Machhavaudi Redevelopment Project

TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING PURWANCHAL CAMPUS

Redevelopment of Machhabhaudi Area Dharan, Sunsari PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the degree of BACHELORS OF ARCHITECTURE In the Department of Architecture Purwanchal Campus Submitted to: Ar. Shashi Kumar Mandal

Submitted by: Aliza Bhattarai (05)

Ar. Sanjaya Maharjan

Bipin Basnet (13)

Department of Architecture

Dinesh Thapa (15)

Date:Baishak 26, 2079

Durga Rai (18) Kritim Katwal (22)

DECLARATION

We (Aliza Bhattarai/Bipin Basnet/Dinesh Thapa/Durga Rai/Kritim Katwal) hereby declare that this dissertation has not been previously accepted in substance for any degree and it is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. I state that this dissertation is the result of my own independent work/ investigation except otherwise stated. I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for any kind of reproducing and understand that any reference to or Quotation from my thesis will receive an Acknowledgement.

…………………………

Group A3 B. Arch. IOE, Purwanchal Campus Poush, 2078

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We (Aliza Bhattarai / Bipin Basnet / Dinesh Thapa / Durga Rai / Kritim Katwal ) would like to express our sincere gratitude to our supervisor Ar. Sanjaya Babu Maharjan and Ar. Shashi Kumar Mandal for guiding us for site observation of the Redevelopment Project of Machhabhaudi. We would also want to express our appreciation for successfully guiding us through various stages of the site observation. We would also like to be thankful for their continued support, guidance, and supervision, which helped us understand things better throughout the research works, case study materials, observation works, and preparation of the report and presentation. Knowledge is the greatest gift one can share and We have been blessed to get adequate of that under their supervision and guidance.

Our sincere gratitude also goes to the Architecture Department (HOD & Faculty staff) for giving us such an opportunity to redevelop the Machhabhaudi (Local Market & community) through the Design Studio VII project.

During our observation, we came to know about the history behind the development of Machhabhaudi, settlement pattern distribution, elements of the market, various landmarks and heritages, within the surroundings and got to learn about them in brief. Urbanization is one of the important parameters for a quality of life. So, it is our responsibility to preserve them to their original form and upgrade it as per the need of the time so that we can hand them over to our future generation. Such studies help discover the facts, stories, and values that are being forgotten these days that would preserve the emotional, functional, and cultural values of an area while preserving the structure that emanates those vibes.

A sincere thanks go to our class members who helped us to understand different aspects of the site through data sharing and presentations given in the studio as everyone has different perceptions.

Also, we are grateful to the inhabitants of the site, Ward no. 3 chairperson Asharam Shrestha, for their contribution to helping us collect the important information that would help guide us through the whole project.

And lastly, we would like to recall all the helping hands who helped us through the project either directly or indirectly.

Table of contents

Declaration 2 Acknowledgment 3 Table of contents 4 Abstract 5

INTRODUCTION 6-7

SITE ANALYSIS 7- 20

Background History

Site observation Building bye-laws Building Typology Types of street vendors Rudraksh park, Machhavaudi Comparison of roads and vendors

LITREATURE REVIEW 2033 Redevelopment Need of redevelopment Types of redevelopments Open space Open space site selection park types hierarchy Street Street furniture Parking layout Standards for road access Water supply Infrastructure structure and norms

CASE STUDIES 34-50 Case study 1 : Manek chowk Case study 2: Gongabu land pooling Case study 3: Town center Carolina Case study 4: Kwun tong town center comparison

FINAL DESIGN 50-101 Conceptualization Structure plan Program formulation Spaces distribution Elevation Axonometric view Views Typology: Building typology: Residential housing-type 1 Building typology: Residential housing-type 2 Building typology: Social housing Building typology: Public building Building typology: Apartment cum commercial building Building typology: Commercial block Building typology: Mixed-use building type-1 Mixed-use building – type 2 Mixed-use building – type 3 Mixed-use building – type 4 Mixed-use building – type 5 Mixed-use building – type 6 Mixed-use building – type 7 Commercial complex

ABSTRACT Cities are identified by the adequacy of infrastructures & good state of living inhibited by the majority of the population. Cities may be in a state of development phase or already in a developed state.

Life in the city is balanced by various physical, environmental, biological, socio-cultural, traditional, and economic aspects. During the phase of development, if any of these aspects get unequal importance, the state of part of the city starts to degrade subsequently decreasing the quality of life.

This kind of event happens due to poor policies, or unawareness of the people who have the right ship of land in the particular area of the city. The urban areas, which are facing or are on the verge of facing such kinds of problems need to be relooked based on various aspects & policies. The redevelopment process can assist a great help in reviving the state of any area.

This proposal is about the redevelopment of the Machhavaudi area which according to the present condition is headed into unmanaged development irrespective of the existing social needs, population change & various other factors.

1.

INTRODUCTION

1.

2.

3.

Sites are not always barren lands ready to be executed into different model systems. Sometimes they can be scaled up to the pre-existing masses of developed cities which would need a relook to upgrade or revive the quality of life for the users.

Urban redevelopment can be defined as the concept or process that involves the study of the past, predicting the future of the place while designing for the current needs of the place improving and reusing real estate in your neighborhood or city by adding or rehabilitating buildings, making more marketable properties. The word redevelopment is derived from the combination of two words ‘re’ and ‘development’ which means development again and again. Redevelopment is all about meeting future needs, preserving history, and ensuring ecological stability. The indicators of redevelopment are construction, rehabilitation, and relocation. The benefits of redevelopment are as follows: Improvs the community’s image and its economic and site conditions.

Improves infrastructures and public facilities and enhances open spaces.

Increases the commercial value of the site and property value.

2. BACKGROUND Dharan is a sub-metropolitan city in Sunsari District of Province No. 1, Nepal, which was established as a fourth municipality in the Kingdom in 1958. Dharan is the location of the former Vijayapur, the seat of a historical Koch kingdom, which was later used by the Sen kings of Makwanpur. Dharan is situated on the foothills of the Mahabharat Range in the north with its southern tip touching the edge of the Terai region at an altitude that varies from 119m to 1,778m. The total area of Dharan is 192.32 km2. The Koshi highway runs through the heart of the city which also connects the major cities like Biratnagar, Itahari as well as Dhankuta. The population of Dharan is 1,37,705 and the climate is moderate. Dharan is packed with major landmarks like Budha Subba, Dantakali temple, Dharan Bhanu square, Chindey Danda, etc.

Our site lies inside the boundary of ward no.3 which has a total area of 0.131 sq. km. and a population of 4661. People with a variety of ethnic groups live here and the language spoken in this area consists of Nepali, Newari, and Tamang.

Dharan is a sub-metropolitan city in Sunsari District of Province No. 1, Nepal, which was established as a fourth municipality in the Kingdom in 1958. Dharan is the location of the former Vijayapur, the seat of a historical Koch kingdom, which was later used by the Sen kings of Makwanpur. Dharan is situated on the foothills of the Mahabharat Range in the north with its southern tip touching the edge of the Terai region at an altitude that varies from 119m to 1,778m. The total area of Dharan is 192.32 km2. The Koshi highway runs through the heart of the city which also connects the major cities like Biratnagar, Itahari as well as Dhankuta. The population of Dharan is 1,37,705 and the climate is moderate. Dharan is packed with major landmarks like Budha Subba, Dantakali temple, Dharan Bhanu square, Chindey Danda, etc.

Our site lies inside the boundary of ward no.3 which has a total area of 0.131 sq. km. and a population of 4661. People with a variety of ethnic groups live here and the language spoken in this area consists of Nepali, Newari, and Tamang.

HISTORY Going back to history, the development of Dharan started during the reign of then Prime Minister Chandra Shumsher when the deforestation caused by the exportation of woods to Accham of India made the land barren and empty. The land was then filled by the influx of the people invited by Chandra Shumsher. People started using the locally available resources to construct their new homes which resulted in the growth of new settlements in the area.

People used farming as the major source of their income. With the growth of settlements, the market from Fushre bazaar eventually shifted to the new area and the initial settlement was called Chandrapur bazaar which is called Purano Bazaar now. Later on, using the same principles Juddha Shumsher established the settlement name Juddhanagar on the adjacent side of the present Koshi highway, which later on due to better services managed to replace Purano Bazaar as the major commercial center of Dharan. The development of the whole Dharan was triggered by the events like British-Gurkha recruitment. Dharan was also known to be the zonal headquarter. The development of Sadan road is believed to be triggered by Sadan Mid school at first and with time various influencing factors like Purano bazaar and linkage to other major part of cities were responsible for later development. Similarly, around 2010 B.S. Dharan was full of wooden houses and stone-paved streets along the Sadan road. With no proper facility for drainage, all the surface water from Fushre and Bijaypur would now collect into the Khahare Khola washing away all the loose topsoil. Later on, along the edge of Khahare Khola fish selling business was established with the goods coming from Koshi as well as India.

So, the major axis that would influence the site area would be Sadan road, Purano Bazaar as well as Machhavaudi area. Later on, after the recruitment center of Gurkhas was shifted to Pokhara and the headquarters was shifted to Biratnagar. This caused a major setback in the rapid development of Dharan but on the individual level, the economic condition of people was raised due to the Ghopa camp, and eventually, the living standard was raised. The modernization of Dharan seemed to start from here which was reflected in changing form of the building from traditional to modern. Also, the transformation of the traditional way of housing to modern form was triggered by the devastating earthquake event that took place in 2045 B.S. Since then, the façade of the street has inclined towards having more and more modern materials like plaster, metals, and so on. Also, the land to open space ratio has reduced over time. In the past, social and cultural activities like singing, dancing, dramas, etc. in different nodes and junctions have been known to be performed.

2.1 ABOUT SITE The chosen site for the redevelopment of the Machhavaudi area is around 24317 km2 in area.

Major landmarks for locating our site are Bhanu Chowk on the west. Similarly, there is a Rudraksha Park and squatter settlement attached to the site on the western part, Sadan school and Bhanu-smriti school can be located on the eastern part of the site. The site is located inside the boundary set by the intersection of four roads i.e., Sadan road, Kavi Krishna Pakhrin Marga, Shanti path, and Bhanu-smriti Marg.

Khahare Khola runs below the park which receives the direct discharge of drainage from the site.

SITE OBSERVATION 1. FIVE ELEMENTS OF THE CITY PATHWAYS Pathways consist of streets, sidewalks, trails, canals, railroads, and other channels in which people travel. They can also be considered as the way along which the observers move and hold the view. Pathways may contain significant buildings and facades and are the most important elements in people’s image. Our site hosts major pathways as well as local streets. Major pathways consist EDGES: Edges can be also referred to as boundaries that can be either real or perceived. They can be walls, buildings, shorelines, streets, façades, etc. They can be linear elements that form boundaries between areas or linear breaks in continuity which can prevent motion in a specific direction. Edges in our site are identified by the part between Macchavaudi Area and Desi line. A slight reference can also be given towards the out-building façade facing Sadan Road and the inner buildings to the south of Sadan road.

DISTRICT: Districts are the medium to large areas that are two-dimensional and have common identifying characteristics in which the observer mentally enters ‘inside of’. The characteristics can be spatial form, colors, texture, urban fabric, etc. They may have clear edges, or soft uncertain ones gradually fading away into surrounding areas. On our site, three kinds of districts can be observed as shown in the site map which is classified in terms of commercial frequency.

LANDMARK: Landmarks are the point of reference a person cannot enter. They can be buildings, signs, stores, mountains, public art, etc. There is no prominent landmark inside our site. Although, our site is surrounded by a landmark that defines the image of the whole Dharan. However, Machhavaudi park can be considered one

LOCATION OF SITE

NODES Nodes can be referred to as the large areas you can enter which serve as the foci of the city, neighborhood, district, etc.

They are the strategic points in the city that the user can enter, be directed to many destinations, and can be gathering places. There are various nodes (Active and Inactive) in the context of our site. The most active node is node 1 followed by node 2. Among all the nodes on the site. Only four nodes were are explained here.

Node 1 This node creates a connection between Sadan Road and Deshi line on the east-west line and opens to Kavi Krishna Pakhrin Marga on the south and Kailash Path on the North.

Macchavaudi park is located on the south of node parking facilities for auto-rickshaws and the presence of vendors can be observed. This node also functions as a celebration space for different kinds of events such as holy festivals, cultural programs, etc. Also, the traffic moving in and out of the Sadan road was calculated staying in this node in which it was concluded that the maximum number of movements inside and out was done by two-wheelers and least was done by four-wheelers. The graph diagram can be seen in the annex.

fig: Node 1

fig: Node 2

fig: Node 3

fig: Node 4

Node 2 This node connects Kavi Krishna Marga with the Shanti path having a bridge on the west side. Squatter settlements can be seen on both the north and south side. Also, Rudraksha Park is located on the north side of this node. This node is characterized by a regular flow of auto-rickshaw and vibrant activities in corner shops. Also, the presence of vendors can be observed in the morning and nighttime. In this node, the vehicle with the highest movement was achieved by an autorickshaw and the lowest was achieved by four-wheelers Node 3 This node connects Sadan road, Turkey valley path & Bhanu smriti path. Any kind of activity does not define this node but rather the junction it creates between the pathways. In this node, the flow of transport was analyzed in which two-wheeler had the highest number i.e., about 250 per hour, the second-highest flow of traffic was created by auto-rickshaw which is around 200 per hour. The thirdhighest flow of traffic was created by pedestrians which were about 120 people per hour and the minimum traffic was created by four-wheelers which are around 50 vehicles per hour.

Node 4 This node is formed with the connection of the Shanti path & Bhanu smriti Marga. Also, it is the quietest node with fewer activities. This node is accompanied by a corner shop and opens to the entry road of Bhanu-smriti school. This node experiences a low flow of vehicular movements as well as pedestrian movements

PHYSICAL ASPECTS The physical infrastructure & their condition were good as we find it through our general observation on the site. Infrastructures such as health, education & communication are good enough as the facilities provided were in the peripheral zone from the site. Similarly, on-site infrastructures such as transportation, electricity & water supply were good in availability but the condition, appearance as well as maintenance was not good.

Similarly, we also studied the different layers of the map of our site such as figure & ground, the hierarchy of roads, building conditions, open space analysis, drainage pattern, noise frequency, etc. which are shown below:

SITE LANDUSE MAP Through this land use map, we were able to show the active frontage & inactive frontage on our site. Active frontage is shown in dark yellow color & inactive frontage is shown in light yellow color in the figure below.

ACTIVE FRONTAGE An active frontage is a continuous business or retail use that opens directly to the footpath. These uses provide activity on the streets.

Through the study, we find out that the active frontage on our site is on the three sides of the street which were Sadan road, Kavi Krishna Marga & Shanti Path respectively where more activity was observed.

INACTIVE FRONTAGE An inactive frontage consists of buildings that present their backs to public space and boundaries between public and private space marked by fences and blank walls where less activity occurs. It can be occupied by residential spaces.

Similarly, on our site, the stretch on Bhanu smriti Marga and the residential spaces can be located as an inactive frontage

FIGURE & GROUND The figure shows us the building to open space ratio in our site where the building blocks are highlighted in black color. This makes us clearer for open space analysis on our site.

DRAINAGE CHANNEL MAP This map gives information about the drainage condition on our site. Bhanu smriti Marga has two side drains, Sadan road has one side drain on the north, Sadan road also has one side drain on the north side and Kavi Krishna Marga has one side drain on the east. The drain collects and goes to Khahare Khola which is according to IUDP but the condition is still bad because maximum drains are open.

ELECTRIC POLE/LIGHT MAPPING This map gives information about the street lamp & electric pole located in our site. The electric poles are symbolized with triangles & street lamps are symbolized with a dot. As shown in the figure through general observation in our site the electric poles and street lamps are scattered & are set haphazardly. According to IUDP 2017 Dharan Municipality the street poles/lamps should be in a minimum distance of 30m with poles in 15m distance alternatively.

NOISE IMPACT ANALYSIS This map shows the noise impact in the four different zones of our site. The red color shows the high noise impact which is Sadan road due to high activity. Similarly, the orange color has less noise impact than red which is in Kavi Krishna Marga, Shanti path, and Dovan line. Yellow color has less noise impact than orange which is Bhanu Smriti Marga as it has less traffic flow and green color zone which is pedestrian access inside the size has very low noise impact

SURROUNDING LANDMARK As shown in the figure the prominent landmark nearest to our site is Rudraksha Park which is attached to the west part of the site. This creates an open space that is used as a recreational space. Also, it helps in creating a social gathering space that also contains a children’s park.

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY This map gives information about the condition of the buildings on our site by studying its materials. Modern buildings are shown in dark yellow color as well as traditional building is shown in light yellow color

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ROOF TYPOLOGY This map gives information about the roof typology which is categorized in three different colors.

Flat roofs are shown in black color similarly yellow color shows CGI roof and blue color shows roof with truss

HOUSE STOREY MAP This map gives information about the houses with their character in height. Five Storey ones are two blocks both of them with commercial activities zone. Four, three Storey blocks with semicommercial activities. Two & Storey buildings are mainly residential blocks

Street Elevations The idea of street elevations was for showing skylines, materials as well as characters of the stretch on four sides. For materials on our site, we colored the elevations similar on our site and then we categorized its material. There was a maximum of five materials used which are: •

Brick

•

Plaster

•

CGI

•

Tiles

•

Wood

The characters of the buildings on the site were similar except Bhanu smriti Marga as all the ground floor of the buildings on the three sides were occupied by commercial spaces and the space above it was occupied by rental space or for living. But on the Bhanu smriti Marga maximum number of buildings were for residential purposes.

Similarly, as observed on all the four stretches of the elevation the common thing noticed was the balcony spaces which were basically for shade, as well as the space, was used for roof gardening means due to lack of open spaces these things might have taken place.

BUILDING BYE-LAWS GROUND COVERAGE For residential buildings, 70% ground coverage rule is implemented for sites having an area less than or equal to 250 SQ.M, and a 60% ground coverage rule is implemented for sites having an area greater than 250 SQ M •For government, public and semi-public buildings, 50% ground coverage should be maintained.

RIGHT OF WAY (ROW) •

• •

•

For the construction of a new road, 3m setback from the center of the road should be given. For a geographically unfit area, a 2m setback from the center of the road under the recommendation of the technical committee should be provided.

For roads shorter than 50m(cul-de-sac/dead-end), 1.5m setback from the center of the road should be provided.

For roads having a width less than 4m, 2m setback from the center of the road should be provided.

Any road turnings should have a minimum radius of 3.5m.

LIGHT PLANE For the construction of a building on the side of the main road, H= (width of road+2xsetback)

ARRANGEMENT OF ROADS IN THE PROPOSED PHYSICAL PLANS: • •

In case of the public physical plan: connecting with existing public road, road width should be at least 8m.

For controlled physical paln:6m public road touched land building can be raised to 10m. 8m or greater road touched land building can be raised greater than 10m.

BUILDING HEIGHT AND SETBACK RATIO • • •

The minimum setback side of tall buildings up to 10m should be 1.5m The minimum setback side of tall buildings greater than 10m but up to 17m should be 3m for public buildings and 2m for other buildings The setback for tall buildings greater than 17m shall have a height and setback ratio of 4:1 and at least a minimum setback of 5m

•Infrastructure Norms and Standards • Physical Infrastructures (Measurement in m) • Economic Infrastructure

Land Use

S.N

Types of land use

Norms

Standards

1

Natural Resource Area

80-90% of the land Settlement shall allowed

Agricultural Forest/Special Geographical Features, environmentally sensitive areas

2 S. N

Settlement Promoted Area Types of Infrastructure

1

Haat Bazaar Residential cum commercial

2

Parking Space

not

Site conditions

be

Discourage fragmentation of land No construction in sensitive areas and around water bodies

Buffer of minimum 15 ● minutes from sensitive areas ●

Haphazard construction of buildings No enough open space available

10=20% Norms of the land

A low density of allowable SiteMaximum density of Standards conditions development settlement Twice a week vegetable and 0.2 ha /site ● Presence of 50 person/ha meat market with cold storage Vegetable/meat market Commercial: restaurant, motels, Encourage mixed land use Mixed-use of the building multi-purpose hall, repairing along main roads Space for 2,3,4 wheelers 1 parking lot/1 market center No parking area centers Development of at least 5 homestays Institutional: Religious Library

centers,

Daycare,

Residential: Row housing, single and group housing, the hostel Residential

Dwelling structures and other selected amenities, offices, banks, libraries, police posts, etc.

Should be located at a distance of 1km away from the main market

Residential area in the inner street of site

BUILDING TYPOLOGY On our site, building typology can be classified as a residential building, commercial building, and mixed-use building

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING In residential buildings, all the floors are used for residential purposes. In the above figure, we can see a modern residence and a tadhe Ghar; side-by-side connected by a courtyard. Firstly, there was only tadhe ghar before 2045 but after the earthquake in 2045, the house was destructed. So, after that modern residence was built in the area of tadhe ghar later using the materials of the destructed tadhe ghar, a new tadhe ghar was built towards the south. Almost all residential types of buildings are found in Bhanu smriti road.

COMMERCIAL BUILDING Similarly, in this figure, we can see the type of commercial building only used for commercial purposes. 1st plan is of hotel and laws with reception, dining, and kitchen on the ground floor and guest rooms in above floors.

Similarly, the 2nd figure is a typical building with only commercial space.

MIXED USED BUILDING Another type of building is a mixed building in which the ground floor is used as a commercial space and the remaining floor for residential purposes. We can see in the plan in which the ground floor is used for commercial space and the remaining floors are used for residential purposes. Similarly, in the second plan, the frontage is used as commercial space followed by a small corridor leading to a multifamily house with a connected courtyard forming a community.

VENDOR ANALYSIS The culture of a street market in Dharan has been existing from the beginning. the main city of Dharan consists of many street vendors followed by our site. due to the high pedestrian flow, our site has a huge potential for street vending.

TYPES OF STREET VENDORS

There are many types of street vendors on our site as we can see in the above picture, people near the periphery of our site are the vendors in our site. Also, the Squatter settlement runs their business of roti and vakka near their periphery for their livelihood making the street livelier, but due to improper management of street vendors, our street is facing traffic congestion problem.

IMPACT OF VENDOR

In this figure, a visual representation of the location of vendors can be seen. The majority of the vendors tend to make their business along the edge of Sadan road and Shanti path. Also, in the second figure, we can see the spatial territory created by each vendor. The impact of vendors can be analyzed by activities that are radiated along with the vendors and their hindrance which would disturb the basic flow of road and surrounding environment. This is the same reason, the site is facing the problem of traffic congestion.

RUDRAKSH PARK, MACHHAVAUDI

Rudraksh Park is one of the landmarks attached to our site. It is located at a 5-minute walk at the east of Bhanu Chowk between the edge of Desi Line and Sadan Road. The park is made on slab and to its below runs Khahare Khola and its South-East squatter settlement having 6 Numbers of houses. The park is divided into 6 pockets each carrying different activities:

Pocket 1=Rudraksh Monument Pocket 2= Stalls and benches Pocket 3= Secondary entry and covered sitting Pocket 4=Green Space Pocket 5=Covered connecting walkway to outdoor gym Pocket 6=Outdoor gym and children play area

ELEMENTS 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Shaded sitting area Public washroom Children play area Pathways Monument Water fountain Outdoor Gym Vegetation

INFLUENCE ON OUR SITE After its construction, it has created a social space for social interaction which will facilitate the neighborhood as well as people coming from other areas. It has created a playful environment for children and also acts as buffering zone in Central Business District. It has acted as a prominent landmark for our site and is the only public space.

ECONOMIC ASPECT The majority of the people (50%) who reside in that area are dependent on the business for their livelihood. The other major source of income includes pension, government jobs, and labor. The presence of small-scale industries can be influential for our site in a long run. The small-scale industries lying in the proximities of our site are bread factories, silver metal factories, furniture industries, ice-cream factories, and various other small home industries. The squatter people find their economical balance in life by selling vodka, roti, and household weapons which would generate a small amount of money. Also, as we know that our site is connected to Panmara with major road linkage. The exchange of agricultural goods will be beneficial.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT Drainage from wards no 2,3 and 14 are discharged into Khahare Khola producing a bad smell in the park and nearby area. Such condition makes the environment vulnerable to spreading a different kind of diseases. Also, the noise and sound pollution make the environment less attractive to live in.

SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECT 66% of people are of age group18-60,10% below 18 and 3% are over 60 years old. Multi ethnics people reside in our locality highest being the Newari community and 2nd are Muslims.

Various factors responsible for social regeneration were also pointed out. Park was identified as one of the elements for social regeneration. Also, the establishment of religious schools has some influence on conserving the cultural identity of the place. According to the data obtained from the ward office, the availability of child clubs in each of the streets can be seen.

SWOT ANALYSIS The swot analysis was carried out and the following results were obtained:

• • •

Strength The linkage of the road is evenly distributed containing all the kinds like connector road to local road which opens up to a different kind of space.

The availability of the park has provided space for social interaction and recreation.

The land use plan of the area is oriented towards being a marketplace. So, a proper flow of people is available here most of the time.

• • •

Weakness The present condition of the footpath is very poor. Footpaths are encroached by buildings and vendors pushing people to walk on the major road which subsequently increases the traffic problems.

The encroachment of squatter settlement on adjacent land has created problems at the site.

Poor policies in terms of land use plans have oriented development towards haphazard and unmanaged growth.

• •

Opportunity The site has a high potential for commercial development.

Availability of secondary routes can be used to solve the traffic problems going on on the major road.

• •

Threat Seasonal flash floods can bring problems during rainy seasons.

The electrical wires sag to the human height which in the long run could invite injuries or even death.

COMPARISION OF ROADS AND VENDORS In IUDP, the standard size of the carriageway is 6m with the provision of a footpath of 2m after which the property line should start.

In the existing site road, the width of the carriageway is 5m but the property line is attached to the road with no provision of the footpath

.

Vendors

LITERATURE REVIEW-REDEVELOPMENT REDEVELOPMENT The dictionary meaning of redevelopment is “re-plan or redevelop (an area of the land or building) in a different way.” Redevelopment is the reconstruction, re-use or change in use of any developed property including, but not limited to any increase in the intensity of use of already developed land, such as an increase in the number of dwelling units in a structures or change to a commercial or industrial use from a less intensive use, enlargement of the structure, addition to useable interior floor area within residential, commercial and industrial buildings and conversion of seasonal use or dwelling to year-round use. Here redevelopment means improvement of the site without destroying its authenticity and addressing various aspects and enhancing the important ones.

BENEFITS OF REDEVELOPMENT a)

Brings existing properties and new development throughout the community to the highest and best use.

b)

Improves the community’s image and its economic and social conditions.

IMPORTANCE OF URBAN REDEVELOPMENT: IMPORTANCE FOR THE COMMUNITY: a.

Creates new local jobs – temporary and permanent – and keeps earnings local.

b.

Establishes an environment that fosters growth in new businesses.

c.

Promotes the introduction of new housing products and offers resources for reinvestment in established neighborhoods.

d.

Eliminates hazards and conditions that undermine the integrity and safety of the community.

e. f. g.

Stems the decline of property values and correspondingly the revenues of the municipality and other taxing entities.

Provides upgraded and needed infrastructure for future growth.

Supports local historic preservation efforts.

IMPORTANCE FOR THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT: a.

An increased tax revenues from new businesses, consumer purchases, and property taxes.

b.

Keeps sales tax dollars local for use within the urban renewal area or community-at-large.

c.

Only method of financing capital improvements that do not require an increase in taxes.

d.

Contains costs associated with the provision of government services by using existing infrastructure in a more fiscally responsible way.

e.

Encourages in-fill rather than fringe development, resulting in more efficient use of land and lower municipal capital costs.

f.

More effectively leverages transit improvements, correspondingly lowering regional infrastructure costs.

g. h.

Identifies capital improvements needed to stabilize existing areas and encourage reinvestment.

Makes development within municipalities more cost-effective than sprawl development outside.

NEED OF REDEVELOPMENT CONGESTION The most obvious threat to the future confidence and prosperity of a town is traffic congestion. Most of the area in a town has grown up around the junction of two or more main traffic main routes. This means that all areas of traffic crowd into the central area. With the vast increase in commercial road transport and private car ownership, the result is intolerable. The area cannot survive unless it is rescued from these conditions and adapted to motor age.

CONSTRICTION Some areas are usually the oldest part of the town. These areas need room to grow but they can seldom do so without far-reaching changes in the existing pattern OBSOLESCENCE Nowadays rebuilding of commercial buildings become essential or at least an economic proposition, long before the structure itself is worn out. Old shops become unsuitable for modern retailing methods. Old office buildings cannot be adapted for modern business methods. The components of the old town center become outgrown and out of date.

TYPES OF REDEVELOPMENTS

CONSTRUCTION When a building is no longer in use or doesn’t add to the strength of the community’s real estate market, demolishing the existing building and constructing a new one can allow the community to adapt to a changing market.

REHABILITATION A current building can be renovated or improved upon in a manner that bolsters the property value and aligns the building with market trends. The process of returning components of the built environment to a state of utility through repair or alteration and the replacement of most existing infrastructure with new infrastructure.

RELOCATION To re-build in the new and appropriate areas of need.

GREENFIELD Greenfield advancement addresses the "development" type of metropolitan development. They are additionally preferred where there is a craving for a noticeable, huge scope "project", as huge packages of land are ordinarily more straightforward to merge. Great access and public travel are fundamental, as are local area offices, markets, and nearby monetary advancement openings, especially on the

side of lower-pay gatherings. Land the board and make arrangements for Greenfield advancements should choose the most suitable grounds and stay away from the loss of useful agrarian or other esteemed normal legacy resources.

INFILL Infill housing refers to the act of adding properties to a site that currently contains a certain number of buildings, which improves the value of the community. Infilling vacant or underutilized lands within the existing built-up urban areas is an effective approach to maximizing the use of existing infrastructure (including transport), avoiding urban sprawl, reducing transportation needs, and allowing people to reside or remain near employment opportunities and existing social amenities. Infill development supports compact urban development and can improve accessibility. At the same time, infill development may encounter more complex land ownership and management issues depending on the situation and history of the land. At the microeconomic level - that of the individual project - a small infill project may appear more expensive due to land costs, no benefits of scale, and perhaps the need for greater creativity and a higher level of project management. However, at the macro-economic level - that of the city as a whole and the long-term of a family's residency - it may be far more affordable due to saved loss of agricultural land, lower daily transportation costs, savings on infrastructure, increased local market for commerce due to higher density, etc.

BROWNFIELD There are times when vacant land is available in areas where industrial yards once existed, which means that the soil may be contaminated. Redevelopment projects can clean up the area before performing new construction which will automatically increase the market value of the site.

LAND POOLING AND RECONSTITUTION (LPR) Part of the land is taken from each plot for the provision of infrastructure and public facilities and the rest returned to the original landowners

TOWN PLANNING SCHEMES (TPS) FIG 7: LR Process Provides collaborative means of the undertaking and financing of land development without the need for compulsory land acquisition, but with the involvement of landowners. At the same time, it helps to provide serviced plots in orderly layouts to accommodate urban expansion. The cost for the provision of infrastructure is recovered through contributions from landowners. The entitlement of the landowners to the profits and benefits of the scheme. The self-financing, local authorities can secure lands free of cost for public purposes and housing.

Ownership dispute over a single land parcel could hold up the entire scheme.

LAND READJUSTMENT / POOLING Process whereby a public authority assembles numerous small parcels of raw land without paying compensation to the owners.

GUIDED URBAN DEVELOPMENT Aims to secure a limited availability of urban land for economically weaker sections.

• Ensure provision of serviced plots for low-income families at affordable prices (approximately 75% of total plots to be reserved for EWS / LIG); and

• Provide incentives to the landowner / private developer to participate in the provision of low-income shelter by guaranteeing a fair return on investments (profit of 20-30%).

JOINT DEVELOPMENT MODEL Certain planned areas are designated to allow private developers to assemble parcels of land. It provides for the licensing of private developers to purchase land directly from landowners and develop such lands for residential purposes according to the conditions, which include: • Reservation of 20% of the developed residential plots for EWS and LIG category and their allotment as per prices and norms. Sale of another 25% plots on a no profit no loss basis; and the Remaining 55% plots to be priced and sold directly by the developer. Initially, the model started with the plotted development, but over time it has shifted to apartments.

TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT (TOD) In urban planning, transit-oriented development is a type of urban development that maximizes the amount of residential, business, and leisure space within a five to ten-minute walk to the public transport

AN APPROACH TO OUR SITE • • •

since fewer people need to drive, parking lots take up less space. no traffic congestion as the streets are pedestrian-friendly. a pollution-free environment and creates a vibrant livable neighborhood.

•

a high-density mixed-use development that solves the problem of urban sprawl

.

FIG : TOD

TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES • • • • • •

Mixed use density, compact development Pedestrian friendly street, walking and cycling and integrate public transportation Creating activities along road frontages Compact development with mixed-use and high density.

Creating high-quality open space /public space Preserving environmental and cultural landscapes

NEW URBANISM New urbanism is a human-scale urban design that promotes walkable neighborhoods with mixed-used development.

NEW URBANISM PRINCIPLES • • • • • •

A hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and alleys A hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and alleys High-quality pedestrian network and public realm make walking Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating a sense of place Traditional neighborhood structure Green transportation: greater use of bicycles, rollerblades, scooters, and walking as daily transportation

• .

FIG : NEW URBANISM

LANDPOOLING

Literature review – LAND POOLING

A method where land owned by individuals is pooled together by transfer of ownership rights to the appropriate planning authority for “land pooling area development scheme (leads) in which part of the developed land is re-conveyed to owners and the remaining part retained for the provision of roads and common community facilities.

CONCEPT OF LAND POOLING

LAND POOLING PROCESS

LAND POOLING GUILDELINES • • • • • • ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪

GENERALLY, THE CONTRIBUTION OF LAND OF LAND POOLING IN NEPAL FOR DIFFERENT PROGRAMS IS ABOUT 19% for road, 5%open spaces, 8-10% infrastructure development and 4% administrative cost and in total about 35-40% of the land. the individual landowner has to contribute 15-55% of the parcel depending upon the position of land and infrastructure available. the owner gets back about 12- 30% smaller piece of land but with all necessary infrastructure including parks and open spaces. size of returned plot • the minimum size of the parcel for planning will be kept at 125 sq. m • 80 or 85 sq m parcels could consider a rare case. • plot depth and frontage ratio of a parcel be 1.5-2.5 for the approval for land pooling there should be 51% approval from the owner of the lands of the area on and after the declaration of the intention to prepare the loads, no person shall carry out any development within the pads area without obtaining prior permission

26

OPEN SPACE Open space is any open piece of land that is accessible to the public. Open space can include Green space (land that is partly or completely covered with grass, trees, shrubs, or other vegetation). Green space includes parks, community gardens, and cemeteries

OPEN: SPACE FEATURES LOCATION:

•

Open space in a central, prominent location that relates strongly to surrounding catchment, land uses, and activities.

LANDFORM AND ORIENTATION: •

Promote clear visibility in the reserve through the good topographic relationship between the reserve and the street network neighboring properties.

ACCESS & CONNECTIVITY:

•

Locate open space at the intersection of movement corridors and where a high level of use is anticipated, locate nearby public transport routes;

•

Provide vehicular access & parking as needed but always give pedestrians, cyclists and public transport priority;

ENSURE

reserves are highly visible from and have a good proportion of direct frontage to, the local street

network and other public SIBILITY: •

edges.

•

Avoid solid fences or planting which limits visibility into the reserve and/or passive surveillance.

VEGETATION: •

Select trees and other vegetation types that are tolerant of urban and site conditions;

• PUBLIC USE AND PARTICIPATION: •

Identify all existing and potential user groups and their open space needs

OPEN SPACE SITE SELECTION: CENTRAL LOCATION/FOCAL POINT: Place public spaces in central and/or strategic locations to the community and/or neighborhood terminating a vista, on-axis to a primary building, street, trail, and/or on a prominent corner.

MIXED-USE: Provide complementary and mixed land uses surrounding the central public space to make it a destination. Concentrating the location of complementary land uses encourages walking, increases opportunities for human interaction, and encourages synergy and livability of the public realm.

ENCLOSURE: Ideally, public spaces in urban areas are best located surrounded on four sides by streets, street trees, and sidewalks with high-intensity use and at least one public building facing the park.

MINIMIZE DEVELOPMENT IN GREENFIELDS: Locate projects within developed areas, if possible, where infrastructure already is in place

PARK TYPES HIERARCHY: WITHIN THE SECTOR PLAN: •

Social gathering spaces

•

Active recreation destinations

•

Contemplative places

•

An interconnected network of sidewalks, trails, parks and public spaces

•

Civic green, Plaza, Urban greenway, urban recreational park.

FOR BUILDINGS AND RESIDENCES:

•

Private or communal outdoor spaces.

NEIGHBORHOODS: •

Neighborhood parks or neighborhood greens

WITHIN BLOCKS: •

Pocket greens, or urban recreational Parklets

STREET: In an urban context, the street design must meet the needs of people walking, driving, cycling, and taking transit, all in constrained space. The best street design also adds to the value of businesses, offices, and schools located along the roadway.

DEFINITION OF STREET ELEMENTS: •CARRIAGEWAY (or street pavement): the area of the street reserve that is provided for the movement or parking of vehicles measured from curb to opposite curb.

•STREET RESERVE: the land set aside for a street carriageway and verge incorporating the full width from property line to opposite property line •.

•TRAVEL-WAY: the part of the carriageway that is used for vehicle travel and does not include the area normally used for parking •VERGE: The part of the street reserve between the carriageway and the boundary of adjacent lots (or another limit to street reserve)

STREET FURNITURE Street furniture is to be provided at all such locations having high public activity and pedestrian flow like commercial plazas public buildings, recreational areas, transit stations, parks and gardens, educational institutes, market areas, shopping malls, etc. Benches or seating should be provided at the building/ frontage edge of the footpath and ideally with the provision of shade. Where seating is oriented parallel to the curb, it should face toward buildings when located in the furnishings zone, or away from buildings when located in the frontage zone.

STREET GRAPHICS:

FIG 23: Street Elements

FIG 24: Street Furniture

SAFETY ELEMENTS: ZEBRA CROSSING: The distance between the stop line and the edge of the zebra crossing should be 2m.

Pedestrian crossings should be provided at every 150m distance depending

STREET LIGHTS: Lighting should be designed to ensure that both the vehicular carriageway and Pedestrian/cycle path are sufficiently illuminated

FIG 26: Zebra Crossing

STREET RAILINGS: The height of the railing is a maximum of 1.1m. Railing on the footpath is generally avoided but may be considered in the vicinity of the junction to ensure that pedestrians can cross only at the designated crossing.

BOLLARDS: Bollards are also used to demarcate and safeguard any space for pedestrians

.

TYPE OF MARKET OR STREET VENDING AREA The type of market or street vending area, and the space requirements, also depend on

FIG 27: Street Lighting

its function within the city retailing hierarchy, the type of goods sold - whether general or specialist and the times of operation. Each market or Street vending area has its characteristics. Types of the market are as follows: •

Neighborhood market - Selling day-to-day goods, such as vegetables, meat, or bread;

•

Street market - Serving passing trade, e.g.: with cooked food, vegetables, etc.

•

Hub market - At busy pedestrian locations, e.g.: a transport node, religious place, or

LOCATION OF STREET

GAP/SPACING

HEIGHT

ON CENTRAL MEDIANS

25-30

9-15

IN BETWEEN BRT LANE AND MV LANE

25-30

9-15

IN BETWEEN FOOTPATH AND MV LANE

25-30

9-15

IN BETWEEN FOOTPATH AND CYCLE TRACK

12-16

4.5-6

25-27

8-10

LIGHTS

hospital;

LOCAL/NEIGHBOURHOOD STREET FIG 30: Street Venders

PARKING LAYOUT: Parallel car parking is only recommended on streets where parking is permitted. On-street parking should be permissible only in designated spaces and in multi-utility Zones. Parking bays at the roadside need not be continuous. They should be interrupted by Max. 22 m to provide bulb out spaces. Vending spaces should be placed in a bulb out in the parking bay leaving clear space for pedestrian movement.

• parallel car parking is recommended on the streets where parking is permitted inclined and perpendicular onstreet car parking should be avoided.

• parking bays at the roadside need not be continuous. they should be interrupted at max. 22m to provide bulbous space.

STANDARDS FOR ROAD ACCESS: There should be the provision of a road network for every incoming or outgoing vehicular as well as for pedestrian unit to be linked with plot or land.

The road network which is created for vehicular & pedestrian access should not be encroached on or affected by the construction of buildings.

The road network leading from the arterial which is linked to the construction site should have the following width:

Having no drainage – 4.25 m Having drainage – 6.25 m If a cul-de-sac is needed then the length should be a minimum of 60 m. similarly, the minimum area needed for a cul-de-sac is 50 SQ.M for the construction of office or special buildings then the minimum width of the road should be 6.25 m.

RECOMMENDED MIN. DIMENSIONS:

PLANTATION

Car park = 2.5m x 5m Wheeler parking = 1m x2m Cycle parking = 1m x 2m

• •

DIAMETER OF THE TRUNK

MINIMUM SIZE OF TREE GRATE (M)

UPTO 0.15M

0.6 * 0.6

UPTO 0.3M

0.75 * 0.75

UPTO 0.9M

1.5 * 1.5

UPTO 1.2M

2*2

street trees should be regularly and closely spaced, ideally not more widely spaced than 15-20m. to maintain a visual connection across the street and maintain the integrity of the street as a whole, trees should not have dense foliage below the eye level.

Literature review-SUPPLY site & services WATER

STORMWATER FLOW

STROM WATER DRAINAGE

The water demand in Nepal is 135 lpcd.

• Gravity flow system • Pressure flow system • Dual system

A stormwater drainage system is a mechanism that prevents waterlogging and erosion. Streets without a stormwater drainage system result in major longitudinal stormwater flows which may erode the street surface.

LOCATION OF SUPPLY MAINS: • Under the sidewalk.

• In the planting strip.

• Under the street.

Catch pits & flow

DISTANCE & CLEARANCE: • Minimum 3.2m from the nearest sewer or gas main.

• Septic tank to the water tank: 15.2m • Sewer and drainage field to the water tank: 30.5m

DESCRIPTION OF AREA

RUNOFF COEFF.

SANDY SOIL,FLAT

0.10

SANDY SOIL,AVERAGE

0.15

SANDY SOIL,STEEP

0.20

CLAY SOIL,FLAT

0.17

CLAY SOIL,STEEP

0.35

DOWNTOWN AREAS

0.95

NEIGHBORHOOD AREAS

0.70 0.50

TYPE

SIZE (MM)

SANITARY:

SINGLE-FAMILY AREAS

SOIL PIPE

100

• •

SUBURBAN

0.40

APARTMENT DWELLING

0.70

WASTE

PIPE 30-50

(HOR) WASTE PIPE (VER) 75 VENT PIPE

50

RAIN WATER PIPE

75

Gravity system only.

Construct backward from disposal unit to septic tank unit.

DRIVES,

WALKS,

PERMEABLE PAVING BRICKS Pavers fit together like tiles and are set with small gaps between them, creating grooves for water to infiltrate the soil beneath

BIO SWALES Water is retained and gets infiltrated in the bioswales reducing the storm water runoff volumes and peak flows.

AND 0.95

ROOFS

Materials

WATER SUPPLY LAYOUT IN STREETS

Loop system

Branch system

Radial system

Ring system

Grid iron system

32

INFRASTRUCTURE STRUCTURE AND NORMS TYPES OF INFRASTRUCTURRE

BY LAWS

NORMS

GROUND COVERAGE FOR RESIDENTIAL MIX-USED LESS THAN 250 SQ.M 70%

STANDARDS

S.N. 1.

ROAD

-COLLECTOR STREET

ROW

SETBACK

FOOTPATH

- LOCAL STREET

20

1

2

10

1

2

GREATER THAN 250 SQ.M 80 SQ.M

60% 90%

GOVERMENTAL BUILDINGS – 50% 2.

WATER SUPPLY

PUBLIC STAND POST

QTY: 25-70 LPCD WITH AVG.45 LPCD --ACCESSIBLE WITHIN 100 METERS

3.

SANITATION/SEWERAGE

-ON SITE SANITATION WITH SEPTIC TANK -PROVISION OF PUBLIC TOILETS

-WATER SEAT TOILET -1 PUBLIC TOILET/BATHOUSE FOR 1 MARKET CENTER

4.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT COLLECTION CENTER WITH BIO GAS PLANT, COMPOST PLANT AT HOUSSEHOLD LEVEL

-COMMUNAL COLLECTION -MAX DISTANCE TO DISPOSAL POINT<500M FROM THE MARKET CENTER

5.

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

PRIMARY/BASIC LEVEL

1/3000 POPULATION AT A DISTANCE OF 0.4-0.8 KM (0.2 HA/SITE )

6.

HEALTH INSTITUTION

SUB HEALTH POST

1/1000 POPULATION

7.

OPEN SPACE PARKS

2.5% OF THE TOTAL AREA NEIGHBORHOOD PARK

1/800 POPULATION

08.

PARKING SPACE

PUBLIC PARKING SPACE FOR TWO/THREE/FOUR WHEELER

1 PARKING LOT/1 MARKET CENTER

09.

SECURITY

POLICE POST

0.1 HA SITE/ MARKET CENTER

10.

HAAT BAZAR

TWICE A WEEK VEGETABLE MARKET/ MEAT MARKET WITH COLD STORAGE

0.2 HECTARE PER SITE

11.

PARKING SPACE

PUBLIC PARKING SPACE FOR TWO/ THREE/FOUR WHEELER

1 PARKING LOT/ 1 MARKET CENTER

PUBLIC PARKING SPACE FOR TWO/ THREE/FOUR WHEELER

1 PARKING LOT/ 1 MARKET CENTER

12.

PARKING SPACE

FLOOR AREA RATIO • • • •

• RESIDENTAL BUILDINHG = 3.25 – 3.75 • RESIDENTAL AS WELL AS COMMERCIAL = 4.0 – 5.0 • ORGANIZATIONAL BUILDING = 4.0 • HOTEL / COMMERCIAL BUILDING = 5.0

SETBACK •

COMMERICAL BUILDING SET BACK -7 FEET • RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SET BACK- 5 FEET IF SHUTTER -7 FEET

RIGHT OF WAY: • FOR NEWLY CONSTRUCTED ROAD – MINIMUM 3m FROM THE CENTRE OF THE ROAD. • FOR CRITICAL GEOGRAPHICAL AREA – MINIMUM 2m FROM THE CENTRE OF THE ROAD. • FOR TURNING RADIUS – MINIMUM 3.5m

33

CASE STUDY 1 : MANEK CHOWK EXISTING TRAFFIC ROUTE.

SITE INFORMATION

SITE OBSERVATION

LOCATION: AHMEDABAD, INDIA AREA:- 956 SQ.M. POPULATION:-6.35 MIL€LION LANDMARKS:- JAMA MASJID, MANEK BABA TEMPLE, RAJA-N0-HAJIRO, RANINO HAJARO

FIG: CENTRAL SPACE OF MANEK CHOWK

AS A MULTI FINCTION SPACE

MANEK CHOWK IS THE SPACE BETWEEN THE KING AND QUEEN’S TOMBS IN THE SOUTH

PARKING ANALYSIS COWS AND BUFFALOS WANDER IN THIS AREA THE AREA IS CLEANED EARLY IN THE MORNING AROUND 6:00 AM.

EXISING TRAFFIC MOVEMENT. The land use in the Manek chowk precinct is a mix of commercial and religious. Residential use is limited and the commercial area lies to the west of the residential area. The presence of informal vending transforms the space at night.

INFORMAL VENDORS LINE UP SELLING EVERYDAY ITEMS SUCH AS PLASTIC ACCESSORIES, CLOTHES, THEY FUNCTION FROM 11 AM TO 6 PM.

IN THE EVENING, PARKING REDUCES AS THE SHOPKEEPERS HEAD BACK TO THEIR RESIDENCES AND THIS SPACE IS THEN TAKEN OVER BY FOOD VENDORS.

USER PROFILE

VECHULAR ANALYSIS

The night market runs from 9:00 pm to 3 am with various food stalls.

The users are from the city area

AS MULTI-USE PUBLIC SPACE.

100,000 people frequent the Manek chowk precinct every day while the central space of Manek chowk is visited by 30,000 pedestrians.

34

CASE STUDY 1 : MANEK CHOWK SITE OBSERVATION DATA

EXISTING TRAFFIC ROUTE

EXISTING STREET CONDITION

VENDORS Commercial activity in Manek chowk thrives not only because of its formal retail sector but also due to the presence of informal vending.

FLOOR TYPOLOGY

FIG: CENTRAL SPACE OF MANEK CHOWK

IMMOVABLE TYPOLOGY MOVABLE TYPOLOGY

EXISTING TRAFFIC MOVEMENT FIG: GANDI STREET DIVISION RIGHT OF WAY

FIG: ANALYSIS OF VENDING ACTIVITIES Manek Chowk and its pricing consist of 10% floor typology, 52% immovable typology, and 38% movable typology.

FIG: GANDI STREET DIVISION OF FOOTPATH

AS MULTI-USE PUBLIC SPACE. FIG :RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHOPS AND VENDORS

FIG :MANEK CHOWK SOUTHERN STREET

35

CASE STUDY 1 : MANEK CHOWK CASE STUDY – MANEK CHOWK

PROJECT APPROACH

ISSUE •

PARKING • •

Transportation management in the area and thereby reduce vehicular dominance in the public space.

Improve pedestrian-oriented infrastructure in the area.

Preserve and enhance the heritage character of the public space.

•

Occupies 25% of the precinct area.

Haphazard parking serves as an obstruction for pedestrians.

•

FOCOUS APPROACH FOCUS ON THE HUMAN DIMENSION

.

TRAFFIC MOVEMENT

•

Traffic jams created at various junctions and illegal two-way streets.

Jaywalking increases conflict areas between vehicles and pedestrians.

•

STRATEGIC TRAFFIC MOVEMENT

The project aims to reclaim pedestrian space by reorganizing the space taken up by parking and vehicles, thereby enriching its character.

RETAIN LIVELIHOOD, HERITAGE AND COMMERICAL IMPORTANCE OPEN SPACE • •

No continuous pedestrian walkways.

No provision of shaded spaces, seating areas, amenities such as toilets & drinking water

VENDORS The haphazard organization of informal vendors creates chaos when pedestrian, vehicles, and vendors use the same right of way.

•

Vehicles will be allowed on both streets periodically and alternatingly. For instance, if Gandhi street is vehicular in the morning, the southern street will be pedestrianized during the first half of the day. This design shall be managed digitally through retractable bollards, traffic signals, tabletops, etc.

•

Development of paved pedestrian areas as clear public spaces & segregated walkways.

•

Pedestrianizing central space of Manek chowk

Strengthening the livelihoods and retaining heritage and commercial character through the project

IMPLEMENTING TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT

CULTURAL HERITAGE • •

The presence of heritage elements cannot be felt.

The condition of heritage structures is deteriorating.

Providing parking options, re-routing vehicular bays, and temporal parking areas would form a key part of this project.

36

CASE STUDY 1 : MANEK CHOWK

E STUDY – MANEK CHOWK

HERITAGE CHARACTER

STRATEGIC • •

PARKING On-street parking is completely discouraged. Few parking lots have been retained for service vehicles. Plots around the precinct have been identified to accommodate off-street parking.

Clearing space around monuments & paved walkways.

Special lighting of monuments. Urban design guidelines for improvement of heritage façades and signage

PUBLIC SPACE

FIG OFF STREET PARKING AROUND THE PRECINT

• • •

Clearing space around monuments & paved walkways.

Special lighting of monuments. Urban design Guidelines. For improvement of heritage façade and signage.

STREET AS A PUBLIC SPACE CINEMA PLOT The foreground space is currently occupied by parking these amenities could be relocated and the front space AS MULTI-USE PUBLICasSPACE. could be repurposed a public space.

FURUWA JUNCTION

STOKE EXCHANGE BUILDING

VENDORS

•

•

Due to the unorganized nature of vendors. The space between vendors, parking, footpath, and carriageway are highly under-utilized. The images below compare the existing situation and, means of reducing residual spaces by better organization and grouping of vending activities Designated paved areas for hawkers/ street vendors.

• • • • •

• Gandhi road, central space of Manek chowk & south street of Manek chowk closed for traffic • continuous pedestrian realm connecting Manek chowk, monuments, Gandhi road, and ratan pol • No on-street parking accommodated All existing vendors are re-accommodated in various groupings of themes & design • Refined finishing, elaborate articulation of public zones & vending without interruption central space of Manek chowk closed for traffic

37

CASE STUDY 1 : MANEK CHOWK CASE STUDY – MANEK CHOWK

FINAL PROPOSAL

PROPOSED STREET STREET PROPOSED

AS MULTI-USE PUBLIC SPACE.

MANEK CHOCK SOUTHERN STREET

MANEK CHOCK NORTHERN STREET

INFERENCES • • •

Design of public space can be done as a multi-function space in terms of site function and character.

Solving traffic congestion by introducing pedestrian pathways promoting walkability and allowing vehicles periodically.

Solving the parking problem by discouraging on-street parking and introducing parking on vacant plots near the site proximities.

38

CASE STUDY 2: GONGABU LAND POOLING

INTRODUCTION

ASE STUDCASE STUDY 2 : GONGABOO LAND POOLING Y - gOngabu LAND POOLING

LANDPOOLING BEFORE AND AFTER

The Gongabu land pooling project is the first project implemented in Kathmandu valley. It is an example of the effective implementation of bylaws for the planned residential subzones.

LOCATION

SITE VICINITY

OBSERVATION Location: Kathmandu, ward 26, opposite Nepal investment bank East:samakhushi – tokha road Project period: 2044-2058 bs Area: 282 ropani , 14.33 ha, 143463.85sqm No of landowners: 376 Executing agency: KVTDC, Kathmandu

•

No provision of footpath on other roads besides the main road proves to be inconvenient to pedestrians.

•

Lack of parking spaces: motorbikes parked in the side paths along the roads lead to more hassle.

•

Haphazard intersections provided at right angles make it prone to accidents as well as make driving difficult.

•

Unaffordable housing and high rental value, out of reach to poor.

•

Tendency of holding vacant land for future land speculation

•

the open spaces are provided under high tension lines, which makes them unsafe

39

CASE STUDY 2: GONGABU LAND POOLING LAND POOLING AREA

NO OF PLOTS DEVELOPED 406, among them 346 plots to be redistributed 45 plots for sale as service plots 13 plots for open spaces and public spaces Residential plot :95417 sqm Street :24030.19 sqm Open spaces : 7029.72 sqm Service plot : 8493.05 sq m 4.92% 16.75%

5 66.51 %

RESIDENTAL PLOT

STREETS

OPENSPACE

SERVICE PLOT

ROADS AND STREETS PUBLIC OPEN SPACES • • • • • • •

Primary roads: 10m SECONDARY STREET: 8m RESIDENTIAL SHARED STREET: 6m Roads meeting on a certain node.

3m turning radius Planned road network no dead end Footpath on both sides

SERVICES Fire safety: provision deep tank under construction.

Drainage: public drain Water: deep wells and water tank Waste disposal: municipality truck on each 2nd day.

OPEN SSPACE

SAMAKUSHI RANIBAN ROAD

PRIMARY ROAD

SECONDARY ROAD

RESIDENTAL SHARD STREET

Several plots of varying sizes have been Developed as public open spaces. This turns out to be 4.9% of the total developed area, which is almost twice the actual requirement2also, There are two community buildings within the neighborhood with a total floor space of Approximately 375 m2.

MARGA

40

CASE STUDY 3: TOWN CENTER COROLINA CASE STUDY – TOWN CENTER, CAROLINA EXISTING TRAFFIC ROUTE.

INTRODUCTION

600 MILES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER

SITE OBSERVATION

Location: North Carolina, united states Area:-13.10 sq.M Population:-24,866 Landmarks:- lake Norman, Jetton Park, antiquity greenway, Caldwell station

FIG: LOCATION MAP OF CORNELIUS

Cornelius town center is a rail stop in charlotte and mecklenburg county

As a commercial and residential

VECHULAR ANALYSIS Rows of live work units around center grocery EXISING TRAFFIC MOVEMENT.

LANDUSE

The land use in the town center is main retail stores organized around a parking piazza within the block; smaller shops and apartments lining the streets, and a new town hall on the main corner opposite the future train station.

Grocery store which serves east half of the community, to provide Employment

EXISTING TRAFFIC ROUTE Town hall to revive civic heart of community

EXIXTING TRAFFIC MOVEMENT AS MULTI-USE PUBLIC SPACE. ONE WAY

TWO WAY Development population

of

residential

41

CASE STUDY 3: TOWN CENTER COROLINA CASE STUDY – TOWN CENTER ,CORNELIUS

• • •

GROCERY STORE • •

Area:3o66 Sq.M. Ancillary retail:929 Sq.M.

•

NEW TOWN HALL • • •

•

MASTER PLAN

Area:2508 Sq.M Located at the junction of two roads Symmetrical, formal arrangement to be paired with the police station

LIVE WORK UNITS

• •

ONE WAY • • • •

Enhanced vertical scale, massive neoclassical symmetry Civic presence

•

TRAFFIC MOVEMENT

Relocation of the textile mill from the town center Heavy truck restricted zone Foundation to develop it as a thriving town center based on a commuter train Transit oriented development: design of the site to link with the future train station

TWO WAY Heavy trucks restricted Redesigned to allow angled parking Parking in front of the grocery store Pedestrian friendly urban frame throughout the suburb

STREET TYPOLOGY

Two terraces of three-story livework units Every building has its own separate use, stands apart in its own space FIGURE:STREET CURB AS THE RIGHT OF WAY

•

Footprint of the building’s plan deeper to accommodate ground floor business uses

POLICE STATION • • •

Area:1672 sq.M Demonstrate good urban design sensitivity to the street Architecture style: brick and stone neoclassism(retro)

FIGURE:SIDE WALKS AS THE RIGHT OF WAY

42

CASE STUDY 2: TOWN CENTER COROLINA

CIVIC CHARACTER

NEIGHBOURHOOD PARKING • • • •

On street parking is Parking lot in front of shops and grocery stores as a communal parking Provided parking where it was necessary Discouraged

FIG :COMPREHENSIVE PLAN IN REFERENCE TO TOWN CENTER

SELF SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY,INVIGORATION TO PUBLIC LIFE TYPOLOGY

AERIAL VIEW

GABLE ROOF SECOND FLOOR FIRST FLOOR

AS MULTI-USE PUBLIC SPACE.

GROUND FLOOR

LIVE WORK UNIT

• 23’ GABLE FIGURE:PLAN OF ROOF BUILDING FIRST FLOOR

• •

GROUND FLOOR

• • •

•

FIG :PLAN OF TOWN HALL

Located at the intersection of two main thoroughfares and a future rail transportation line Combines retail businesses, office space, single and multi-family residential units, green space, and civic/municipal uses

INFERENCES

To be an active center, the site has to become the focus of something larger than itself-connected to high-density transit opportunities.

One block relates to the blocks around it, then to the whole neighborhood, and then to the whole town, and in this instance to a collaborative regional vision with adjacent municipalities.

Structures use the past as something to copy as a restrictive model, rather than something to interpret afresh, as a typology To be an active center, the site has to become the focus of something larger than itself-connected to high-density transit opportunities.

Entrepreneurial vision of a new town center has been implemented in a series of buildings.

43

CASE STUDY 4 : KWUN TONG TOWN CENTRE KWUN TONG TOWN CENTRE RENEWAL CASE STUDY – KWUN TONG TOWN

HISTORY It is one of the largest redevelopment projects in Hongkong occupying a site area of 57,000 square meters, undertaken by the urban renewal authority. The project affected about 1,653 property interests and about 5000 people. The URA commenced the statutory town planning approval process for the project as early as March 2007.

Divided into two distinct worlds., On one side there is a fast-paced modern society which is the result of the revitalization of the original industrial area that has been gradually converted into office buildings as well as edgy shopping malls. On the other side, the buildings land-marked by the “ Yue man square” are crumbling away, small businesses are operating in shacks and old-fashioned theatres lie abandoned, buried, and forgotten in time.

1960: EXISTING KWUN TOWN CENTRE WAS BUILT INADEQUATE SERVICES

OBSOLENCE COSTLY MAINTAINANCE

I S S U E S

UNSATISFACTORY LIVING CONDITION LACK OF GREEN AREAS

50S

The British colonial government decided to develop Kwun tong into an industrial satellite town. Yue man square is the center of the community.

WORRYING SECURITY AND SAFETY CONCERNS LIMITED COMMUNAL FACILITIES

70S

2012: REDEVELOPMENT OF KWUN TONG TOWN CENTRE 80S

Streets lined up with restaurants, theatres, department stores selling Chinese products, clothing stores, shoe shops, and theatres.

Entrepreneurs started to move their factories up north into the mainland and local industries started to diminish.

Kwun tong district has been gradually growing old yet still Yue man square remains the busiest area in the district.

Present

Back lane hawker stalls & temporary structures have hygiene and safety problems.

RESIDENTIAL USES

SHOPS AND COMMERCIAL USES

44

CASE STUDY 4 : KWUN TONG TOWN CENTRE CASE STUDY – KWUN TONG TOWN

RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION Land acquisition is the power of the union or a state government to acquire private land for industrialization, development of infrastructural facilities, or urbanization of the private land, and to compensate the affected landowners for their rehabilitation and resettlement.

COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT

LEISURE AND RECREATIONAL AMENITIES

•

• • • •

PUBLIC TRANSPORT INTERCHANGE

CASE CONTEXT FOR LAND ACQUISITION The main task is done on the vacant & old tenement properties more than 7 years old.

Owner occupiers were offered an acquisition price of existing land use value with a home purchase allowance.

Non-owner-occupiers were provided with an acquisition price of market value with a certain % of hpa.

Owner occupied nondomestic properties are provided with 35% of their market value.

Non-owner occupied nondomestic properties are provided with 10% of their market value.

GOVERNMENT OFFICES

MENTAL CLINIC

• •

DEVELOPING PLANNING PARAMETERS

SIZING COMMUNITY ASPIRATIONS

• •

The research team conducted focus group meetings and interviews.

Survey conducted with a stratified sample of 930 residents living there and the adjacent areas within Kwun tong.

• •

Kwun tong district advisory committee was formed during the second phase.

Function was to advise to reflect the aspirations and concerns of the community and the relevant suggestion.

Rehabilitation of old market bazaar, silver theatre building, shops & stalls in you man square.

Regenerating the square to its full potential in economic, social, and environmental aspects.

ROAD SHOW • •

Three models of alternative design concepts were exhibited in four different locations.

Extensive consultation with different groups organizing a participatory community design with roadshows that attracted some 85,400 visitors.

45

CASE STUDY 4 : KWUN TONG TOWN CENTRE SITE INFORMATION

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Area: 53,300 square meters Enlarging the Yue man square rest garden by four times and preserving the old trees.

Existing GFA: 93,234 square meters Affected building block: 24 Affected population: 4,763 Affected property interests: 1,657 Affected shops and hawker stalls: 523

REDEVELOPMENT INFORMATION Total GFA: 401,250 square meters Residential flats: 2,000 Commercial space: 209,640 square meters Public open space: 8,700 square meters Other uses: 16,700 square meters

Placing the commercial complex along Kwun tong road as a noise barrier for residential blocks in the north.

Diversified architecture commercial purposes.

build-form and for community, and residential

Using a building setback design to widen the roads and pedestrian paths, and offer better views for all the buildings surrounding the site

Landmarks in the form of an ovalshaped multipurpose civic center, an iconic commercial tower, and a cone-shaped glass atrium for the public transport interchange;

A reasonable plot ratio commensurate with the town center for the 600,000 population of Kwun tong.

• A terracedgarden design with abundant water features.

• Green coverage of almost 30 percent of this An all-weather integrated publicsite area. transport interchange that enables the entire site to become car-free in the open areas.

PRIORITY TOO BE GIVEN TO THE REPROVISIONING OF GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS

• APPROPRIATE BUILDING HEIGHT TO FREE UP MORE PUBLIC SPACE ON THE GROUND.

A SOPHISTICATED NETWORK OF FOOTBRIDGES AND TUNNELS TO ENHANCE CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THE SITE AND SURROUNDING.

46

CASE STUDY 4: KWUN TONG TOWN CENTRE KWUN TONG TOWN CENTRE RENEWAL

47

CASE STUDY 4 : KWUN TONG TOWN CENTRE KWUN TONG TOWN CENTRE RENEWAL CASE STUDY – KWUN TONG TOWN SOCIAL EFFECT

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT

DIVERSIFIED ACTIVITIES: OLD MARKET BAZAAR THEATRE SHOPS & STALLS OLD RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ALL SERVICES COMBINED INTO A SINGLE BLOCK.

The activities in the newly redeveloped area can provide vibrancy in Kwon town. It also provides entertainment to both the locals and tourists to improve the development of Hong Kong. A high concentration of shopping malls can offer daily necessities to them too. Therefore, a selfcontained and balanced community in Kwun tong is developed.

Redeveloping dilapidated buildings into new buildings with modern standards and environmentally-friendly designs can improve urban greening.

ECONOMIC EFFECT • •

Adds 0.11% to the gross domestic product each year and 1.32% by the year project is completed.

Will add 17,314 new job vacancies after completion which is five times of present scenario which is due to the additional provision of floor area in a shopping mall, street shops, and hotel and office complex in the new development.

INFERENCES • • •

COMMERCIAL ZONE

INDUSTRI AL ZONE JOB OPPORTUNITIES

changing the land use plan to cater to the present use of the scenario.

Process involved in the redevelopment of the old town.

To solve problems of parking, marketing facilities, and other commercial usage.

TOURISM ACTIVITIES

48

COMPARISION SHEET

MANEK CHOWK

CORNELIUS, NC

KWUN TONG TOWN, HONGKONG

LOCATION

AMHEDABAD, INDIA

CORNELIUS,NORTH CAROLINA

HONGKONG

TYPE OF RECONSTRUCTION

RE-CONSTRUCTION OF STREET MARKET

INFILL DEVELOPMENT AND RE-DEVELOPMENT OF TOWN CENTER (SOCIAL REGENERATION0)

URBAN DISTRICT REDEVELOPMENT

SITE AREA

956 SQ.M

40,468 SQ.M

PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT

53,300 SQ.M.

THROUGH PLAZA, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL SPACE.

NO OPEN SPACE AREA MOVEMENT PROVIDED BUT 3 PATHWAY LEADING TO 3 LEVEL UNDERGROUND PARKING.

VEHICULAR MOVEMENT

ONE WAY TWO WAY

COMPARISION SHEET

MANEK CHOWK

CORNELUIS, NC

KWUN TONG TOWN, HONGKONG

COMMERCIAL SPACE OTHER

SPACE UTILIZATION

OPEN SPACE RETAIL BUILDINGS

LIVE WORK UNITS

PARKING/OPEN SPACE

CIVIC BUILDINGS

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

ZONING

OPEN SPACES

PROJECT IS DONE ON OPEN SPACE.

STRUCTURE

-

RCC

RCC

CONCEPTUALIZATION

DESIGN PHASE

STRATEGIES The concept of this redevelopment is to regain the lost space in the transition of urbanization. spaces for public activities, social integration, economic facilities, and learning. urban form and program formulation are generated based on present scenario needs.

New adaptation concerning current scenario with provided services and facilities which helps in the regeneration of that particular area.

To develop an urban market square that provides commercial expansion.

Expansion of commercial facades to support the existing primary source of income.

Public building binding functions between the market square and park as well as provide a place to learn and communicate knowledge.

Shared streets as a part of the residential zone that connects to an urban square. Also, community parks for interaction and recreation.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

social interaction generates spaces to bind people and exchange their values which can be through the different types of urban open spaces, green spaces, etc. which helps in creating a social hub.

Touch to nature provides greeneries and an open environment to connect people for sound health and relaxation which also focuses on a healthy environment as well as balancing microclimate.

Market regeneration or resurrection of historical economic center on a partial basis.

After the development of the strategies, the conceptual work was carried out by taking out the existing amenities of the site.

In the first stage, the stretch of the Sadan road was taken and the commercial activities were proposed to be made more vibrant like the previous one but with well-managed spaces.

After that, a market square that focuses on all the streets and activities of our site was focused along with public buildings & mixed-used housing were focused and the square became the potential urban open space of our site.

The functions such as commercial complex as well as social housing which comprises of commercial space as well as rental housing spaces were focused on the Sadan road which is the prominent road of our site.

Similarly, residential zone, as well as apartment buildings, were focused on along with the shared community space which is focused on the yellow part of the conceptual map.

51

STRUCTURE PLAN & PROGRAMS PROGRAM FORMULATION

STRUCTURE PLAN

FUNCTION ALLOCATED

EXISTING AREA

NEW AREA

COMMERCIAL

7604 SQ.M

7290 SQ.M

COMMERCIAL BLOCK

RESIDENTIAL

8,548 SQ.M

19,715 SQ.M

MIXED-USE BUILDING

OPEN SPACE

8700 SQ.M

9,517 SQ.M

EXISTING GFA

24852 SQ.M

36,522 SQ.M

APARTMENT MARKET SQUARE PUBLIC BUILDING COMMUNITY PARK

OPEN SPACES DISTRIBUTION

GREEN AND OPEN AREA ROAD WITH VEHICULAR ACCESS

OPEN SPACES

STREET WITH PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT BUILDING COVERAGE

SITE BOUNDARY NODES

After the completion of the conceptualization phase of our project, then begin the mapping of the structure on our site. The conceptualization was finalized by creating a huge market space in between the site where all the amenities were focused in it which can be the economic hub for the people living in such that first of all the road networks were developed in the structure plan where Sadan road, Bhanu Marga & Shanti Path was proposed to be extended for vehicular access. Similarly, the entrance towards the site is made according to the users where the vehicular portion is limited up to the community park as well as the on the southwest part of the site where the existing road is breakdown up to the middle part of the site only. Similarly, the other street is developed for pedestrian movement inside the site which doesn’t create congestion inside the site.

After the creation of the access and circulation throughout the site then the Sadan road which was used as a commercial stretch was again proposed with the commercial activities but with more functional approaches such as with the addition of a commercial complex on the node of the site similarly the blue color, buildings comprise of two social housing where commercial, as well as rental spaces for housing, are allocated.

The residential zones are focused on the mid part which is shown by the yellow color which connects the Bhanu marga where the school is located on another side which can be a buffer too. The residential spaces are connected by the shared street where the community park, as well as parking, is located.

The Shanti path where low-density mix used activities are focused are made more functional as well they are used as commercial spaces on the ground floor and residential spaces on the above floors. Similarly, the apartment building was also proposed for accommodating more families in it which creates more openness on the site.

Last, a market square is established for street activities as well as for different functional programs and the spaces around it comprise Public buildings, Mixed used buildings, commercial complexes as well a café.

Open spaces in the site are 54% which is more than the existing data as different types of social hubs are included inside the site.

SPACES DISTRIBUTION RESIDENCE COMMERCIAL

PUBLIC BUILDING MARKET SQUARE OPEN SPACES The residential spaces are more dominant inside the site as the apartment and mixed-use housing, commercial &open spaces & market square create balanced activities inside the site.

52

MASS VOID DISTRIBUTION The map shows the mass void distribution of the site. The new building fabrics of the site are denoted with the black color on the map where the surrounding buildings are faded down.

The figure-ground plan organizes the primary urban landscape components -plots, streets, constructed spaces, and open spaces – into a diagram of solid and void; the proportions, of which, can be manipulated to create different urban morphologies.

This map shows us the total open spaces along with circulation as well as cut-out spaces in our site besides the building footprint.

OPEN SPACE DISTRUBUTION The open space distribution map shown in the figure shows the green spaces throughout the site which balances the relationship between the buildings and the ratio of the open space as well as creates a break-out space in different portions of our site.

The space between the buildings and green spaces can help in the microclimate.

Inside the site, there are many open spaces such as Market square, a shared street with a community park for residential spaces green spaces for the apartment buildings, also a void breakdown in social housing, and a shared street between highdensity mix used housing which helps in creating vibrant open & green spaces throughout the site.

ROAD SECTIONS

This road section has a footpath on the left part of the road along with a drainage channel & consists of a two-lane road for vehicular access.

BHANU SMIRTI MARGA

This road is 26 m width & section focuses the footbath lane on both sides with a cycle lane on the right side, similarly street parking on both sides along with 3.5m width two two-lane roads as well as tempo lane on two sides.

PRIVATE & PUBLIC SPACE DISTRIBUTION This map shows the public and private space distribution of our site where the public space are allocated with the functions like Public buildings, mixed-used buildings, Restaurants, Commercial complexes, Social Housing, etc. These activities are on the extend of Sadan road, Shanti path as well as on the part of Bhanu smriti Marga too and is denoted by the yellow color on the map.

Similarly, the private space on our site is a residential zone that is around the south part of the Bhanu smriti Marga. The zone is denoted by the red color on the map. Similarly, it is isolated from the road by the buffer and landscapes and concrete walls.

Similarly, it comprises single-unit housing blocks with 3 typologies and is connected by the residential shared street.

SADAN ROAD

This road section has footpaths on both parts of the road along with a drainage channel on both sides & consists of a two-lane road for vehicular access.

SHANTI PATH

53

ELEVATIONS EAST ELEVATION This side of elevation focuses on the residential zone where the apartment building is more dominant & residential roofs can be seen through it.

NORTH ELEVATION This side of elevation focuses on the commercial buildings of the Sadan road where facades of two social housing can be seen on the left side and commercial as well as skylines of public buildings can be seen through it.

WEST ELEVATION This side of elevation shows us the skyline of public buildings on the left part as well as mixed-used housing on the right side of the stretch.

SOUTH ELEVATION This side of elevation focuses on the low density mixed used zone where facades of mixed-used buildings with commercial spaces on the ground floor can be seen with the breaks of shared streets in between.

54

ELEVATIONS

AXONOMETRIC VIEW OF PROPOSED DESIGN

VIEW OF SHANTI PATH FROM SOUTH SIDE

APARTMENT AND RESIDENTIAL HOUSE IN SIGHT

BETWEEN MIXED-USE BUILLDING AND PUBLIC BUIILDING TO MARKET SQUARE

STREET LEADING TO MARKET SQUARE FROM SOUTHERN PART

RESIDENTIAL AREA FROM BHANU SMRITI MARG

COMMERCIAL COMPLEX AND MARKET SQUARE IN SIGHT

PATH LEADING TO MARKET SQUARE FROM APARTMENT COMPLEX

WAY TO RESIDENTIAL AREA FROM MARKET SQUARE

SHARED STREET LEADING TO MARKET SQUARE

BUILDING TYPOLOGY: RESEDENTIAL HOUSING-TYPE 1

FIGURE:AXONOMETRIC VIEW FROM SKETCHUP

Description Plinth area – 235 m² Built-up area – 79m² No. of floors – 2 and half No. of buildings – 11 Amenities 1Parking 5Bedrooms 3Kitchen dining 3Washrooms 3Living area 2Terrace This building is designed to accommodate two families where one will be the owner and another family can use the building as a rented. The terrace connects the user of the building to the environment.

BUILDING TYPOLOGY: RESIDENTIAL HOUSING-TYPE 1 PLAN

X

X

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:RESEDENTIAL HOUSING-TYPE 1 ELEVATION AND SECTION

ELEVATION

ELEVATION

ELEVATION

ELEVATION

SECTION AT X-X

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:RESEDENTIAL HOUSING-TYPE 2

Description Plinth area – 230 m² No. of floors – 2 and half No. of buildings – 7 Amenities 1Parking 5Bedrooms 3Kitchen dining 3Washrooms 3Living area 2Terrace A similar concept is given to this typology where one family owns the building whereas another family will be able to rent. The terraces are given to enjoy the views of the local neighborhood.

FIGURE:AXONOMETRIC VIEW FROM SKETCHUP

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:RESEDENTIAL HOUSING-TYPE 2 PLAN

X

X

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

ELEVATION

ELEVATION

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

SECTION AT X-X

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:SOCIAL HOUSING

FIGURE:AXONOMETRIC VIEW FROM SKETCHUP Description

•

Plinth area – 2880 m2

•

Built up area – 720m2

•

No. of floors – 4

•

Building use – commercial and residential

•

No. of buildings – 2

This building is designed to accommodate the shifted residents who will be living rent-wise and the ground floor is provided with a commercial façade on all sides of the building to support the core concept that will provide the commercial expansion on the site. The remaining 3 floors are used as residential units.

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:SOCIAL HOUSING PLAN

X

X GROUND FLOOR PLAN

X

X FIRST FLOOR PLAN

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:SOCIAL HOUSING PLAN

X

X SECOND FLOOR PLAN

X

X THIRD FLOOR PLAN

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:SOCIAL HOUSING ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

NORTH ELEVATION

SECTION AT X-X

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:PUBLIC BUILDING

FIGURE: AXONOMETRIC VIEW FROM SKETCHUP

Plinth area – 2275 m2 Built-up area – 455 m2 No. of floors – 5 Building use – For public learning, entertainment and commerce activities This building is designed to facilitate the public from the site as well as the users from outside. programs like libraries, institutions, offices, and art galleries are provided to facilitate the users. Dharan has been well known for producing artists which would be one of the perfect places to showcase their talent. The ground floor is well provided with a café and bookstores. the public building acts as the connecting piece between Machhavaudi park and market square binding the users within.

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:PUBLIC BUILDING PLAN

X

X

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

X

X

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:PUBLIC BUILDING PLAN,ELEVATION AND SECTION

X

X

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN SECTION AT X-X

WEST FELEVATION

NORTH ELEVATION

EAST FELEVATION

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:APARTMENT CUM COMMERCIAL BUILDING

Plinth area – 7770m2 Built-up area – 1295m2 No. of floors – 4 Building use – commercial and residential With the increasing no. population in the core city areas, the apartment is the solution to distribute the population in vertical geometry expanding the skyline of the city. The apartment proposed in our project also tries to meet the commercial demands of people as well as the parking facilities for the nearby residents as well as the customers of the commercial functions.

FIGURE:AXONOMETRIC VIEW FROM SKETCHUP

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:APARTMENT CUM COMMERCIAL BUILDING PLAN

BASEMENT PLAN

FIRST AND SECOND FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:APARTMENT CUM COMMERCIAL BUILDING PLAN

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

NORTH ELEVATION

ROOF PLAN

SOUTH ELEVATION

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:COMMERCIAL BLOCK

Description No. of floors – 4 Building use – commercial To serve the commercial needs of the precinct, a commercial block is designed.

The ground floor takes advantage of the market square in trading the local products and increasing the economy as well as engaging people in business.

FIGURE:AXONOMETRIC VIEW FROM SKETCHUP

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:COMMERCIAL BLOCK PLAN X

X

GROUND FLOOR PLAN X

X

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

X

X

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:COMMERCIAL BLOCK ELEVATION AND SECTION

WEST ELEVATION

NORTH ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

SECTION AT X-X

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:MIXED USE BUILDING TYPE-1

FIGURE:AXONOMETRIC VIEW FROM SKETCHUP

Description No. of floors – 4 Building use – commercial To serve the commercial needs of the precinct, a commercial block is designed. The ground floor takes advantage of the market square in trading the local products and increasing the economy as well as engaging people in business.

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:MIXED USE BUILDING TYPE-1 PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

BUILDING TYPOLOGY:MIXED USE BUILDING TYPE-1 ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

EAST ELEVATION

NORTH ELEVATION

WEST ELEVATION

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 2 Plinth area – 490m2 Built-up area – 160m2 No. Of floors – 3 No. Of buildings – 2 No of family - 4

Amenities Retail shop Living room Bedroom Kitchen Dining W/C

This building marks the entrance to the market square and consists of commercial facades along the streets.. With a shared street on the front and a parking bay on the back of the building, this building act as the connecting piece between the two similar form mixed-use building that balance the volumetric and space of the surrounding.

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 2

X

X

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

X

X

SECOND FLOOR PLAN€€

ROOF PLAN

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 2

SECTION AT X-X

NORTH ELEVATION

EAST ELEVATION

WEST ELEVATION

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 3 Plinth area – 1240m2 Built-up area – 410m2 No. Of floors – 4 No. Of buildings – 3 No of family - 6

Amenities Retail shop Garage Living room Bedroom Kitchen Dining W/C

This building lies in a different location on the site. Two of them are situated along the Shanti path whereas one is placed between the shared street on the edge of market square which makes it a high potential for exposure to commercial activities and establishes itself as one of the most efficient buildings to benefit from commercial exposure as well as accompanying the lively environment of the market square. the roofing style is designed as a response to high intensity of rainfall throughout the year.

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 3

X

X GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

X

X SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 3

EAST ELEVATION

SECTION AT X-X

NORTH ELEVATION

WEST ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 4 Plinth area – 960m2 Built-up area – 240m2 No. Of floors – 4 No. Of buildings – 2 No of family - 4

Amenities Retail shop Office room Living room Bedroom Kitchen Dining

This building marks the entrance to the market square and consists of commercial facades along the streets... Modern building structure where the vertical and horizontal element is used for façade treatment along the streets.

This building is placed along the Shanti path in two locations one opening up to market square from the south and another one opening up to Bhanu smriti Marga from the south.

FIGURE:AXONOMETRIC VIEW FROM SKETCHUP

X

X

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 4

X

X GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

X

X

X

X

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 4

SOUTH ELEVATION

SECTION AT X-X

EAST ELEVATION

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 5

FIGURE:AXONOMETRIC VIEW FROM SKETCHUP

DESIGN BRIEF Plinth area – 450m2 Built-up area – 120m2 No. Of floors – 3 No. Of buildings – 3 No. of family - 2

AMENITIES Retail shop bedroom kitchen Dinning Living room

This building lies on the face of the Shanti path.

The building is facilitated by commercial shops which would help the passerby to engage in commercial activities. .

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 5 X X

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

X

XX

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

ROOF FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

X

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 5

SOUTH ELEVATION

EAST ELEVATION

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 5

SECTION AT X-X

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 6

Plinth area – 480m2 Built-up area – 120m2 No. Of floors – 4 No. Of buildings – 2 No. Of family - 2

AMENITIES Retail shop Bedroom Kitchen Dinning Living room W/c

Located adjacent to the community park, this building provides a spectacular view on shared street. Mixed used structure.

Similarly, another building with the same planning and design placed in the way of the market square serves as a mixed-use building.

FIGURE:AXONOMETRIC VIEW FROM SKETCHUP

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 6

X

X

X

X X

X FIRST FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

X

X SECOND FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 6

EAST ELEVATION

NORTH ELEVATION

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 6

SECTION AT X-X

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 7 Plinth area – 480m2 Built-up area – 120m2 No. Of floors – 3 No. Of buildings – 1 No. Of family - 4

Amenities Retail shop Bedroom Living room Kitchen Dinning W/c

FIGURE:AXONOMETRIC VIEW FROM SKETCHUP

Facing the market square this building is connected by two lively streets. The no of the story of the building is given 3 floors in order to dedicate the experience of the market square to the two connected buildings and the building front is facilitated with commercial shopfronts.

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 7 X

X

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRSTFLOOR PLAN

X

X X

SECONDF FLOOR PLAN

ROOF PLAN

X

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 7

NORTH ELEVATION

WEST ELEVATION

MIXED-USE BUILDING – TYPE 7

SECTION AT X-X

COMMERCIAL COMPLEX

No. Of floors – 5 No. Of buildings – 1

Amenities Retail shop Department store Game zone Rooftop Café Swimming pool The commercial complex caters to programs for recreation and daily needs. It is located right adjacent to Sadan road and faces the market square. 5 story commercial complex serves the goods which are needed in daily life.

Sitting at the perfect alignment on which 3 entrances open at 3 different spaces i.e. one opens up at the axis of the market square and one adjacent to the Sadan road and another one opens up to the node clearance obtained in front of Dovan park.

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FIGURE:AXONOMETRY BLOW UP FROM SKETCHUP

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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SECOND LAND FLOOR PLAN

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THIRD FLOOR PLAN

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FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

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FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

SECTION AT X-X

BIBLIOGRAPHY Urban Development Pattern: A case study of Jadi Buti Node Redevelopment of Traditional Town, Thecho Lalitpur- Ar. Sanjaya Maharjan The Image of the city by Kevin Lynch Integrated Development Plan, Dharan Sub-Metropolitan City-ECoCoDE/DIGICON J/V Knokke Albertplein Redevelopment Project Aalst Kaii District Redevelopment Project Toulouse ZAC Saint-Martin Residential Complex / Aldric Beckmann Architects A Study on Busan North Port Redevelopment for Waterfront Revitalization- KIEAE Journal Brownfield Site Near Prague's Historic Centre to Be Redeveloped Into Dynamic Urban Hub-Andrea Cuteiru Thessaloniki's Fairground Redesign Proposal-Andrea Cuteiru Central Vista Redevelopment Project OMA / Jason Long's Adaptive Reuse of Historic Houston Post Office Opens to the Public-Andrea Cuteiru Birmingham’s Historic Square Undergoes First Phase of Redevelopment-Dima Stouhi Magok Waterfront: INTERCITY Abeles, Phillips, Preiss & Shapiro, Inc. Waterfront Zoning: Issues and Options. New York: Department of City Planning & Department of Ports, and Trade, 1 990. City- Philadelphia. Plan for Philadelphia Riverfronts. Philadelphia: City Planning Commission, 1 985. Josselyn, M.N., M. Martindale, and J. M. Duffield. Public Access and Wetlands: Impacts of Recreational Use. Technical Report #9. Tiburon, CA: San Francisco State University, Romberg Tiburon Centers, Centre for Environmental Studies, 1 989.

Basti-Bikash Mapdanda 2072, Nepal Ward profile, Dharan, Dharan sub- metropolitan office Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal Ministry of local development data and Ministry of urban development for relevant data, https://www.redevelop.be/articles_en/why-redevelopment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXGG7v0C8qU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPJdu09eeAY&t=370s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFjD3NMv6Kw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cL5Nud8d7w https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PoFO5Rt9cPM https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/mzev/magok-waterfront-intercity-project-pages.html https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200530360545727.j