor l d c a nc ha ngeov e r ni ght .201 3i ss uc hamome nti nNor t he a s tAs i a —i fonl yt heUSa ndChi nac a n a l i gn.

Thel a s tt i met ha tt heUni t e dSt a t e ss e toutt os ha pet hes t r a t e gi ce nv i r onme ntr a t he rt ha nba d be ha v i our swa swhe ni tpul l e doutt a c t i c a la ndt he a t r enuc l e a rwe a pons ,i n1 991 . Thi sma de pos s i bl eahos tofr e gi ona la ndi nt e r Ko r e a n br e a kt hr oughso n nuc l e a r ,mi l i t a r y ,a ndpol i t i c a l e c onomi cr e l a t i onst ha tde l a y e dt heNor t h Kor e a n nuc l e a rpr ogr a mf orde c a de s ;a nd r e duc e d t e ns i ona ndt hepr oba bi l i t yofwa ri nKor e a .

I ti st i mef ora not he rma j ors hi f ti nUSpol i c y .Doe st heUni t e dSt a t e swa ntt oc r e a t ea ni ne f f e c t ua l c onc e r twi t hChi nat ha ti sdoome dt of a i lt or e v e r s et heDPRK' snuc l e a rc our s e ,a ndbyout s our c i ng t hema na ge me ntoft heDPRKpr obl e mt oChi na ,e nha nc ei t sa s pi r a t i onst ober e gi ona lhe ge mon ( a nda l l i e dpe r c e pt i onst he r e of ) ?

Ordowewa ntt os ol v et heDPRKpr obl e mi nawa yt ha tr e mov e st he mf r om Chi na ' so r bi t ,a nd e v e nbr i ngst he mi nt opl a ya spa r toft hepi v ot ,a ss i l e ntpa r t ne r si nAme r i c a ns t r a t e gy ? Thi si sa s t a r kc hoi c ebutunl e s swema kei t ,wewi l lbebe f uddl e da ndr e duc e dt oma na gi ngba dbe ha v i or si n t hemome nt ,nots ha pi ngt hes t r a t e gi ce nv i r onme nta ndout c ome s .

Thec umul a t i v ee f f e c t sofpa s ti nc r e me nt a lde c i s i onma ki nga i me da tt hes hor t t e r ma ndki c ki ng t hec a nc ont a i ni ngt heha r dc hoi c e si nt ot hef ut ur eha v enowc a ug htupwi t hus .Wene e dt oma ke s omebi gc ha nge s ,nots ma l lone s ,t os uc c e e d.Duet oe nt r e nc he dha bi t s ,i nt e r e s t s ,o r ga ni z a t i ons , wor l dv i e ws ,t hi swon' tbee a s y .Ci v i ls oc i e t yor ga ni z a t i onspl a yake yr ol ei ne ns ur i ngt ha tt hi s s t r a t e gyi st e s t e d,pos i t i one d,a nde na c t e di ns pi t eoft he s eobs t a c l e s .

17

DRAFTVERSI ON

J oi ntAppe a lt opr omot et hePe a c ePr oc e s sa nd aNuc l e a rWe a ponFr e eZonei nNor t he a s tAs i a 201 3ma r kst he60t ha nni v e r s a r yoft heKor e a nWa rAr mi s t i c eAgr e e me nt .Ho we v e r ,Nor t hKor e a c a r r i e douthe rt hi r dnuc l e a rt e s ts oona f t e ras a t e l l i t el a unc h.Thec ur r e ntKor e a nc r i s i sha sma de Nor t he a s tAs i ar e a l i s et hes e r i ous ne s soft hemut ua ldi s t r us ta ndha t r e da nda l s opr ov e dt ha ta r ms r a c ea gg r a v a t e st hes t r a i ne dr e l a t i ons .The r e f or e ,wene e dt oc r e a t et hepe a c epr oc e s sont heba s i sof di a l oguea ndc oope r a t i oni nor de rt or e s ol v et hes e c ur i t ydi l e mmai nNor t he a s tAs i a .

On25Apr i l201 3 ,J a pa na ndSout hKor e aNGOsi nc oope r a t i onwi t hi nt e r na t i ona lNGOsc onv e ne d awor ks hop“ TheFut ur eoft hePe a c ePr oc e s sa ndPr os pe c t sf oraNuc l e a rWe a ponFr e eZonei n Nor t he a s tAs i a -60t hAnni v e r s a r yo ft heKor e a nWa rAr mi s t i c e ”a tt he2ndPr e pa r a t or yCommi t t e e of201 5NPTRe v i e w Co nf e r e nc ei nGe ne v a .I nt hi swor k s hop,wel e a r ne df r om t hepr e c e de ntof pe a c e bui l di ngi nEur opet ha the l pe dov e r c omi ngt hee ndoft heCol dWa r .Andwedi s c us s e dt he ne e df orac ompr e he ns i v ea ppr oa c hf o rt ur ni ngt hea r mi s t i c es y s t e mi nt oape r ma ne ntpe a c e r e gi mei nKor e aa ndt hepr omot i on ofaNuc l e a rWe a ponFr e eZonei nNor t he a s tAs i a( NEANWFZ) .

A NEANWFZ i sa nur ge nta ndt i me l yi ni t i a t i v ebot hf ors t r e ng t he ni ngt hegl oba lt i det o wa r da nuc l e a rwe a ponf r e ewor l da nda c hi e v i ngr e gi ona ls t a bi l i t ya ndpe a c ei nNor t he a s tAs i a .Tos e tt he goa lo fa c hi e v i ngaNEANWFZwi l lc r e a t eane wpos i t i v edi me ns i oni nt heongoi ngSi xPa r t yTa l ks byi nc or por a t i ngi t sgoa lof‘ v e r i f i a bl ede nuc l e a r i z a t i onoft heKor e a nPe ni ns ul a ’wi t hi nabr oa de r r e gi ona lv i s i on.

Ac hi e v i nganuc l e a rwe a ponf r e ewor l di sa nobl i ga t i onnotonl yofnuc l e a ra r me dc ount r i e sbutof a l lt hec ount r i e s , i nc l udi ngt hos ewhos es e c ur i t ypol i c i e sr e l yonanuc l e a rumbr e l l a .

I nt hi sr e g a r ds , i ti sourc ommonr e s pons i bi l i t yt of i ndapa t ht owa r das e c ur i t ypol i c ywi t houtnuc l e a rwe a pons .

AndaNEANWFZwi l lpr ov i des uc hapa t hf orr e l e v a ntna t i onsi nNor t he a s tAs i as uc ha sJ a pa n a ndSout hKor e a .

I nt hi sba s i s ,wewoul dl i ket oa ppe a lt oe a c hgov e r nme ntoft heSi xPa r t yTa l kst o –Tur nt heKor e a nWa rAr mi s t i c eAgr e e me nti nt oape r ma ne ntpe a c er e gi me, –Pr omot eaNEANWFZt ha ti nc l ude st hede nuc l e a r i s a t i onoft heKor e a nPe ni ns ul a , –Ma kes ur et ha te a c hc ount r yha sal e gi t i ma t er i ghtt os a f e t y ,a ba ndoni nghos t i l i t yt oe a c hot he r , –Ma keac ompr e he ns i v ec ons ul t a t i v ebodyde a l i ngwi t ht hepe a c epr oc e s si nNor t he a s tAs i a t hr oughmul t i l a t e r a lne got i a t i ons .

Wede c l a r et ha twewi l lwor kt oge t he rf ort hec r e a t i onoft hepe a c epr oc e s sa ndaNEANWFZa s e a r ne s t l yc a l l i ngf ort hes uppo r tf r om pol i t i c a ll e a de r s ,c i t i z e ng r oups ,a ndi ndi v i dua l sa l lov e rt he wor l d.

Apr i l25 ,201 3 Ge ne v a ,Swi t z e r l a nd Si gna t or yOr ga ni s a t i ons : I nt e r na t i ona lPe a c eBur e a u Na ut i l usI ns t i t ut e Pa r l i a me nt a r i a nsf orNuc l e a rNonpr ol i f e r a t i on a ndDi s a r ma me nt Pe a c eBoa t ,J a pa n

Pe a c eDe pot ,J a pa n Pe a c eNe t wor k,ROK Pe opl e ' sSol i da r i t yf orPa r t i c i pa t or yDe moc r a c y , ROK Wor l dCounc i lofChur c he s

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Further information Peace Depot Hiyoshi Gruene 1F, 1-30-27-4 Hiyoshi Hon-cho, Kohoku-ku , Yokohama, Japan 223-0062 Tel: +81 45 563 5101 Fax: +81 45 563 9907 E-mail: Maria Kim maria@peacedepot.org

International Peace Bureau 41 Rue de Zurich, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 731 64 29 Fax: +41 22 738 94 19 E-mail: Colin Archer secgen@ipb.org

Reference If you want to read the report of the workshop “Towards Cooperative Security in Northeast Asia- Six-Party Talks, NEA-NWFZ, Nuclear Fuel Cycle� which was held on 7 May 2012 at the first preparatory committee of 2015 NPT Review Conference in Vienna, you can find the document on this website: http://www.peacedepot.org/e-news/2012NPTWSReport.pdf