The Pipa Prize to Stephen Hawking

The Worldwide Acclaimed All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy Benjamin Gal-Or, Vol. 4, 2008 Free, Core Curriculum Course (CCC)

What Did van Gogh Imagine When He Painted This Picture?

Apparently he did not think that the field of gravitation has generated all.

Yet, his painting convey the ‘reality’ that all living and non-living systems are embedded in a 'field of brush strokes’, which, by themselves, in their very shape, direction and rhythm, convey the presence of flux, structure, direction and universal field of force, which penetrates all things and is at one with land, life, sky and the stars.

The telescope at one end of his beat, And at the other end the microscope, Two instruments of equal hope …

Robert Frost If you can look into the seeds of time, And say which grain will grow and which will not, Speak then to me …

William Shakespeare 1

All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable, worth reading and enlightening. Sir Karl Popper We are all Gal-Orians. Foundations of Physics (Editor) A Master Piece. Any good library must have a copy of this Classical work. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very sound knowledge of present-day scientific theories.

Indian Journal of Physics This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read.

Outstanding Books List Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, Nature, Philosophy of Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work !

Sir A. Cottrell, Cambridge University Chancellor Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science.

Sir Karl Popper, in a Foreword, correctly describes it “a great book”.

New Scientist Evokes a person heart! Has generated a large number of responses from around the world, some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-Orians”. Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country should recommend this book with all their intellectual power.

Chinese Academy of Sciences Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always M. Wickman, Order Amidst Chaos: try to reach.”

Enlightenment Aesthetics after Post-Modernity I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical humanism than that of Gal-Or’s book. Hah-Arretz Daily The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-Winner) Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-Or is superior). Gal-Or assigns priority instead to general relativity and to gravity which drives the emergence of chemistry, life, and intelligence.

Philosophy of Science, Foundations of Social Progress

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<----- CONTINUES ON PAGE 29 -----> ----->

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5.3

One must always look beyond earth , the 5.1; 5.3 5.4 solar system , our galaxy and our 5.5 local group of galaxies , while comprehending about the dark-cold, 4.4 expanding-‘voids’-Space-1 that wraps all 4.13 superclusters of galaxies (Diagram & p.3) and assessing its everlasting control on everyday life, and its origin (p.3; p.8; p.89).

The “Kingdom of Darkness” [‘voids’ in Figs.

1.1 & 1.2, p.3] illuminates some dark corners of science, and is more important, and interesting, as demonstrated by this book, than all the shining sources combined.

Our universe contains billions of gravitystructured galaxies (e.g., upper picture), each (e.g., right), containing billions of gravity-structured stars. Only Space-1 expands (Diagram & Figs. 1.1; 1.2, p.3). Without its expansion no process in the cosmos, including life, is possible (p.9-13, 89). Gravity 4.1 and Space-1-Expansion generate all chemistry , plant and animal behavior (Chapter 4.3 6), black holes , time, biological time, brain-mind perceptions (p.12), orientation, written languages, socio-biological concepts [Chapters 5 & 6], gravity-natural-selection and key concepts in the ‘exact sciences’ and the ‘humanities’ (Chapters 1 to 8).

Non-expanding Space 3 wraps our galaxy 3

Space 1

Space 2

wraps clusters

DIAGRAM: Space-1-Expansion is the UNSATURABLE SINK for all energy pouring 4.15 into it from all shining sources. It is composed of adiabatic envelopes (a), (b), (c) 4.13; 5.5 that wrap all clusters and superclusters of galaxies [Fig. 1.2 below]. Gravity and 4.12 4.1;4.2 3.4 , time-asymmetries , Space-1-Expansion generate all structures , chemistry written languages and brain-mind perceptions (Parts A to D). This worldwide acclaimed outlook opens new intellectual horizons by crossing frozen disciplines and re-assessing afresh key concepts in the ‘exact sciences’ and the ‘humanities’.

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Fig. 1.1: Space-1 Genesis. Expansion of the previously opaque universe (Chapter 1, p.40) forms the shown expanding, cold ‘voids’ [SPACE-1, (Blue)] and hotter matter emitters of radiation in Spaces 3 & 2 (p.2). Space-1 was formed below 3000K (starting at 3.2 around 300,000 years post Genesis). Photons, neutrinos and anti-neutrinos then escaped from the newly-formed aggregations of [plasma] nuclei, and were irreversibly absorbed in the newly-formed, unsaturable sink: SPACE-1 [Fig. 1.2 below]. About 2 billion years post Genesis, these gravity-induced, proto-massive-entities, were 4.2 already condensed and heated for nuclear fusion to start. This NASA picture shows that, on a large scale, the early universe was isotropic and homogeneous in terms of distribution of the cold ‘voids’, hot matter-structures-emitters and their 4.1 maximum temperatures . There had been no net energy flow across adiabatic 4.15 envelopes in Space-1. [Cf. Fig. 1.2 below]

Fig. 1.2: The largest portrait of the universe. [NASA]. Expanding-Space-1 ‘voids’ between shining filaments of superclusters have increased in size (Cf. Fig. 1.1) The ‘voids’ are interconnected in Space-1. Uniform maximum temperatures, isotropic & homogenous distribution of ‘voids’ & galaxies are preserved (Fig. 1.1). No net flow of 4.15 to another exists. These ‘envelopes’ wrap energy from one adiabatic ‘envelope’ all superclusters. Studying one is similar to the difficult study of the whole universe.

3.4 As a student, in 1958, I discovered the origin of irreversibility & time-asymmetries 28 by examining just one such envelope (Appendix IV, p. 163). Above 10 K, at black4.3 3.1-3.3 hole’s gravitational-energy density, all fields-forces-interactions in nature are 3.3 included in gravitation -- the sole origin of all structures since Genesis. [Table I & Assertion 1.1, p. 47]

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Faust: 'Tis writ: 'in the beginning was the Word!'

I pause, to wonder what is here inferred?

The Word I cannot set supremely high, A new translation I will try.

I read, if by the spirit I am taught, This sense: 'In the beginning was the Thought'.

This opening I need to weigh again, Or sense may suffer from a hasty pen.

Does Thought create, and work, and rule the hour?

'Twere best: 'In the beginning was the Power!'

Yet, while the pen is urged with willing fingers, A sense of doubt and hesitancy lingers.

The spirit come to guide me in my need, I write, 'In the beginning was the Deed!'

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Faust I. Transl. Philip Wayne (Penguin Classics, London)

SYNOPSIS I ________________________________________

More than ever before the recent discoveries in astronomy and space research have forced us to re-assess many of our fundamental concepts in most branches of science and philosophy. Nevertheless, the Einsteinian relativistic gravity3.3 and quantum physics3.2 remain two different physico-philosophical world outlooks that are in constant conflict with each other3.5.

The fundamental dispute splits physics into at least two unbridgeable systems of thought, each involving far-reaching implications in general science, philosophy and education.

The key disputes are between Einsteinian gravity physics3.3, 3.5 and quantum physics3.2; 3.5. These may be referred to as Type I Disputes.

Type II disputes involve string theories4.6 to 4.11, the ‘cosmological constant’2.1 to 2.5; 4.5; 4.16, ‘dark matter’2.1 to 2.5; 4.17, ‘pre-creation physics’, ‘pre-creation universes’ and the origin of irreversibility and time asymmetries in nature3.4; 3.5, and are mainly between theorists that work within the domains of quantum physics and string theories.

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The Central Theme Both this course and our world outlook include the Central Theme in two Branches: (A) in the ‘Exact Sciences’, (B) in the ‘Humanities’.

The ‘Exact Sciences’ Branch focuses first on failures to unify the fundamental forces-fields-interactions in nature3.1-3.5, while claiming that the key reasons for these failures are: (i) Trying to unify fields-forces-interactions by false mixing of symmetric with asymmetric mathematics [Assertion S.1], instead of first unifying time asymmetries around verified general relativistic cosmology and Space-1-Expansion.3.4, 3.5, 4.15 (ii) Above 1028K, at black-hole’s4.3 gravitational-energy density, all fields-forces-interactions in nature3.1-3.3 are included in gravitation3.3 -- the sole origin of all structures since Genesis. [Table I, Chapter 1, & Assertion 1.1, p.47, Chapters 3 to 8, Table I, Footnotes 3.4, 3.5, 4.15, 4.6-4.12 and Volume I]

Assertion S.1 S.1.1 Above 1028K, at black-hole’s4.3 gravitational-energy density, all fields-forces-interactions in nature3.1-3.3 are included in gravitation3.3 -- the sole origin of all structures since Genesis. [Table I, Chapter 1 & Assertion 1.1, p.47, Chapters 3-8, Footnotes 3.4, 3.5, 4.15, 4.6-4.12 and Volume I]

S.1.2 Irrespective of any mathematical funambulism performed in a proof, or a theory, symmetry is always conserved in the equations.

If one starts with symmetric equations, the result can never be asymmetric. Space and time in fundamental physics are symmetric3.4. So are the laws of fundamental physics, except the 2nd Law of thermodynamics. Similarly, asymmetry is conserved.

Asymmetry can neither result from symmetry, nor vice versa.

(Yet, a Nobel Prize was awarded to I. Prigogine for presenting such a false ‘proof’ in violation of the laws of mathematics. Starting from Ritz wrongly attacking Einstein [1], all subsequent ‘Authorities’ have similarly failed3.4; 3.5; 4.6 to 4.11. Endless publications in statistical & quantum mechanics rely on false mathematical ‘proofs’ and wrong verbal, pre-mathematical definitions [Chapter 4] that fabricate ‘proven’ origins of time-asymmetry and irreversibility in nature.)

S.1.3 Trying to unify fields-forces-interactions by false mixing of symmetric with asymmetric mathematics [Assertion S.1], instead of first unifying time asymmetries around verified general relativistic cosmology and Space-1-Expansion.3.4, 3.5, 4.15 6

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The ‘Humanities’ Branch includes the origins of ancient and new revolutionary world outlooks: From the origin of Abrahamic religions to a fresh outlook on faith [Chapter 10, p.119], from the origin of written languages to a fresh view on socio-biology [Chapters 6, p.89 & 10], from the origins of animal and human physiological structures to education, law and civilization. Nevertheless, this Branch begins with gravity-induced physico-philosophical issues that are first presented in the opening pages, this Synopsis and the Introduction (p.32). It then proceeds in Chapters 6 [p.89] & 10 [p.119], Appendix V (p.168) and Appendix VI (p.180).

Beyond them one may consult Volume II.

Recent Discoveries

Recent

astronomical discoveries combined with advances in gravitational socio-biology [Chapter 6, p.89 and Refs. 9, 50], have generated a revolution in our understanding of the most critical roles gravity has played from the early cosmos to the origin of life, language and brainmind perception of the world and everyday life.

The new discoveries have triggered a fresh world outlook that illuminates some dark corners of science and causes us to re-assess almost everything that we have so far taken for granted, including the apparent conflict between Genesis via astrophysics, astronomy and modern physics, and Genesis via the Bible. [Chapter 1 and Appendix VI] In fact, the new discoveries in the remote external world, including those made in bio-satellites and the Hubble Space Telescope, have generated a revolution in our understanding of our external vis-à-vis internal world; a scientific revolution without parallel in the whole recorded history of mankind; a fresh look at nature, which opens up new horizons and generates new needs to reexamine all previous cosmological, biological, behavioral and philosophical convictions.

[Assertions S.2 and S.3]

At the very core of this ‘external-to-internal’ revolution, we find gravity physics, gravitational-biology, gravity-perception, gravityinduced languages, gravity-induced socio-biology, geo-biological clocks and a new, gravity-induced, essence of natural selection in the living and non-living worlds [Chapters 2 to 8]. While Einstein's general relativity3.3, 3.5 remains the cornerstone of modern cosmology and astrophysics; the indispensable theory for understanding most of the new discoveries in astronomy, it is Newtonian gravity (that is included 7

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as an approximation in General relativity) that affects much of our everyday life. [Chapter 6] Gravity, combined with Assertion S.2 updated observations in all fields of science, will Expanding Space-1 [Diagram, opening guide us in structuring this pages] is composed of expanding book; starting from the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;voidsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; [Fig. 1.2, p.3] and adiabatic very large cosmological envelopes 4.15 that are interconnected. structures and proceeding Chapters 1 to 8 explain and illustrate to the much smaller how all time asymmetries3.4 and subatomic systems in irreversibilities in nature are originated which quantum physics and caused by Space-1-Expansion -still fails to explain the the universal, unsaturable sink4.4. origin of time asymmetries This new [Ref. 13; 1958-1972] world and irreversibility in outlook not only helps to unify physics nature.

[Assertion S.3], but extends beyond it into Can The Foundations of the domains of socio-biology, history Science Be Deduced the realities of the arts and religions, From Relativistic including the asserted kind of Cosmology?

DUALITY between science and religion as different manifestation of lthough some of the one and the same human aspiration. greatest scientists (from Assertions 10.3 & 10.4 Newton to Einstein) studied cosmology and made substantial contributions to it - until recently it had a rejecting speculative image. Indeed, most scientists used to reject its importance, using such arguments as:

A

Why rely on anything based on information that had originated in remote, personally inaccessible regions of space and time? Should not we first complete our local physics before we use strange astronomical data to reexamine the very foundations of science?

To begin with it should be stressed that such geocentric, or rather anthropocentric conceptions, are as common today as they had been in the times of Copernicus (who had dethroned the Earth and paid with his life for that), Shapley (who dethroned the Sun, but was not killed), and Baada (who dethroned our Milky Way, and nobody cared anymore). And they make cosmology and astrophysics difficult intellectual subjects, even to intellectually mature persons.

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Indeed, astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology - unlike local physics, chemistry, and biology, are observational rather than experimental sciences, since they deal with objects at such great distances as to be beyond the reach of direct, Assertion S.3 man-made experimentation.

Moreover, until recently these observations have been too scarce, and the ratio of speculation to fact too high, for cosmology, astronomy and astrophysics to qualify as "hard sciences."

Recent discoveries in space, however, have transformed the situation by yielding solid new data and drastically circumscribing both speculations and physicophilosophical outlooks and models.

All attempts to unify the fundamental forces-fieldsinteractions in physics3.1 to 3.5 have, so far, failed3.5, 4.6 to 4.11.

The key asserted reason: Unifying attempts have focused on unifying fields-forces-interactions by resorting to false mix of symmetric with asymmetric mathematics3.5, instead of first unifying time symmetries with time asymmetries3.4 based on verified facts. [Footnotes 3.4, 3.5, 4.6 to 4.11, 4.15 and Volume I].

This transformation is due largely to NASAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hubble Space Telescope, new infrared, radio and X-ray techniques, including the use of gravitational lens to study the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;dark-ageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; epoch of our cosmos when it was 200,000 to 500,000 years old.

The new discoveries of supernovae4.1, quasars4.14 and black holes4.3 in the centers of galaxies4.5, and before, in 1964, the background blackbody radiation4.12, have stimulated new interest in astrophysics, general relativity, relativistic cosmology, remote planetary systems, the formation of stars, galaxies, clusters and super-clusters of galaxies4.13.

Indeed, of late, we have witnessed a new revival of astronomy, general relativistic cosmology and astrophysics, a renaissance sustained by an almost daily inflow of verified empirical information on the dynamic universe around us.

To deny today the central role of astronomy, cosmology and astrophysics in modern science is to deny the very methodology of science, and to reject a large portion of its empirical evidence.

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Most important, gravitation3.3 is the most universal, all embracing, field-force-interaction in nature. Unlike quantum physics 3.2, it is scalefree, namely, it is not confined, or limited to any scale, as quantum physics is3.2; 3.5.

Gravity-Induced Socio-Biology and Brain-Mind Perception

Gravity penetrates all space and all physical and biological structures.

It affects all cells in our body-brain, as well as plant growth and animal and human orientation and behavior in everyday life [Assertion S.1; Parts A & B]. It also controls all ecological systems, while affecting the origin, growth and performance of cells in living organisms.

We are the ashes of dead stars, the remnants of a supernovae4.1 that had exploded when the universe has already passed more than half of its present age. Except hydrogen and helium, all chemical elements in the cosmos, and in our body, had been originated inside supernovae. The sin of these exploding massive stars was to convert, by nuclear fusion4.2, their light chemical elements, (hydrogen and helium) to heavier ones [oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, etc.], more quickly than do smaller stars, like our sun.

It is always gravitation that plays the central role in the "selection" of the structures to be produced: First in controlling the cosmic expansion of inter-superclusters Space-14.4, then in forcing chemical evolution through a succession of specific reactions in which evolution means the development of complex elements from simple ones, i.e., of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, etc. out of the hydrogen and helium in the stars4.1. [Hydrogen and helium make up about 99% of all observable matter in the universe. Hence, we and the planets in the solar system5.1, constitute just a little dirty stain in the vast â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;cleanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; universe.]

Gravity is the only 'suitable' force that can build all the elements in the chemical periodic table by successively adding, in the hot interiors of active stars, small increments of mass and electric charge in selected combinations that are controlled by its force4.2. Thus, the building blocks of life had been originated by gravitation, and the entire evolution of life has since been controlled by it. [p.89]

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Following such cosmological expansion and massive stars explosions, the newly formed chemical elements cool and may combine to form molecules in deep-cold space, which is not entirely ‘empty’. In fact, the first local "aggregates" of matter in the solar system already contained some simple molecules, including some based on carbon.

Again it was gravity that stratified all chemical compounds in ‘horizontal’ layers according to their specific gravity. Indeed, the geological strata of layers of rocks composed of one material, e.g., shale or limestone, lying between rock beds of other materials, have been structured by the "selective force of gravity”.

Gravity-Induced Biochemistry in Our Body

Life is strongly affected and shaped by gravity

[Parts A and B of this book].

All its atomic-molecular origins, building blocks and ‘upper’ structures have been the result of time asymmetries induced and controlled by gravity4.1. Even in biological cells some specific organelles and nuclei are "heavier" than the rest of the cell, and serve as prime gravityorientators. Such gravity orientators-pointers also allow plants to grow "vertically upward". Thus, gravity controls the direction of growth in roots, leaves, branches, etc. It also affects the movement of all animals in the sense of giving a common reference for orientation, 'balancing', ‘coordination’ 'walking', and space perception.

The response of living organisms to gravity may be initiated by changes in the distribution of pressure on sensitive locations, exerted either by the entire cell content, or by particles (statoliths) heavier or lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm. Gravity perception may also be caused by movements, or reorientation of such particles. Acceleration, by gravity, causes stresses to be set-up in cell membranes, or in the organ as a whole, which, in turn, generates a response vis-à-vis the gravity vector.

The Origin of Life and of Primitive Learning

Since all plants and animals have evolved under the influence of gravity, their form and structural development are strongly shaped by this pointed force. In turn, they have "learned" to exploit it and even to cope with it - learned in the evolutionary as well as in the ontogenetic sense of the development of the organism.

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The sensing devices which plants and animals use for "gravity perception" ("gravity receptors", "g-perception", "bioaccelerometers", "gravity-induced biological clocks", etc.) are not yet well understood, even though a voluminous literature has been published on this subject.

But what we already know justifies the central role we expect gravity to play in life origin, control, orientation and adaptive processes. For instance, we know that if a growing higher plant is displaced with respect to the "upright" position, some tens of minutes later it will adapt its growth in such a way as to restore its original orientation in coincidence with the gravity vector. (If it is displaced only briefly and then restored to its original orientation well before the growth response can set in, it still responds to that displacement.) Indirect, gravityinduced orientation-adaptation of an organism may also occur when an organism orients itself by a gradient of density differences, or hydrostatic pressure.

The connection between gravitation and the origin of life, on one hand, and between gravitation and form, adaptive structure, growth rate, growth direction, adaptive behavior, navigation, and adaptive space perception, on the other, must therefore be studied. Indeed, a considerable empirical evidence has been accumulated so far on these subjects by biophysicists, biologists, plant physiologists, botanists, zoologists, neuro-physiologists, etc. [Volume I]

The Origin of Life, Biological Clocks and Innate Perception

The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and out to external physical influences. Even â&#x20AC;&#x153;innate patterns" are frequently associated with simple orientation movement in the field of gravity, i.e., as "upward-downward" ordering of biological systems in reaction to gravity. Consequently, gravity and geophysical periodicities emerge as prime sources of ordering, reproduction and simple orientation movements.

Animals low on the evolutionary scale have a lesser adaptability to changes in the environment. Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational origins is high in proportion to animals high on the evolutionary scale.

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Arrows of Time

It takes us some measurable time 'to read' a word, a sentence, a page, or a book, and even more so to 'comprehend' its meaning. I term this elapsing time, and its pointed direction, the 'Linguistic Arrow of Time' and maintain further that each word and each sentence, generates an irreversible 'Structural Space-Time Arrow' in our mind and/or a 'Space-Aggregated-Asymmetric-Picture' which points from the writtentyped, form-configuration, or 'beginning', to their 'end' at the ‘right’ for Greek, Latin and English, etc., at the’ left’ for Hebrew and Arabic and ‘down’ for Chinese. Each letter-symbol, each word and each sentence is, therefore, an aggregated, configuration-boundary, gravity-oriented asymmetry on a page-space or on a computer display. Each generates an aggregated, configuration-boundary, gravity-oriented asymmetry in our brain-mind, where it is irreversibly recorded and associated with meaning introduced by education – the force that always controls the fate of nations, religions and civilizations. [Chapter 6, p.89 ]

Gravity-Induced Space-Time Perception

Our perception of time, space, symmetry, asymmetry and direction are similarly controlled by various gravity detectors (Chapter 5, p.89). These include displacement of cell parts, or of portions of multicellular structures, and intercellular structures. Much experimental evidence collected in spacecraft proves that there is a loss of orientability in growing seeds under weightlessness ['zero gravity'].

Animals are no exception. Each of us is 'conscious' of the common "updown" surroundings, and about "weight" and acceleration [Ref. 51].

We are born with innate gravity-sensors. Gravity-sensors also tell trees how to grow vertically up, even on steep mountainsides. All these are normal external experiences directly controlled by gravity. More specific examples range from inertial changes of the fluid in the vertebrate inner ear to a crystallizing suspension of organic spheres in water. The earth's gravitational field produces an elastic deformation that is readily observed through its asymmetric effect on the evolving crystal structure [Volume I]. These elastic forces play an important part in crystallized virus systems. Hence, the gravitational force provides not only a reference axis, but also a useful biological function that excludes foreign particles, such as antibodies, from a crystal. [Volume I].

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Gravity-Induced Biosphere and Life

The gravity-induced life envelope of earth, comprising a very thin layer (surface and lower atmosphere), was created by the "selective force of gravity". It is therefore gravitational selection that puts carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and lightning at one and the same layer for the generation of the first DNA and the beginning of biological evolution. And it is gravitational selection that protected the early products of this evolution from damaging external radiation by supplying the upper protective layer of ozone. [Volume I] Biological detectors of sound modulation have much to do with sensors for earth gravity; both are special kinds of bio-accelerometers. In other words, gravity, bio-accelerometers and the various ways organisms are affected by vibration are interrelated. [Volume I].

Our Brain-Mind Perception

As one reads this sentence, a corresponding aggregated asymmetry is generated inside his or her brain-mind. To conform with innate [Kantian-like] and external experiences, and to communicate with our society, we introduce 'grammar' - that which keeps universal 'spacetime-order-of actions': What happened first, later, and in a 'universalfuture-tense order-of-things'. What is past for one person must be valid, fixed and confirmed by all else. In short; each word and each sentence, is equipped with an 'arrow of time' that 'forces order in our speech and life' and always points 'from past to future', and never in reverse.

Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global phenomena ranging from mountain crests, tectonic folds, valleys, village and city structures, transportation systems, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, as well as the ecological-systems connected with them.

The very evolution of our skeleton, i.e., bones, legs, hips, joints, cartilages, ligaments, femurs, tibia, pelvis, muscles, etc., has been "in response" to the direction of the force of gravity.

Nevertheless, the cardinal role gravity plays in the control of biological time, perception and evolution has been largely overlooked by physicists, biologists and philosophers, partly because the role of the gravitational field as the universal generator of asymmetries, form, 14

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structure, time, motion, recording, memory, clocks, complexity and organization has not yet been well appreciated.

Synopsis II

How To Use This Book _________________________________________________________ There is hardly any good reason to select a level prior to examining the first pages, Synopsis I and the Assertions in the Introduction below.

Level I. This level may be considered as composed of a few simpler sub-levels that follow (i) the local cultural-educational needs for various ages, (ii) the guidelines presented by Assertion S.1 [Synopsis I] and Chapter 7. At its higher sub-levels, it may follow the guidelines provided in Homework and Grading (Appendix I), especially if used in ‘AdultEducation’, or in a ‘High-School-CCCC’ [Cultural, Core Curriculum Course].

Readers may range from young pupils to adults interested in updating and advancing their education by self-help [Assertion IN.3].

Reviewing the CONTENT and reading the chapters and the Appendices is recommended, if some of the specific footnotes are avoided.

Level II is the ‘Undergraduate Level’. It is suitable for a two-semester course that includes the use of Volumes I and II [Table of Contents).

Comprehending the footnotes is recommended.

The autodidactive methodology [Assertion IN.3] may best be used when there is no qualified CCC-Coordinator. Following the guidelines provided in Homework and Grading (Appendix I) is also recommended.

Level III. The Central Theme of these Series crosses frozen disciplines in both education and research in the domains of the ‘exact sciences’ and the ‘humanities’. [Cf. worldwide reviews, p. 1 and p. 29] For graduate students this level is suitable for a two-semester course that includes extensive use of Volumes I and II, the footnotes and the Appendices.

It is in Volume I where one finds mathematically-based theories, refutations of false ‘proofs’, critique of various ‘established’ theories, derivations of Einstein’s Field Equations [general relativity], quantumstatistical thermodynamics, Quantum Chromo-Dynamic [QCD], higher levels of philosophy and re-assessment of the nature of time, time arrows, linguistics and current studies of brain-mind aggregationsperceptions.

Volume II: Critique of Western Thought, provides six Lectures, mainly in the domain of the ‘humanities’. The autodidactive methodology [selfhelp] is best used when there is no qualified CCC-Coordinator, or when this book is used by faculty, independent scientists, people of the arts, theists, or dropouts, for themselves.

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The Origin of the Deepest Crisis in Education This broad subject is introduced in the Introduction and in its 9 Assertions. It traces past educational cultures in order to formulate the aims, scope and foundations of this unified CCC. Pedagogical Features In writing this Volume IV, I continue the effort to simplify and update Volumes I & II and make them more suitable for a wider circle of readers, researchers, faculty and students. For that purpose I include new pedagogical features that help support the integration of this CCC with the new world outlook presented here.

The 1958 Discovery In 1958, by adopting the Einsteinian minority position as a student, I asserted that proponents of quantum statistical and probabilistic thermodynamics smuggle into their thermodynamic theories the result that they wish to prove, without declaring the contraband3.4. Similar charges are aimed today against proponents of string theories4.6 to 4.11.

[Appendix IV],

The Time Paradox To rise to the status of a scientific theory, a candidate must be supported by verifiable observations. Yet, in the actual world, there is a clash between theoretical, time-symmetric fundamental physics, and time-asymmetries observed in nature.3.4 The ‘exact sciences’ can be reduced to physics, and fundamental physics, at high energies, to just three fundamental forces-fields: The electroweak 3.1, the strong 3.2 and the gravitational 3.3.

Over the last 100 years or so many have tried to develop ‘final’ proofs that would bridge these conflicting worlds of science. All in vain.

Theorists select only prediction while ignoring the time-symmetric retrodiction, final conditions, etc.

Fig. 1.2 shows the expanding, cold ‘voids’ between shining superclusters of galaxies [Space-1, Diagram]. Uniform maximum temperatures, isotropic and homogenous distribution of voids/galaxies (on large scales) are preserved (Cf. Fig. 1.1). There is no net flow of energy from one adiabatic ‘envelope’4.15 to another. Such adiabatic configurations wrap superclusters of galaxies.

In 1958 I discovered the origin of irreversibility and time-asymmetries3.4 in nature by examining just one such envelope -- but around a cluster, not superclusters of galaxies [Fig. 1.2], which have been confirmed later – as explained in this book and in Volume I.

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All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

Being a student, and, later, an un-experienced professor, none wanted to listen to my central theme and non-conventional, general relativistic world outlook.

Most refrained to do that because it was based on general relativity and cosmology, both far beyond their knowledge.

That situation has changed in 1969 during the International Conference on Classical and Relativistic Thermodynamics [Pittsburgh, Ref. 13] that I had organized with the participation of some Nobel-Prize winners.

Worldwide acclaims started slowly after my Science and Nature papers in 1972 and the awarded Gold Medal from The New York Academy of sciences.[Ref. 13]. For more information see Appendix IV. Full worldwide acceptance has been delayed until the 80’s, with the publication of Volume I, and its subsequent editions.

(About Einstein's opposition to probabilistic quantum outlook of the world) Many of us regard this as a tragedy, both for him, as he gropes his way in loneliness, and for us, who miss our leader.

Max Born

You sadist. You make people think.

Ezra Pound

People are born ignorant, not stupid; It is education that makes them stupid.

Ancient Dictum published by Bertrand Russell

Man to the Universe: I Exist !

The Universe to Man: “So what ?”

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All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

Do most professors take closest to their heart the moneybox?

Priority in Parts A & B is assigned to relativistic as gravity physics3.3 applied to cosmology and to determinism over indeterminism. It is an unpopular thesis in which Einstein had been practically left alone.

To begin with, I visit his world outlook and use it to assess some new developments such as gravitational lens, new supernovae4.1 and string theories 4.6 – 4.11.

String theories are popular but are not science. They cannot even pass Popper’s Putting a Frame Around principle for being part of Does Not Make it a Unified Theory it.

They cannot be [From Am. Sci., Sigma Xi] verified by experiment and thus cannot even rise to the scientific status of being wrong [51, 53]. They justify Einstein’s claim: Quantum theory is not a complete theory.

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All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

Eventually realizing that Einstein has been right, armies of theoretical physicists work hard since his death to bridge quantum theories with general relativity by inventing various kinds, types and brands of unverifiable string theories4.6 – 4.11. All in vain.

The essence of Space-1-expansion [Diagram; Figs. 1.1; 1.2],

and of relativistic gravity cosmology, are not easy to grasp.

I shall therefore assume the position of a tourist guide of a Quantum Physicists Attack Symmetry Virtual Deep-Space Breaking Discovered in Tour [Chapter 7] aimed Quantum Kaonic Systems [CPT Breaking] at discovering the ORIGIN and CAUSE of radiation-energy gradients around stars, galaxies, clusters and superclusters of galaxies4.13; gradients4.13 that generate all irreversible processes in nature, including those that lead to life.

The key mission during the Tour is to search for ‘adiabatic envelopes’4.15 that wrap filaments or clouds of clusters or super-clusters of galaxies. These clusters and superclusters are like islands of non-expanding, gravity-bounded aggregations, in expanding, unsaturable sink. It is to this sink that all ‘solarwind-type’ of radiation-energy in the universe is irreversibly pouring in. Local quasars4.14 and black holes4.3 form additional, local sinks. Their ancestors, the massive gravitational aggregations4.1; 4.2; 4.5; 4.14, also had come into being by Space-1-Expansion. [Diagram p.2; Figs. 1.1; 1.2, p.3]. The universal sink is composed of a large number of interconnected ‘voids’ and adiabatic cells4.15 [Diagram, sites (a), (b), (c,] each imaginary adiabatic envelope ‘encages’ a super-cluster or superclusters of galaxies by no-net-flow of energy across its isotropic and homogeneous, large-scale, geometrical boundaries. [Fig. 1.2, p.3] During the tour I must cross frozen disciplines and bring home the evidence about the MASTER ARROW OF TIME. Back to earth I re-assess how gravity and Space-1-Expansion-Induced gradients (Diagram, opening pages) cause not only all irreversible processes and time-asymmetries, but how they control ‘Gravity Selection’ and orientation that, in turn, control plant and animal behavior, languages and key concepts in the ‘exact sciences’ and the ‘humanities’ 1.1

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All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

Assertion 001 A definition is often slippery, distorted or misleading. Contrary to intent, a ‘precise definition’ causes a large error. Nonetheless, we usually assume that we know exactly what we are defining, or talking about, until someone starts wondering, if at all: What is the all-inclusive, unrefutable meaning of any ‘precise definition’ that we, or other use?

Our scientific-educational practice is often to begin a lesson, or a theory, by defining a symbol, axiom, or an object – the act that a priori erects a ‘fence’ around each: Anything outside that fence is, a priori, lost.

There is no fence outside the cosmos. Hence, it is better to begin this course with verified astronomical facts about the universe as a whole, [say, as in Fig. 1.2], while working back and forth between the reliable facts and general relativistic cosmology, instead of with microphysics and up the scale to explain the overall cosmic facts, for, unlike the strong force3.2, gravitation3.3 penetrates all, is scale-free and the greatest macro builder.

According to the great Greek philosopher Plato everything is connected with everything else. Therefore, any reliable definition must begin with 'the whole universe', or fail. [Chapter 4]

CONTENTS OF THE FOUR VOLUMES VOLUME I Worldwide Acclaims ……………………………………...……… ii SIR KARL POPPER, Foreword ……………….……………..…. xx SIR ALAN COTTRELL, Foreword ………………….………..... xxi Preface ……………………………………..….……….…..……... xxii Introduction …………..………………………..………………….

1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified Concepts in Physics and Philosophy …………………...….…

1.1.1 The problem of ordering ……………………...….…

1.1.2 How did it all start? ………………………………...

1.1.3 The first seven stages ……………………………....

1.1.4 The present matter-dominated era ……………………..

2.1 The Einsteinian Methodology: A Preliminary Remark .

2.2 The Withdrawal of Philosophy From Physics (and of Physics From Philosophy) …………………………….…...…

2.3 The Greatest Ambition of Physics ……………………..…......

2.3.1 Unification of initial-boundary conditions first?

Unification of fields second? …………………...…....

2.3.2 Should unification begin with differential equations? …………………..…….…...…

2 2 3 5 7 11 11 13 16 16 17

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2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.2

The Great Physico-Philosophical Gains From The Discovery of the Cosmic Background Radiation ………..

The Expanding Universe ………………………….…….…...

The 1977 “Aether Drift” Discovery ……………..………....….

Verification of Physical Laws by Astronomy and Astrophysics ……………………………………….……….…

Some Tentative Assertions …...……………………..…...…..

The Skeptic’s Outlook .……………………...………..…...…..

19 22 23 24 26 69

PART I: Preliminary Concepts 1.

From Terrestrial Gravitational Structures To Black Holes and Neutrinos in Astrophysics ……...…..

1.1 Gravitation, Asymmetry and Structure ……………….……

1.1.1 A fallacy associated with current theories ……..….

1.1.2 Gravity-induced sedimentary structures …………..

1.2 Stellar Structures and the Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram ….

1.3 Supernovae, Gravitational Collapse, Neutron Stars, Pulsars …………………………………….

1.4 X-Ray Astronomy, Binary X-Ray Systems, and Gravitational Clocks ……………………………………...

1.5 Black Holes …………………………………………….…

1.6 Gas, Dust and the Formation of Stars in Our Galaxy ….…

1.7 How Are Cosmic Distances Measured? …………………

1.8 Neutrino Astronomy and Astrophysics …………………

1.9 The Emergence of Gamma-Ray Astronomy …………….

1.10 Exploration of Extra-Solar Space

By Unmanned Spacecraft ………………………………..

2. From “Conservation” in Classical Physics To Solitons in Particle Physics ………………………..……

2.1 Aim and Scope …………………………………………...

2.2 Limitations of Theory ……………………………………

2.3 The General Macroscopic Equation ……………………..

2.4 Continuity Equation (Total Mass Conservation) ………...

2.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum and Gravity.…………

2.6 The Navier-Stokes Equations and Gravity ……………….

2.7 Kinetic-Energy Equation and Dissipation Function in Gravitational Fields …………….

2.8 First Law of Thermodynamics or Energy Conservation Equation ……………………………………

74 80 80 81 88 92 100 106 113 116 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 146 147 149 152 154 21

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2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12

First Law and Enthalpy …………………………………..

First Law In Terms of Temperature Field ………………..

Entropy Balance Equation ………………………………..

Beyond Classical Physics: Solitons, Antisolitons and Conservation ………………….

2.13 Neutrinos and the Powerful Role Conservation Equations Play in Subatomic Processes (Addendum) ……

156 157 159 160 163

3.

From General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology To Gauge Theories ………………………….……………….. 166 3.1 Introduction ……………………………………………….... 167 3.1.1 Einstein’s field equations in general relativity ……….….. 169 3.1.2 Confirmation of Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation ………. 172 3.2 Principles and Formulations of General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology ………………...…………………… 181 3.3 Observations, The “Age” of the Universe And “Equivalent Local Cells” …………………….……….… 200 3.4 Timekeeping, Accelerated Observers and the Principle Of Equivalence …………………………………… 204 3.5 From General Relativity to Unified Field Theories ………… 205 PART II: From Physics to Philosophical Crossroads and Back

4. The Arrows of Time …………………………………..….…... 214 4.1 Time and The Arrow of Time: The Most Distorted Of All Ideas? ………………………….. 215 4.2 Asymmetry-Symmetry-Space-Time and The Unification of The Laws of Physics …………………… 216 4.3 Methodology, Aim and Scope ……………………………… 217 4.4 Confusing Concepts of Time and Time Asymmetries ……… 219 4.5 The Entropic Arrow of Time ……………………………….. 222 4.6 Causality, Causation and Time Asymmetries ………………. 226 4.7 Causation and Determinism in Relativistic Theories ………………………………………… 227 4.8 Cosmological Arrows of Time and Cosmic Time …………. 230 4.9 A Few Remarks …………………………………………….. 232 4.10 Time-Reversal Invariance and Irreversibility …………….… 236 4.11 Microscopic Time Asymmetries in “Elementary Particles” ………………………………….. 240 4.12 The Death of Scale-Based Physics ………………………… 242 4.13 The “Dual” Quantum-Geometrodynamical 22

All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18

School and “Superspace” ……………………………….. 243 Tachyons and Causal Violations ………………………… 246 Macrocausality and Microcausality in Quantum Mechanics 247 Fading Memory in Classical Physics …………………….. 247 Doubts As To The Universality of Entropy ……………… 249 Entropy-Free Thermodynamic Arrows of Time …………. 250

5. The Crisis In Quantum Physics …………………………… 254 5.1 Preliminary Review ………………………………………. 255 5.1.1 The effect of gravitation and the outside world on quantum physics …………………………. 258 5.1.2 The three main schools of thought ………………… 261 5.2 Einstein’s Objections to the Uncertainty Principle ………. 262 5.3 The Heresy of a Few Skeptics ……………………………. 265 5.4 Mythologized Concepts of Quantum Physics ……………. 265 5.5 The Failure of Classical and Quantal Statistical Mechanics to Deduce Irreversibility and Time Asymmetries ……………………………………………… 267 5.6 The Emergence of Quantum Chromodynamics And Super-Symmetry …………………………………….. 272 5.6.1 Spatio-Temporal Approach to Quantum Physics …. 272 5.6.2 From Weinberg-Salam Theory to Quantum Chromodynamics ……………………….. 273 5.6.2.1 Conservation laws as symmetry principles; and vice versa ………………………………. 273 5.6.2.2 Global, exact, approximate, isotopic and SU(3) symmetries ……………………… 274 5.6.2.3 From SU(3) to renormalizable gauge theories …………………………………….. 276 5.6.2.4 Quark confinement asymptotic freedom in gauge theories ………………………… 276-1 5.6.2.5 QCD and the search for higher symmetry principles ………………………………… 276-1 5.6.3 From Quantum Field Theories to Super-Symmetry Super-Gravity …………………………………… 276-3 5.6.3.1 On the limits of super-gravity ‘unified field theories’ …………………….. 276-4 PART III: From Physics to Cosmological Crossroads and Back 6.

Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy ……………………. 277 23

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6.1 Reduction of Thermodynamics to Gravitation ………

6.1.1 Methodology ………………………………….

6.1.2 Dialectical gravitism: Definition of the first problems …………………………………

6.1.3 Gravitation as super-asymmetry ……………..

6.2 The Earliest and Most Universal Asymmetry: Observational Evidence …………………..…………..

6.2.1 Which space expands and which does not? ……

6.3 Gravitation-Asymmetry Principle of Equivalence …..

6.4 Can Intercluster Space Be Saturated With Radiation? .

6.5 Derivation of the Master Asymmetry From Gravitation Theories ………………………….

6.6 Irreversibility in the New Gravitational Cosmological Thermodynamics …………………….

6.7 Origin of Dissipation in Newtonian Fluids ………….

6.8 Terrestrial Thermodynamics …………………………

6.9 Connections With Classical and Continuum Thermodynamics …………………………………….

6.10 Electromagnetic Irreversibility And the Master Asymmetry ……………………...…..

7. Cosmological Origin of Time and Evolution ………………

7.1 Time: The All-Embracing Concept …………………..

7.2 Cosmological Origin of Time ……………………….

7.3 Cosmological Interpretations of Newton’s Laws of Motion …………………………………..….

7.4 Gravitational Origin of Structure and Evolution .……

7.5 Gravitation and the Outflow of Energy Into Un-Saturable Space …………………………………

7.6 Stellar Evolution …………………………………….

7.7 Terrestrial Evolution ………………………………...

7.8 Some Open Questions ………………………………

7.8.1 Microscopic T-Violation and the Master Asymmetry: A possible Connection? ………..…

8. Black Holes and the Unification of Asymmetries ………

8.1 Introduction ………………………………………..

8.2 Observational Evidence ……………………………

8.3 Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes ………….

8.4 Black Holes Mechanics and Entropy ………………

8.5 Can Black Holes “Evaporate”? …………………….

8.6 Primordial Black Holes? …………………………...

277 277 278 279 279 282 284 287 290 293 297 299 301 303 308 309 310 314 316 322 324 325 326 327 329 330 331 332 340 341 341 24

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8.7 Back to the Melting Pot of Unification? …………...

341

PART IV: Beyond Present Knowledge 9.

Havahayism – The Science of The Whole …………..…… 348 9.1 The Futile Quest for Final Answers ……………….. 349 9.2 An Example in Havahayism ……………………..…. 350 9.3 From Cosmology to Irreversible Structures and Memory ……………………………………..…. 365 9.4 The Skeptic Outlook ……………………………..…. 415 VOLUME II

Critique of Western Thought Introduction ………………………………………………….... 420 10.

11.

A Few Historical Remarks on Time, Mind and Symmetry ………………………………………..…

437

The Philosophy of Time & Change: Some Historical Notions …………………….…………

455

12.

Structuralism and the Divided American Thought: A Short Glossary of Terms …………………………….. 467

13.

Policy and Publicity: A Critique ………………………. 483

14.

Thought-Provoking and Thought-Depressing Quotations ………………………………………………. 495

15.

Critique of Western Methodology …………………….. 530

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All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

VOLUME III THE FIRST ONLINE DRAFT OF THE FREE CORE CURRICULUM COURSE

Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy Dec. 15, 2007, MSN SCRIBD

1. Introduction ………………………………………..…………… 11 2. From Cosmology to the Foundations of Physics ………..…….. 29 3. Gravity-Induced Brain-Mind Perception Vs. Everyday Life …44 4. How Did It All Start? …………………………………………… 55 5. ‘Gravitational Selection’ Vs. 'Natural Selection' ……….……... 64 6. Condensed World History …………………………………...… 69 7. The Skeptic Outlook ……………………………………….….. 94 8. Beyond Present Knowledge …………………………………… 100 9. CCC Homework ……………………………………………….. 103 References and Further Reading …………………..………….. 122

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All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy Benjamin Gal-Or,

Vol. IV

[This Book]

Free, Core Curriculum Course (CCC), 2008

Worldwide Acclaims [Part 1] ……………………..………..….....……

2

Illustrated Preface ………………………………………………………

3

Synopsis I ………………….……………………………………….….….

5

Synopsis II: How to Use This Book ………………………….…....

15

Contents Volume I ……………………………………………………..………………...….

Volume II ……..………………………………………………………………....…

Volume III ………………….……………………………………………...…..…..

Volume IV ……………………………………….………………………….….…

20 25 26 27

Worldwide Acclaims [Part 2] ………………… …………..….….…..

29

INTRODUCTION Notes to Readers, Students, Mentors and Professors ….…

32

Knowledge Is One. Its Division is Human Weakness; The Crisis In Education; The Temples of knowledge; Assertions I.1 to I.9

PART A

From General Relativistic Cosmology to Unified Physics 1. How Did It All Start? General Relativistic Cosmology ……….… 40 The New Astrophysical Time; TABLE I, Figs. 1.1 & 1.2 of the Universe

2. How All Life Would End? ………………………………………… 55 Recent discovery: The expansion of Space-1 is accelerating to a cold death of all life

PART B 3. The Greatest Ambition of Physics …………………………….... 60 Gravity, Electro-Weak, Quantum Physics; String Theories; Thermodynamics

From Cosmic Structures to Everyday Life and Back 27

4. Can The Foundations of Science Be Deduced

All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

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All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

Worldwide Acclaims

CONTINUES FROM PAGE 1

"The Judeo-Christian Tradition” is in accord with Gal-Or’s conclusions states Weisskopf and quotes: "Most astrophysicists, cosmologists and astronomers agree that the biblical account of cosmic evolution, in stressing `a beginning´ and the initial roles of `void,´ `light´ and a `structure-less´ state, may be uncannily close to the verified evidence with which modern science ha already supplied us" V.F. Weisskopf, Scientific American Gal-Or launchs a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject.

T. Gold, Cornell University One noted scientist [B. Gal-Or], even affirms that the stress placed by Genesis, Chapter one, on ‘beginning’ and the initial roles of ‘void’, ‘light’ and a ‘structure-less’ state, “may be uncannily close to the verified evidence with which modern science has already supplied us.”

Christian Apologetics, Journal A comprehensive explication of a large area of science which the reader may study in many subjects. Highly recommended to the philosopher of science.

Contemporary Philosophy An interesting and original book, easy to read, interesting and fascinating.

Nouvo Cimento This book has a wide-ranging scope. Dr. Gal-Or develops a philosophy of Space Science Reviews science which he calls Havahyism.

Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data Systems A book like this should be in all libraries and in the hands of many astronomers.

Cornelis De Jager, Laboratory for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data Systems Interesting to read, integrating much of scientific material.

Deutsche Literaturzeitung One of the best books on the totality of the sciences & the universe/ It was one of the favorite books of Sir Karl Popper. It looks at physics and the universe as a totality of the mathematical philosophical understanding. It also combines the physical concept of time with human psychological perception and brain understanding of languages.

Robin (forumhub.com/expr/@202.54.92.222

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All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena!

Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution -- that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -- that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology.

He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself.

Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.

Advancement of Physics, APEIRON I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it. I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them!

Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and by so much more!

I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time. What an ingenious phrase is your, “smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”!

I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least.

One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable consequences.

I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in with the other great task. That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics. You do both tasks far better than I could hope to. I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a package that I personally have found most thought-provoking.

John A. Wheeler Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton

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All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

Gal-Or's remarkable book [Parts A & B] sees and seizes the world whole.

He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is selfdelusion. Furthermore, he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism.

His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government.

One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and asymmetry. His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future. Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations.

The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales. The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion.

He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time asymmetries.

The expansion provides, among other things, an for radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment UNSATURABLE SINK of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life.

He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions in information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries. Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events.

The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review. [This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic institutions "as GalOr describes them", but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the students.

AMERICAL JOURNAL OF PHYSICS

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All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

Appendix III The Pipa Prize AIII.1 to Stephen Hawking Assertion AIII.1 Any claim based on impossible-to-verify prediction is not scientific.

It is chimera, or a mystic imagination, like Kabalah.

Anyone who ignores this basic requirement of science is either an Impostor of Verified Science [IVS], or a proponent of what cannot pass the Popperian Falsification Principle for all verifiable scientific theories [4.2].

An IVS tells the media, and the ill-informed, about his great discoveries of, say, the ultimate ‘Theory of Everything’, ‘other universes’ and what had happened ‘prior to Creation’, encouraging the media to celebrate the new fictions as verified science.

Some proponents, from all walks of life, eagerly join such mystifying cults to find their living under the reflected glory achieved by false prophets, who, perhaps in analogy to the biblical story of Elija and the False Prophets, have wrongly converted the public.

Introduction of such mysticism into science has been conducted during the last two decades or so by Stephen Hawking (see below).

The first edition of VOLUME I was published in 1981. It contains criticism of Stephen Hawking’s theories that lack possible verification, while hinting that, in fact, some claims in the thermodynamics of black holes had originated by a graduate student (at that time): Today professor Beckenstein.

The British weekly Nature was among the first to publish a review of VOLUME I. The review was written by Stephen Hawking. In it he states what he is going to do to make VOLUME I better.

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All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

Indeed, he then wrote a similar book but with different style and marketing goals, omitting all my mathematical equations, adding jokes, mysticism, pictures, semi-pictorial diagrams and, systematically, diminishing others, including Newton and Einstein.

Then he lost his ability to speak due to his Lou Gehrig's disease, and has since been confined to a wheelchair equipped with a voice synthesizer. This sad fact has been well-exploited by his publishers in marketing the 1988 book A Brief History of Time, advertising him, inter alia, as 'A crippled scientist looks into the sky'.

Hawking's claims have been first ridiculed in a published interview with professor Yuval NEEMAN, a renowned physicist. The first attack on Hawking was that his claims about entropy and black-holethermodynamics, are actually not his, but those of Professor Beckenstein.

In July 2004, in a conference on Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity and Gravitation, Hawking was forced by other physicists to admit his mistakes. He then retracted versions of his theory in which he had wrongly claimed that matter and energy going down a black hole, would disappear from the energy and mass of the universe.

Hawking’s unverifiable claims gave rise to many popular ideas, lectures, articles and books, e.g., about unverifiable ‘other universes’.

According to professor John Casey of Cambridge University, when Hawking found himself dining in the company of Edward Teller, the father of the hydrogen bomb, he announced in public: "HE IS STUPID".

"Hawking is famous for using his wheelchair to run over the toes of those who annoy him, Prince Charles reportedly among the transgressors".

Hawking is also portrayed as an "angry combatant who uses what ever is at his disposal to diminish others.", "A masterly puppeteer", "I think what distinguish Hawking from the rest is, to put it bluntly, his disability" [Sohnious], "stories revolve around [Hawking's] 'Theory of Everything', of which a need to retract it has emerged: 33

All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

"This is a … blow. What has been proven?” his rivals wonder, “Look at how he retracts!"

"After two police investigations" [of alleged, repeated, brutal, physical abuses by his wife], Hawking, 68 in 2004, has been living in his other "brutal new universe", [VF, June, 2004].

Many top physicists dismiss Hawking as 'personalizing infinity', and, thus, intimidating many scientists and pushing the image of science far into mysticism and a misleading populism, which, inter alia, exploits the layperson ignorance of what is verifiable science.

'Nobel Prize' has not been bestowed unto such a famous scientist?

You must be wrong.', not a few laypersons wonder loudly.

The answer is no.

Consequently, millions of his readers feel betrayed by science.

Hawking's unmatched populism, drive them to conclude the inevitable: There is a lot of politics and corruption in science and academia.

In fact, one may be rich and famous, but that does not provide one with a Nobel Prize; -- so far.

AIII.1

Tan Tune’s 1992 ‘Concerto for Strings Orchestra and Pipa’, had originated in a 2000years-old Chinese mysticism. See also footnotes 4.6 to 4.11 in Chapter 4

References I shall make you love books more than you love mother, and I shall place their excellence before you.

A scribe is the task-must of everyone.

Father to Son in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (Papurus Saller I)

1. A. Einstein, The Meaning of Relativity. 5th ed.. Princeton Univ. Press (1956); W. Ritz, Phys. Z. 9, 903 (1908); A. Einstein, ibid. 10, 185 (1909); ibid. 10, 323 (1909); A. Friedman, A: Über die Krümmung des Raumes, Z. Phys. 10 377– 386 (1922), (English translation: Gen. Rel. Grav. 31, 1991–2000 (1999)); E. 34

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Hubble, A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among ExtraGalactic Nebulae, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 168-173 (1929); Ref. 46.

2. E. Schrödinger, Space-Time Structure, Cambridge Univ. Press (1950) 3. C. W. Kilmister, Eddington's search for a fundamental theory. Cambridge Univ. Press (1994) 4. H. F. M.Gönner, On the History of Unified Field Theories. Living Reviews in Relativity (2005) 5. D.J. Schwarz and B. Weinhorst, (An)isotropy of the Hubble diagram: comparing hemispheres", Astronomy & Astrophysics 474: 717–729 (2007) 6. D. L. Wiltshire, Exact Solution to the Averaging Problem in Cosmology, Phys.

Rev. Lett. 99: 251101 (2007).

7. D. Zwillinger, Handbook of Differential Equations (3rd edition), Academic Press, (1997) 8. A. D. Polyanin and V. F. Zaitsev, Handbook of Exact Solutions for Ordinary Differential Equations (2nd edition), Chapman & Hall/CRC Press (2003.

9. J. Tou, et al, Models to Study Gravitational Biology of Mammalian Reproduction, Biology of Reproduction Vol. 67. (2002) 10. S. Perlmutter et al. (The Supernova Cosmology Project) Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 high redshift supernovae, Astrophysical J. 517: 565–86 (1999).

11. Adam G. Riess et al. (Supernova Search Team) Observational evidence from supernovae for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant Astronomical J. 116: 1009–38. (1998); M. Gasperini, et al, The pre-Big Bang Scenario in String Cosmology, Physics Reports, Vol. 373, 1-212 (2003) 12. On HYPATIA: Grand Commentaire, de Théon d'Alexandrie aux 'Tables faciles' de Ptolémée, Livre II, III, Vatican City (1985, 1991); Commentaries de Pappus et de Théon d'Alexandrie sur l'Almageste Tome III. Théon d'Alexandrie, Rome (1943); The calculation of an eclipse of the sun according to Theon of Alexandria, in Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, 1, 209-219, (1950), Providence (1952); de notre ère (Marinus de Naplouse - un commentaire au 'Petit commentaire' de Théon), Janus 63 (13), 167-184 (1976); Théon d'Alexandrie et les 'Tables faciles' de Ptolémée, Arch. Internat. Hist. Sci. 35, 114-115, 106-123 (1985); 'Commentaire à l'Almageste' de Théon d'Alexandrie, Antiquité Classique, 56, 201-218 (1987); O. Neugebauer, A history of ancient mathematical astronomy, New York, (1975); A. Khan, Hypatia; Authorhouse, (2001); M. Dzielska and F. Lyra, Hypatia of Alexandria, Revealing Antiquity, No. 8, Kessinger Publishing, (1997); K. Chares, Hypatia: New Foes with an Old Face, Kessinger Publishing (1997); A. Margaret, Hypatia’s Heritage: A history of Women in Science from Antiquity Through the Ninetheenth Century; Hypatia: A Journal of feminist philosophy, Indiana University Press; I. Mueller, L.S. Grinstein & P.J. Campbell Women of Mathematics: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook.

New York: Greenwood Press, (1987); M. M. Mangasarian, The Martyrdom of Hypatia (1915); J. Bregman, Synesius of Cyrene: Philosopher-bishop, University of California Press (1982); A. Fitzgerald, Letter of Synesius of Cyrene to

Hypathia, London (1926); M. Dzielska, Hypatia of Alexandria. Oxford Press (1996); J. J. O'Connor & Edmund F. Robertson Hypatia of Alexandria, MacTutor history of mathematics; M. B. Ogilvie, Women in science: 35

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Antiquity through the nineteenth century. MIT Press (1986); Hypatia Physics, culture and sense of duty, Spanish university association that defends science, knowledge, public university and public policies (2006); T L. Heath, A History of Greek Mathematics, Oxford (1921); A. Tihon, and I. Le Livre (eds.), Notes sur l'astronomie grecque au Ve siècle; W. Müller, Das isoperimetrische Problem im Altertum mit einer übersetzung der Abhandlung des Zenodoros nach Theon von Alexandrien, Sudhoffs Arch. 37 39-71 (1953); P. Pingree, An illustrated Greek astronomical manuscript: Commentary of Theon of Alexandria on the 'Handy tables' and scholia and other writings of Ptolemy concerning them; J. Warburg, Courtauld Inst., 45, 185-192 (1982); Recently published Reports by the Department of Mathematics, St. Andrews University in Scotland, UK. 13. B. Gal-Or, [Editor] A Critical Review of the Foundations of Relativistic and Classical Thermodynamics, Pittsburgh, Pa. April 7-8 (1969), Mono Book, (1970); Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy (CPP), Springer Verlag, New York (1981, 1983, 1987 editions); On The Origin of Irreversibility, Science, 176, 11-17 (1972); 178, 119 (1972); Nature 230 (1971); 234, 217 (1971); Entropy, Fallacy, and the Origin of Irreversibility: An Essay on the New Astrophysical Revolutionary School of Thermodynamics. Annal. N.Y. Acad.

Acad. Sci., 196 (A6) 305-325 (1972); Cosmological Origin of Irreversibility, Time and Time-Anisotropies- I, Found. Phys. 6, 407 (1976); 6, 623 (1976); 7, 50 (1977) 14. M. Hadley, The Logic of Quantum Mechanics Derived from Classical General Relativity, Foundations of Physics Letters, 10, No. 1, 43 (1997) 15. I. Prigogine, A. C. Eringen, P. Fong and B. Gal-Or, Panel Discussion, pp.

505-507, “A Critical Review of Thermodynamics”, Proceedings, International Symposium, A Critical Review of the Foundations of Relativistic and Classical Thermodynamics, Pittsburgh, Pa. April 7-8, 1969, Mono Book, (1970) 16. A. Strominger and C. Vafa, Microscopic Origin of Bekenstein-Hawking Entropy, Phys. Lett. B379 1996; J. D. Bekenstein, Black holes and entropy, Phys. Rev. D 7, 2333 (1973); Ph.D. Thesis, Princeton University 1972; S. W. Hawking, Annal. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 224, 268 (1973) 17. M. Sachs, Quantum Mechanics and Gravity, Springer, 2004 18. T. de Chardin, Pierre Teilhard. The Making of a Mind: Letters From a Soldier-Priest 1914-1919. Harper & Row, Publishers (1961) 19. H. de Terra, Memories of Teilhard de Chardin. Harper & Row, Publishers (1962) 20. M. Devitt, Realism & Truth. Princeton University Press (1984) 21. R. Penrose, Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness. Oxford University Press (1994) 22. H. Reichenbach, The Rise of Scientific Philosophy, University of California Press (1951) 23. C. D. Rollins, Editor. Knowledge and Experience, University of Pittsburgh Press (1966) 24. L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, Statistical Physics (Addison-Wesley, Reading (1969) 25. A. Pais, Subtle is the Lord: The Science and Life of Albert Einstein Oxford (1982) 36

All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

B. Zwiebach, A First Course in String Theory, Cambridge University Press 2004 27. A.S. Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World, MacMillan, NY, Cambridge (1929), 28. J.A. Wheeler and R.P. Feynman, Rev. Mod. Phys. 17, 157 (1945); 21, 425 (1949) 29. A. Benson, The True Origins of Christianity and the Bible, Prudential, Clovis, CA, 1999 30. P. N. Strearns et al, The Encyclopedia of World History, 6th Edition 31. J. Hartley, Contemporary Physics, Vol. 45 (6) ( 2004) 32. C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures and A Second Look, Cambridge University Press (1964) 33. K. Gödel, Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandtr Systeme, I. Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik, 38: 173-98 (1931).

34. J. van Heijenoort, From Frege to Gödel: A Source Book on Mathematical Logic. Harvard University Press: 596-616 (1967).

35. G. Boolos, A New Proof of the Gödel Incompleteness Theorem, in Boolos, G., Logic, Logic, and Logic. Harvard University Press (1998).

36. H. Putnam, Minds and Machines in Sidney Hook, ed., Dimensions of Mind: A Symposium. New York University Press (1960).

37. J. B. Rosser, Extensions of some theorems of Gödel and Church, Journal of Symbolic Logic 1: 87-91 (1936).

38. J. van Heijenoort, Gödel's Theorem in Edwards, Paul, ed., Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol. 3. Macmillan: 348-57, (1963).

39. D. Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. Vintage Books (1979).

40. R. Rucker, Infinity and the Mind: The Science and Philosophy of the Infinite.

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41. R. Smullyan, Godel's Incompleteness Theorems. Oxford Univ. Press (1991).

42. H. Wang, A Logical Journey: From Gödel to Philosophy. MIT Press (1997) 43. S. Peter,. An Introduction to Gödel's Theorems. Cambridge University Press (2007).

44. E. J. Masoro and S.N. Austad (eds.): Handbook of the Biology of Aging, Academic Press (2006).

45. J. D., Rowe and R. I. Kahn, Human Ageing: Usual and Successful. Science, 237, 143-149 (1987) 46. F. Philip, Einstein: His Life and Times, Alfred Knopf (1953, 1972) 47. J. E. Lidsey, et al, Physics Reports, Vol. 337, 343-492 (2000) 48. A. Vilenkin, Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes. New York: Hill and Wang, 235 (2006) 49. R. Serway and J. Jewett, Jr., Physics, for Scientists and Engineers, with Modern Physics, 6th Edition, Brooks/Cole, pp 1273-1275 (2004) 50. R. H.Anken, Gravitational Zoology: How Animals Use and Cope with Gravity, Hinrich Rahmann (2001) 51. L. Smolin, The Trouble with Physics: The Rise of String Theory, the Fall of a Science, and What Comes Next. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 392 (2006).

52. B. Gal-Or, Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability and Robot Aircraft, Springer Verlag (1990) 26.

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All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

53. P. Woit, Not even wrong: the failure of string theory and the search for unity in physical law, New York: Basic Books (2006) 54. Adam G. Riess et al. (Supernova Search Team) "Observational evidence from supernovae for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant", Astronomical J. 116: 1009–38 (1998) 55. R. G. Crittenden & Turok N., "Looking for Lambda with the Rees-Sciama Effect", Phys. Rev. Lett., 76, 575 (1966) 56. J. Hogan, "Unseen Universe: Welcome to the dark side", Nature 448 (7151): 240–245 (2007).

57. S. Weinberg, Anthropic bound on the cosmological constant, Physical Review Letters 59 (22): 2607–2610 (1987) 58. J. Polchinski, String Theory, Cambridge University Press (1998) 59. P. Binétruy, Supersymmetry: Theory, Experiment, and Cosmology, Oxford University Press (2007) 60. Dine, Supersymmetry and String Theory: Beyond the Standard Model, Cambridge University Press (2007) 61. M. Gasperini, Elements of String Cosmology, Cambridge University Press (2007) 62. C. Johnson, D-branes, Cambridge University Press (2003) 63. K. Becker, et al, String Theory and M-Theory: A Modern Introduction, Cambridge University Press (2007)

Credits

Most photographs in this FREE-TO-THE-PUBLIC book are acknowledged as the general courtesy of NASA’s FREE-TO-THE PUBLIC pictures. Some pictures were taken by the author, or their source marked. Most figures, diagrams and caricatures are taken from the unabridged VOLUMES I and II [Ref. 13]. The List of Nobel Prize Winners by Country has been provided free by Nobel-Prize Selection Committees and has been reproduced by Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia.

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