HYPERSONIC WEAPONS, DICTIONARY OF DEFENSES

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Hypersonic Weapons Dictionary 6 Generation Defenses

of

TH

-

Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or Dictionary that fills professional vacuum

1

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Lockheed Martin was awarded 3.5 billion hypersonic weapons contracts: (1) Air Force’s Hypersonic Conventional Strike Weapon program, (2) Navy’s conventional prompt strike hypersonic effort, (3) Tactical boost-glide contract, (4) Air Force’s Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon program. [above] SHOCK WAVES GENERATED AROUND a "5thgeneneration" HYPERSONIC WEAPON model, [left] a "5th-generation" prototype.

Hypersonic weapon glide body developed by federally funded Sandia National Laboratories under a U.S. Army contract. (Courtesy of Dynetics)

2

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

3

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Aero-sea-space-combat Glossary

AOOF...........Aeronautics-Only-Obsolete-Flight-control AOOF-FREE.......JES-JETS (3D-Vector, F-22, J-10, Su-57) ARROW-3 Israel-US-Hypersonic-nuclear-CM/BM-Killer ASSM-ER...................conventional cruise missile, CCM BRAHMOS RUSSIAN-INDIAN hypersonic cruise missile BVR...........Beyond Visual Range combat engagements B-21......U.S. $85-bn-Bomber/Command-Center/UCAV B-61-12.................New gravity-free-fall-nuclear-bomb CAP Counter-Air-Penetration led by B-21 or JES-UCAV David Sling Israel-US hyper CM/Ballistic-Missiles-Killer FDL-DS.......................Follow-The-Leader Drone-Swarm F-22......................stealth-JES fighter A/C v. J-20, SU 57 F-35.....................stealth-US fighter aircraft, 3 Versions GAO......................U.S. Government Accounting Office GBU-31......Satellite-guided-bombs on unmanned B-21 FM-JES...Force-Multiplier by High-JES-Kill-Ratio in WVR H-20 ...........................China wing-type-stealth-bomber Hypersonic Weapons.............. e.g. Russian AVANGARD JBF.......................................JES-By-Fluidics-Technology JES....Jet Engine Steering (3D-Vector, F-22, J-10, Su-57) JPT.....Safest-High-T/W-JES-PASSENGERS-TRANSPORTS Jetonautics........Systems-of-Systems-JES-Technologies J-10................... About 50% of 2018 China combat A/C J-10B.........canarded-tailed JES-A/C, China combat A/C J-20.......canarded-tailed, 2-engines, China combat A/C J-31.....canardless-tailed, 2 engines, China combat A/C IFPC..............Integrated (JES) Flight Propulsion Control LCS..........JES-Type Littoral Combat Ships/Missile boats LRSO...Nuclear Cruise Missile/B-21-optionally-manned MQ-25...............Boeing's diluted UCLASS as fuel tanker NCM......Nuclear Cruise Missiles, e.g. launched by B-21 SACOM....Standard (Post-Stall) Air-Combat Maneuvers JES...................Stealth-JES, e.g., F-22, F-35, X-44, SU-57 TH SOS........6 -Generation Systems-Of-Systems Programs SU-57......Non-mature canardless tailed, JES fighter jet TH S500.......6 -Gen Russian surface-to-air mobile system Taranis.................Flight-tested, large UK-Stealth-UCAV THAAD....kinetic-impact-anti-Ballistic, etc. U.S.-system TVFC.................Thrust Vectoring Flight Control aka JES UCAV...... Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles, JET Drones UCLASS.......Program closed by endless empty debates

4

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

USV/ULV....Unmanned Sea and Land Combat Vehicles WVR...........Within Visual Range combat engagements X-44-MANTA.........Multi-Axis No-Tail-A/C or JES-UCAV X-51 ..was a neglected DARPA-PWA-BOEING-scramjet

(1) THE UNITED STATES Lockheed hypersonic contracts reach $3.5 billion: (1) Air Force’s Hypersonic Conventional Strike Weapon program, (2) Navy’s conventional prompt strike hypersonic effort, (3) tactical boostglide contract, (4) Air Force’s Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon program.

Congress and President Trump have recently approved the U.S. defense budget for FY 2019: $716 billion. This includes funding for 6TH-Generation-B-21-"optionallymanned", tailless, canardless, long-range, supersonic stealth bomber (right), to be deployed about 7 years from now, mainly for Counter-Air-Penetration (CAP) MISSIONS.

B-21 may fly with forthcoming, "optionally-manned", CAP-fighter fighter aircraft and fleets of armed UCAVs, like the one shown below, or X-47B derivatives, or UK UCAV TRANANIS, or with low-cost options identified in Chapter II for allied countries.

B-21 Unmanned CAP-fleet can also function as ONE-WAY, SUPER-CLUSTER OF FLYING BOMBS aimed at KEY TARGETS, or SPLIT on its CAP MISSION.

SEA JES COMBAT SHIPS

5

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

SEA JES AKA THRUST VECTORING IN NEW SUPER AGILE STEALTH COMBAT SHIPS, LCS

VARIOUS UCAVs, up to the size of the B-21, TAKE CENTER STAGE FROM NOW ON

(2) ISRAEL ARROW 3 (right), is currently operational. It provides interception of ballistic missiles, including missiles carrying nuclear, chemical, biological or conventional warheads. Its reported range is 2,400 km, Fig. 33. It is integrated with operational, SOS-COMPONENT, DAVID

SLING (left), which intercepts tactical ballistic missiles,

6

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

medium-to-long-range rockets, nuclear hypersonic cruise missiles, planes and UCAVs. Its kill vehicle is equipped with [UNIQUE] jet-steering for super-maneuverability during final killstage that involves AI-proxy-exploding the targets by three-pulse motor that provides additional acceleration and maneuverability during the final killing phase. Submarines-launched nuclear cruise missiles.

(3) THE UNITED KINGDOM TARANIS is a new, flight tested, stealth UCAV, currently powered by Rolls-Royce jet engine Adour 951, which provides 6,480 lb thrust. It is one of the world largest armed UCAVs and can be integrated with B-21SOS-CAP-MISSIONS. Introduction.

(4) INDIA TURBO-RAMJET-SCRAMJET BRAHMOS has been developed with Russia. It may reach Mach 7 as scramjet-cruise-missile and is expected to be tested first by 2020, Fig. 32. India pulled out of Joint Stealth Fighter Project With Russia. It has reportedly withdrawn from a 11-year joint program to develop a fighter jet with Russia, being unsatisfied with the Russian top fighter aircraft Su57 -- the main issues being the charge that Su-57's stealth design is not what the Russians claim, [51].

(5) RUSSIA: Hypersonic Weapons, e.g. AVANGARD, HAVE BEEN FLIGHT TESTED. Canardless, Su-57 (T-50, PAK-FA, awaiting power-plant izdeliye 30 to be matured before 2027. The engine may provide at least 24,544 lbf, or shortly 39,556 lbf with the common after burning boost technology.

Russia's S-500 is a 6TH-Generation surface-to-surface missile-antiballistic SOS to be deployed beyond 2020. It has been developed by Almaz Central Design Bureau, as an upgrade of S-300/S-400, The UCAV program had been started and then cancelled by MIG, then restarted: A 20 ton UCAV Mikoyan Skat was discontinued at

7

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

MIG, started at SU as Okhonik-B, and apparently, has been revived at MIG. It was to be powered by a single Klimov RD-5000B turbofan engine, a variant of the RD-93, [50, 51].

THE

FIRST PROTOTYPE WAS

FLIGHT TESTED IN MID 2012.

WOULD RUSSIAN UCAV-FLEETS BE EFFECTIVE?

UP TO RECENTLY it has not been developed, Unlike China. But it may be relatively fast to be armed as JES-UCAVS THAT CAN BE REFUELD say, on OLD, small, UCAVSEA-CARRIERS, by converting old ships to UCAV CARRIERS, [or even ON TOP OF OLD [SURFING] SUBS] with priority, since the global trend is ''optionally manned''., or

mainly UCAV. (6) CHINA:

8

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

On November 06, 2018, China made its first public display of its first JET-ENGINESSTEERED, canarded, non-stealthy, JES-fighter-aircraft: "Now China's J-10(B) joins the elite club of super-maneuverable fighter jets", [55]. It is a combat A/C on par with experimental JES-F-16-VISTA from decades ago, [40-43]. Pentagon: In 2018 about 50% of China's combat A/C are J-10. On the path to be stealthy is a canarded-tailed, 2-engines combat A/C Chengdu-J-20 (1st image) v. canardlesstailless, subsonic, 2-engines, Xian-H-20 Bomber (resembles U.S. FLYING WING, STEALTHY B-2.); The 2nd image is J-31, a canardless-tailed, 2 engines, combat A/C.

On June 5, 2018 China released images of its stealth-UCAV-Dark Sword.

In August 2018, China announced its first successful testing of hypersonic vehicle.

DF-ZF or DH-17 or WU-14 may be operational by 2020, and are claimed to be capable of nuclear weapons delivery and anti-ship ballistic missiles reaching key U.S. targets and CARRIERS STRIKE GROUPS. For its advanced jets, or JES-JETS, China is still mainly using the Russian AL-31 series of turbofans, which, beyond 2027, is claimed to be replaced with a mature power-plant izdeliye 30, claiming that in the years ahead, its WS-10 derivatives, or the more powerful WS-15, will be available.

9

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

But decades of reported problems, [50], indicate that, GOVERNMENT ENTITIES, in both Russia and China, cannot reach the reliability and performance levels of the 3 top WESTERN, NON-GOVERNMENT-COMPANIES PWA, GE and RR, which also struggle hard to resolve their own problems, some with government agencies and Nominated Committees Experts, NOCE, [8, 50-55].

_________ Keywords: CIVIL:

Civilizing Military-JES, AKA TVFC, Safest-future-JES-Airliners;

SAFEST post-stall-PASSENGER JETS BASED ON PATEN 5,782,431 and F-22 SAFE-

TO-FLY-IN STALL, [STAFIS] v. failure of BOEING 737 MAX WOOF. MILITARY: Force-Multipliers, JES-Kill-Ratios, Swarming, STEALTH, AOOF, ARROW 3, BRAHMOS, BVR, B-21, B-61-12, CAP, David Sling, F-22, F-35, GAO, GBU-31, Hypersonic Weapons, JES-Jetonautics, J-10, IFPC, LCS, LRSO-NCM, MQ-25, PAC DA, SACOM, SOS, Submarine UCAV Carriers, stealth, S400, S500, Taranis, THAAD, TVFC, UCAV, UCLASS, WVR, X-44-MANTA, X-51 (image]; Defense funding, ramjet, scramjet (Image), Jet engines, Jet-Engine-Steering (JES), Defense-Debates,

The world would not be destroyed by those who do evil, but by those who watch them without doing anything. A. EINSTEIN

Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I am not sure about the universe. A. EINSTEIN

10

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Any fool can make things bigger, more complex, and more violent.

It takes a touch of genius – and a lot of courage – to move in the opposite direction. A. EINSTEIN

Introduction

1. Seven Flight Control Revolutions

AOOF: The 1ST Flight-Control-Revolution took place more than 100 years ago by the introduction of Aerodynamic Only (Obsolete today) Flight control -- AOOF, [1-12]. It has since been greatly improved for such applications as civil transports, fighter aircraft, bombers, missiles, cruise missiles, drones, UCAVs and helicopters.

The image, however, illustrates why and where fails due to "Lost Lift", on wings, vertical tails, rudders, fins, horizontal stabilizers and canards in post-stall situations ("High Angle of Attack"), [12], a fact which dictates "NO-POST-STALL-FLIGHTDOMAINS", as defined by Fig. 2.

Images by nikimedia-PHL/Wikipedia, and from reference 12.

11

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Figure 2: The first and second revolutions forced three limitations on aviation, by erecting 3 authoritative barriers: (a) No flight beyond the stall barrier, (b) A given Max altitude for each design, (c) For each design a given Top speed.

JET ENGINES ARRESTED The 2ND Flight-Control-Revolution was introduced by jet engines replacing most proppiston-engine-based-designs, first in air combat, and gradually in most passengers and cargo airlines. The seeds of lost life by AOOF-Control was, however, enforced by its experts' ulterior stupidity:

12

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

We a priori arrest all jet engines to provide only brute force forward.

Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.

A. EINSTEIN Blind belief in authority is the greatest enemy of truth. A. EINSTEIN

JETONAUTICS DEFEATS AERONAUTICS The 3RD Flight-Control-Revolution has been introduced, in early 1987, against insulting opposition, by JET-ENGINE-STEERING, JES, aka 3D-THRUST VECTORING FLIGHT CONTROL [1-12, 15, 16, 22-31, 33-48, HISTORY-2 and 3, 55], by breaking the stall-barrier, Fig. 2.

Furthermore, against laughing professors, it had predicted significantly safer, costeffective and all-times winner in JES-WVR-AIR-COMBAT, Figs. 3, 4, [1-12, 22, 24-30] and advantages that defeat the common, 100 years, aeronautic-based flight

control:

15 Advantages of JES OVER PREVIOUS REVOLUTIONS (1) reducing (v. AOOF) drag, eliminating vertical tails, canards, etc., Fig. 8, 17, [5, 35-43], (2) reducing (v. AOOF) weight for same reasons, [1-14], (3) reducing (v. AOOF) fuel burn (e.g., down-JES-pitch offsets supersonic trim drag, [50]) (4) reducing (v. AOOF) runways length --JES provides safest short takeoff and landing, Id., (5) reducing (v. AOOF) complexity, for the aforementioned reasons, Id., (6) reducing (v. AOOF) costs by eliminating AOOF-hydraulics-actuators, tails, canards, Id.,

13

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

(7) expanding (v. AOOF) "MAX ALTITUDE", with induced advantages, Figs. 1, 2, [1-12].

(8) expanding (v. AOOF) "TOP SUPERSONIC SPEED", with induced advantages, Id., (9) Increasing flight safety when all hydraulics fail -- jet engines use their own, [1-12, 28], (10) saving lives when AOOF fails, e.g. landing under strong side-winds, [19, 20-26], (11) preventing crashes in civil and military aviation, [Id.], (12) Increasing Self Repairing on flight when AOOF FAILS, [Id., 44-48], (13) Increasing supermaneuverability, e.g. Figs 3 and 4, [1-12, 13, 14, 27, 35-43, 55], (14) Improving stealth of jet engines v. airframes, e.g. Figs 7, 14, 17, [1-12, 54], (15) Increasing kill ratios in new air-combat maneuvers, e.g. Figs 3 and 4.

UCAV SWARMS TAKE CENTER STAGE 1. The 4TH Flight-Control-Revolution has been introduced since 1987-1999 by commercial cold propulsion that allows citizens to purchase imported kits, assemble and fly them in SWARMS, [50], of prop and jet drones, thus opening the gates to armed jet drones aka UCAV for Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles, or R&D RPVs for Remote Radio Controlled Pilotless Vehicles, or "optionally manned" fighter aircraft and bombers that are subject to the less understood similarity rules published by AIAA, [31] -- FUNDAMENTALS and SIMILARITY TRANSFORMATIONS OF VECTORED AIRCRAFT, AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Jan 1994, together with [2-8, 11, 22, 24-30]. These ideas were next expanded to (1) unclassified early designs to use jetonautics to prevent car accidents,

14

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

school buses accidents and wheel-chaired accidents, (2) unclassified: Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Air Safety, [7, 19, 44-48], (3) Classified work on the use of swarms in civil and military resistance, EU, 1999-2000; 2018, Philippines.

JES PROJECTED USES IN 2020-2040 6TH-Generation The 5TH Flight-Control-Revolution is slowly gaining recognition to replace mixed JES/AOOF-DESIGNS with ''pure'' 3-DIMENSIONAL (YAW-PITCH-ROLL) JET ENGINE STEERING, as in the original, 1987-prototypes, [12-16, Id.], for instance by USAF-NASA design of "Pure JES" X-44, MANTA, that is proceeding highly classified, Fig. 8.

PROXI-SPACE-JES-KILLING: The 6TH Flight-Control-Revolution has been operational since 2018 as multi-role hypersonic proxi-killing of ballistic missiles by Mach-7-David-Sling, Figs. 33, 34. The final, asymmetric, kill vehicle is equipped with advanced steering for super-maneuverability during the final kill-stage that involves AI-proxy-kill-explosion, even if the target has just been missed, and a three-pulse motor that provides additional acceleration and maneuverability during the final killing phase.

CIVIL JETONAUTICS: The 7TH Flight-Control-Revolution has gained wide world media, academic and FAA support, [19, 20, 21, 23, 28, 44-48]. The idea is to civilize military JES to prevent air catastrophes. It was first funded in 1994-1995 by the U.S. FAA, and has since led to the following flight-tested conclusions, [Id.]:

15

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

• OVERCOMING-post-stall-crashes can save many lives and prevent much damage,

• MAX JES-weight reduction/benefits are attainable by removing AOOF-v-tail-hydraulics, actuators, • Stall-Spin recoveries from stall-spin situations are provided by AOOF-FREE-JES, [19, 40-48].

• JES of TAILLESS-CANARDLESS-biz-transport-designs lead to fuel-reduction-increased-range-benefits.

__________ 2 NEGLECTED MAXIMIZED PASSANGERS FLIGHT-SAFETY

During the next generation, various U.S. Government agencies may opt to serve the international public with the safest feasible biz-type-size-JES-transports powered by relatively high thrust to weight ratio turbofan jet engines.

Strong support has, so far, been published by AVIATION WEEK, AEROSPACE AMERICA and invited opening lectures of international conferences in China, Russia, Germany and Poland, [1-14, 19-21, 24-26, 29-34, 44-48].

3 Confusing goals?

As we all pass today the gates leading to the 6TH-Generation that would be morethan-ever critical for the survival of the West, students, mentors, engineers, pilots, generals, admirals, designers, decision makers and interested readers, and, on another scale, Congress members, and government officials involved with the aforementioned, unprecedented programs, should study, or even master advanced jet-engines, which include hypersonic ramjets and scramjets, nuclear cruise missiles and jetonautics? [1-11], text book [12] and below.

16

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

4 Can we anticipate another "Kelly" Johnson?

Clarence Leonard "Kelly" Johnson, M3+ Stealth SR-71/J58-turboramjet pioneer designer

Do what you feel to be right, for you'll be criticized anyway, Eleanor Roosevelt

Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world.

Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.

Margaret Mead ____________________

We begin with FINAL CONCLUSIONS.

1. Under the illuminating lights of some dark corners of Russian claims for real, stealthy Su-57, their claims crashed in public by recent Indian-treaty-break, because INDIA discovered that the top "stealth jet of Russia" is not stealthy as claimed. Thus, being

17

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

unsatisfied with the low level of Russia's top designs for its 5TH-Generation StealthSu-57, INDIA may next GO IT ALONE, [50-55].

TH

2. 6 -Generation Stealth Technology would be more advanced, expensive and complex

than that of the 5TH. Russia and China today are only on the initial path to reach 5th-gen-level of real stealth. Uninformed "reporters", almost all, attach the word "stealth" wrongly to air vehicles that are only STEALTH. TWO SOS WOULD EMERGE inside each camp: HIGHLY EXPENSIVE, STEALTHY AIR-COMBAT-CAPS v. LOW-COST, un-stealthy LARGE FLEETS or SWARMS, produced, and being trained to operate as a single taking-off, flying and landing follow-the-leader units, as China has already done, by means of a relatively simple and inexpensive technology that should urgently be practiced by western club sports.

3. STEALTH: Armies of SELF-APPOINTED WESTERN "reporters" add the word

"stealth" to Russian and Chinese un-stealthy jets today, when their misleading report should state the fact, that these ARE, 5TH-GEN-AAS-STEALTH JETS, [1-18, 5055].

4. DEFEAT of the WEST BY WVR AIR and UCAV SWARMS COMBAT?

FUTURE, Anti-WEST, stealth-symmetry, air-sea-combat-potential, would be on par with the U.S. during the 2020-2040, 6th-generation, as concluded in the main text, and in Australia, [50]. If and when reached, it would REPLACE current U.S. BVR-winwin, with WVR – manned and unmanned. Neglecting TODAY, U.S.-WVR-ABILITY, AS ARMIES OF MEDIOCRE MINDS have LOUDLY VOICED DURING THE 5TH-GEN, may not

18

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

only lead to a WESTERN-catastrophe in WVR, but to a total defeat, for under symmetry the two sides must get closer and closer to each other, until WVR is established. JES-opponents misleadingly call WVR 'dog-fight', [5, 13, 14], but if forced on the WEST, ONLY-THE-JES-MASTERING-SIDE-WINS, [1-18], SOMETHING MEDIOCRE MINDS CANNOT CONTEMPLATE, BUT MAY CAUSE DEFEAT, [50-55].

5. JETONAUTICS: U.S., Russia and China, by November 6, 2018, have elevated jetonautics to a global arms race, which today involve: U.S. (JES-F-22), v. RUSSIA, (JES-Su-57), v. CHINA JES-10B, and possibly JAPAN. EU, is under its 27-years-anti-JESwar-against-all-odds, [5, 13, 14, 55], is neither a member, nor is predicted to be able-one during the next air-sea combat generation, if it exists as EU during the next 20 years. Other countries are, JAPAN and INDIA, have already joined the Jetonautics club, and the UK, with its UCAV-TARANIS, may too go JES, [Id.].

6. WOULD a RUSSIAN UCAV-FLEETS BE EFFECTIVE?

UP TO RECENTLY it has not been developed, Unlike China. But it may be relatively fast to deploy armed-JES-UCAVS THAT CAN BE REFUELD ON TOP OF SURFING SUBS, old or advanced, or on future small-UCAV-SEA-CARRIERS, by converting old ships to UCAV CARRIERS, since the global trend is ''optionally manned''.

7. COUNTER-AIR-PENETRATION, CAP, OF WESTERN FORCES INTO RUSSIA AND/OR

CHINA, SAY, BY B-21-FLEET WITH ARMED UCAVs, LIKE TARANIS, or X-47B DERIVATIVES, or old vehicles converted to UCAVs:

19

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

(A) Converting old ships to function as JES-UCAV-CARRIERS to enhance UCAVfleets during long-range or other missions, (B) Converting old submarines to function as JES-UCAV-AUTO-REFUELING ON ITS TOP BY SURFING to enhance UCAV-fleets during long-range or other missions,

TH

TH

8. Follow-the-leader-as-one-unit-swarm of unmanned, JES-upgraded, 4 and 5 -

Generation JES-old-fighter-aircraft, e.g. JES-A-4, JES-F-4, JES-A-10, integrated with larger swarms of JES-UCAVs, or lower-costs JES-jet-drones, Figs. 22-25, may play a key role during CAP offensive and defensive missions, or other missions.

TH

9. 8 to 20 years should be allowed by 6 -Generation defense committees to design,

develop, certify and deploy new generations of advanced jet engines – a forcemajor-fact that rules all future programs, [1-12], including hypersonic turboramjets and scramjets, that are, by fact, jet engines, vis-à -vis much shorter times to deliver airframes and avionics -- a conclusion that should not include low-cost, CAP FLEETS, or SWARMING options, Figs. 22-25.

10. The Jet-Engines-Industry should provide Nominated Prime Defense Contractors.

REASONS: Hypersonic ramjets and scramjets are jet engines. Prime contractors for subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic based programs should be professionally nominated from the jetengines-industry, as traditionally done, and too often causing run-away costs, delays and performance compromises. [Cf. Editorials on FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES v. UCLASS, F-35, X-51 programs, [1, 5, 13, 14, 49, 50].

20

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

TH 11. MAXIMIZED PASSANGERS FLIGHT-SAFETY should be available during the 6 -

Generation to the international public by certified safest feasible biz-type-size-JEStransports powered by relatively high thrust to weight ratio turbofan jet engines, Figs. 9. Strong support has, so far, been published by AVIATION WEEK, AEROSPACE AMERICA and invited opening lectures in international conferences in China, Russia, Germany and Poland, [1-14, 19-21, 24-26, 29-34, 44-48].

12. Jet-engine-R&D-researchers-and-designers should get adult educations on

jetonautics v. aerodynamics, JES-flight control/WVR AIR COMBAT, Ramjets, Scramjets, air combat, SOS, swarming technology and UCAVs, while airframe and other experts, should study, or even master, jet-engine designs, dynamics, materials, durability, tests, sub, super and hype combustion, [1-12].

13. 27-years hot debates with EU, ISRAEL (LAVI), and other opponents, are moot.

REASONS: The fundamentals and practice of (I) The physics of A/C-rotation during JES, (II) canarded air combat vehicles v. jetonautics in air combat, (III) civil transport jetonautics, [44-48], (iii) U.S. JES-F-22 and Russia's JES-SU-FAMILY and the November 06, 2018, JES-addition by JES-J-10B, [5, 13, 14, 22, 23, 27, 28, 32, 50-55].

14. THE INTERNATIONAL CANARDS BLUNDER: EVENTUALLY, AS CLAIMED FOR DECADES, [7, 13, 14, 55(6)], CANARDS HAVE BEEN DISCARDED BY USA, RUSSIA AND CHINA, Fig. 8. POST 3 DECADES, AMERICANS, RUSSIANS AND CHINESE DESIGNERS HAVE FINALLY CONCLUDED THAT NASA-BOEING, canarded-X-36, is wrong and misleading, the cost of that mistake, as predicted decades ago, [5, 13, 14], has already surpassed $-billions , Cf. the Lavi cancelation, Cf., e.g. BIO and [50, nnm,jnmm55].

21

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

_________

Figure 3: The first COBRA was performed in early 1987, [15, 16], with JES-stealth, tailless/canard-less, 3D-VECTORING flying prototypes, FIG. 4, [12 at 10, 140-154], as NON-GOVERNMENT, UN-SPONSORED SERIES OF STATE-PROTECTED TRADE SECRETS IPA78402, June-1986-invited by BOEING for the USG, on August-25, 1986, contracteddelivered-exporting IPA78402 tailless-canardless, AOOF-FREE, STEALTH-JES-DESIGNTRADE-SECRETS to be adopted for the UNITED STATES 1986-ATF/YF-22 as its centralstealth-propulsion-system, and same for the final, 1990-STEALTH-JES-YF-22 -- later the STEALTH-JES F-22-RAPTOR -- [1-11, 12 (at 45, 140-146), 15, 16, 50-55]. Cf. 1987UNCLASSIFIED short VIDEO at, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3n87EO4pZ_E].

Showing only unclassified, caption-only of A78402 timely-unlimited-protectedconfidential trade secrets RE: (1) 1968-1987 WIND-TUNNELING-TESTED-JES-stealth, tailless-canardless air-combat models, (2) 1982-1987, same enlarged and tested by full-scale-jet-engine Marbore-II, Fig. 12.

(3) August 25, 1986, post-June-1986-U.S.-invitated, signed contract for exporting said IPA78402 tailless-canardless, AOOF-FREE, STEALTH-JES-DESIGN-TRADE-SECRETS to be adopted to the UNITED STATES 1986-ATF/YF-22 as its central-stealth-propulsion-system and same for the final, 1990-STEALTH-JES-ATF/YF-22 -- later the STEALTH-JES-F-22-RAPTOR -- [27].

22

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Figure 4: 3D-JES FOR 6TH-Generation WINNERS-I: 3-DIMENSIONAL THRUST VECTORING FLIGHT CONTROL (JES) for single-engine UCAV or fighter JES-jet. The first flight-tested prototype, GAL-3, [12 at 146] was 3D-JES-tailless-canardless, AOOF-FREE, SINGLE-ENGINE prototype, [12 at 140-151], each with 2 yaw-pitch-roll-rectangular nozzles indicated, [1968-1986-IPA-78402-trade-secrets-designs]. DELTA-Y (YAWDEFLECTING-JETS) was radio-controlled by internal yaw-vanes, [41]. ROLL TVC was radio controlled by one nozzle up, the other down. PITCH TVFC was done by both nozzles up or down, Fig. 5. These allowed HELICOPTER TYPE, maneuvers, as illustrated, and 11 new, unprecedented, air-combat SACOM, some projected today to support CAP missions, both in offensive and defensive WVR situations, or for multiple-firing at terrorists positions during a single over-flight, [12].

23

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Figure 5: 3D-JES FOR 6TH-

Generation.

DELTA-Y

(YAW-

DEFLECTING-JETS, Fig. 4) was radiocontrolled by internal yaw-vanes, [41].

ROLL TVC was radio controlled by one nozzle up, the other down. PITCH TVFC was done by both nozzles up or down.

UPGRADING during the 6th-gen, 5thgen, AOOF-BASED VEHICLES [55] to function as TOP-WVR-JES-WINNERS, does not require to change the jet engines per se, except by low-cost, modifying extant nozzles, Fig. 6.

JES-Nozzle-performance is affected by altitude and speed, Fig. 2, jet-engine-dynamics and Pressure Ratio, NPR, [12 at 64, 77]. Rectangular nozzles like those used originally, Fig. 4, were full-size-hot jet-engine tested first, Fig. 12, up to about 30 degrees JES-deflections angles, where adverse effects, like those induced by a separation bubble, had been evaluated, [41]. Various classified maps of JES performance were generated for JES-modified IFPC and flight tests, [1-12, 34-43]. The results were used by USAF for JES-F-15 lab and flight

tests, [35-39], Lockheed, for JES-F-16, [40, 41], PWA, JES-YF-22/2D-JES-F-22, [41], GE rounded JESnozzles [43], FAA Civil-JES-nozzles on BOEING JES-727-1/7i-scale prototype, [19, 44-48].

24

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Figure 6: 3D-JES FOR 5th/6th-Gens. Upgrading, like China has just done, a 4th-gen J-10, [55], to function as TOP-WVR-JES-WINNER, does not require to change the jet engine per se, except by modifying extant nozzles to function at least as 2D-CD.

IN SUM: 6th-Gen jet-engines-designers should master at least the integrated SOS-IFPC, (Cf., "PREFACE TO VOLUME I", Figs. 11, 13, 14, and [50-55]).

Same applies to engine-experts who do not master flight dynamics, stealth, BVR, WVR and self-repairing/hydraulics incorporated into projected SOS-IFPC, [1-12].

Textbooks on jet engines often make fundamental mistakes in presenting JES-vectoring as in rockets, which are based on fixed geometry nozzles, while JES-VECTORING, Figs. 5, 11, 13, 14, simultaneously opens, closes and vector the nozzles in 1, 2 or 3D coordinates, almost with minor modification to the structure of the main jet engine, except what is first indicated below.

IFPC – MODIFIED INTEGRATED FLIGHT PROPULSION CONTROL FOR VECTORING – incorporates SOS-AISimulations, like: (a) how engine's thrust varies with altitude, speed, inlet-air-temperature,

(b) number, type and duration of cycles, say under dust environments, especially under:

(c) inlet-compressor-combustor-turbine-A/B- cycles, dynamics,

(d) Pilot throttle changing commands v. maneuvers, missile firing,

(e) engine serial models, SACOM, mission and self-repairing by modern AI-IFPC-PROGRAMS.

25

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Supplemental Glossary

FADEC: Full Authority Digital Engine Control, [12].

PST Inlets are of two major types: "stealthy", as in Figs. 7 and 14, or "regular", [12 at 243-245].

BY-PASS RATIO is designed low for fighter aircraft engines and high for cargo and passengers transports, but may be flight-variable in 6TH-Generation by new VARIABLE CYCLE ENGINES (VCE) proffered today to lower fuel consumption/increase range, [12 at 197, 21, 51-53].

High v. Low Pressure Compressors. These are independently powered by two independently rotating turbines, (4, 4.5), hence are independently rotating, [12 at 211].

A/B stands for After Burner that boosts thrust at the cost of high fuel consumption, but is used in top-line fighter A/C during takeoff, combat, emergency, extra-speeding, self-repairing.

2D-CD represents 2 Dimensional, Converging Diverging supersonic military jet engines nozzles, e.g., F-22.

SOS-IFPC is operated by both pilot stick and throttle via SOS-HELMET-SIGHTING-FIRING-AI-SYSTEMS, [12].

FLYER replaces pilot in UCAV flying ahead of (a) a central-mission-combat-command, like B-21-SOS-IFPC (Fig. 17), (b) CAP-fighter A/C SOS-IFPC, (c) LCS, Fig. 18, missile boats, carriers, mobile ground stations.

IFPC-FLUIDICS BLEEDS AIR FROM HPC to be properly injected into the nozzle, Fig. 5, (no-moving parts) JES RATES should be in line with, if mixed with AOOF-SURFACES ROTATION RATES, [1-11, 12 at 42].

Figure

7:

should,

besides

STEALTH-JET-ENGINE-Air-Inlets-LIPS/EXHAUST-FLAPS-ENDS, proper-radar-radiation-frequency-absorbing-materials-

coatings-inner structures, [54], sidewise orient-deflect incoming radar waves, as shown only externally, if that is the sole initial path to stealth, we define it AAS-STEALTH. STEALTH JET-ENGINE INLETS MAY HELP HIDING THE JET-ENGINE FAN-COMPRESSOR FRONT FROM RADAR WAVES by a STEALTH-FRONT-BUMP, as shown. IT can be removed for non-stealth missions and training, [1-12].

26

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Figure 8: POST 1990 WIN of JES-YF-22 OVER NON-JES YF-23, USAF and U.S. defense industries designed a "PURE" (manned or unmanned)

JES-STEALTH,

TAILLESS,

CANARDLESS,

AOOFLESS FIGHTER AIRCRAFT. While [officially] is not yet constructed/flight tested, it has influenced recent designs, like the X-47-B, X-45C. It is listed X-44

MANTA (MULTI-AXIS, NO TAIL, AOOFFREE Aircraft, as invited and contractimported for the central system of the stealth-JES-YF-22 [1-12, 15, 16].

Invited and contracted on August 25, 1986, less the canards, this X-36 configuration has mislead armies of EU, RUSSIAN AND CHINESE DESIGNERS, [5, 13,14], to believe that NASA and BOEING have discovered evidence to prefer canards on future fighter aircraft and UCAVs. But [35-39], etc., have helped to declare this JES-X-36 a blunder.

ABOUT TWO DECADES LATER, the RUSSIANS AND CHINESE DESIGNERS HAVE, AT LAST,

27

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

REALIZED THIS NASA-BOEING is a MISTAKE. Cf. Su-57, J-20, and starting from X-45A-UCAV, Boeing has corrected its mistakes.

Figure 9: MAXIMIZED PASSANGERS FLIGHT-SAFETY should be available to the public during the 6THGeneration as the safest feasible biz-type-size-JES-transports powered by relatively high thrust to weight ratio turbofan jet engines.

Strong support has been published by AVIATION WEEK, AEROSPACE AMERICA and invited opening lectures in international conferences in China, Russia, Germany and Poland, [1-14, 19-21, 24-27, 29-34, 44-48].

Such SAFEST-JES-TRANSPORTS should be funded by governmental agencies, enforced by act of CONGRESS (legislating civilizing military JES to provide maximized public flight safety).

This challenge (revolution?) should cross borders by presenting available FAA-funded subscaled flight tests results of BOEING-JES-727 to interested BIZ-JETS-COMPANIES in CANADA and BRAZIL. REASONS: Unequivocally JES-TRANSPORTS can save passengers and troops lives and prevent much damage in crashes during takeoffs and landing under strong side winds, heavy-ice-on-wings, tail-or-landing-gear-failures, loss of all hydraulics and un-recoverable pilot mistakes. Despite unequivocal, first proof-of-concepts flight tests of BOEING-JES-727-MODEL and partly funded in ISRAEL, by FAA in 1994-1995, BOEING REFUSES TO CIVILIZE MILITARY JES. WHY? There are more than the following adverse-ulterior driving forces:

1. Committees reject funding for safest, high-T/W-RATIO-CARGO/TROOPS-TRANSPORTS – a mistake.

2. Jet-engines industries are not interested to fund SMALL/HIGH-T/W-TRANSPORTS – a mistake.

28

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

3. Large airframe industries reject selling SMALL/HIGH-T/W-TRANSPORTS – a mistake.

4. AOOF- Biz-jets-industry is not encouraged to save lives and prevent much damage – a mistake.

Figure 10: Post the proof-of-concept, [15, 16], the United-States Air Force invited to visit it at WPAFB, DAYTON, OH, in the summer of 1987 to verify and study the video evidence of that claim, [12 at 140, 147, 149].

Absolutely convinced, it THEN FUNDED FLIGHT TESTS of

JES-F-15 [24-43] with our simplest JES design [12 at 24, 80, 81, 83, 85, 146] also used later by HERBST's Rockwellinternational,

DARPA-

NASA-MBB U.S.-X-31*, which has confirmed our 1987 predictions of high kill-ratio advantage of JESfighter A/C over AOOFbased ones in WVR-air-combat, as greater then 60. Similar JES-systems were used by Lockheed-JES-F-16-VISTA and NASA-JES-F-15-ACTIVE. _______________

* MEMORIAL TO THE GREAT PIONEER DR. WOLFGANG HERBST: TIIT Jet Laboratory secretary gives me the phone: "Dr. HERBST from Germany is on the line". Post congratulating him for proving with his-JES-X-31, 64 to 1 KILL-RATIO advantage over-AOOF-fighter A/C during WVR-simulated air-combat, while being reminded how he in Germany and me in Israel had been attacked and laughed at for claiming that we can fly and get benefits by supermaneuverability, by breaking the stall barrier in WVR air combat, by preventing catastrophes in landing under strong side winds, and by endless JES benefits. So what is the connection with China's J-10B? HERBST disclosed that the UNITED STATES AIR FORCE is interested to review a supportive or joined PROPOSAL OF HIM AND ME to develop alternative, low-cost, single-engine, STEALTH-JES A/C for export and domestic needs.

29

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

I had been forced then to decline: A PERSONAL ORDER by Defense, later PRIME MINISTER OF ISRAEL, YITSHACK RABIN, dictates SHARE nothing of IPA78402 protected trade secrets WITH ANYONE OUTSIDE THE USG, thus exports kill the proposal. (Said order can only be changed by Rabin's own personal approval, a frozen dictate post him being murdered.).

Contended today: The remaining "low-cost", single-engine, stealth, JES-less, F-35, has since been left, unchallenged, at $400 bn total program cost for TWO additional reasons:

REASON-I: DAYS PASSED, YEARS GONE and shocked I am to read that DR. HERBST CRASHED DURING PILOTING HIS WW-II REPLICA FIGHTER AIRCRAFT. DAYS PASSED, YEARS GONE and shocked I am again: Post being sited next to a German in a tourist bus, at a SPAIN-EXPO, and mutual introductions, he told me that he was the Airport-Tower-Controller that had refused WOLFGANG HERBST REQUEST TO LET HIM TAKEOFF WITHOUT FURTHER WAITING, WHEN HERBST had DISOBEYED, TOOKOFF AND WING-WAVED ON HIM IN THE TOWER IN RAGE THAT CAUSED HIM TO CRASH. REASON-II: Reflections back on HERBST-PROPOSAL: INTEGRATING JES-STEALTH-IPA78402 WITH his X-31 DESIGN, VIS-À-VIS THE STEALTH-LESS LOW-COST J-10 today and the $400 billion F-35 program cost, [1, 49].

________

Figure 11: JES design is accomplished without changing the jet engine PER SE, only by modifying its IFPC (Fig. 6), the exhaust nozzle, adding actuators and swivel

rings-systems,

stronger-engine-to-airframe-

linked, stronger back-structures and new control links of engine IFPC to both pilot stick and throttle.

30

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

JES-VECTORING-ENGINE-NOZZLES TYPES (1) Mechanical JES-Engine-Nozzle-Types: Rectangular, as on 1968-1986 STEALTH-JES-MODELS,

[12 at 24, 85, 112, 127, 131, 132, 146, 147] and flight-tested since 1987, Fig. 4, [15, 16], and as on the August 25, 1986 central JES-STEALTH design of the ATF/YF-22, later F-22-Raptor, Figs.

4, 5, or rounded (axi-symmetric) and composed of flaps, Fig. 13, both types being operated by both pilot's stick and throttle, while, under U.S.-designs, the rounded-types are actuated by two rings-actuators-IFPC-systems, Fig. 6: A. Pilot-throttle-commands that opens and close the 2D-CD-nozzle, Figs. 5, 6, under pilotthrottle-commands, or SOS-IFPC, B. independently of A, by pilot-stick-operating-ring-actuators-JES-IFPC-SOS that rapidly deflect the jets in 3D, or, instead, rotates the entire nozzle, as advanced by Russian-JES-designers, who also allow axi-canted jet-engine-installations to further make JES simpler, e.g., Su-30-MKI-JESnozzles, which are mounted 32 degrees outward to longitudinal engine axis (in the horizontal plane).

(2) Non-Mechanical JES-fluidics functioning as A and B by properly injecting HPC-AIR INTO THE EXHAUST NOZZLE. It is not only a less-complex vis-a-vis the mechanical methods, it is based on fewer or no moving parts. HOWEVER, it is limited in max-deflecting vectoring angles and is applicable to relatively small JES-UCAVS, [1-11].

(3) Lowest-cost, simplest JES is used by installing 3 or 4 deflecting vans post the engine's exhaust nozzle, Fig. 10, X-31, F-16-VISTA, F-18 HARV, [1-11].

(4) INSERTING ROUNDED-TO-RECTANGULAR-DUCT to allow IMPROVED STEALTH DESIGNS, e.g. YF-

22(F-22), [1-12].

31

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

(5) UNDER JES design Rules, jet deflecting RATES SHOULD BE AT LEAST as fast as AOOF-SURFACES ROTATING RATES. (6) JES MUST BE DESIGNED as INTEGRATED, NOT ADDED, part of WITH THE WHOLE UNIT systems-ofsystems-jetonautics, [12 AT 10].

Figure 12: Low-cost test facility, $25 million with jet engines, [12 at 140, 142, 144, 146].

Founded by author with IAF [providing jet engines that powered IAF F-4 and F-16], Bet Shemesh Engines [providing 3 J69 Jet engines, Fig. 23], IDF TANKS DIVISION [various gas turbines], American Technion Society, American Banker Shirley Tark. Total value in 2000: $25 million.

NOTE: A limited resources country establishing mass production of low-cost jet engines, Figs. 22-25, may use similar, low cost altitude test facility to modify and certify small JES-jet-engine systems for JES-UCAVs with JESstealth inlets and JES-exhausts, Fig. 14, [Id.].

32

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Section (1) usually harbors stealth-type jet-engine air inlet as integral part of JES-stealth system tested.

The air inlet can be fed with hot or cold high-speed air from 7-ton compressed air passing through a large heat exchanger (marked 8).

Otherwise this section is kept open for low-cost sea-level studies, (2) low-cost MARBORE-II jet engine (Fig. 23) is installed on highly-instrumented-balancing-stand that measures JES-induced 3D forces, vibrations, temperatures, pressure and engine performance, all monitored by control room No. 5, (marked 9); split stealth YAW-PITCH-ROLL-JES-rectangular-exhausts, Fig. 14.

Sea level operation is allowed by gas turbine and big fan evacuating the unit and, (5) Ejector fed by gas turbine (6) or by 7 tons compressed air at 160 atm; (7) Fuel system controlled by operator in Control room No. 5, (9), as part of additional, integrated, four other test facilities, each with its control room.

All these facilities were funded by SHIRLEY TURK under contract that forbids any one from taking any of these elements or instruments outside this laboratory.** ____________

** Dr. SEM WILLIAMS, pioneer, owner and president of WI -- THE LEADING U.S. COMPANY of SMALL TURBO-FAN ENGINES, had once inquired, at the U.S. Pentagon, about the funding of the 5 facilities used in my laboratory for developing and testing new JES-Systems. MY Response: Our 5 test facilities were funded by AMERICAN TECHNION SOCIETY and SHIRLEY TURK, a banker from Chicago. These were formally inaugurated in 1982 at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, in Haifa, as the SHIRELEY TARK JET-ENGINES-LABORATORY, described by Reference [12].

There

is

also

a

short,

unclassified,

you-tube

video

on

these

facilities

at

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTJyvNOFNEmLvuLQb0tsXLA;

Figure 13: JES exhaust nozzles

may be rounded

(axisymmetric) or rectangular (thus, upon proper designintegration, improve A/C-stealth-levels from front, back, sides, below and above angles. Cf. stealth-JES-F-22-Design.

Rounded designs deflect JES-jets in 3D by (1) ring operated by pilot stick. (2) extant 2ND-ring operated by pilot throttle.

UNDER JES-IFPC the jet-engine-nozzle, Fig. 6, is wide open at idle, gradually closing for increased thrust, and opened again if after-burner is used. The flaps outer ends in this EU-2-BELATED-

33

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

JES-NOZZLE, [1-11], are still wrong for stealth-JES-missions, which EU had neglected for two decades, by canard-based-design. EU NOZZLE FLAPS, EVEN WITHOUT STEALTH-JETONAUTICS, should INCORPORATE stealth FLAP-LIPS as needed by inlet lips, (Fig. 7). Designing, testing and certification of 6TH-Generation STEALTHjetonautics systems should fall under the sole responsibility of jet-engines and nacelle industries, for it also require thermal, noise, visual, materials, painting "low-observables", "lo", or "lt'', for low detectability, Fig. 7, [1-11, 12 at 10, 54].

Aero-Space-Combat Glossary-III

Figure 14: Jetonautics by Stealth-JES:

(1) Serpentine-type stealth air inlet that hides jet-engine-front from enemy-front-radars, (2) Rectangular JES-nozzles blended with stealth airframe surfaces at A/C back and front, (3) JES-IFPC operated under RULES No. 1, ..., Figs. 6, 7, (4) air inlet lips that sidewise deflect incoming detecting radar waves, Fig. 7, (5) Radar-absorbing-structures of inlet-internal-surfaces, (6) Multiple layers of radar-absorbing inner painted-surfaces.

(7) JES DEFLECTION RATES MAXIMIZED, FAILURE IN F-35 DESIGN (FIG. 4), POOR AGILITY. (8) STEALTH INTEGRATED RECTANGULAR NOZZLES, as in YF-22/F-22 and JES-F-15 [35-39].

(9) IFPC for CANTED-JET-ENGINES by Russian JES-ADAPTATION-fighter-A/C.

34

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Figure 15: (left), FOR Class DEBATE

Designers who should cease to hold office and be named, not hidden?

SELECTED F-35-fighter-aircraft-JES IS NOT JES. It is not only SLUGISH, NOT EVEN 1D-JESVECTORING, BUT EXCESSIVELY COMPLEX, easily damaged, say, by dust and hard landing, thus leading to reduced use and reduced 6th-gen-super-agility vis-Ă -vis JES-SU-30MKI/JES-Su-57, JES-J-10B and next 5th-6th-gen-air-combat means. Its counter-rotating engine sections-mechanisms, so-nonprofessionally-selected by mediocre minds from an old, discarded, failed, Russian design, is not

even wrong to be proffered for review. As time progresses, it is predicted to cost many victimized lives, before being consumed by the flames of history, [8]. But today it is what the nominated committees experts have enforced on many, in big numbers, and bigger costs, as to emerge

a classic class-case to study, with names attached, not hidden.

THE NAVY SELECTED ''DESIGN" has not only sentenced other F-35-designs obsolete before being deployed, it is the worst. It reduces F-35-WVR-air-combat to a clear, absolute defeat, even by a low

35

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

cost, super-agile- JES-J-10, [55], or by SOS-SM-300-400-500, Fig. 35, to absolute defeat by Russian and Chinese JES-fighter-aircraft, caused by those who dream about secured U.S.-BVR during the next 20 years, designers who should all cease to hold office, and be named, not hidden, Fig. 15, [8].

Figure 16: (right), Stealth-JES-CRUISE-MISSILE DESIGN, [12 at 83]. Unclassified decades ago but good for class education tomorrow.

___________

Initial Questions For a Class Debate

I often open my lectures on these issues with 4 questions: (1) I can prevent passenger jets from crashing during landing under strong side winds, or during takeoffs with heavy ice deposited on the wings, or landing when under-wheels are partially-damaged, or when all airframe hydraulics is lost (jetengines harbor their own hydraulic systems to function), while the vertical AOOFtail fails to function due to stall, Fig. 1, at this most critical low speed, (Figs. 1, 2), thus the pilots CANNOT turn the aircraft nose back to the runway, UNLESS, somehow, I generate -- BY OPERATING JET ENGINES -- fast ROTATING-FORCEMOMENTS, NOT AOOF-TURNING, that rotate the aircraft around its C.G. to reorient its nose back to the runway and save lives and prevent damages that AOOF-CANNOT?

(2) WOOF-Control experts and pilots often fail to comprehend such physics of rotations provided by Jet Engine Steering, JES, especially when, for illustration, I propose to locate a combat pilot at or close to the A/C-C.G., and claim that he

36

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

encounters only head rotation, not a 'black-out' caused by AOOF-Control during WVR-high-G-LOADS, [22-48].

(3) Should JES, putting aside for the debate, other, well-proven, JES ADVANTAGES OVER AOOF-VEHICLES, replace, at least in part, AOOF-dominated-TURNING-toTARGET during WVR AIR COMBAT, [12, 18, 55] ?

(4) Can such JES-ADVANTAGES over AOOF-VEHICLES, lead to WVR-combat-wins [looming future under projected end of current stealth-BVR-ASYMMETRY for fighter A/C (NOT-FOR-SOS-B-21-CAP-FLEETS], due to Russian and Chinese growing stealth-symmetry capabilities that induce, (INTRODUCTION), high-kill-ratios in WVR to the side mastering JES-IN-WVR, e.g., Figs. 3 and 4, [1-12, 18, 55]?

Stealth-Asymmetry Today Induces BVR, Stealth Symmetry Tomorrow Induces WVR

(a) Defeat of the West is contended if JES is not triply-funded today because armies of mediocre minds keep claiming that WVR is dead due to U.S. MAINTAINING STEALTH ASYMMETRY FOR EVER, and thus the enemy is destroyed by superstealthy A/C before a real conflict unfolds.

(b) Others do not compare long-time-path-of-missiles-to-target in AOOF-control v. shorter time-path of same missiles to same-targets, under same conditioned, with JES, [18].

37

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

(c) AOOF pilots are often fast to downplay or reject any JES-BENEFITS. Some claim that rapid JES-ROTATIONS would cause "pilot black-out", other that flying and combating in post-stall domains is impossible, or is good only for air shows by Russia, U.S. and now China.

(d) Such negative attitudes were sounded mainly by EU and by ISRAELI COMPANIES [1-11, 54, 55], but in Israel had caused the Lavi Program cancellation, and thousands being fired.

(e) Similar self-inflicted damages have caused EU-fighter-A/C-MARKETS to fail for decades.

(f) STUDIES of PILOT BIOPHYSICS, [39], should thus include JETONAUTICS, partly to prevent conceptual-design-mistakes and associated cost-damages that adversely affect traditional doctrines and strategies that still dominate most nations and the less-informed.

UK UCAV TARANIS

Somewhat comparable to the well-flight-tested, ADVANCED, LARGE, U.S. UCAVSTEALTH-X-47B, the newer, 8t, >M-1, well-flight-tested, advanced, UK-STEALTH-UCAV, TARANIS, is one of the world’s largest stealth UCAVs. It is delta-shaped, supported by tricycle-type landing gear and propelled by RR Adour turbofan, (Fig. 25), https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/tanaris/* ___________

38

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

* UK UCAV TARANIS is currently powered by Rolls-Royce Adour 951 jet engine, which provides 6,480lb thrust. The RR ADURE jet engines may be further enhanced to about 10,000 lbf by advanced materials in the hot section for improved thrust and durability, a new fan design to provide higher thrust and hydrodynamic control, replaced by Full authority digital engine control (FADEC, and IFPC, Fig. 6).

UK BAE Systems is PRIME CONTRACOR, and is responsible for stealth and low detectability (lt), systems integration and system control infrastructure.

GE Aviation Systems is responsible for providing the fuel gauging systems and electrical power.

Integrated Systems Technologies (Insyte), a subsidiary of BAE Systems, is providing C4ISTAR computers, command, control, communications, intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance support.

Claverham Ltd (formerly Fairey Hydraulics Ltd) provides Primary Flight Control Actuation System.

Dunlop Aerospace Braking Systems is providing the wheels, brakes and brake control systems for the air vehicle. Insyte is responsible for delivery of mission planning/control, payload control, imagery analysis and exploitation, integration and clearance of the ground control provided by BAE Systems IAS in Australia.

Kestrel UAV's blended-wing design was developed by BAE Systems with Cranfield University.

Current ÂŁ185m budget is managed by BAE Systems. The platform developers include QinetiQ and GE Aviation Systems (formerly Smiths Aerospace).

Under a 2014 Anglo-French contract, parts from TARANIS may be combined with (renegotiable today?) French nEUROuntested stealth-UCAV and (negotiable today?) programs of the remaining EU. The UK is also building 2 aircraft carriers.

On July 16, 2018 the UK announced an optionally manned fighter aircraft, Tempest, that around 2035 may be fielded, inter alia, to control fleets of UCAVs or SWARMS of mini-drones, using SWARMING TECHNOLOGY for both defense and CAP offensive missions that include drone-swarming-attacks against terrorists around the world.

GLOBAL ASYMMETRY BY U.S. 6TH-GEN-B-21-FLEET

In November 2016, the United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board announced the need to enhance and further develop Counter Air Penetration (CAP) programs to be fielded early during the 6TH-Generation. Goals, strategy and means that have been incorporated from previous programs or have been generated since, include, but are not limited to "optionally manned", stealthy, long-range, supersonic B-21, Fig.-17.

39

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Figure 17: The U.S. $85 Billion, "optionally manned", SOS-fleet of stealth B-21s is to be deployed in the early stages of the 6THGeneration, and is herein contended to be globally-unmatched,

SOS-CAP-Asymmetry with SOS-means described below.

According to U.S. Government Accounting Office (GAO) Reports

(GAO),

[49], about 140 to 200 B-21s are needed.

The B-21s can fly behind fleets of armed, optionally manned, stealth-A/C and larger fleets of armed CAP-UCAVsJES-UCAVs, like the TARANIS defined above, or other types of CAP-SWARMS. CAP-A/C, equipped with updated detection and weapons capabilities, and flying behind or post local

actions of SUITABLE CAP-SWARMS. This unmanned fleet harbours additional key option: IT CAN FUNCTION AS A ONE-WAY SUPERCLUSTER OF FLYING BOMBS AIMED AT A KEY TARGETS, OR SPLIT. The U.S. Air Force is soon to acquire a new long-range fighter known as "Penetrating Counter-Air" that would accompany the B-21 fleet deep into enemy territory, [49-53]. The B-21-fleet includes LONGRANGE STANDOFF, LRSO, NUCLEAR CRUISE MISSILES, NCM, ASSM-ER, conventional or hypersonic cruise missiles, B-61 gravity-free-fall-from-B-21-Nuclear-bombs, GBU-31, Satellite-guided-bombs, and, optionally, FLYERS of UCAVs, who fly with one or more of the B-21s.

Aero-Space-Combat Glossary-IV

Congress-&-President-Trump approved FY 2019 $716 billion defense budget vis-Ã -vis

FY 2017-budget and 1998-2016 FY budgets.

40

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

According to ttps://dod.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-ReleaseView/Article/652687/department-of-defense-dod-releases-fiscal-year-2017presidents-budget-proposal: "The FY 2017 budget reflects recent strategic threats and changes that have taken place in Asia, the Middle East and Europe.

Russian aggression, terrorism by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and others, and China's island building and claims of sovereignty in international waters all necessitate changes in our strategic outlook and in our operational commitments.

Threats and actions originating in Iran and North Korea negatively affect our interests and our allies."

"The FY 2017 budget request will allow us to develop new unmanned systems, design a new long-range bomber and a new long-range stand-off cruise missile, and modernize our nuclear arsenal."

"Requests $145.8 million in FY 2017 for support to Israel. This reflects our unshakeable commitment to Israel and its security and funds Iron Dome, David’s Sling, Arrow, and other cooperative defense programs." "The Unmanned Carrier-Launched Air Surveillance and Strike (UCLASS) program has been restructured and renamed the Carrier Based Aerial Refueling System", (Fig. 28).

“Even as we fight today’s fights, we must also be prepared for the fights that might come in 10, 20, or 30 years.”

RECAP

1. I contend that equal stealth levels of adversaries would emerge during the 6TH-Generation. This prediction is based on growing evidence reviewed by editorials [1 to 11] and [54].

2. If and when this prediction materializes, it is to end the current U.S. stealth-asymmetry that allows BVR-win, and would force both-sides to get closer and closer to each other for a first, if at all,

41

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

verifiable detection-identification, prior to launching SOS-weapons into what might be empty sky and associated failures, therefore: 3 Air-Sea-WVR-combat, under any situation, is asserted associated with SOS-JETONAUTICS based on JES-Supermaneuverabilty, Figs. 1 to 16, [12, 55]. And neglected today may touch the stakes of survival.

4. Current JES-symmetry may next evolve into reversed asymmetry.

5. UCLASS cancellation may also cancel surfing submarines that provide temporary-runways to shorttake-off and landing for refuelling JES-UCAVs. 6. Reduced size, low-cost-carriers for JES-UCAVs are needed.

When human-lives are not lost in air-sea combat Defensive or offensive UCAV-CAP-encounters should not involve loss of human lives on any side.

1. Follow-the-leader-swarms Follow-the-leader swarms would form part of CAP offensive or defensive missions. These are composed of prop-drones or jet-UCAVs that move within a pre-defined distance of each other as the swarm maneuvers as a single unit in a suicide or a returning mode.

2. Psychological drills vs. hot-encounters National flyer championships of low-cost, commercial, remote-controlled air and sea vehicles in variously located sports clubs are non-military family activities, even when the ulterior, hidden drive is to demonstrate is hitting ''non-sport-targets'' with ''non-wooden balls'' – perhaps a local deterrence against superior armed forces.

42

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

3. China flies 1108 drones as a single unit In December 2017, at the Global Fortune Form in Guangzhou, China flies a swarm of 1108 prop-drones, reported to have self-repairing and auto-landing capabilities, [February 03, 2018, The Diplomat].

In 2017 China had also tested drones flying at 20 km altitude, a mission involving the Academy of Optoelectronics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

There is also a video that shows China flying a 119-Swarm of prop-drones, each costing around $150: https://www.wetalkuav.com/119-fixed-wing-drones-china/

4. When dead pilots see the end of war?

DICTUM A: Only one, like a future U.S. LRSO, fired from its supersonic B-21, or from a forthcoming CAP Fighter Aircraft, or UCAV, or LCS, submarine, or by a land center of command, needs to get to verifiable key target to meet a strategic aim. And if that fails, manned stealth/superagile A/C may enter the encounter, risking a loss of life.

DICTUM B: Most AOOF-based swarms are hard or impossible to be detected by radars, to be identified and neutralized. (Their civil use has given rise to various legal issues that are outside the aims and scope of this DICTIONARY-TEXTBOOK.).

Conclusions ยง

6TH-Generation Stealth Technology would be more advanced, expensive and complex than that of the 5TH.

ยง

Russia and China today are only on the initial path to reach 5th-gen-level of real stealth.

ยง

Uninformed "reporters" attach the word "stealth" wrongly to air vehicles that are only partly STEALTH.

43

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

§

Follow-the-leader-as-one-unit-swarm of unmanned, JES-upgraded, 4TH and 5THGeneration JES-old-fighter-aircraft, e.g. JES-A-4, JES-F-4, JES-A-10, integrated with larger swarms of JES-UCAVs, or lower-costs JES-jet-drones, Figs. 22-25, may play a key role during CAP offensive and defensive missions, or other missions.

§

8 to 20 years should be allowed by 6TH-Generation defense committees to design, develop, certify and deploy new generations of advanced jet engines – a force-major-fact that rules all future programs, [1-12], including hypersonic turbo-ramjets and scramjets, that are, by fact, jet engines, vis-à-vis much shorter times to deliver airframes and avionics -- a conclusion that should not include low-cost, CAP FLEETS, or SWARMING options, Figs. 22-25.

§

The Jet-Engines-Industry should be Prime Defense Contractors.

§

MAXIMIZED PASSANGERS FLIGHT-SAFETY should be available during the 6THGeneration to the international public by certified safest feasible biz-type-size-JES-transports powered by relatively high thrust to weight ratio turbofan jet engines, Figs. 9. Strong support has, so far, been published by AVIATION WEEK, AEROSPACE AMERICA and invited opening lectures in international conferences in China, Russia, Germany and Poland, [1-14, 19-21, 2426, 29-34, 44-48].

§

Jet-engine-R&D-researchers-and-designers should get adult educations on jetonautics v. aerodynamics, JES-flight control/WVR AIR COMBAT, Ramjets, Scramjets, air combat, SOS, swarming technology and UCAVs, while airframe and other experts, should study, or even master, jet-engine designs, dynamics, materials, durability, tests, sub, super and hype combustion, [1-12].

§

27-years hot debates with EU, ISRAEL (LAVI), and other opponents, are moot. REASONS: The fundamentals and practice of (I) The physics of A/C-rotation during JES, (II) canarded air combat vehicles v. jetonautics in air combat, (III) civil transport jetonautics, [44-48], (iii) U.S. JES-F-22 and Russia's JES-SU-FAMILY and the November 06, 2018, JES-addition by JES-J-10B, [5, 13, 14, 22, 23, 27, 28, 32, 55].

§

INTERNATIONAL CANARDS BLUNDER: EVENTUALLY, AS CLAIMED during DECADES, [7, 13, 14, 55(6)], CANARDS HAVE BEEN DISCARDED BY USA, RUSSIA AND CHINA, Fig. 8. POST 3 DECADES, AMERICANS, RUSSIANS AND CHINESE DESIGNERS HAVE FINALLY CONCLUDED

44

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

THAT NASA-BOEING, canarded-X-36, is wrong and misleading, the cost of that mistake, as predicted decades ago, [5, 13, 14], has already surpassed $-billions , Cf. the Lavi cancelation, [55]. ยง

Designers should be named, not hidden. Cf. F-35, which IS NOT JES.

________

FROM THE BOOK SHOWN ABOVE

PREFACE

"The hypotheses with which (a new development) starts, become steadily more abstract and remote from experience.

Meanwhile the train of thought leading from the axioms to the empirical facts of verifiable consequence gets longer and more subtle." A. Einstein

This book is designed to fill a professional vacuum in the new field of advanced Vectored Stealth Aircraft, VSA.

It contains a core of unclassified knowledge, that, according to the latest trends in military aviation, should be mastered by all aeronautical engineers and students, as well as by advanced pilots and various R&D people. The subject matter of this book has never before been investigated, or presented, as a unified field of study, partially because it covers an entirely new field of study, and the literature on specific problems.

45

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

As a result, different engineers have approached the new integrated systems from widely varying, and sometimes misleading viewpoints, employing disjointed concepts to what should be a unified R&D-design methodology.

Consequently, this book departs from traditional, isolated texts on aerodynamics, thermodynamics, propulsion, electrodynamics, radar, control, materials, flight, mechanics and design, in its emphasis on the interconnectedness of up-dated information in vectored, agile, STOL, or V/STOL, manned or unmanned aircraft.

Thus, in trying to develop a new, integrated methodology, we refrain from repeating various, well-known, isolated, mathematical-computational analyses, and, instead, stress the physical and performance consequences from the end-user point of view.

For the sake of unification and simplicity, the physico-performance options are first introduced in as simple a manner as possible, using many illustrated graphs and diagrams.

Part of the text is an expanded version of three university courses on "Jet-Engine Design", "Fluid Dynamics, Heat Transfer and the performance of Jet Engines", and "Technology of Jet Engines", and "Technology of Jet Engines", given at this institute over a period of years. The other part, and perhaps the major part of the text, is the exposition of the new technology with every argument that can lead to testable consequences in the laboratory and in flight testing.

46

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

IN SUM: Proper use of vectored [JES] RPVs emerges as a highly-effective R&D tool, replacing some of the more traditional roles of wind-tunnel simulations. The actual, feedback mechanisms employed in this type of highly-integrated design methodology, are marked (in the main AERO-R&D-DIAGRAM there, [12 at 10]), as a preliminary definition of Integrated VSA.

An advanced propulsion/airframe system (on which 5th/6th-integrated-gens-VSA are based), as a whole, (as THE CENTRAL PILAR and MOST-INVESTED ELEMENT within 5th/6th-gen, Systems Of Systems, SOS) -- cannot be optimized by improving each variable separately, and, then, superimposing the results on each other to get the whole optimized system.

It is, thus, imperative to strive for the overall design, i.e., to strive for an interconnected design philosophy in which the various variables are complementary within the framework of a reliable, whole-system-engineering methodology that does not exist yet.

Instead, one may use the feedback methodology depicted (in the Diagram) and detailed in the text. A few preliminary concepts for vectored aircraft R&D may be introduced now:

* Vectored RPV emerge as highly-effective R&D tools, replacing some of the more traditional roles of wind-tunnel testing and untested computational simulations.

47

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

* Mission definition and synthesis is a time-variant, testing-variant matrix, that should not be specified prematurely as a "final cause". * Design for low signatures should be of prime importance in conceptual and preliminary designs. * Propulsion-laboratory testing of integrated wing-nozzle-engine-inlet systems is of prime importance.

PREFACE TO VOLUME II

Perfection of means and confusion of goals, seem, in my opinion, to characterize our age. A. EINSTEIN

Strategy without tactics is the slowest route to victory, tactics without strategy is the noise before defeat. SUN TZU

No style of thinking will survive which cannot produce a usable product when survival is at stake. Thomas F. Gladwin

What is unorthodox and unprecedented in this book?

Much has happened during the last 28 years since the publication of textbook [12] on jetonautics, especially in terms of the somewhat surprising rate by which the revolutionary concepts, fundamentals, strategies, designs, air-combat rules, tactics, civil applications and 15 advantages of jetonautics, [1-12, 13, 14, 22-31, 33-48], over Aeronautics-Only-Obsolete-Flight-control, AOOF, within the 3RD-Flight-Control Revolution, have been gaining increasing acceptance and global support, even by the most skeptical professionals.

48

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

As we pass today the gates leading to the global, 6TH-Generation concepts, designs, fundamentals, technologies, means and strategies defined in this and the next Chapter, we face 20 timely, apparently reformative conclusions, 13 of which are presented by this introductory chapter.

I am thankful to all those who said NO. Because of them I did it myself. A. EINSTEIN

AUTHOR: "Benjamin Gal-Or & Wolfgang Herbst have influenced the direction of fighter aircraft design."; “Many of Gal-Or's ideas, and those of Herbst, are now being tested and flown operationally"; "Their technology will offer new challenges. Solving the inevitable human points problems that will emerge, involve questioning established doctrine and reaching for innovative and imaginative solutions." RTO-EN-12, RTO-TR-015/HFM-015, U.S. AIR FORCE & NATO.* ____________________

* B.Sc. (1959), M.Sc. (1961), D.Sc. (1964), Assist. Prof., Johns Hopkins Univ. (1964-1966), assoc. prof. univ. of Pittsburgh, (1966-1968); Joint prof. of univ. of Pittsburgh-TIIT, (1968-1983); Gold Medal by New York Academy of Sciences for developing the new General Relativistic (Einstein's Gravity Physics), Entropy-Free School of Radiation-Thermodynamics, (1972), 1968-1987 wrote "Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy", Springer, (thus asked U.S.-ALBERT-EINSTEIN-heritage-care to transfer his ARCHIVE-EDITING and PUBLICATION to the HEBREW UNIV. in JERUSALEM, as done); Professor, TIIT, (1972); First director, INST. ADVANCED STUDIES, TIIT, (1976-1977); "Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability and Robot Aircraft, [12]; Editor-in-chief, International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines, [1-11], and references 13 to 48.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Volume I

Part of the unclassified research work published here, as well as the integrated methodology of laboratory/flight testing developed by the author, has been financially sponsored by

Teledyne CAE, The General Electric Co., The United States Air Force, USAF, General Dynamics,

49

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

I wish to thank my research sponsors as well the editors, publishers and boards of the various periodicals, reports and books referenced in this volume for allowing me, directly and indirectly, by policy or word, to include figures appearing in this volume, as quoted below and in the respective references.

Indeed, I am especially indebted to AIAA, ASME, SAE, AHS, IDR, NASA, USAF-WPAFB, US Army, IDF, IAF, Journal of Propulsion, International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines, Journal of Power and Gas Turbines, Journal of Aircraft, the General Electric Co., Pratt & Whitney, RR, Teledyne, Allison Gas Turbines of GM, Garrett, Bet Shemesh Engines, Turbomeca, MRB, MTU, General Dynamics, Northrop, Lockheed, IAI, NPT, TAT, IGTA, KHD, Micro-Turbo, Donaldson Co., Avco-Lycoming and the McGraw Hill Co.

Most important, the evolution of this important field of aviation has been made possible by the significant contributions of the many individuals whose works have been selected in the preparation process of this book. A few of these pioneers are mentioned by name in Appendix A. However, our greatest gratitude is with the long list of contributors as reflected in the References, and in the text itself.

In revising the text, I have been helped, in various ways, by Doron Bar Annann, Dr. A. Rasputinis, Erez Friedman, Sara Voroveitchik, Mike Turgemann, Dan Erez, Eran Liron, Prof. Yoram Tambour, and, indirectly, by General David Ivry, the General Director of Israel's MoD, D. W. B. Herbst of MBB, Mr. T. P. McAtee, Mr. Jerry Murff, Mr. Fran Ketter, Mr. Tom Barret, and Mr. C. Porcher of General Dynamics, M. F. Ehric, Mr. E. Albert and Mr. S. Levy of I.A.I., and Mr. D. Bowers and Mr. W. Lindsay, of the U.S. Air Force.

Indirectly, I have also been helped by my students, who frequently contributed comments and questions, especially by those who had selected to participate in my courses "Fluid Dynamics, Heat Transfer, and the Performance of Jet Engines", "Design of Propulsion Systems", "Jet-Engines Technology" and "Jet Engines-1".

Erez Friedman has given me invaluable, first-class professional help in constructing the first Pure Vectored RPVs and the first vectored F-15/F-16 RPVs, and in flight testing them in the spring of 1987, and in the summer of 1989, respectively.

Similar acknowledgement and gratitude go to Mike Turgemann, who constructed our very first vectored RPV and flight tested it in April and May 1987.

50

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

My deepest gratitude goes to my two sons, Amir Gal-Or and Gillad Gal-Or, who, during our long, enthusiastic, professional discussions, have contributed many ideas, and have also encouraged me to pursue these ideas in laboratory and RPVs flight testing.

Finally I want to express my greatest indebtedness to the Publisher, Springer Verlag, and especially to the Engineering Editors Dr. Z. Ruder, and A. Von Hagen, and to Zvi Weller, Yaacov Polak, Ami Green and Hannah Lipschitz of Keter Press, Jerusalem.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Volume II

Since the first proof of concept in 1987 [15,16] of safe, cost-effective with various advantages of flying in the post-stall domain by 3D-THRUST VECTORED (JES), with first ever STEALTH, UNMANNED, WING TYPE, CANARDLESS, TAILESS PROTOTYPES [12 at 140-153] -- various JES-JET-Y-P-R (3D) ENGINE NOZZLES WERE TESTED ON FULL-SIZE JET ENGINES [41], and then reduced in size and flight tested on 1/7th-scale JES-F-15 AND JES-F-16 by programs funded by

The United States Air Force, FLIGHT DYNAMICS LABORATORY, WPAFB, OH, [24-43] General Dynamics, [40-43] Lockheed Martin, [40-43] Pratt and Whitney, [41] General Electric, [42] The United States Federal Aviation Authority, FAA, [7, 46-48]

We are all greatly indebted for making this enormous task possible by MIKE TURGEMANN, EREZ FRIEDMANN, MASHIACH ELIYAHOU, ELIEZER DEKEL and 31-project-students, for constructing, instrumenting, calibrating, full-scale-jet-engine-testing (Fig. 12), flight testing, and analyzing onboard and ground recording computers, later with new comers DRS. VALERY SHERBAUM, MICHAEL LICHTSINDER, A. RASPUTNIS, [2-8, 11, 15, 16, 22-43, 46-48; 12 at 140-154]. ____________

51

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

REFERENCES and NOTES

1. Editorial, Jet-Engine-Steered (JES), lack of updated textbooks to design 6thgeneration air and sea combat vehicles, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 32(3), Jan 2015.

DOI: 10.1515/tjj-2015-1001.

2. Editorial, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES: JET ENGINES AS PRIME FLIGHT EFFECTORS. THE FIRST KEY DESIGN RULES. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Jul 1999, Dec 2000, Jan 2001 and Jan 2003.

3. Editorial, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES: Air, Land and Marine applications of Jet Engine Steering aka as 3D thrust vectoring flight control or 2D-Water-TVC of super-agile boats or super-agile Littoral Combat Ships, [LCS]. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Apr. 2011.

4. Editorial, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES: JES for advanced Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles, [JES-UCAV.]. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Mar 2010.

5. Editorial, Old-New European debate on thrust vectoring and adverse effects of canards, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Jan 1997.

6. Editorial, RE-EDUCATING THE JET-ENGINE RESEARCHERS TO STAY RELEVANT, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 33(2), July 2016; DOI: 10.1515/tjj-2016-5001.

7. Editorial, Jet Engine Steering (JES) – The new master of advanced flight control; Civilizing military JES technology maximizes flight safety and allows pilot recovery when AOOF fails to prevent a crash; Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 35(2):95-99, DOI: 10.1515/tjj-2018-9010. May 2018.

52

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

8. Editorial, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES: Joint Design Team induces F-35 run-away costs, delays and performance compromises. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Sep 2011. Cf. GAO, [49], vis-à-vis some similar problems with cancelled UCLASS PROGRAMS and down playing 6th-gen-WVR as they sit on their sofa.

9. Editorial, JET ENGINE STEERING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 31(4):277-285, Dec 2014; DOI: 10.1515/tjj-2014-1001.

10.Editorial, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES: JES-revolution in Air-Sea Propulsion Science and R&D; Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Jan 2014. DOI: 10.1515/tjj-2014-1000.

11.Editorial, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES: Fleets of low-cost, stealth, jet-steered drones designed to fly ahead of fighter aircraft and bombers into congested regions. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Jan 2013.

12.Gal-Or, B., DICTIONARY-TEXTBOOK, 237 references, 190 drawings, paper-back, 237 pages. “Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability and Robot Aircraft”; Forward by USAF Chief Scientist: "LANDMARK BOOK"; (Millions cited by Google, AMAZON, etc.), Springer Verlag, N.Y. and Heidelberg, 1989-present, ISBN 0387-97161-0, 3-540-871610, TL685.3.G23 1989, 629.I34'353-de20, 89-21797.

13.Gal-Or, B., Review of debates re jet engine steering aka thrust vectoring and adverse effects of canards; Journal of Thermal Science, China, Mar 1998.

14.Gal-Or, B., "An Old-New European Debate on Thrust Vectoring and adverse effects of canards", Polskiej Nauki, PRACE Instytutu Lotnictwa, Poland, 152, pp. 3-8, 1998.

15.Aviation Week & Space Technology: “Israelis Flight Test Jet-Powered RPV Fitted With Thrust Vectoring Nozzles [JET-ENGINE-STEERED-(JES), May 18, p. 21, 1987 16.Aviation Week & Space Technology: more on first 3-D-Vectored-stealth-RPV-prototype performing post-stall Maneuvers, (Figs. 3, 4), May 30, 1987; FLIGHT INT’L, May 30, 1987; JANE'S ALL THE WORLD'S AIRCRAFT, 1987.

53

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

17.Gal-Or, B., "Upgraded, Completely Vectored F-22", USAF-AFOSR-EOARD, CONTRACT F61708-92-W, UNITED STATES AIR FORCE, Report: Feb. 28, 1993.

18.Gal-Or, B. with Lijun Qian and E. Kreindler, Minimum-time maneuvers of thrustvectored aircraft; Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics, Mar 1998.

19.Gal-Or, Benjamin, Valery Sherbaum and Lichtsinder Michael, U.S.-PATENT No. 5,782,431, on "Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control", [saving many lives and preventing much damage by simple, add-on, TV devices], It includes review on first proof-of-concept flight test funded by U.S. FAA during 1994-1995, April, 1998.

20.Aviation Week & Space Technology: THRUST VECTOR CONTROL EYED FOR TRANSPORT, Aug. 28, 1995.

21.AEROSPACE AMERICA, "Civilizing Military Technology for safest civil Flight Control", 1995.

22.Gal-Or, B., Scientific Mistakes of INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS' DENYING JES-Post-StallFlight-&-Safety-Benefits, 1986-1990: --- (1) First by book 12 draft contents presentation to top designers of Israel's NATIONAL LAVI PROJECT who responded with great compliments like: "nonsense", "you cannot fly post stall", ''read the textbooks", "you bring shame on the Technion for such lunatic ideas", ''you should be fired for that nonsense"--- (2) same by TURBOMECA-Shidlovski denials in France and in Israel; 3) same by RR, less the aforementioned 'complements': Post unclassified lecture on book 12 and editorials in pre-organized OFFICIAL meeting with two top RR REPRESENTATIVES, Coventry, UK. 23.Research-Gate-Net, "DESIGN PROJECTS AT SIX UNIVERSITIES": Citing Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327038941_Reasons_for_Triple-

Funding_of_the_Jet-Engine-Industry_to_Meet_2020-2040_6th-GenChallenge_Counter-Air_Penetration_CAP.

54

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

24.Gal-Or, B., The Fundamental Concepts of Vectored Propulsion, AIAA J. Propulsion and Power, 6, 747-757, 1990.

25.Gal-Or, B., Maximizing Post-Stall, Thrust-Vectoring Agility and Control Power, AIAA J. Aircraft, 29, 647-651, 1992.

26.Gal-Or, B., Thrust Vectoring: Theory, Laboratory, and Flight Tests, AIAA J. Propulsion & Power, 9, 51 - 58, 1993.

27.Gal-Or, B. with A. Rasputnis, Valery Sherbaum and Michael Lichtsinder, 1991-1999, various reports, patent, [19], and publications on JES-full-scale-tests with hot jet engines, [12 at 53, 76, 77, 109-113, 131, 132, 149], JES--engine inlets [35(3)], calibrations, flight tests, computer simulations.

28.Gal-Or, B., FUNDAMENTALS OF CATASTROPHIC FAILURE PREVENTION BY THRUST VECTORING. AIAA Journal of Aircraft, May 1995. Cf., A remotely piloted, reduced-scale TVC-Boeing 727 flight tested in May 1995 to demonstrate the potentials for lowweight, add-on JES-kits for catastrophic failure prevention (1996)"; Id. and Ref. 19-21.

29.Gal-Or, B., Proposed flight testing standards for engine thrust vectoring to maximize kill ratio, post-stall agility and flight safety, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Dec 1995.

30.Gal-Or, B., Thrust-Vectoring of Converging-Diverging Nozzles, AIAA J. of Propulsion and Power, 16, 202-206, 2000.

31. Gal-Or, B. FUNDAMENTALS and SIMILARITY TRANSFORMATIONS OF VECTORED AIRCRAFT, AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Jan 1994.

32. ''Gal-Or has shown that TV control [JES], being nearly independent of airflow around the aircraft, can be used to expand the flight domain beyond stall barrier, where aerodynamic controls lose much of their effectiveness." High-Alpha Trim and Stability Analysis of Aircraft Closed-loop Dynamics With Control Saturation, CITING: Fundamentals and similarity transformations of vectored aircraft. Ref. 31, Id.

55

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

33.Gal-Or, B., MATHEMATICAL PHENOMENOLOGY FOR THRUST VECTORING–INDUCED AGILITY COMPARISONS, Deficiencies vs. compromises regarding basic rules for maximization of jet-deflection rates are formulated. AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Mar 1993.

34.Gal-Or, B., THRUST VECTORING [JES] – THEORY, LABORATORY, and FLIGHT TESTS, AIAA Journal of Propulsion and Power, Jan 1993.

35.Gal-Or, B., “Novel, Post-Stall, Thrust-Vectored F-15 RPVs: Laboratory and Flight Tests” Funded since 1987 by USAF, (1) Canarded v. Canard-less, ROUNDED v. RECTANGULAR JES-EXHAUSTS to COLD-FAN-JET-2 ENGINES, 1/7-scaled-JES-F-15 flight-testing in abandoned airfield in ISRAEL, Cf. Fig. 10, [12], (2) F-15-AIR-INLET-to-HOT-OPERATINGJET-ENGINE-MARBORE-II-full-scale-PERFORMANCE, Fig. 12, [12], (3) SUB-SCALED-F-15INLET-PERFORMANCE DURING POST-STALL HIGH AOA, 188-page-Report-I, 1987-1992 PROJECT, PART I OF 8 REPORTS IDENTIFIED BELOW. 36.Gal-Or, B., “Tailless Vectored Fighters: Theory, Laboratory and Flight Tests”, USAF, 196-page-Report-II, July 15, 1991.

37.Gal-Or, B., “Vectorable Inlets/Nozzles and Tailless Flying Models vs. Pilot’s Tolerances Affecting Maximum Post-Stall Vectoring Agility”; USAF, 238-page-Report-III. 38.Gal-Or, B., “Tailless Vectored Fighters: Theory, Laboratory and Flight Tests”, USAF, WPAFB, Ohio, USA, AFOSR FY 1456-8905052, 196-page-Report-IV, July 15, 1991.

39. Gal-Or, B., “Dynamic Scaling, Pilot v. G-Loads under post-stall Maneuvers with vectored fighters”, Funded series of projects in Israel by USAF; E.g., (i) San Antonio, BAFB, 1990, submitted to USAF Colonel J. Tedor team, Report-V; (ii) “Dynamic Scaling of Prototypes Using Radius of Gyration Method: Theory, Laboratory and Flight Tests”, REPORT #I to USAF Capt. J. Wigle (Sep. 30, 1991), Report-IV; (iii) REPORT #II to USAF Dr. D. W. Repperger, AL/WPAFB (Sep. 30, 1991), Report-VII; (iv) Report to USAF Col. J.

56

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Tedor, Deputy Director, Human Systems Division, BAFB, TX; USAF Special Project, SPC91-4003, AF/AFOSR/EOARD, 141-page-Report-VIII -- ALL ORIGINALLY CLASSIFIED. 40.Gal-Or, B., Classified Reports to Lockheed-Martin/General Dynamics, Ft Worth, TX, via Spence

E.

Peters,

Tel.

817-935-1588,

Main:

817-777-2000,

E-Mail:

Spence.e.pters@LMCO.com and Dorsett, both have maintained mutual visits during the longest cooperation programs in which all imported to the U.S. SACOM/JES/STVS technologies were inter alia provided to Lockheed Martin/GD up to about 1997.

41.Gal-Or, B., Classified Reports to PWA, Manager, Component Technology, R. E. (Bob) Davis, 1987-1994.

42.Gal-Or, B., Classified Reports to General Electric, Aircraft Engines to Don Dunbar, Ed Rogala and GE VP Krebs. 1987-1988.

43.Gal-Or, B., Agility Benefits of Integrated Aerodynamic & Thrust Vectoring Control, GD/Lockheed-Martin RFP Ref. TECH-RRJ-JK-0001, TIIT-TRDF 160-779, 1993-1995, Progress Report No. 2, Feb. 10, 1995.

44. Gal-Or, B., Catastrophic Failure Prevention by Thrust Vectoring, invited Lecture and Proposal to NASA Dryden, June 1995.

45.Gal-Or, B., Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Air Safety, Keynote Lecture; 3rd Int’l Conf. ISIAF, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Sept. 2, 1996; https://www.janes.com/article/76804/image-suggests-china-may-betesting-thrust-vectoring-engine-on-j-10-fighter#; https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a24680684/all-the-new-techfrom-china-big-airshow/] 46.Gal-Or, B., Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Air Safety, Opening Keynote Lecture; 2nd Int’l Seminar on Aeronautics & Education, Warsaw, Poland, Nov. 25, 1996.

57

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

47.Gal-Or, B., Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Civil Transport safety, Keynote Lecture, Proceedings, 4th Conf., Int’l ISIAF conf., Dresden, Germany, 1999.

48.Gal-Or, B., Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Civil Transport Safety, 5th Int´l Symp. Aero Sci., Moscow Russia, Plenary Lecture, Proceeding, TsAGI, 1999.

49.U.S. GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING OFFICE, GAO, UNCLASSIFIED REPORTS No. 15374;

16-389R,

AND

EARLIER

GAO

REPORTS,

v.

Editorials

[1-11],

https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/the-northrop-grumman-b-21-stealthbomber-simply-unstoppable-19931?page=0%2C1 and UCLASS. 50.http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/17698/chinas-is-hard-at-work-developingswarms-of-small-drones-on-multiple-levels;

http://www.ausairpower.net/DT-

SuperBug-vs-Flanker.html http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-NOTAM-040309-1.html http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-2010-01.html http://www.ausairpower.net/APANOTAM-230209-1.html http://www.ausairpower.net/DT-SuperBug-vs-Flanker.html http://www.pravdareport.com/russia/economics/15-07-2008/105795-unmanned-0/ 51.According

to

April

23,

2018

by

Franz

Stefa

Gady

at

https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/india-pulls-out-of-joint-stealth-fighter-projectwith-russia/ "India has reportedly withdrawn from a 11-year joint program to develop a 5th generation fighter jet with Russia. The Indian Air Force (IAF) has reportedly withdrawn from one of the most ambitious and controversial joint Indo-Russian defense programs to date: the co-development and production of the Sukhoi/HAL Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA), also known in India as the Perspective Multi-role Fighter (PMF)."

58

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

"Senior Indian officials, including National Security Adviser Ajit Doval and Defense Secretary Sanjay Mitra, purportedly informed a Russian ministerial delegation this month that Indian government was pulling out of the 11-year collaborative program to develop a stealth fighter jet, official sources told IHS Jane’s Defense Weekly on April 20 (2018)." "Neither the Indian nor Russian governments have so far publicly confirmed New Delhi’s decision to shelve one of the most high-profile joint Indo-Russian defense projects." "One of the IAFs principal concerns included Russia’s failure to develop a next-generation engine for the FGFA to date. Current prototypes of the aircraft are fitted with a derivative of the Russian-made Saturn AL-41F1S engine, dubbed AL41F1. A new engine — the Saturn izdeliye 30 — purportedly capable of mounting 3D thrust vectoring nozzles, (JES), is not expected to be ready for serial production until at least 2020." "After evaluating the first PAK FA T-50 [Su-57] prototype (the Russian prototype of the PMF), the [IAF] wanted more than 40 changes addressing, among other things, perceived weaknesses in the plane’s engine, stealth, and weaponcarrying capabilities." "The first two Su-57s are expected to enter service in 2019."; https://www.janes.com/article/79457/india-withdraws-from-fgfa-project-leavingrussia-to-go-it-alone.;

http://www.pravdareport.com/russia/economics/15-07-

2008/105795-unmanned-0/.

52. Lapin, Yaakov (2018-02-19). "Israeli Arrow 3 interceptor test previews upcoming trials in Alaska". Jane's Information Group; drones.html; 53.

https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-russias-s-500-can-it-kill-f-22-or-f-35-

37072; swarms-

https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2016/webt-laserhttps://www.defenceprocurementinternational.com/features/air/;

shttp://insidedefense.com/201403112464029/Inside-Defense-General/Public-

59

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Articles/air-force-sets-plan-to-launch-sixth-gen-fighter-program-in-2018/menu-id926.html;http://aviationweek.com/blog/6th-gen-engines-pratt-rolls-out-ge stays/ https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/securing-us-bases-in-the-pacific-a-new-eraof-instability/

http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/penetrating-counter-air-

what-comes-after-the-f-22-raptor-f-18081/ http://nationalinterest.org/blog/thebuzz/penetrating-counter-air-what-comes-after-the-f-22-raptor-f-18081?page=2; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HWV6e5qdlWc http://www.thedrive.com/thewar-zone/21324/image-of-chinas-stealthy-dark-sword-fighter-like-combat-droneemerges;

<ahref="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_MQ-25_Stingray.jpg"

title="Fair use of copyrighted material in the context of Boeing MQ-25 Stingray">Fair

use</a>,

<a

href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58417160">Link</a>; https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/raptor-reborn-super-f-22-fighter-headingjapan-32147.

54. According to https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-russia-could-somedayshootdown-f-22-f-35-or-b-2-stealth-bomber-35512: "While Moscow makes bold claims about the counter-stealth capabilities of their S-400 and S-300V4 air defense systems, (Fig. 35), the fact remains that even if Russian low-frequency search and acquisitions radars can detect and track tactical fighter-sized stealth aircraft, such as the F-22 or F-35, fire control radars operating in C, X and Ku bands cannot paint low observable (LO) jets except at very close ranges."

"Stealth is notâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and never has beenâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;invisibility, but it does offer greatly delayed detection so that a fighter or bomber can engage a target and leave before the enemy has time to react."

60

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

"There is a ‘step change’ in an LO aircraft’s signature once the frequency wavelength exceeds a certain threshold and causes a resonant effect.

Typically, that resonance occurs when a feature on an aircraft—such as a tail-fin or similar— is less than eight times the size of a particular frequency wavelength."

"Fighter-sized stealth aircraft that do not have the size or weight allowances for two feet or more of radar absorbent material coatings on every surface are forced to make trades as to which frequency bands they are optimized for."

"Radars operating at a lower frequency band such as parts of the S or L band are able to detect and track certain stealth aircraft. But ultimately, to counter lower frequency radars, a larger flying-wing stealth aircraft design like the B-21, (Fig. 17)— which lacks many of the features that cause a resonance effect—is a necessity.

But at the UHF and VHF band wavelengths, designers are not trying to make the aircraft invisible—rather engineers hope to create a radar cross-section that will blend in with the background noise that is inherent to low-frequency radars."

55. HISTORY NOTE 1: According to https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a24742661/china's-j-10-thrustvectorcontrol/?source=nl&utm_source=nl_pop&utm_medium=email&date=100118 and www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/j-10b-tvc-wows-zhuhai-crowds-withsurprise-performa-453352/ "China's J-10(B) fighter is equipped with thrust vectoring controls (JES) that allow the jet to perform seemingly impossible aerial maneuvers, (verified since November 06, 2018)" "It was built with Israeli assistance from Israel’s (canardadded/rejected JES) F-16-based Lavi fighter."

"Using this technology, the F-22 Raptor can angle its thrust up to 24 degrees up or down."

61

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

"Now China's J-10 joins this elite club of super-maneuverable fighter jets."

HISTORY NOTE 2: China published author's Review of debates re jet engine steering in WVR air combat, by its Journal of Thermal Science, Mar 1998, [5, 13, 14], then invited Keynote Lecture, to the Chinese Academy of Sciences that hosted the 3rd Int’l Conf.

ISIAF, in Beijing, Sept. 2, 1996, [45], to be followed by same-lectures-meetings with China's top designers and decision making at CHENGDU, where they show him textbook [12] as their design guide.

During the next 22 years JES, aka 3D-TVFC, has not been openly displayed in China, until November 06, 2018, when JES-J-10B JOINED CHINA AS MEMBER OF THE 3RD FLIGHT

CONTROL

JES-REVOLUTION,

(INTRODUTION).

https://www.janes.com/article/76804/image-suggests-china-may-be-testing-thrustvectoring-engine-on-j-10-fighter#; https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a24680684/all-the-new-techfrom-chinas-big-airshow/ HISTORY NOTE 3: Following (1) the 1987-FIRST-JES-FLIGHT-publication by AVIATION WEEK, [16, 17], (2) USAF funding-reports from 1988 to 1991 on sub-scaled JES-F-15, [36-46], (3) 1990 textbook on prior art, [12], (4) JES-X-31 flight-tests, and (5) USAFNASA-JES-F-15-ACTIVE flight tests, Russia has joined the JES revolution and a new GLOBAL-JES-RACE was established. Since NOVEMBER-06-2018-FLIGHT-TESTS, CHINA JOINED THE EXCLUSIVE-U.S.-RUSSIA-CHINA JETONAUTICS-CLUB IN WHICH THE EU IS NOT A MEMBER, [5, 13, 14] BUT INDIA AND JAPAN may JOIN SOON, [51].

HISTORY NOTE 4: REINVENTING THE WHEEL? https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/say-goodbye-f-22-f-35-or-b-2-bomber-newgeneration-stealth-could-be-coming-soon-37257, vis-à-vis recorded-verified facts, [15-16].

62

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

56. Gal-Or, B., 1968-PRESENT, CLASSIFIED RADIATION PHYSICS WORK in Detection of Space-Radiation/Stealth/Stellar/Radar-Radiation-Thermodynamics,

Theoretical

Philosophical Physics resulted in a another text book: "Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy", Springer, (1987-present), a best-selling book that 27 years ago had predicted compacting of galaxies into filaments by simultaneous expansions of all intergalactic voids that have slowly reversed, by radiation-winds, EINSTEIN-HUBBLEEXPANSION to accelerate AS DISCOVERED IN 1998 and REFUTING "DARK ENERGY CLAIMS". Reviews collected by Springer close this Chapter: FIRST THE LONGEST BY AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: "The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review. [This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic institutions 'as Gal-Or describes them', but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the students.â&#x20AC;? â&#x20AC;&#x153;Gal-Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole. He emphasizes that all scientists (and technologists) operate under some set of philosophical prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion.

Furthermore, he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism.

His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government.

63

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and asymmetry (in science and defense).

His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future.

Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations.

The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales.

The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion. He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time asymmetries. The expansion provides, among other things, an UNSATURABLE SINK for radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life.

He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions in 'information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries.

Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events." AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS, [56]

64

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

"A Master Piece. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very sound

knowledge of present-day scientific theories. " Indian Journal of Physics [56]

"Evokes a person heart ! Has generated a large number of responses from around the world, some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-Orians”. Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country should recommend this book with all their intellectual power."

Chinese Academy of Sciences [56]

"Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work! Gal-Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political philosophy."

A. Cottrell, V. Chancellor, Cambridge University, [56]

"Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science.

New Scientist (Magazine), [56]

"Gal-Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings.

I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject.”

Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Sciences, [56] (a following article by S. Hawking did not make it.)

"This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable, worth reading and enlightening."

Sir Karl Popper, one of the Greatest Philosophers of Science, [56]

65

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

"I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical

humanism than that of Gal-Or’s book." HaAretz Daily, [56]

"We are all Gal-Orians !" Editor, Foundations of Physics, [56]

"Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.” Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics, [56]

Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of", [56]

"This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read." Outstanding Books List, [56]

"The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-Winner) Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-Or is

superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences, [56]

"Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena!

66

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution -- that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -- that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology.

He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself.

Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.” Advancement of Physics, [56]

“I have in the meantime studied your (unclassified, theoretical-philosophical) book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it.

I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them!

Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and by so much more!

I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time.

What an ingenious phrase is your, “smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”!

67

Aero-Space-Combat Dictionary, including hypersonic weapons: U.S. Russia China & other countries. All-rights-reserved

I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable consequences.

I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in with the other great task.

That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics.

You do both tasks far better than I could hope to. I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a package that I personally have found most thoughtprovoking.” Prof. John Wheeler, Inst. of Advanced Studies, Princeton University, [56].

68