Far away galaxies we watch, ourselves we never see

Far away galaxies

we watch ourselves we never see

STOP Stupid Education

By Benjamin Gal-­‐Or

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In Part I we proved that all our precise definitions in education introduce error and loss, That only cosmology prevents fencing error by including the entire-­‐universe effects, That to stop our educational definition-­‐fencing-­‐error, the fence should be destroyed, That definitions in science/physics must start with the "UNFENCED, Entire Universe", That un-­‐fenced, entire-­‐universe-­‐science is based on Einstein Field Equations, EFE, That science starts with scale-­‐free EFE, not with scale-­‐arrested quantum models, That science does not start with particles, but with fields, with curved EFE space, That science starts with EFE MASTER of CURVED SPACE – The Kingdom of GRAVITY, That science starts with EFE that had predicted the EXPANSION of our Universe.

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But to watch the whole far away world, ourselves we never see, Hiding inside each of us, thinking atoms assert we know them not, Biologists, physiologists and molecular biologists in vain claim they do, They tell us nothing about how their dead atoms about what they claim think, Indeed thinking atoms far away galaxies know, themselves they never come to see, The empty-­‐cold voids of our expanding Kingdom of Darkness, they see,

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The Kingdom between walls of super-­‐clusters of galaxies they study, A cosmic secret they tell us: For ever we are ruled by the Kingdom of Darkness, That without it our stupid education would never come to exist, That without it the sin of thermal equilibrium our world would rule.

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That Dark Kingdom expansion, the SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS explains.

That our thinking atoms by said Kingdom come to be.

That the Dark Kingdom is sole source and cause of life building-­‐elements, That fence-­‐free EFE includes Einsteinian Gravity Physics, EGP, which controls all.

That EGP rules all stars, galaxies, structures, supernova, planets, life, black holes, etc.

That size-­‐arrested quantum model by cosmology-­‐deterministic EGP is controlled, That physics without verified astronomy-­‐cosmology and deterministic EGP fails, That education, at any level, must start with this order of controls in the factual world, That to stop stupid education in all schools is our thinking atoms ORDER OF THE DAY.

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How 400 Theorists Stupidity Teach

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Figure 1: Cosmological Origin of Physics starts by a simple proof that "dark energy" is not physics Cosmic travel of all radiation energies as galactic & interstellar "winds" or "jets", ends when all these energy flows from active stars and galaxies dissipate irreversibly in all cosmic cold voids. Fig. 3, yellow arrows shown and Refers. 14 to 20.

Comprehension: The marked yellow "winds-­‐jets" enter all voids from all directions.

BASIC CLASSICAL PHYSICS: Subject to momentum conservation, these "winds-­‐jets" push back, and away, all non-­‐expanding, by gravity, "matter-­‐filaments-­‐walls" of super-­‐clusters of millions galaxies around each, evenly distributed voids, Fig. 3. Said thermodynamic and thrusting processes cause the well-­‐verified Einstein-­‐Hubble inertial expansion, since the 'BIG BANG', to accelerate the expansion.

Wherefore, there is no need to speculate on immeasurable dark-­‐energy that is claimed to fill-­‐up the entire cosmos and our solar system to account for the 1998-­‐discovered acceleration of the Einstein-­‐Hubble expansion and accordingly to change Einsteinian Gravity Physics, EGP, or GENERAL RELATIVITY. RECAP: Inside each void the "winds-­‐jets" clash in virtual "adiabatic surfaces", Fig. 2, and dissipate there irreversibly as the end of their cosmic travel, some as long as 17 billion years.

Preliminary Origin Conclusions: These verified thermodynamic processes provide the root-­‐ cause for: 1) The cosmological origin of theoretical physics, including the second law of thermodynamics, 2) The origin of all observed time asymmetries, 3) The origin of all life evolution. [14-­‐20].

4) The philosophy of Gravitism based on EGP, 5) The unequivocally proof that dark-­‐energy does not account for the 1998-­‐discovered acceleration of the Einstein-­‐Hubble expansion of the universe, because simple classical physics and astronomy, do it herein.

6) That claims based on immeasurable dark energy are misleading and wrong,

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7) That to associate dark energy with demands to "correct" well-­‐verified EGP is tantamount to (a) The greatest mistake in Science, (b) The greatest loss of trust in today's theoretical physics and in scientific periodicals that support dark energy during the last 18 years.

8) Supporting similar issues raised by string theories are presented in Appendix A. These preliminary conclusions are further defined, explained and proved by Figures 2 to 3 and demonstrated by Thought Experiment provided below.

Figure 2: "DARK ENERGY HOAX" from the "Astrophysical School's" point of view, Refer. 19 Figure taken from page 283 in our book "Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy", [published reviews on this "Astrophysical School" are provided last below].

VOIDS EQUIVALENCE: Due to observed uniform distribution of the voids in intergalactic space, Fig. 3, the study of one is closely equivalent to the study of all, namely, the sole root-­‐ cause of all irreversible processes in the cosmos is originated by these expanding-­‐cooling

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voids; from about 4,000 degrees at radiation-­‐dominated-­‐era-­‐end, down to 2.7 degrees K that currently rules all cold voids. [19].

CLUSTERS I and II represent all super-­‐clusters of galaxies. The marked EXPANDING, UNSATURABLE, SPACE "1" represents the expanding voids shown in NASA-­‐MAP Fig. 3. The voids are located between all Super-­‐clusters of galaxies shown in the Map, or in similar published maps of the visible universe. It is the largest dumping space, or "sink" of the universe. Much larger then any BLACK HOLE can provide. In fact, all radiation flowing into SPACE-­‐1, from stars and galaxies, end their travel there Depression in energy-­‐density gradients between Clusters I and II represents gradients inside the expanding voids. Nearby expanding voids are half-­‐shown. Energy-­‐gradients in intergalactic SPACE-­‐2, which wraps all non-­‐expanding clusters and super-­‐clusters of galaxies, and interstellar SPACE-­‐3 located inside each galaxy, as marked.

"Adiabatic walls" are virtual surfaces that encage each expanding void and thus prevent net energy flow from one expanding void to another due to their uniform distribution in space.

[Figure 3]. Energy still flows through this surface in opposing directions, but the net value is zero.

By rocket-­‐type reaction, the winds-­‐jets that enter each void from all directions push out the "walls" of non-­‐expanding, super-­‐clusters of galaxies around each, causing acceleration of the left-­‐over EINSTEIN-­‐HUBBLE expansion inertia. Wrongly the detected acceleration is claimed as caused by a mysterious "dark energy" that "fills the entire universe", thus 'requires' correcting a mistake in EGP.

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Figure 3: Coldest Expanding Voids v. non-­‐expanding "filaments" or "walls"

of super-­‐clusters of galaxies: The dark, coldest, expanding VOIDS are evenly distributed between the super-­‐ clusters of galaxies, some are marked in pink. Each void encounters fast, incoming inter-­‐galactic/interstellar "winds" as radiation "jets". An example is marked with yellow arrows in Fig. 1. Two rules of physics take place RE the root-­‐cause of the 1998-­‐discovery of accelerated expansion of the universe: (i) momentum conservation, which control rocket-­‐type thrust that pushes away the non-­‐expanding filaments and walls of the super-­‐clusters around each void, (ii) the effect of (i) on inertia that control the Einstein-­‐Hubble expansion since the Big-­‐Bang. Theorists identified below claim that the 1998-­‐detected acceleration in the expansion of the universe is caused by mysterious "dark energy" that fills the entire universe, and accordingly, physics must be "corrected" to fit their "Dark Energy Speculations".

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Figure 4: SPACE-­‐"2" wraps all non-­‐expanding galaxies [Fig. 2] and all

non-­‐expanding SPACE-­‐"3" where super-fast, interstellar winds, flow out to SPACE-"2" and next, permanently and irreversibly dissipate in the coldest, expanding

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SPACE-­‐"1", Fig. 2, composed of cold, dark, expanding VOIDS located between the Super-­‐Clusters of galaxies. [Figures 2 & 3].

All images from author's books & Wikipedia.

Who are the Dark Energy Chimerians?

No proof was ever established that these "Hail-­‐Cannons" do anything but raise loud noise, fool media editors, the public, donors and government to fund otherwise needed

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moneys for better education, health programs, the army, and helping the poor and elders.

Claims made today by about 400 theorists at Fermilab, Universities of Chicago, Pennsylvania, Ohio State, UCL & Argonne National Lab, DOE, NSF, IEEC, IFAE, OzDEZ, NOAD, NCSA, SLAC, CTIO, LMU in Germany, UK Consortium, universities in London, and supported by SCIENCE-­‐AAAS, are voided by (a) applying simple momentum conservation which unequivocally proves that "dark energy" is nothing but Chimera, (b) resorting to Chimerian base & immeasurable "dark energy", to claim that Einstein Gravity Physics is wrong, (c) maintaining (a) & (b) results in the greatest mistake in Science, generated by theorists and supported by SCIENCE-­‐AAAS, Ref. 13.

Within organized shows, some Chimerian players throw up "dark-­‐hail", which instead of falling back by gravity, is speeding up to the sky, whereby they (i) fool fellow scientists, media editors, the public, donors & international governments, to raise astronomical funds for space craft & instrumentation aimed to measure the immeasurable "dark hail", (ii) exploit the 1998-­‐discovery that the universe is NOT slowing down its expansion by gravity, but, by "dark hail", is accelerating, (iii) help sell computer-­‐simulations as "tests" of claimed Chimera properties that dictate to "correct" Einstein Gravity Physics. Details below.

What is claimed in need of "correction" in theoretical physics?

Einstein published his Gravity Physics, known as General Relativity, in November 1915, post checking if it correctly predicts published, irregular, precise, motions of the planet Mercury. He found total agreement with said astronomical observations, agreement that no other theory had accomplished before.

In 1918-­‐1919 his field equations were re-­‐confirmed by correctly predicting the gravity-­‐ induced, bending of light passing near a large mass, in this first case, the sun.

Next, a Russian mathematician proved that Einstein's Field Equations, when applied to cosmology, show that Einstein's cosmos cannot stay stable, it must expand or contract.

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Einstein was horrified. Strong social and religious pressures forced him to add a simple constant to his equations, to make his world "stable".

A few years later, Hubble, in the U.S., proved that, indeed, our universe is expanding, that, in fact, all galaxies run away from each other.

Einstein had thus predicted what Hubble proved later: We live in an expanding universe, and because it has been expanding, there had been a "beginning", which nowadays is called "Big Bang", but should be termed "Einstein Genesis", or "Einstein-­‐Bang".

Most famously, Einstein next rejected this Ghost Number, partly as WARNING to SCIENTISTS to avoid Fooling Themselves, and mainly characterizing his own yielding to add it to his well-­‐verified world equations, the most misleading-­‐intervening social pressure in science, and the "worse blunder" of his life.

Thought Experiment

Tomorrow the voids expansion stops and temperatures in SPACES 3 to 1 gradually rise to those in the center of stars or galactic centers, eventually, thermal equilibrium is reached, by which all processes stop. THUS, (a) stellar evolution, which produces the building blocks of life, is impossible without energy the expansion and without the energy-­‐density marked in Fig. 2, gradients generated by said expanding-­‐cooling of the voids, (b) Expansion of SPACE-­‐1 causes outflowing radiation (interstellar winds, or jets, Fig. 3] emerging from active stars and galaxies, to gradually proceed to SPACE-­‐2 and dissipated in SPACE-­‐1.

A note on the 1964-­‐discovered Cosmic black-­‐body radiation: It is a remnant, left-­‐over, radiation glow that has expanded with VOIDS/SPACE-­‐1 during about 17 billion years. It is cooled by the expansion itself from about 4,000-­‐3,000 K to about 270 degrees below

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zero C. Accordingly, this black-­‐body radiation provides one of the direct proofs that VOIDS/SPACE-­‐1 has expanded and is forming the sole universal, thermodynamic "sink" in the cosmos.

A note on Black holes: These are local "sinks" whose energy dissipating capacities form important research subjects but so far do not provide the sole universal sink.

CONCLUSION-­‐I: Our simple technical proof denies and replaces a mystic, immeasurable, dark energy that fills the entire cosmos as own-­‐generated by armies of proponents who extract billions for space-­‐craft, instrumentation and activities based on baseless claims that are not only misleading and fooling fellow scientists, media editors and the public, but, to put it short: Are nothing but 18-­‐years re-­‐sold Chimera to the government and the public.

CONCLUSION-­‐II: Said Dark-­‐Energy Armies, "DEA" are composed of highly-­‐devoted proponents who fool themselves and sponsors to finance their grand Chimera, partly because they fail to account for their inability to read and comprehend this counter-­‐dark-­‐ energy-­‐proof. In short: (i) DEA resurrect a Misleading, Ghost Number, Historically and Wrongly Called "Cosmological Constant", which is nothing but a "Socio-­‐Religious Prejudice Constant", or "SoRePreC", enforced on gentle Einstein to add to his well-­‐ verified Gravity Field Equations to stop the socially-­‐unwanted expanding universe predicted by his famous, well-­‐verified equations. (ii) DEA reject and/or ignore verified astrophysical evidence used by this Astrophysical School, Refers. 14 to 20, which empties their own-­‐generated, "Dark Energy" for which they ask the government to pay for. (iii) DEA reject and/or ignore verified facts and laws of physics presented by this school, which unequivocally, fully account for the 1998-­‐detected acceleration, and (iv) DEA reject the best and well-­‐verified Einstein Gravity Physics as "wrong", and

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(v) DEA demand to "correct" the well-­‐verified Einstein Gravity Physics, and (vi) DEA demand that other fellow scientists adopt their dreams formulations, some of which are based on other wrongs by unverifiable string theories, and (vii) DEA demand that governments endlessly finance their dreams by huge budgets in space-­‐crafts, space research and academic education aimed to maintain alive their Chimerian dreams.

CONCLUSION III: Such empty claims only bring a sad-­‐end to global trusting of theoretical physics. To save this trust and wasted $-­‐billions, universities and governments should dismantled these Dark-­‐Energy Armies.

CONCLUSION IV: Reference 7 details the chain of processes ruled by the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. This chain includes the generation of the chemical building elements of life inside massive stars, and supernova explosions that spread the elements in SPACE-­‐3, the origin of the solar system and earth from the sole origin of all: The Master Cosmological Expansion of VOIDS/SPACE-­‐1 as has been established since 1969-­‐1972 by our Astrophysical School of Relativistic and Classical Thermodynamics and Time Asymmetries. [14-­‐20].

Mathematical Mistakes in Physics Corrected by: The Astrophysical School Reference 19, at 267-­‐283, summarizes the "THE FAILURE OF CLASSICAL AND QUANTAL STATISTICAL MECHANICS TO DEDUCE IRREVERSIBILITY AND TIME ASYMMETRIES". A few Examples: (a) A common mathematical practice to resort to prediction that rejects retrodiction to support desired wishes to extract "proofs" of the origin of irreversibility in nature e.g., the famous Boltzmann Theorem, or more recently, the wrong "proof" advanced by the late Nobel Prize Winner I. Prigogine, is stressed first by this school.

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(b) A common acceptance of retarded solutions of wave equations in static vs. expanding cosmos, while rejecting advanced solutions. [Cf. John Wheeler's comment in Reviews below], is also stressed by this school. (c) A common wrong in accepting only initial conditions vs. rejecting final conditions when one starts formulations with symmetric mathematics to provide the sought-­‐after "proof" in asymmetric mathematics, is also exposed by this school. (d) Similar common mistakes are detailed in Ref. 19. They amount to smuggling irreversibility into symmetric mathematics without declaring the contraband.

Published Reviews on Previous Editions

"This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable, worth reading and enlightening."

Sir Karl Popper, The greatest philosopher of science in the previous century

"I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical humanism than that of Gal-­‐Or’s book."

HaAretz News Paper

"We are all Gal-­‐Orians ! " Editor, Foundations of Physics

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"Gal-­‐Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings.

I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject.” Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Sciences

"Evokes a person heart. Has generated a large number of responses from around the world, some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-­‐Orians”.

Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country should recommend this book with all their intellectual power."

Chinese Academy of Sciences "A Master Piece.

The well-­‐known author bases his philosophy on a very sound knowledge of present-­‐day scientific theories. " Indian Journal of Physics

Einstein's Portrait by Evelyne Katz, 1986, with Permission

"The works of scientists like Gal-­‐ Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-­‐ Winner) Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-­‐Or is superior)."

The Crisis of the Sciences

"Einstein's time-­‐symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-­‐Or’s “New Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master

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Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena!.

Gal-­‐Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-­‐chemical and biological evolution -­‐-­‐ that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -­‐-­‐ that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology.

He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself.

Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-­‐cluster expanding space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.”

Advancement of Physics

"Gal-­‐Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-­‐away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.”

Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics

Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of"

"This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read."

Outstanding Books List

"Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work!

Gal-­‐Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political philosophy."

A. Cottrell, V. Chancellor, Cambridge University

"Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science.

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Sir Karl Popper, in a Foreword, correctly describes it “a great book”.

New Scientist Magazine AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: “Gal-­‐Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole.

He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-­‐delusion. Furthermore, he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism.

His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government.

One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and asymmetry.

His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future. Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations.

The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales.

The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion.

He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time asymmetries.

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The expansion provides, among other things, an unsaturable sink for radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life.

He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions in information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries.

Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events. The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-­‐Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review.

[This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic institutions "as Gal-­‐Or describes them", but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the students.” AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS “One of the best books on the totality of the sciences & the universe. It was one of the favorite books of Sir Karl Popper. It looks at physics and the universe as a totality of the mathematical philosophical understanding. It also combines the physical concept of time with human psychological perception and brain understanding of languages.”

Robin forumhub.com/expr/@202.54.92.222

“I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it.

I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them!

Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and by so much more!

I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time.

What an ingenious phrase is your, “smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”!

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I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable consequences.

I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in with the other great task.

That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics.

You do both tasks far better than I could hope to.

I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a package that I personally have found most thought-­‐provoking.”

Prof. John A. Wheeler, Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton University

“An interesting and original book, easy to read, interesting and fascinating.”

Novo Cimento Science Magazine

"Interesting to read, integrating much of scientific material."

Deutsche Literatur-­‐zeitung “A comprehensive explication of a large area of science which the reader may study in many subjects.” Contemporary Philosophy "Your book “was / is an inspiration in my life” European reader, 2011/ Facebook

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Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, (Brownian Motion), ibid., 17: 549– 560 (1905); A. Einstein, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, (on Special Relativity) Ibid, 17: 891 (1905); A. Einstein, Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?, (on Mass-­‐Energy equivalence), Ibid, 19: 639 (1905); A. Einstein, On the Influence of Gravity on the Propagation of Light, ibid, 35: 898 (1911); A. Einstein, ibid. 10, 195 (1909); ibid. 10, 323 (1909); W. Ritz, (Wrongly Attacking Einstein’s Origin of Electromagnetic Irreversibility), Phys. Z. 9, 903 (1908); A. Einstein, Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation (The Field Equations of Gravitation), Koniglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften: 844 (1915); A. Einstein, Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity), Koniglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1917); A. Einstein, Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (On the Quantum Mechanics of Radiation)", Physikalische Zeitschrift 19: 121 (1917); A. Einstein, Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921, Amsterdam: Elsevier (1923); A. Einstein, Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases (Quantum theory of monatomic ideal gases) Sitzungsberichte der Preussichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Physikalisch—Mathematische Klasse: 261 (1924); A. Einstein, Die Ursache der Mäanderbildung der Flussläufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes (On meanders in the courses of rivers) Die Naturwissenschaften 14: 223 (1926); A. Einstein, B. Podolsky and N. Rosen, Nathan, Can Quantum-­‐ Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?", (The EPR Paradox) Physical Review, 47 (10): 777 (1935); A. Einstein, Lens-­‐Like Action of a Star by the Deviation of Light in the Gravitational Field, Science 84, 506 (1936) (Gravitational Lens, Einstein Rings); A. Einstein, On Science and Religion, Nature 146: 605 (1940); A. Einstein, et al. To the editors, New York Times (4 December 1948); On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation, Scientific American (4): 13 (1950); E. Hubble, A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-­‐Galactic Nebulae, Proc., Nat. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.), Vol. 15, Iss. 3, (1929); A. Einstein and L. Infeld,, The World As I See It (1934); A. Einstein, The Evolution of Physics, (1938); Out of My

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Later Years (1950); A. Einstein, The Meaning of Relativity, Princeton University Press (1956); A. Friedman, A: Über die Krümmung des Raumes, Z. Phys. 10 377 (1922), (English translation: Gen. Rel. Grav.

31, 1991 (1999); A. Alain, D., Jean and R., Gérard, Experimental test of Bell's inequalities using time-­‐varying analyzers, Phys. Rev. Letters, 49 (25) (1982): Nobel Foundation, Albert Einstein — Biography; D. Howard and J. Stachel, Einstein: The Formative Years, 1979-­‐1909, Springer (2000); P. A. Schilpp (Ed.), Albert Einstein — Autobiographical Notes, Open Court Publishing (1979); P. A. Schilpp, (Ed.), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-­‐Scientist, Harper Torchbook (1951); R. Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times, Harper-­‐Collins (1984); F. Golden, Person of the Century: Albert Einstein, Time (Jan 3, 2000); About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein (1930); Why War? (1933, with Sigmund Freud); P. Galison, Einstein's Clocks: The Question of Time; A. Pais, Subtle is the Lord. The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, Oxford University Press (1982); J. Crelinsten, Einstein's Jury: The Race to Test Relativity, Princeton University Press (2006); H. Kant, Albert Einstein and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin; J. Renn, (Ed), Albert Einstein — Chief Engineer of the Universe: One Hundred Authors for Einstein, Wiley-­‐VCH. (2005); J. Schmidhuber, Albert Einstein (1979–1955) and the 'Greatest Scientific Discovery Ever' (2006); Einstein archive at the Instituut-­‐Lorentz, NL; G., Goettling, Einstein's refrigerator, Georgia Tech Alumni Magazine (1998); U.S. Patent 1,781,541 , Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd (refrigerator), November 11, 1930; Brian, Dennis Einstein: A Life, New York: John Wiley & Sons (1996); Helen Dukas and Banesh Hoffman (eds) Albert Einstein, The Human Side, Princeton University Press (1981); A. Einstein, The World as I See It. New York: Philosophical Library Albert (1949); Zionism and Israel Information Center, Albert Einstein and Zionism; American Museum of Natural History (2002), Einstein's Revolution; Rowe, David E.; Schulmann, Robert, Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb, Princeton University Press (2007); Einstein Archives, History of the Estate of Albert Einstein, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2007); Princeton

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Online Einstein in Princeton: Scientist, Humanitarian, Cultural Icon, Historical Society of Princeton;J. Stachel, et al, (Eds.) The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vols. 1–10, Princeton University Press; The Atomic Heritage Foundation, Einstein’s Famous Letter to the U.S. President about the need to survive by developing the atomic bomb before the Germans would do it; W. Isaacson, Person of the Century: Why We Chose Einstein, Time, (3 January 2000).

2. E. Schrödinger, Space-­‐Time Structure, Cambridge Univ. Press (1950) 3. J. Tou, et al, Models to Study Gravitational Biology of Mammalian Reproduction, Biology of Reproduction Vol. 67. (2002) 4. S. Perlmutter et al. (The Supernova Cosmology Project) Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 high redshift supernovae, Astrophysical J. 517: 565 (1999).

5. C. W. Kilmister, Eddington's search for a fundamental theory.

Cambridge Univ. Press (1994) 6. H. F. M.Gönner, On the History of Unified Field Theories. Living Reviews in Relativity (2005) 7. D.J. Schwarz and B. Weinhorst, Isotropy of the Hubble Central Diagram: Comparing Hemispheres, Astronomy & Astrophysics 474: 717 (2007) 8. D. L. Wiltshire, Exact Solution to the Averaging Problem in Cosmology, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99: 251101 (2007).

9. D. Zwillinger, Handbook of Differential Equations (3rd edition), Academic Press, (1997) A. D. Polyanin and V. F. Zaitsev, Handbook of Exact Solutions for Ordinary Differential Equations (2nd edition), Chapman & Hall/CRC Press (2003).

10.Adam G. Riess et al. (Supernova Search Team) Observational evidence from supernovae for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant Astronomical J. 116: 1009 (1998); 11.M. Gasperini, et al, The pre-­‐Big Bang Scenario in String Cosmology, Physics Reports, Vol. 373, 1 (2003) 12. On HYPATIA: A. Fitzgerald, Letter of Synesius of Cyrene to Hypathia, London, (1926); Grand Commentaire, de Théon d'Alexandrie aux 'Tables faciles' de Ptolémée, Livre II, III, Vatican City, 1985, 1991; Commentaries de

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13. Keith Smith, EDITOR, SCIENCE-­‐AAAS.Int. SUPPORTS DARK ENERGY and, DENIES the ASTROPHYSICAL SCHOOL, Refers. 2 to 8; Email to Benjamin Gal-­‐Or, October 29, 2016, 12.27AM, RE: 44 years Ago …; Copy to Alice Whaley, SCIENCE-­‐ AAAS.Int., UK. 14. Benjamin Gal-­‐Or, Cosmological Origin of Thermodynamics, Nature 230, 1971); 234, 217 (1971); 15. Ibid, On The Origin of Irreversibility, Science-­‐AAAS, 176, 11 (1972); 178, 119 (1972); 16

Ibid, International Congress "Critical Review of the Foundations of Relativistic and Classical Thermodynamics", Pittsburgh, Pa. April 7-­‐8, (1969), with participation of Nobel Prize Winners, Chaired and edited by B. Gal-­‐Or, Proceedings published by Mono Book, (1970).

17.

Ibid, Entropy, Fallacy, and the Origin of Irreversibility: An Essay on the New Astrophysical School of Thermodynamics; Annal. N.Y. Acad. Acad. Sci., 196 (A6) 305 (1972) (Gold Medal Award).

18. Ibid, on the New Astrophysical Revolutionary School of Thermodynamics, Found. Phys. 6, 407 (1976); 6, 623 (1976); 7, 50 (1977).

19. Ibid, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy (CPP), Volumes I and II, Springer Verlag, New York, 1981, 1983, 1987, Volumes I and 2 in 522-­‐page, Hard-­‐Cover worldwide acclaimed book, Expanding and updating Refers. 14 to 18 and adding "Einsteinian-­‐Induced-­‐Physics and philosophy of Physics" and 'Gravitism' to "The Astrophysical School".

20. Ibid, "Unifications of Symmetries and Asymmetries: What should be first?, Physics Essays, 6, 60, 1993 followed by online published booklets, 2008-­‐2016, including issues related to the 1998-­‐discovery that the expanding universe is accelerating, vs. History Hoax: "Dark Energy" and "Cosmological Origin of Physics". ISSUUE, 2016

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Author: Former professor at Johns Hopkins University, Pittsburgh University & Technion-­‐Israel Institute of Technology (TIIT); (i) established the NATIONAL JET-­‐ENGINE RESEARCH LABORATORY, (ii) in 1976-­‐1977 served as the 1st director of the INSTITUTE of ADVANCED STUDIES, TIIT. Current research: (a) Stealth, Tailless, Thrust Vectoring (Jet-­‐Steering) of Jet Drones, like RQ-­‐ 170, Boeing X-­‐45C, Cruise Missiles & Fighter Aircraft, like the F-­‐22, F-­‐35, (b) Updating the Astrophysical School of Thermodynamics and Time Asymmetries. References 14 to 20, (c) editor-­‐in-­‐chief, International Journal of Turbo & Jet Engines, DeGruyter, Berlin, Germany, but lives in the U.S. & Philippines since 2000.

All rights reserved to the Author.

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