Nobel Prize to Hen Physics

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Nobel Prize

to

Hen

Physics

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ROYAL ANNOUNCER:

His Excellency!

Mr. Han !!

President of Nobel Prize Physics Committee!

Enters Mr. Han and being chaired in Mid Table.

HAN: Are all members present?

O' I see, here you are all.

Today we hear petitions.

Huuummm, Who is first?

Mr. HEN, Your Excellency, the Royal Annoumcer.

Enters Mr. Hen, a two-meter-high-Chicken

HAN: O' Mr. Hen. How a refreshing name.

Are we related?

HEN: Sorry your Excellency.

As far as I know, That is as far as science testifies, only by ancient DNA links.

Then we parted, you to the Swedish Royal House, Me to the Chicken Low House.

HAN: Why being dressed like a chicken?

HEN: Sir it's me, a real bona fide Chicken.

HAN: Crystal clear Mr. Hen

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Now as to your petition, Please be notified that we are the gate keepers of Royal Nobel Prize.

HEN: Yes Sir, and that is exactly why here I come for our collective petition.

HAN: Look Mr. Chicken, Sorry Mr. Hen. we are free, not arrested in Chicken houses, like you.

HEN: Sir, we contend that you are more arrested than we are.

HAN: That indeed is refreshing, a chicken science in reverse.

HEN: Sir, when you were born, have you been arrested with citizenship, with a name, with religion?

HAN: As proud pure Arian Christian Swedish citizen we maintain other names for what you define as being arrested.

HEN: Our petition starts by asserting that we are absolutely free, while you are arrested for life.

We are not arrested by a name, by a limited border and rights citizenship or by duties to any religion, unlike Your Royal excellency.

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HAN: Consulting the members around the table.

HAN: we concluded that you may have a point here, indeed, but are you a scientist? Which is a precondition to have a standing before us, for otherwise we must deny your petition.

HEN: Well like you, we know Newtonian and Einsteinian gravity.

Like you, we do not reside on the ceiling, only some times on the roofs.

HAN: Consulting the members around the table.

HAN: we conclude that again you may have a point here.

So what is your petition in physics?

HEN: Is not it clear sir? Why did your honorable members discriminate against chicken scientists?

Why there are no Nobel Prizes to hen scientists?

HAN: Indeed Mr. Chicken, sorry Mr. Hen In our journey from dust to dust, we are superior over trees and animals, so that's why.

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HEN: No Sir, first the trees neither hate nor launch wars like the Swedes did, nor we use weapons or gas each other, and that is why I submit to your committee my thesis for a long overdue Nobel Prize.

HAN : Consulting the members around the table

HAN: We all agree, Mr. HEN, bring it on ... Huummm, your refreshing chicken physics.

Chicken Physics

Two simultaneous Expansions of the Universe Revise Physics, Cosmology and Philosophy Caused by super-fast stellar-galactic winds dissipating in all intergalactic voids compact galaxies into superclusters-filaments, reverse earlier, remnant deceleration to acceleration, void dark energy claims and refute obsolete fundamental dictums in cosmology and philosophy Benjamin Gal-Or Gold-awarded by the New York Academy of Science for the development of this Einsteinian relativistic school of new astrophysical thermodynamics, professor of aerospace, founder and former head of the Jet Engine Laboratory and the Institute of advanced studies, Technion Israel Institute of Technology. Former professor at Johns Hopkins and Pittsburgh universities; Founder and Editor-in-Chief of the Int'l Journal of

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Turbo and Jet Engines; Residing in the US, Israel and the Philippines, Email: galor1benjamin@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Existence of super-fast, stellar-galactic winds that are being generated during the last 6 billion years, has been verified by astronomic observations. Such winds are flowing into all and each equally distributed intergalactic observed huge voids bordered by "filaments" composed of super clusters of galaxies, (FIGURE 1).

The winds enter each void from all directions.

Subject to momentum conservation, like opposing rockets in space, the super-fast winds entering from all opposing sides of any void border [FIGURE. 1], thrust-push-away any and all voids away from each other, collectively providing extra expansion, a thrusting-away of each intergalactic big void against all other similarly expanding voids.

This process is herein defined 2nd, simultaneous, accelerated expansion of the universe, which not only so compacts galaxies into superclusters and filaments, but reverses earlier gravity-induced decelerated expansion of the universe.

Most important: (1) These newly defined dynamics generate energy-densities gradients (FIGURE 2), which, keep maintaining all stellar evolution by removing disposed energy from emitters to this 2ndexpansion, (2) This second simultaneous expansion constitutes largest energy sink in the universe,

6

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without this dark, cold expanding cosmic sink, no heavy elements, supernovae, planets and life, are possible, (FIGURE 2), (3)

(4) Various claims and dictums are thus refuted by this newly defined world: (A) Wheeler-Feynman static-space-theory should be redefined for two simultaneous space expansions between emitters and absorbers,

dark energy claims (and associated attempts to change

(B)

general relativity) should be

replaced by these 2 simultaneous

accelerated expansions of the universe, (C) some other fundamental dictums should be re-assessed.

I. 2ND EXPANSION CAUSES COMPACTING of BILLIONS GALAXIES INTO SUPERCLUSTERS-FILAMENTS BETWEEN EXPANDING VOIDS A. REVERSAL to acceleration by energy-density gradients from emitters to largest absorber in the universe, is asserted to

re-defining 2nd law concepts 1. 2 expansions, one as energy sink keep maintaining stellar evolution, heavy elements generation, supernovae, planets, life;

refute dark energy claims

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FIGURE 2 (Source: 1981 Reference 6)

FIG. 1: Asserted 2nd simultaneous expansion causes compacting of billion galaxies into SUPERCLUSTERS-FILAMENTS shown BETWEEN EXPANDING VOIDS. Four yellow arrows represent strong stellar-galactic winds entering all and each void from all directions, thereby causing (a) gradual, 6 billion year expanding-compacting of most galaxies into superclusters-filaments surrounding each expanding-compacting void, thus thrusting all and each against the other like opposing rockets, (b) earlier decelerated Einstein-Hubble expansion is reversed by gradually increased void expansion rate since the formation of strong winds by increasing

Figure 1: Compare these filaments of compacted super clusters of galaxies with just two earlier clusters of galaxies vs. energy density distribution in FIGURE 2 thus removing energy as stellar and galactic winds from

any

and

all

emitters

to

allow

any

and

all

stellar

evolution of heavy elements generation (and supernovae).

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Stellar and galactic winds (except some deviated to local black holes) are thus dissipating in each void but there is no transfer of energy from one void to another due to the uniform distribution of the intergalactic voids. ______________

For internal, editors and reviewers use only:

(1) Currently

address: C/O Monica C. Fernandez, Baldosa Str., Phase 3, Block 10, Lot 11, La Residencia, Bulacan, Philippines 3003, Tel +63949-564-9788,+63-950-629-9279. (2) On December 27, 2017, this work was first submitted for publication to the GATE KEEPERS of a dozen Physical Review outlets, who repeatedly refused to pass it on to editors unless style changed, only one outlet specified and resubmitted another way. Cancelled on Jan. 01, 2018 because their system links have multiple times failed to accept this manuscript.

Yet they keep this work since Dec. 27, 2017. All rights reserved/defined above/below. ____________________

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II. EMITTERS-TO-VOIDS-ABSORBER ENERGY TRANSFER B. EMITTER to sink gradients provide 2nd law modified definitions

FIG. 2: SUPPLEMENTAL DEFINITIONS: "CLUSTER I" and II represent midterm effect of this asserted 2nd expansion of the universe, prior to being further compacted into superclusters and filaments (FIG. 1).

"RADIATION ENERGY DENSITY" vs. "DISTANCE" defines "DIRECTION OF NET RADIATION FLOW" as "3rd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", which generates energy-density gradients that lead to the "2nd COSMOLOGICAL

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ARROW", which represents "EXPANDIND

SPACE "1"

Einstein-Hubble expansion.

THE MASTER ARROW OF TIME, -- THE ROOT-CAUSE of the 2nd LAW, SPACE "1" is defined (1)

(2) "largest, thermodynamic sink of disposed energy from all active emitters in the universe".

III. DEDUCED MODIFIED FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS C.

EVEN some established theorems may need to be disposed

3.

SOME fundamental mathematical 'proofs' in physics are disproved

1. It is well known that deterministic physics and engineering resort to basic symmetric partial differential equations that are often been forced in presented or published 'proofs', to proceed only under imposed INITIAL CONDITIONS

(for

future

evolution),

while

rejecting

FINAL

CONDITIONS (for symmetric past evolution).

2. Enforced results are often adopeted as final 'proofs' that conform with observations. Common example: Retarded solutions in electromagnetism that conform with observations, while wrongly hidding or rejecting ADVANCED SOLUTIONS (which do not conform with observations.).

If known in advance, tantamount to SMUGGLING what one tries to

11

inside

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prove by not DECLARING THE CONTRABAND. It also applies to another fundamental domain in theoretical physics.

3. Quantum-statistics/probabilities are symmetric for prediction AND retrodiction. Common self-fooling example: Predictions that conform with observations are accepted "proofs" or theorems or laws of physics, while hidding or rejcting retrodiction because it does not conform with observations.

4. Endless known linguistic terminologies exist that are aimed to by pass this symmetry breaking. Beyond being fundamentally wrong, some may prevent unification with deterministic Einsteinian Gravity Physics (general relativity). But this is not to be further treated herein.

IV. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous 2ND expansion of the universe is claimed caused by 1.

Existence of super-fast, strong, stellar-galactic winds that are being generated during at least the last 6 billion years by growing number of highly active emitters, has been verified and affirmed by astronomic observations. These super-fast winds are flowing into all and each about equally distributed intergalactic voids. They enter each and all from all directions. Subject to momentum conservation, like opposing rockets in space, super-fast winds on both sides of any void border or on both sides of any shared-supercluster filament [FIG. 1] thrust-push both voids away from each other, thereby, collectively, providing extra expansion-thrusting-away against all other similarly expanding voids.

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This process is herein defined 2nd, simultaneous, accelerated expansion of the universe.

2.

Like large number of opposing rockets in space, the result is gradual (co-compacting with gravity) of most galaxies first into clusters then into superclusters and filaments that are verified between all voids, (FIG. 1).

3.

Asserted resulting 2nd-expansion gradually reverses earlier, gravityinduced, deceleration of the universe, refuting claims linking this wellproved explanation of the 1998 (affirmed 2016) accelerated expansion of the universe without any need for dark energy claims to explain the same.

4.

FIG. 2 provides supplemental definitions about resulting energydensities gradients that keep maintaining stellar evolution by removing disposed energy from emitters to be irreversibly disposed at this 2ndexpansion-generated largest energy sink in the universe. Wherefore, without the asserted 2nd simultaneous expansion, active emitters, heavy elements, supernovae, planets and life, are impossible.

5.

Wheeler-Feynman static-space-theory should thus be redefined for two simultaneous expansions.

6.

Neither 'dark-energy' nor any change to Einstein's gravity physics (general relativity) is needed within the context of this 2nd-expansion of the universe.

7.

Localized black holes at the center of galaxies and elsewhere should be accounted for, but their effects do not change this multiple assertions and facts.

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References 1. J. T. Nielsen; A. Guffanti; S. Sarkar (21 October 2016). "Marginal evidence for cosmic acceleration from Type Ia supernovae". Nature Scientific Reports. 6: 35596. arXiv:1506.01354 . Bibcode:2016NatSR...635596N. doi:10.1038/srep35596.

2. Wiltshire, David L. (2007). "Exact Solution to the Averaging Problem in Cosmology". Physical Review Letters. 99 (25): 251101. arXiv:0709.0732 . Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99y1101W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.2511 01. PMID 18233512.

3. Mattsson, Teppo (2007). "Dark energy as a mirage". Gen. Rel. Grav. 42 (3): 567–599. arXiv:0711.4264 . Bibcode:2010GReGr..42..567M. doi:10.1007/s10714-009-0873-z.

4. Tsagas, Christos G. (2011). "Peculiar motions, accelerated expansion, and the cosmological axis". Physical Review D. 84 (6): 063503. arXiv:1107.4045 . Bibcode:2011PhRvD..84f3503T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.84.063503.

5. Stuart Gillespie (21 October 2016). "The universe is expanding at an accelerating rate – or is it?". University of Oxford - News & Events Science Blog (WP:NEWSBLOG).

6. Clifton, Timothy; Ferreira, Pedro (April 2009). "Does Dark Energy Really Exist?". Scientific American. 300(4): 48– 55. Bibcode:2009SciAm.300d..48C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican04 09-48. PMID 19363920. Retrieved April 30, 2009.

7. Wiltshire, D. (2008). "Cosmological equivalence principle and the weak-field limit". Physical Review D. 78(8): 084032. arXiv:0809.1183 . Bibcode:2008PhRvD..78h4032W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.084032 .

8. Gray, Stuart. "Dark questions remain over dark energy". ABC Science Australia. Retrieved 27 January2013.

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NOTES TO EDITORS AND REVIEWERS Oviously the author refrains from sharing skepticism about the very observational evidence that supports the discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. These reservations relate to: (1) claims for more refined theories that may refute acceleration, (2) mistakes or illusions associated with reported measurements, (3) improper selection of supernovae sample size.

Consequently, this paper is restricted to asserted 2ndexpansion/compacting expanding-void-dynamics that reverse initial decelerating expansion of the universe into the currently accelerating one, while opposing any and all claims that dark energy (a) exists, (b) is characterized by unverfiable properties claimed, (c) is ruling or affecting current philosophy, cosmology, astronomy, astrophysics and theoretical physics, (d) it determines past, present and future dynamics of the universe, and life.

Wherefore, the authors of Refernces 1 to 8 are proposed as highly knowledgable and mastering this domain of physics, apparently as neutral reviewers.

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Popular Chicken Lectures: Adult Education

Animals Spokesman Telling The truth on "civilized sciences" "arts" "Peace".

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PREFACE

Ethics in Academia

In "The Best Teacher I Never Had", composed by one of the greatest innovators and independent thinkers of all times, Bill Gates, reference is made to Nobel prize winner in Physics --

Richard Feynman (right), as a great honest teacher, who had inspired him, partly by his book "WHAT DO YOU CARE WHAT OTHER PEOPLE THINK".

As the sole thinking animal & spokesman for TREES and ANIMALS, I tell the truth we know about "civilized humans" & their "sciences", "arts", "politics", "social Media", "Justice", "Freedom of speech" and "elections".

HEREIN we re-disclose how even the scientists often smuggle into their "theories" the results they wish to prove without declaring the contraband – one reason why they may hate me.

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FREEDOM v. Ethics

Our ELDERS, the TREES, neither envy, jealous or lie, nor hate, murder, kill and terrorize, like many humans, past and present, have, and are often decorated and praised for that,

Our original DNA had matured and flourished first in world history,

Neither they enforce nor preach their ideology, agenda, prejudice, preferred tribe, nation, religion, nor any economy, "culture", entertainment, worship, wedding and divorce graves, and prizes.

Do scientists today read Feynman's protection of civilization?

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Painting by Ev. Katz,

The Einstienian Heritage

1987,

by Permission

On Einstein’s Deep, Scientifically-Based, Religiosity

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“It is the fundamental emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and true science. It was the experience of mystery -- even if mixed with fear -- that engendered religion.

A knowledge of the existence of something we cannot penetrate, of the manifestations of the profoundest reason and the most radiant beauty, which are only accessible to our reason in their most elementary forms -- it is this knowledge and this emotion that constitute the truly religious attitude;

in this sense, and in this alone, I am a deeply religious man.”

“I cannot conceive of a God who rewards and punishes his creatures, or has a will of the type of which we are conscious in ourselves. An individual who should survive his physical death is also beyond my comprehension, nor do I wish it otherwise; such notions are for the fears or absurd egoism of feeble souls.”

“Enough for me the mystery of the eternity of life, and the inkling of the marvelous structure of reality, together with the single-hearted endeavor to comprehend a portion, be it never so tiny, of the reason that manifests itself in nature.”

“I gang my own gait and have never belonged to my country, my home, my friends, or even my immediate family, with my whole heart; in the face of all these ties I have never lost an obstinate sense of detachment, which increases with age.”.

“One is sharply conscious, yet without regret, of the limits to the possibility of mutual understanding and sympathy with one's fellow-creatures. Such a person no doubt loses something in the way of geniality and light-heartedness; on the other hand, he is largely independent of the opinions, habits, and judgments of his fellows.”

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In lieu of the aforementioned personal-life philosophy-faith, Einstein consistently selected to protect his privacy inside his room, in his house, working in maximized-freedom, undisturbed solitude; even sleeping naked in his room while his privacy has been strictly guarded by his devoted secretary Helen Dukas, who also screened his incoming mail, deleted nasty or anti-Semitic letters and politely blocking unwanted visitors. Einstein is also known for his subtle sarcasm.

Before Einstein left Hitler’s Germany to the United States, a professor in Berlin was extremely nasty in targeting him. One day Einstein was informed that Professor XXX just died. Einstein’s reaction:

“Everyone does something good in his life, even Professor XXX; he died.”

Einstein's "Anti pomposity" Anti-"Politically Correct"

As a younger man he used to play his beloved violin in the homes of some German women. One day, while he was playing there, they started knitting. Einstein stopped playing, packed his violin to leave, and apologized:

“I would not even dream to disturb you from your knitting work.”

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On another occasion, as a celebrity living in his house near a lake outside Berlin, his wife urged him to change his simple, but comfortable home dress, to a formal one, for dignitaries are to arrive soon to visit him. His response:

If they come to visit me, let them meet me as I am dressed and work in my house.

If they come to see my formal dress please show them my closet.

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Chicken Lecture I

Theoretical Physics at its Historical Highest Level

That historical high level was reached post (i) The creation of the 1915 Einsteinian Gravity Physics (General Relativity) that predicts a strange, socially unwanted, world expansion (or contraction), (ii) That unwanted theory was first confirmed in1918 in correctly predicting the bending of light by gravitation in curved space-time, (iii) Re-confirmed before 1927 by the American astronomer Hubble: We all live in an

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expanding world that had "beginning", as the Bible states In its first Chapter. See more below.

Sitting, from left: I. Langmuir, M. Planck, Marie Curie, H.A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, P. Langevin, Ch.-E. Guye, C.T.R. Wilson, O.W. Richardson 2nd Sitting: P. Debye, M. Knudsen, W.L. Bragg, H.A. Kramers, P.A.M. Dirac, A.H. Compton, L. de Broglie, M. Born, N. Bohr; Standing: A. Piccard, E. Henriot, P. Ehrenfest, E. Herzen, Th. de Donder, E. Schrรถdinger, J.E. Verschaffelt, W. Pauli, W. Heisenberg, R.H. Fowler, L. Brillouin.

1927, Inst. Int'l de Physique Solvay

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Chicken Lecture II Einstein's Induced Imagination Gravity Art Heritage GRAVITY-FORMED Great-Monuments, ear of the unknown and pleading to manmade Gods and divine-claimed Kings

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Chicken Lecture III

Gravity-induced "high" structures lead to fear of a God in the Sahara, Sinai, etc.

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Chicken Lecture IV Gravitism: A Gravity-induced Galactic Art Both Einsteinian and Newtonian Physics control galaxies colliding and merging or forming clusters or super-clusters, (Vol. 1). The Recorded 'Fog': is composed of billions of stars like "our" Sun, or more massive ones.

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Chicken Lecture V Gravitism: Gravity-induced Cave Art

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Chicken Lecture VI

Gravitism: Gravity-induced Foggy Galactic art

"FOG" "painted" recorded is composed of billions stars, each like our sun or more massive. Some harbor planets with water and "atmospheres". SPACE-3 (see below) wraps around all in any galaxy.

Outside each galaxy SPACE-2 (see below) includes a mix of galactic and stellar "winds" proceeding only one-way: To the nearest coldest, 270 degrees C below zero, interconnected void within SPACE-1, to be dissipated there forever. These facts form the rootcause of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics and much of

Deep-Space, observational Physics.

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Chicken Lecture VII

Gravitism: Gravity-induced dunes vs. past life art

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Chicken Lecture VIII

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Chicken Lecture IX

Gravitism: Gravity-induced

formative art Survival of the Fittest

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Chicken Lecture XI Gravity-induced "abstract"

art in the sand

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Chicken Lecture XII Gravity-induced Abstract Art on Sandy MARS

Mars' winds blow sand tha may form these formative "art". Moving dunes on earth, also follow the physics of (i) local gravity value, (ii) "air or "wind" composition, density, temperature, viscosity and size distribution of these "sand particles."

Mars' mass is only 11% of Earth. It is about 50% farther from the sun vs. earth. Its colder climate harbors some similarities to earth, for instance, polar "ice" caps, seasonal changes, sand dunes and sand dust storms.

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Chicken Lecture XIII

"Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds."

Albert Einstein

"Imagination is more

important than knowledge.

Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world."

Albert Einstein

"Perfection of means and confusion of goals, seem – in my opinion – to characterize our age."

Albert Einstein

"Great spirits

have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds." Albert Einstein

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Chicken Lecture XIV

Has gravity physics already replaced quantum physics in new attempts?

N

either a fundamental or embedded "beginning" of the universe, nor

the verified original source of time asymmetries in nature, or the origin of irreversibility in all real processes are to be found at or by the probabilistic standard quantum model, an established fact that caused armies of quantum theorists to seek, so far in vain, correcting their standard quantum model by resorting to Einstein's gravity physics or, failing that, to replace Einsteinian gravity with string mathematical attempts, reviewed below.

Should Quantum Physics Start ScienceTeaching?

Einstein's Herritage

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Chicken Lecture XV

Precise definitions, especially in fundamental, probabilistic quantum-associated activities, often erect devastating virtual walls or fences that, in stealth, deny any deterministic Einstein's Gravity Physics (General Relativity), to be properly directing any future unified theory. Why Einsteinian gravity?

(i) in 1915 it had defined (and predicted) the multi-verified expanding universe,

(ii) is based on deterministic, curved space-time fields valid for any observer,

(iii) unlike the quantum standard model, is neither scale-arrested, nor a model.

Wherefore, science does NOT start with the non-complete Standard Quantum Model.

Wherefore, science starts by multi-verified Fact: Our universe expands.

This central fact IS NOT a priori incorporated in the fundamental definitions, axioms and assertions of probabilistic quantumassociated activities in theoretical physics.

Quantum associated models fail to predict the world expansion, thus failing to start science teaching at any Level

Einstein's Herritage

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"WORLD EXPANSION" stands for multi-verified, deterministic, gravitationally-induced curved-space-time asymmetries, (i) THE ORIGIN OF IRREVERSIBILITY IN NATURE,

(ii) The root cause of the 2nd Law of THERMODYNAMICS,

(iii) The most basic tenets of philosophy of physics and philosophy of science,

(iv) Chemical elements gravity-origin inside hot active stars cores leads to life,

(v) The root-cause of Mathematical Physics and Geometry, e.g.

Riemaninan.

SINCE

CONFIRMED

BY

HUBBLE, the world expansion also means that there was a "beginning" a "zero physical time",

"a

confirmation

of

Biblical Genesis" vs. the "BigBang",

whose

inertial

expansion and cooling has been going on for about 17.8 billion years, down to 3 degrees K inside the expanding VOIDS in SPACE-1 defined below.

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Is Riemannian Mathematics Discovered, or Created?

R

iemannian symmetric spaces are important in both mathematics

and physics. Were they created or discovered?

Riemannian Geometry plays the central role in Einstein's Gravity Physics, EGP, (General Relativity).

In a complete, simply connected Riemannian manifold symmetric space is valid when its curvature tensor is invariant under parallel transport.

Lorentzian symmetric spaces become important in Einstein's physics and cosmology, i.e. as (i) Minkovsky Space and (ii) De Sitter Space. Geodesic symmetries may next be defined as affine diffeomorphisms in Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian situations.

De Sitter universe is one of various cosmological solutions to EFE (Einstein's Field equations) a flat, spatially un-curved universe containing low space-densities of matter.

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Chicken Lecture XVI

Did Theoretical Physics Die?

T

he first to add a fifth spatial dimension to Einstein's general

relativity were Theodor Kaluza (in 1919) and Oskar Klein (in 1926). These attempts attracted Einstein’s attention in his attempts to develop a unified field theory. But Einstein died prior to being successful in this domain.

The current proponents of string theories claim, inter alia, that on very small sub-atomic scales, all fundamental field-forces consist of vibrating strings or membranes of energy.

The spectrum, or zoo, of subatomic particles then emerges (mathematically) as small vibrating strings that by altering their mode of vibration transform, say, an electron into a neutrino, a quark, or other particles, while causing space-time to curve around these entities so as to give rise to Einsteinian relativistic gravity.

Despite three decades of intensive attempts to provide experimental proof of string theories, as conducted by armies of physicists, there is not a single, direct verification test that the theory is correct. And none is expected.

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While the various equations of string theories have survived mathematical challenges, each solution represents an entire set of unverifiable predictions; a mysticism of scientists, which, when combined with the fundamental issue of a priori smuggling into these theories what is to be proved, makes them what they are. Einstein’s anti-probabilistic views remain un-falsified. Similarly, the much acclaimed “Theory of Everything” is misleading.

Some of the string theories proponents claim that prior to Genesis a preGenesis world contraction had turned into a black hole that, at the moment of Genesis, had created many WHITE HOLES, namely, our world is just one of them – indeed a beautiful mathematical music play.

Bohm's Hidden Variables H

idden variable are postulated in string theories as extra [beyond 3

space and one time dimensions] 6, 7 or higher spatial dimensions.

Postulated by David Bohm, these ideas are now driving string theories.

These, inter alia, by-pass the embarrassing point-like feathers of ‘particles’ in quantum theories Such variables also allow theorists to get closer to

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Einstein’s dream of a deterministic world outlook of general relativity3.3 that is unified with quantum physics.

Investigating how a string theory may include fermions led to the concept of supersymmetry a mathematical collection of ideas relating bosons and fermions (every particle has superpartner that is not observable.

Superpartners are called squarks, selectrons and gluinos.

M-Model

O

ne group of string game-plays postulates ‘Landscapes-Inside-

landscapes’ in 10, 11 or 26 space dimensions so as to harbor a large number of hidden variables, different vacua and endless other universes.

The theoretical limit of the M-theory infers that protons, electrons, neutrons and their antimatter counterparts, may be converted to photons and then converted to other particles, i.e., to particles such as protons that may be changed to other particles, such as electrons. It is not yet a fully understood theory.

D-Branes are membranes of different spatial dimensionality. The membranes are postulated to be gravitational sources, so that one may end-up with a modified gravitational model within the framework of string and quantum standard models (See below on their real standing in science today).

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They may emit and absorb closed strings and are postulated to emit gravitons and also to emit charge since they emit closed strings, which are gauge bosons.

Pre-supposed tiny entities are postulated to contract to minimize their potential energy. But conservation of energy prevents them from disappearing. Instead they are postulated to oscillate-vibrate.

By pre-assuming the "reality of vibrating strings", one may deduce different vibrational modes that are further postulated to represent different sub-atomic particles. Such postulated strings may split and combine, which may resemble particles emitting and absorbing other particles, as in standard quantum model interactions between sub-atomic particles.

Closed or Open Strings?

Q

uantum strings models are postulated to harbor tension, like regular

strings of a violin; a tension that is related to their size and shape.

A closed loop string, left to move without external forces, will contract into a smaller loop. But it is further postulated that it would not shrink to a zero-sized point.

Open strings have two distinct end-points, while closed strings are joined to make a complete loop. The two types may allow speculations about

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two different spectra of ‘elementary-particle’. For example, one of the closed string modes is the graviton, and in the open string mode it is a photon.

Landscapes-Inside-Landscapes T

hese worlds-inside-worlds are claimed to run the world in 10, 11 or 26

space dimensions. In these mathematical games they may harbor a large number of hidden variables, different vacua and endless other universes.

Such models, which are misleadingly called theories by their proponents, are also being postulated to be the theoretical limit of the M-MODEL. RECAP: Proponents of string models or theories claim, inter alia, that on very small sub-atomic scales, all fundamental field-forces consist of vibrating strings or membranes of energy.

The spectrum, or zoo, of subatomic particles then emerges (mathematically) as small vibrating strings that by altering their mode of vibration transform, say, an electron into a neutrino, a quark, or other particles, while causing space-time to curve around these entities so as to give rise to Einsteinian relativistic gravity.

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Despite three decades of intensive attempts to provide experimental proof of string theories, as conducted by armies of physicists, there is not a single, direct verification test that the theory is correct. And none is expected.

While the various equations of string theories have survived mathematical challenges, each solution represents an entire set of unverifiable predictions; a mysticism of scientists, which, when combined with the fundamental issue of a priori smuggling into these theories what is to be proved, makes them what they are. Einstein’s anti-probabilistic views remain un-falsified. Similarly, the much acclaimed “Theory of Everything” is misleading.

Some of the string theories proponents claim that prior to Genesis a preGenesis world contraction had turned into a black hole that, at the moment of Genesis, had created many WHITE HOLES, namely, our world is just one of them – indeed a beautiful mathematical music play.

Symmetry-Asymmetry

A

ll laws of physics, except in thermodynamics, are space and time

symmetric, namely, there is no distinction between any direction in space and in time.

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However, the 2nd law of thermodynamics, in its fundamental form, states that in using the time coordinate in reality, one can only proceed from past to future and never in reverse.

Accordingly,

some

theorists

claim,

in

contradiction

with

thermodynamics, that if the universe is eternal into the future, it must be eternal into the past. Hence, they also claim, that prior to the “bigbang”, there was a symmetrical world contraction into an all-containing black holes.

As the density “had” increased during that pre-creation contraction, gigantic black holes had been formed, and, at the instant of maximum contraction, they all switched to expnasion, the interior of one of them has become “our universe”.

String Mathematical Games Face Endless Criticism

D

espite the aforestated known set backs to evr verifiy these

mathematical games-models, the proponents of these claims still hope that some upcoming observations, say, by the Planck Sattelite and by the ground-based LIGO and VIRGO observatories, may reveal slight variations in gravitational radiation that might be detected by their

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effect on the polarization of the cosmic black body radiation; perhaps conferring some supportive evidence. But that remains to be proven, if at all.

Chicken Lecture XVII

Do Dark-Energy Proponents Fool Themselves, Other Scientists, Media Editors and the Laymen?

Chicken Lecture XVII

Historical events associated with the UNVERIFIABLE DARK-ENEGY HOAX

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No proof was ever established that the historical "Hail-Cannons" had accomplished anything but raise loud noise, fool media editors, the public, donors and governments to fund their unverifiable claims, somewhat similar to the unverifiable string mathematical games discussed above.

How DARK-ENERGY is smuggled into science?

Claims made today to Extract Donors and Government Funding by about 400 theorists

at

Fermilab,

Universities of Chicago, Pennsylvania, Ohio State, UCL & Argonne National Lab, DOE, NSF, IEEC, IFAE, OzDEZ, NOAD, NCSA, SLAC, CTIO, LMU in Germany, UK Consortium, universities in London, and supported by SCIENCE-AAAS, are voided by

(a) applying simple momentum conservation which unequivocally proves that "dark energy" is nothing but Chimera (right),

(b) resorting to Chimerian base & immeasurable "dark energy", to claim that Einstein Gravity Physics is wrong,

(c) maintaining (a) & (b) results in the greatest mistake in science, generated by theorists and supported by SCIENCE-AAAS.

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E

arly dark energy proponents may have attracted popular media and

public support by throwing up alleged "Dark-Hail", which instead of falling back by gravity, is speeding up to the sky,

Thereby fooling main media editors, the public, donors and international governments, to raise astronomical funds for spacecraft & instrumentation aimed to measure the immeasurable "dark hail", or exploit the 1998-discovery that the universe is NOT slowing down its expansion by gravity, but, by "dark hail", is accelerating, or help sell computer-simulations as "tests" of claimed Chimera properties that dictate to "correct" Einstein Gravity Physics.

Has a version of ESOTERICISM invaded Academia?

In ESOTERICISM, for instance, AGARTHA is a great city claimed to be located inside an earth's hole. Probably invented by the European A. Saint-Yves D'Alveydre, who had claimed his writing are "reliable" and mean that all wisdom and wealth "will be accessible for all mankind, when Christianity lives up to the Hebrew 10 commandments "drafted by Moses and God" and absolutely, applicable "When the Anarchy which exists in our world is replaced by the SYNARCHY". Some other followers claim that Agartha is located in the high Tibet-Himalayas, with "pictorial evidence".

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Chicken Lecture XVIII

B

ased on Einstein-Feynman-Popper methodologies-theories and

confirmed by recent observations in astronomy, biophysics, geophysics and archeology, this new philosophy; Gravitism, concludes that theoretical physics has already died by its own proponents.

WHEREFORE, the aim and scope of Gravitism remains positive and constructive. These include

(i) a fresh new outlook at nature, (ii) a new philosophy of physics, (iii) a modified educational methodology based on:

(A) Multi-verified expansion of the Cosmos as first predicted by Einsteinian Gravity Physics since 1915 vs. the current debates summarized by Gravitism, which inter alia claims that science starts with astronomy and not by a probabilistic, size-arrested, standard quantum model, that it starts with deterministic curved space time, not by a priori erecting virtual wrong fire-walls and conceptual fences by "Precise Definitions" that introduce mistakes outside their limited model domains.

(B) Updating our "Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy" worldwide acclaimed book with well-confirmed observations on the coldest world

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sink of galactic and stellar radiation-winds (270 degrees C below zero in SPACE-1) caused and controlled by multi-verified expanding-cooling VOIDS located between all super-clusters of galaxies. (See below).

(C) With gravity, the expanding-VOIDS/SPACE-1 identified below, control all stellar evolution that generates new particles and atoms, which, eventually, build the chemical elements that lead to (a) Aminoacids, RNA and DNA on this gravity-structured planet, (b) GravityNatural-Selection of the fittest bio-atmosphere, bio-structures, gravityinduced skeletons, gravity-based written symbols, languages, gravityinduced organized religions village and city structures, transportation systems, geo-technologies, arts and sciences as presented below.

Chicken Lecture XIX

C

arefully assessed pro and cones reasons of most fundamental and

traditional concepts also lead to our revolution in education via this CCC, which had been prepared and is presented for (i) the young, aged 9 and above, (ii) the self-educating adults, and (iii) scientists who often fool themselves, other scientists, media editors and the laymen as stated above, or associated with:

(1) Quantum-based "String Theories" that start with unverifiable definitions, (2) "Dark energy" claims advocated by armies of fooling themselves proponents,

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(3) Claims that Einsteinian Gravity Physics ought to be replaced with theirs, (4) Claims that mathematics is invented by mortals, not discovered, (5) Claims that the 1998 verified accelerated expansion of the universe affirms their unverifiable "dark energy" hoax, (6) Speculations about from the origin of the first amino acids, RNA, DNA, (7) Did DNA originate from the ashes of a dead-mother – a supernova?

When? Where?

Gravitism. Painting by Monica C. Fernandez, 2012

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Chicken Lecture XX

What Expands vs. What Does Not

2

Cold SPACE- wraps all galaxies. It includes all galactic winds.

SPACE-3

wraps all stars and planets and includes all stellar winds.

Stellar winds are enhanced by shocks as explored by VOYAGERS 1 and 2 (their paths are marked). Most stellar winds,

cosmic rays, by-pass the stars, including our solar system, and "flow" to SPACE-2. Eventually these winds are irreversibly including

dissipated in the coldest (270 degrees C below zero), expanding, dark cosmological

SPACE-1,

which is composed of almost empty

EXPANDING, INTERGALACTIC

VOIDS

located between all super-clusters of galaxies. NASA records are provided next below. All images are taken from the author's advances in COSMOLOGY, PHYSICS and PHILOSOPHY [1-5] or from Wikipedia.

“ly� marks the distance light travels in almost empty SPACES 1, 2 and 3 during one year: 300,000 km/sec times 3600 sec/hr times 24 hrs/day times 365 days/year.

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How Intergalactic Jet-Winds (yellow) enter into all Voids and cause each to expand?

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Cluster I

Cluster II

SPACE -2

The Low energy density expanding VOIDS absorb galactic-stellar winds entering them from all directions as marked in images above and located inside expanding SPACE-1.

PHYSICS-I: Momentum Conservation explain the recently confirmed accelerated inertia expansion of the universe as a whole. Note the galactic clusters and stars do not expand with the expanding universe, only the voids do, as marked

T

he marked "3rd Cosmological ARROW OF TIME" represents stellar and

galactic winds that non-stop-enter-all-expanding cold VOIDS from all direction and forever dissipate and irreversibly stay there.

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All opposing winds clash at each void centers (virtual adiabatic surfaces, see below) thus causing each void to accelerate the left-over inertiaexpansion of the universe since the Big-Bang Explosion, RECAP: "filaments" of non-expanding galactic bodies around each void are non-stop being reaction-forced-out by the galactic-stellar jets-winds entering each void from all directions and thus contribute to the world expansion.

PHYSICS-II: Why the marked VOIDS/SPACE-1 function as the ULTIMATE and LARGEST DARK-COLD "THERMODYNAMIC SINK" in the entire visible universe

E

ach of the gigantic expanding voids act as part of the largest cosmological sink of

radiations removed away from all active stars to allow them to evolve. The removal of energy produced in the cores of all active stars allows each to generate new chemical elements in their cores. (details below).

The most massive stars, due to higher internal gravitational pressures, and thus high core temperatures, consume their "Fuel" (See below) faster than the less massive stars, like our sun, do.

Once out of "fuel", gravitationally collapse ends their lives, some undergoing a gigantic explosion termed supernova.

The dust, debris and gas spread by this explosion in SPACE-3 may end up forming planets in orbit around stars like our sun and gradually, by gravitational "natural

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selection" eject gases from their interiors to form atmospheres and generate geophysical processes that lead to life.

The Origin of Thermodynamics

T

he origin of irreversibility in nature, namely, the origin of the physics of

thermodynamics is observationally supported by three cosmic processes: (a) The irreversible cooling of the expanding universe during the radiation dominated era whereby the structure-less medium density and temperature is reduced, the 1st Cosmological-Thermodynamic Arrow of Time. (Diagram above). (b) The earliest formation of stars and galaxies that had generated expanding cold VOIDS, , the 2nd Cosmological-Thermodynamic Arrow of Time. (Diagram). (c) The earliest formation of "filaments" (or sort of cosmic walls) composed of SUPER-CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES AROUND EACH VOD, leading to the 3rd Cosmological-Thermodynamic Arrow of Time. (Diagram and list at book end).

THERMODYNAMIC CONCLUSIONS: The expanding VOIDS in SPACE-1 constitute (i) the root-cause of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, (ii) lead to human perceptions of time-asymmetries, (iii) lead to unified world order and structuring by gravitation, (iv) lead to the origin of life. HOW?

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Zooming In

Z

ooming-into a single dark-cold expanding void illustrates the non-stop,

entering from all directions, super-fast, highly energized Galactic-Stellar Winds-Jets.

This process causes simultaneous expansion of each and all voids under momentum conservation-reaction on all "filaments-Walls" around each void

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Thought-Experiment in Gravitism A single super-cold 2.7K cold void is next assessed within a thought experiment published first by the News York ACADEMY OF SCIENCES GOLD-AWARDED article on the New Astrophysical School of

Thermodynamics.

Imagine a room made of flexible walls, floors and ceiling into which highspeed, galactic-stellar-winds, as jets-of-radiation, pour in from all directions, non-stop.

By propulsion force ("thrust of rockets and fighter aircraft by jetengine") in the opposite direction, these "jets" expand the volume of the room in analogy to the detected increased volume of Voids/SPACE-1, causing the flexible walls, floors and ceiling to recede away.

The Hubble Space Telescope Since 2016, the Hubble Space Telescope has confirmed the 1998 discovery of the accelerated expansion of the Universe. The confirmed mechanism thus involves two simultaneous processes: PROCESS A: Regions of space populated with denser galaxies increasingly attract matter into them by the force of gravity, which, in turn, further empties the less dense regions that includes large expanding voids between all super-clusters of galaxies. with ever larger voids in between.

PROCESS B: The large expanding voids between all super-clusters of galaxies are acting as the greatest sinks of all radiation emerging from all active galaxies and stars.

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Further Zooming In Zooming in further to the resolution indicated by 1 Million ly reveals Our SPACE-2 "Neighborhood”, which is home to thousands of galaxies.

Even at this scale our entire solar system is less than a visible dot somewhere in the marked “Local Group”. Our home cluster is marked in Astronomy Virgo.

Our Solar System is still less than a visible dot in this Record

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The Andromeda galaxy is marked in yellow.

It is 2,200,000 light-years away and is almost similar to our galaxy.

It is also characterized by a spiral structure.

We see it today as it was when the earliest hominids left East Africa to arrive at the "promised land".

Both galaxies are the largest in our Local Group, which is about 10,000,000 lightyears in its largest spatial ‘diameter’.

The "Local Group" includes M49, M58, M59, M60, M61, M84, M86, M87, M89 and M31 (Andromeda).

A

ndromeda’s system consists of Cassiopeia Dwarf, Pegasus dSph,

M32, M110, NGC 147, NGC195, AND I-V, etc. The Triangulum Galaxy, the 3rd largest galaxy in ‘our’ local group, also includes the Pisces Dwarf as a satellite.

‘Our’ satellite galaxies consist of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, Ursa Minor Dwarf, Darco Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Canis Major Dwarf, Fornax Dwarf, Carina Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Tucana Dwarf, Leo I, Leo II, Leo A, Sag DEG, etc.

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"Fog" in

Galactic Images

“Fog” visible inside galactic records are actually records of billions of stars like our sun, or more massive.

Our Solar System extends far beyond the farthest planets, asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, comets, rocks and dust in ‘our’ community. It is located inside non-expanding SPACE- 2 that wraps our entire galaxy and is spatially interconnected with expanding VOIDS/SPACE-1.

Gravitational structures of clusters and superclusters of galaxies vary considerably -- from that of Virgo, Leo, Ursa, Coma and Hercules to long ‘filaments’.

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The Key Tools of Astronomy

How Red Shifts help prove that the Voids in SPACE-1 Expand?

Red Shifts in astronomy serve as key tools in making scientific discoveries.

These are based on wavelength change of photons propagating through the expanding VOIDS in SPACE-1.

There is, however, a distinction between various red shifts.

The color spectrum on the right illustrates a redshift – light waves marked as horizontal black lines are "shifted up” (white arrows) in the direction of the red region. It is caused when objects exhibit a simple local Doppler-Effect redshift (Image above) or a space expansion. Rather than resulting from relative velocities vis-à-vis earth, the photons undergoing increase in wavelength because of the expansion of a medium through which they are traveling.

Hubble Cosmic Expansion Law: Uo = Hor where “r” is distance from earth to “CLUSTER I” (image), which represents super-clusters of galaxies, Ho the Hubble Constant and Uo the recession velocity calculated, namely, the recession velocity of super-clusters as they move-away from an observer on earth, and/or from each other.

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Why Hubble was refused to be awarded the Nobel?

H

ubble’s

astronomical

observations in the 1920s have revolutionized not only physics, but the traditional perceptions of billion around the world.

Yet he was refused to be awarded what he so MUCH DESERVED: A NOBEL, allegedly for similar non-ethical reasons that Einstein had also been refused the Nobel for his Spacial relativity and General Relativity, both of which have revolutionaized not only physics, but the traditional perceptions of scientists and billions around the globe.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND: Post Einstein's forcing a stupid number to stop the socially unwanted expansion of our world, aspredicted by his Gravity Physics Equations, allegedly most of the NOBEL committee members

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wrongly assumed that Einstein had been finished by a non-scientific addition of a stupid number to his equations.

In fact, Einstein later stated that adding that stupid number to his equations

because of what other think, was the "worse mistake of my life". That was stated only after Hubble has unequivocally proved that, in fact, he, Einstein's, by his 1915 gravity physics, had already predicted what he, HUBBLE, has empirically discovered and proved a few years later, a grand cosmological discovery that has made both, the most celebrated world heros of science against all

mediocre minds and ulterior stealthy haters.

HUBBLE

(right) if fact, has unequivocally proved that (in fact clusters) of

galaxies are moving away from each other. Hence, the universe had a very hot and dense "beginning" at the very start of the world expansion – a beginning that is called Big-Bang, but should be historically and ethically termed

"EINSTEIN-HUBBLE GENESIS" (or - BANG"). We later

return to these issues.

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Local vs. Cosmological Einsteinian

Physics

(1) Special relativity effects are valid locally in small regions of spacetime that are approximately ‘flat’, i.e., are under low gravity values, like on Earth.

(2) The universe is not expanding "into" anything outside itself. (we return to this).

(3) Galaxies move and rotate individually in SPACE-2, but do not expand.

(4) ONLY the Coldest Dark VOIDS in SPACE-1 Expand.

The explosive expansion of the entire universe since its beginning had started about 13.8 billion years ago. It is detected today by astronomical methods (see below) as left over inertia expansion from the initial EINSTEIN-HUBBLE GENESIS "explosion".

How We Rotate in SPACES 2 and 3

VOIDS/SPACE-1 expansion is independently

confirmed-

cosmic microwave blackbody Radiation. verified

by

the

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A few simultaneous motions are involved:

(i) Earth rotates and travels around the sun, (ii) the sun travels around the galactic center, (iii) our galaxy rotates about 250 km/hr at our Orion Arm. These motions should not be confused with the recession speed of clusters and super-clusters of galaxies away from each other.

[R(t) [main diagram]. This motion is also termed ”the Hubble Expansion”. Our galaxy is deviating from this uniform expansion motion by about 600 km/sec.

Einsteinian Gravity Physics

E

instein’s

General Relativity (EGR, or Gravity

Physics] is formulated in the same form for all "observers" – accelerating, linearly moving, rotating, standing on a minor astronomical body, like earth, or on a massive star. For that aim one needs ‘translators’ from one observer-coordinate-system to another.

These ‘translators’ are energy-momentum metric tensors that include first and second mathematical derivatives in three space coordinates and in one time coordinate of any local physical properties: mass, energy and momentum.

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Changes in the gravitational force are accounted for by changes in the curvature of space-time, on one hand, and by changes in local mass-energy and momentum on the other side of Einstein’s Field Equations, EFE. Acceleration is equivalent to gravity.

EGR includes Einstein’s Special Relativity and conservation equations of mass, energy and momentum.

In low gravitational fields, like on earth, Einsteinian Gravity is approximated by NEWTONIAN GRAVITY.

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Einstein’s Gravity Lens Gravitational Lens were predicted by Einstein in 1936. [Image above]. They help reveal early (far-away) gravitating objects. HOW?

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The brown-orange arrows show the magnified source, while the gray-white arrows show the actual path of light from the hidden source.

Einstein calculated such effect for future astronomy. And today the “lens” become very useful when the gravity of a massive cosmic object curves space-time between the observer and a hidden, faraway galaxy, that by Einstein's Lens can be discovered.

The key point is that this effect magnifies early galaxies and it is important in astronomical efforts to study the "Early Age of the Universe”, which had started about 200,000 to 350,000 years after the “Big Bang”.

“Expansion of the universe”

or “expansion of space itself” may be defined as the expansion of the colddark voids shown above. This issue has confused many theorists.

Most important is the solid evidence that has been accumulated by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and by two Voyager Space-Probes (identified in #24) as well as by ground-based LIGO and VIRGO observatories, and by others.

In Conclusion: The use of Einstein Lens, new infrared, radio, X-ray and other techniques, has increased the reliability of recorded information about phenomena and processes in the most remote regions of curved space-time.

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Cosmic Chemistry

by Nuclear Fusion

The most important “chemical” processes in the universe are caused

by GRAVITY.

Gravity causes extremely high pressures in the inner cores of active stars. Inside these hot cores all chemical elements beyond hydrogen, are generated by transforming (fusing) hydrogen plasma, [H], into heavier elements like Helium [He], carbon [C], oxygen [O], nitrogen [N], phosphor [P]] of active stars.

A typical sun-Like star is a “factory” for producing new chemical elements like the ones marked on the right, all the way heavy one, IRON, at its very hottest core.

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STELLAR WINDS are Energy-material streams in the sun interior shown above include convection currents from the very hot, thermo-nuclear reacting core, "up" to the colder sun surface, including various types of radiations and particles pouring out into non-expanding, colder SPACE-3 as INTERSTELLAR WINDS (First image, Part A). These are mixed in Space-2 with similar winds to form Intergalactic Winds that eventually dissipate irreversibly in the coldest spaces in the universe: VOIDS/SPACE-1.

(A) According to both Einsteinian and Newtonian physics, the bigger the mass of a star, the higher are its core pressures and temperatures and faster are the nuclear fusion processes in its interior,

(B) All active stars (billions detected in each of the detected billion galaxies in the visible universe) generate in their

interiors the basic chemical elements beyond hydrogen and helium;

(C) All basic elements of life had been generated in the cores of a now dead Mother that had died in a violent explosion termed Supernova.

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How do we know all that?

O

n both fusion and fission scientists know much today.

Fusion is the reaction in hydrogen-bomb explosions, while fission is the reaction in atomic reactors and in ‘regular’ atomic weapons.

When a certain amount of iron is formed in the interiors of any active star, endothermic reaction replaces the exothermic one.

(The exothermic reaction generates energy, while the endothermic consumes it.)

Natural Selection” is, in Fact, "Gravity Natural Selection” "

All galaxies, stars and supernovas are primary structures in our expanding world are gravity-generated.

Secondary generated gravity structures, include planetary systems around stars, stellar winds, galactic winds, black holes, SPACES 1, 2, 3.

Third generated gravity structures include gravityinduced atmospheres, biological evolution, geostructures, time systems,

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village, city and transportation systems, up-down/gravity-oriented symbols, written languages, lines, books, mind perception of timespace, sky-earth, high-rise buildings, high priests, tall minarets and church towers, "High" cultural elite vs. "Low social circles", archeology and history main events.

The 2nd generated gravity structures include supernova explosions which throw into SPACE-3 Hot debris, rocks and gas.

Floating in Space-3, post the explosion, the debris, dust and gas where located near the path of our sun. Captured into orbit around it, gravity next further dictated the evolution of life. Gravity compressed some debris to form the observed spherical planets in the Solar system. Life followed as detailed below.

Is a dead star-supernova our mother?

How To Start Science Teaching?

Should science start by Einsteinian deterministic curved space-time or by a probabilistic, size-arrested, standard quantum model or by associated string, dark-energy or "Theories-of-Everything"?

Neither a fundamental or embedded "beginning" of the universe, nor time asymmetries and the origin of irreversibility in nature is found at the fundamental basis of the probabilistic standard quantum model, unless an a priori contraband is smuggled in without a due declaration to fit the verified observations of

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Einsteinian Gravity Physics in various addendum attempts to improve the standing and reliability of armies of theoretical physicists.

Revisiting "Precise Definition"

P

recise definitions erect external VIRTUAL FENCES, or a sort of a FIRE-

WALL that CAUSEs MISTAKES OUTSIDE THE AXIOMS DOMAINS defined and forced by their proponents if they add corrections that fit with what facts they wish to smuggle into their activity domain without declaring the contraband.

Einsteinian General Relativistic Universe does NOT erect external virtual fences or any sort of "fire-walls" outside its domain, because there is no "outside" to its domain, for it does not expand into any other extant space that may be a priori rejected by wrong precise definitions or axioms or the various postulates of the standard quantum model or associated theories that preserve it in their fundamental base.

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