Born Free, Language Arrests Us, Imagination Frees - From hominides to precarious civilization

Born Free Language Arrests Us Imagination Frees ,

,

The road from Free Hominids to Envy-­‐Based Civilizations

The roots of language go back about 1.5 Million year to Out-­‐

of-­‐Africa Hominids [see below] staying in the Jordan Valley – probably being schooled by strong ones that resort to some kind of Name-­‐Calling during hunting-­‐efforts in the unique U-­‐ shaped water trap for animals south of Lake Kinerret.

Next, about 7,000 y/a language is highly advanced by

rulers around the City-­‐State UR, forcing taxes by counting private property -­‐ like domesticated animals – and gradually evolving from code lines and symbols pressed into clay tokens [see below] to the first written language, whose a more advanced version had been later used by Moses to stop covet-­‐envy by one of the Ten Commandments – the grandest command-­‐failure in all subsequent civilizations –

The ulterior or open desire to have a quality, possession, or other desirable attribute belonging to someone else, or failing that – to destroy it.

That covet-­‐envy is often illustrated by King David killing his

devoted General Uriah, for uncontrolled desiring of his quality wife. And all history is dominated by ulterior or open coveting that leads to controlled creativity in biz, art, literature and the sciences, or to uncontrolled, destructive actions between sections of organized religions, wars between nations and destructive, uncontrolled covet-­‐envy between individuals.

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COVET-­‐ENVY THAT LEADS TO

PROFESSORS FOOLING THEMSELVES

Nobel Prize Winner Against Scientists Fooling Themselves The Fooling Assertion by Nobel Laureate Feynman “The first principle is that you must not fool yourself – and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that.

After you’ve not fooled yourself, it’s easy not to fool other scientists.

You just have to be honest in a conventional way.”

“You should not fool the layman when you’re talking as a scientist.

I am not trying to tell you what to do about cheating on your wife, or fooling your girlfriend, or something like that, when you’re not trying to be a scientist, but just trying to be an ordinary human being. … I’m talking about a specific, extra type of integrity that is not lying, but bending over backwards to show how you are maybe wrong, that you ought to have when acting as a scientist.

And this is our responsibility as scientists, certainly to other scientists, and to the laymen.

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Comments Today, more than ever, armies of scientists fool themselves by publishing mysterious, unverifiable popular theories that cannot even rise to the level of being wrong in verified science, partly by smuggling wrongs without declaring the contraband, partly by fooling other scientists, writers, reporters & media editors, all hungry-­‐to-­‐publish-­‐sensational stories for the laymen, shamelessly exploiting hard-­‐eared historical prestige of verifiable science.

Nothing stops them except perhaps presenting them with a mirror that exposes them not only as impostors of bona fide science, but as scientists who publish frivolous claims.

These pages attempt to build and use two such mirrors, one in Unified World History, the other termed "Gravitism", for a Unified Philosophy based on Einsteinian Gravity-­‐Physics.

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PART A 50 to 0.08 Million y/a

Civilization seeds by Gravitationally-­‐induced events Himalayas?

A

bout 45 million years ago the plate that carries the Indian subcontinent is pushed up, gradually forming the Himalayas.

This new barrier to global wind changed weather patterns, even in Africa, altering there average temperatures and ecological systems, forming arid zones.

The Resulting Effect Proved Highly Important within the

Evolution of Hominids to Humans Climates in Africa that had been tropical had turned largely temperate, jungles had thinned out, and fruits and nuts normally available year around began to appear only seasonally. v The changing conditions for feeding, outside the forest in the resulting savanna, attracted forest-dwelling apes in search of food. v Once out of the forest these apes began to evolve rapidly. v The grasslands favored the survival of those who could stand up; for an erect position enables to see over the grass to spot and hunt their prey, and to see and escape the animals that preyed on them.

Thus they were able to survive longer and produce more offspring who shared their characteristics.

After many generations they had evolved into the uprightstanding-walking hominids.

Homo means "human" and there are three main species that differ somewhat in body structure, culture and knowledge.

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v Homo Habilas, or "hominid with ability" who vanished at least more than a million years ago. v Homo Erectus, or "hominid who walks upright", who was in turn followed between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago by Homo Sapiens. v Home Sapiens, or "hominids who thinks".

ALL people living today belong to the Once-Free Hominids Species Homo Sapiens

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2.

G

H

ravitationally-­‐induced migration of

ominids from Africa

Hominids "tool" shown on their background from about 1.5 Million y/a Jordan River "Campus" located today near Beit-­‐Zera and Afikim in Israel.

No tourists are yet allowed to visit this site.

Credit: National Geographic

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3. Hominids Establish JRA the Jordan Valley Academy How JRA Affected World History?

A

round 20 million

years ago the floors of the Red-­‐&-­‐Dead-­‐Seas were broken, as shown.

Eventually, around 2 to 3 million years ago, a deep valley was thus formed.

This "tectonic" valley has become the greatest historical "highway" to get Hominids out of Africa to mainly settle in the Jordan Valley, especially south of Lake Galil-­‐Kineret, Starting around 20 million years ago thereby the Dead-&-Red-Seas floors were

The Most Important World History of Mankind has started to unfold at JRA, Jordan River Academy.

splitting/moving apart, as shown.

Around 2 to 3 million years ago these had generated deep tectonic valleys leading from Africa to the Lake of Galil-Kineret, Israel .

The result: Historic navigable highway for Hominids to get out of Africa 1.8 million years ago then evolve into humans graduated from the Jordan-River-Academy, JRA. Map by Patricia J. Wynne

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A

t least 1.8 million years ago, the verified migration waves of

hominids from Africa to the Jordan valley under similar warm climate, are mainly composed of Homo Erectus and Homo Habilis.

M A T

any hominids PASSED OR LIVED in the unique,

nimals-­‐

U

-­‐shaped-­‐

rap formed by the junction of the Yavneal Stream and

the Jordan River. It was one of the best easy way to get meat-­‐food in the world at that time.

NOTE: As Einstein explained, meandering rivers are gravitationally-­‐ induced. Indeed the current U-­‐shaped-­‐Trap was more than half-­‐a-­‐ circle closed, because the Yavneal-­‐Stream joins the meandering Jordan river at a point that makes it a perfect hunting trap of animal approaching that half-­‐circle to drink water. However, 1.5 million years ago that half-­‐circle may have not been there, except the Yavneal stream, and said trap was less efficient for hunting the animals.

RECAP: As the thirsty animals approach the u-­‐shaped water streams to drink, the hominids just closed on them, probably with shouts and a strong leader, and killed them with tools like the one shown below.

Hence, hominids liked the place and established 'residence' there as

The first "Village-­‐Like" Mankind of

Which was probably ruled by a strong hominids who uttered directions and sort of names to organize the hunt of animal arriving to drink water.

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W

ho visited or lived there?

Portions of the Homo Habilis wave had reached even further North into colder sites, such as Dmanisi, in the Republic of Georgia today. But that migration was 'too early" and they all vanished more than a million years ago.

Homo erectus settles in the Jordan Valley at least 1.8 million years ago. Especially in a unique place we term JORDAN RIVER ACADEMY, they have evolved fast and some of its graduates have later spread to all corner of the earth.

Thus their remains from a million years later, around 460,000 years ago, were found in China and from around 400,000 years ago in Europe. But more about this later below. v About 130,000 to 80,000 years ago, the Homo Sapiens are living in the JRA area. RECAP: Their given name means "Homo Who Thinks". v

By DNA studies, which are valid only up to about 1 million years old remains, like bones,

all people living today are Homo Sapiens -­‐-­‐ a controversial term for most who do not even read today. v

H

omo Sapiens had taken or stolen from earlier hominids living in 10

JRA area their improved knowledge, technology and trade secrets that had helped them survive and gradually populate all lands, fighting and extinguishing rivals in a way that resembles the biblical story that we are all descendants of v Homo

Sapiens

rivals

also

Kayin. included

portions

of

the

Neanderthals, who had also attended some JRA classes, but dropped out to go further North.

v But that move proved "too early". As JRA-­‐drop-­‐outs, they lacked JRA-­‐improved cloths, huts and minimal technology to adapt to colder climates. Thus they gradually vanished. In Europe their last stands was in Gibraltar.

v

C

armel-­‐Caves JRA Branches evolved during about 500.000 years as

adapted-­‐improved culture peaking about 140,000 years ago. v These are located about 60 km west of JRA, on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. These days tourists are allowed to visit the caves and study that culture with visual aids.

W

hy the JRA is so central and unique in Unified World History?

Red triangles marked on the map locate ancient volcanic activities while the reddish area the AFAR Region in Ethiopia, where from the skeleton of the world famous hominid 'Lucy' was discovered. See below.

The ancient Lake Galil-­‐Kineret had expanded and Contracted 60 times during said period. Accordingly, all 'resident-­‐students-­‐faculty' had to move their "home"-­‐floors in and out of the site.

The site was the 'Garden of Eden-­‐Campus' to students and faculty who had enjoyed there plenty of animal 11

food by said water trap and absent need to wear cloths in the warm Jordan Valley, as in origin, Africa.

G

raduates of JRA

S

E

pread to all corners of

arth

JRA – Jordan River Academy Students: Hominids from Africa EARNING JRA-STATUS: Allowed only for families living on campus.

For Status like BA by attending coordinated-hunting and name-giving classes.

For Status like PhD by attending pre-linguistic Methushelach classes.

Alumni: JRA Graduates today who can still read books.

Drop-Outs: Ancestors who continue to drop-out but still read & create.

Directions: 60 km East of Haifa; 180 km north of Jerusalem via the Jordan Valley, then turn left at Beit Zera or Afikim.

"Hominids" contributed to major sections of all our fixed DNA, which constitute at least 98% of all humanity today.

Endless names and definitions have been proposed in this domain, but are not needed at this stage, e.g., Sahelanthropous techadensis, Orrorin tugenesis and Ardipithecus kadabba.

Australopithecus afarensis. The entire "family" is often termed Hominidae.

Gravity-induced changes in the environment, e.g., when a volcano erupts, also cause changes in feeding behavior of hominids, and thus changes in

Teeth, Jaws, Legs, Backbones.

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Skeleton structures of various hominids is also adapted to enhance motility, to survive.

Loss of estrus by the female hominid. This sexual rhythm differentiated them from all other animals. New modes of mating improve the selection of a partner lead to prolonged infant dependency, stable and more enduring family units.

Human (Ardipithecus, Australopithecus and Homo) and Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus) lineages further diverged from a common ancestor about 5 to 6 million yearrs ago.

The First-Ever Language The village-­‐like, JRA campus, was probably ruled by strong hominids, who uttered directions and sort of names-­‐calling to organize the hunt.

Since about 50,000 years ago such name-­‐calling has gradually developed into humanity greatest achievement: Language.

It enabled individuals to work with one another, to exchange ideas and share practices and pass it on to their off spring, or be taken by rivals or exported with the afore-­‐stated waves to distant lands

4.4 to 13

1.8 Million y/a

"Hominids" “Lucy” and “Ardi”

lived in Afar, Ethiopia, ARDI about 4.4, LUCY about 3.2 million y/a.

Detailed structures of both Ardi & lucy knees, pelvis and hip indicate that they could walk upright on two legs.

However, chimpanzees also occasionally walk upright for short periods of time.

Genetic studies show that both shared a common ancestor about 8,000,000 y/a.

Some 17 or 19 gravity-­‐induced 'ice ages’, -­‐ since 3,000,000 y/a, have strongly affected ecological systems on earth.

Each lasted about 50,000 to 100,000 years and each had lowered the surface of the oceans, resulting in climate-induced changes in life and ecological systems, e.g., U-shaped valleys in North America and Canada.

Ice melting

leads to widespread destruction of creatures which had adapted to colder climates.

Lucy skeleton, was discovered in Afar's arid zone.

2 to In Sum: JRA was established at below-sea-level, hot, gravity0.08 Million induced tectonic corridor connecting hominid habitats in East Africa with the Gravity-Induced Jordan River Valley. y/a

Between 2 million and 3 million y/a said Afro hominids and animals 14

migrated to the Jordan Valley under the same climatic conditions as in their source. [Via the Red sea, the Dead Sea, as depicted by the maps.]

Stone tools and the fossils of large mammals were found there together with remnants of a muddy shoreline about 1.6 to 1.4 million y/a. See below.

2.0 to 1.4 Million y/a

The "campus" is located where the Jordan River meets a small (mostly dry) river flowing down from the Porria Valley, the "Yavneal Stream".

It consists of 'living floors' that include hand axes, picks, bifaces, pebblecore tools. Bones found at the site include extinct species of hippopotamus, deer, and mollusks.

D

istinct layers composed of alternating ‘living’ floors, which contain animal-bones vs. lake-fishbones, in mud, not on ‘living’ floors, characterize this world unique ancient campus.

The layers with floors are composed ‘ordered’ river-rounded-stones that include the tools mentioned above.

of

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The alternating layers correspond to repeated expansions and contractions of the ancient Lake of Galilee.

W

hen the lake was contracting, the animals and hominids that had migrated from East Africa via the gravity-induced Red and Dead Seas found here a unique feeding site that has allowed them to gradually surpass the ‘technology’ of the

Neanderthals.

RECAP:

It is from this early campus and its branches that early "EDUCATED" homo-ancestors have gradually, in waves, spread to all corners of the world.

1.4 Million to 12 K y/a

This campus is therefore the Earliest Learning "School" of Mankind.

Obviously its educational system cannot be compared to presentday ones but its early revolution cannot be side-stepped.

R

ecent mtDNA

S

tudies

‘Graduated’ hominids from this - and from other early locations – had gradually migrated - or forced by other pouring-in immigrants to run away to all corners of the globe, e.g. to v v v v 780 to 80K y/a

Europe about 40,000 y/a, following some earlier waves; East Asia about 30,000 y/a; following earlier waves; North America about 30,000 & 14-11,000 y/a; Australia about 30,000 or 40,000 y/a.

Stone hand axes, fashioned according to African 16

techniques and found at a site just north of Lake of Galilee, indicate additional emigration waves out of Africa about 780,000 years ago.

R

emains discovered west of Lake of Galilee at Skhul & Qafzeh

Caves in Israel indicate that early modern humans--probably either descendants or near relatives of the recently discovered, 160,000-yearold H. sapiens fossils from Herto, Ethiopia--were present much later in the gravity-induced Jordan River tectonic Valley between 130,000 and 80,000 years ago.

Up to 25K y/a

V

arious mtDNA analyses show that

Neanderthals shared a common ancestor with Homo Sapiens. mtDNA-based dating of that split ranges from 800,000, 516,000 or 500,000 y/a while fossil records indicate 400,000 y/a.

Source:AMNH

Neanderthal fossil finds have been discovered in Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy and England and as far as in Uzbekistan.

Like apes, they lacked a bony chin.

Yet, they had a larger and broader face than ours.

Their skull has a receding forehead and low braincase, but their brain 17

is larger than those of our ancestors.

Moreover, they used fire and introduced burial sites.

500 to 40K y/a

Mount-Carmel Caves

were most likely occupied by migrants from

the Jordan Valley.

The Tabun Cave has the longest sequence of occupation, almost half a million years.

The dwellers used improved hand axes of flint or limestone for killing animals (gazelle, hippopotamus, rhinoceros and wild cattle) and for digging out plant roots.

Hand axes became smaller and better shaped and scrapers, made of thick flakes chipped off flint cores, were used for scraping meat off bones and for processing animal skins.

Upper levels in the Tabun Cave consist mainly of clay and silt, indicating that a colder, more humid climate prevailed when glaciers formed once more; this caused the Mediterranean Sea level to drop about 100m. These climatic effects had also produced a wider coastal strip, covered by dense forests and swamps.

Quaternary Era

1.8 M is fragmented into: to 10K y/a & 10k y/a] and Holocene [10k to present]. present 120K y/a 100 to 13K y/a

Pleistocene [1.8 million to

Burial tradition spreads. Skeleton of a female buried inside a stone niche just outside a Mount-Carmel Cave is one of the most ancient human skeletal remains.

Migration to the Indian Subcontinent and East Asia Migrations from the Jordan Valley and similar locations to the rest of the world have been largely proved by studies of complete Mitochondrial DNA sequence.

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For instance, in JRA, during 1.4 million years, hominids have ‘selfeducated’ themselves to graduate as ‘modern humans’. Thus, they have

later

survived

with

relatively

advanced

technology in other climates.

At least 14 skeletons uncovered portray Homo sapiens, who are closely related to modern humans in physical appearance with delicate facial features, a protruding chin and a straight forehead.

These appearances have been largely developed in the Mount-Carmel Caves and in the Jordan River Valley.

Other facts prove that the Earliest Civilizations were developed in UR and Jericho as well as in Egypt and China.

67 to 10K y/a

RECAP: Migration Waves Around The Ancient World v v v v v v v

35k y/a, Earliest clothed body discovered in Russia.

30k y/a: Beginning of the last North-American ice age.

27k y/a, caves in Africa abound with paintings and carvings.

20k y/a, Migration to N-America via the Bering land bridge.

15k y/a, domestication of dogs from wolfs in China.

40k y/a, from the Jordan Valley to Europe post earlier waves.

13k y/a, Migration from North to South America.

Mitochondrial-DNA [mtDNA] studies provide evidence for migration from the Baikal Lake area in Southern Siberia, across the Bering land bridge, to Alaska, North America and further South along the coast.

Plant-gathering and animal-hunting is gradually transformed into plant-growing and animal-domestication.

12,000 to 8000 y/a THE LAST GLACIAL PERIOD ENDED causing, inter alia, the level of the Mediterranean Sea to rise again, and the coastline near Mount-Carmel Caves to stabilize at roughly its present contours.

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C

armel settlements then become permanent, consisting of a few families living together in a kind of a village that serves as a base for hunting expeditions and food gathering.

Improved Natufian flint tools are used primarily as scrapers of animal skins.

Decorative beads, blades for cutting meat and sawing bone and sickle blades (secured in wooden or bone scythes) emerge for harvesting grain (which left a characteristic gloss on the edge of the blades).

Microliths of a lunatic shape are used as arrowheads, harpoons and fish hooks. Grinding tools, mortars and pestles made of stone are used for food processing.

Early Civilization in JERICHO

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12 to 8K y/a

A

ll hominids migrating from Africa via the tectonically

depressed down Jordan Valley, first passed the Red and Dead Seas.

Some stayed and lived in Jericho, just North of The Dead sea, which, with 7,000 years old city-State UR, in today's Iraq, are one of the first civilization sites.

About 180 km further North in the Jordan Valley, 3 km south of 21

the lake of Galil-Kineret, hominids established the main JRA campus of the Jordan River Academy.

What remains in Jericho tell us is that about hominids who had self-educated themselves to, inter alia: v Gather seeds of cereal grasses from the rocky hills flanking the Jordan River Valley and planting them in its fertile soil, v Domesticating cattle, goats, and sheep, v Expansion of settlements into villages. v Building protective walls around the city in later times.

1M y/a to pres ent

Historical Background on "Intellectual Property Taking" v Homo Sapiens had stolen "IP" from H. Erectus & H. Habilis. cited above v Sumerians had Stolen "IP" from Ubeidians in City-­‐State UR. cited below v Endless "IP-­‐Stealing" by Romans, Christians, Muslims, Europeans, Russians, Japanese, Chinese, in author's ISSUU Book-­‐Series 2008-­‐2016.

A Personal Remark Plowing the land of the green village Kfar Hess in Israel, at age 16, in 1949, with a good new wheeled tractor, the resulted plowed-­‐field-­‐lines were twisted, crooked and ugly because, as all in the village did, I steered the tractor's front wheel to follow the growing-­‐twisted-­‐ previous-­‐pass, thus gradually increasing the degree of straight-­‐line-­‐ distortion in each pass. Then a decision passed my mind: Steer by raising attention to focus on far-­‐away, pre-­‐selected objects.

T

hus, by ignoring growing local distortions, not only the field-­‐plowing-­‐

lines have emerged aesthetic, straight & efficient, but the villagers hired me to plow their land, well, until a friend tells them my secret. Since 22

then, by Law, I protect valuable ones.

The yellow-­‐back-­‐grounded-­‐sentence is stressed because it constitutes these-­‐pages guideline.

Correlation: Patents expire, not trade secrets, if strictly kept so.

References 7-­‐12 v. 13.

Main Racial Groups Gradually Frozen in Dominated Territories

of Homo Sapiens These include Sapiens residing from America to Japan, from Russia to South Africa and Australia. Their remains prove that about: v v v v 7,000 to 5,500 y/a

9,819 y/a pottery was produced in Japan 9,500 y/a, harvesting of wild grasses existed in Asia Minor.

9,400 y/a, humans lived in Kennewick, North America.

8,640 y/a, humans lived in Palli Aike, Southern Chile.

UR: The First City-State Civilization, Almost the Same Status as

JERICHO UR was established on the fertile soil formed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, in an area close to where they flow into what is today Iraq.

It is often called Shummer, or Summer.

Yet, other call it the ‘the land between the two rivers’, ‘the Ur Civilization’, or ‘Ki-engir’, ‘Acadi’ as the Bible refers to it.

Its first settlers are called Ubaidians.

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Their name is derived from Tel al'Ubaid, near the city of Ur. 6600 y/a. Ubaidians living in villages develop systems to drain marshes and irrigate crops by digging ditches to river waters. They learn to keep farm animals and develop weaving, leather work and copper and bronze metallurgy. They are involved in trade with nearby societies.

6100 y/a. Ubaidians develop large ovens for baking bread. In Tell Hamoukar, a protective city wall is erected.

Dry clay marks and primitive hieroglyphics are emerging for record keeping of trade transactions or taxes involving livestock or crops.

Stamp seals are used at various Ubaid-culture sites as precursors to writing.

T

he first written language in World History emerges in UR

vď ś 8000 y/a the UR-area people are already irrigating fields to grow cereal crops, fish in rivers and marshes have already well domesticated sheep & goats. vď ś They also employ Wheels for their donkey-carts and to operate simple machines that make pottery easier to manufacture and paint. Pottery then emerges as UR-Ubaid Style-of-Art, with its monochrome black painting. vď ś 7,000 y/a UR "villagers" construct religious centers, each with its particular god. A temple with monumental architecture is constructed around 6500 y/a.

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v Early historical division of labor evolves in UR. v Earlier flint sickles are replaced by clay sickles. v A religious temple dedicated to Nin-Khursag (Ninhursag) was uncovered at al'Ubaid, with a dedication inscription from A-annipadda, king of Ur and son of Mes-anni-padda, king of Ur. Uncovered “Shummerian King List” shows that they are from the First Dynasty of Ur.

Ubaidians' culture Taken by Shummerian

s

T

he invasion established a new era of civilization.

As with the Ubaidians, the origin of the Shummerians is not clear.

Their language, which has survived through writing, bears some resemblance to the Ural-Altaic languages.

5.9K

S

hummerians construct improved canals for irrigating crops and for transporting crops by boat to village centers. They also improve the roads over which their donkeys trod, some of their donkeys pulling improved wheeled carts. v As the UR/Shummerian population increases, key elements in creating a civilization - a word derived from an ancient word for city – evolve. At least fifteen cities emerge: Ur, Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Eridu, Sipper, Nippur, Adab, Umma, Larsa, Eshnunna, Shaduppum, Isin, and Shurupak. v Sufficient food is gradually produced to support city population that had developed professions: Priesthood, pottery making, weaving, carpentry, early metallurgy and trading, including trade by sea for which they constructed seaworthy boats and even ships. They imported commodities made from wood, stone, tin and copper.

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v Ur, for example, has increased to a city of about 24,000 people and Uruk to around 45,000. Around each city were fields of grain, orchards of date palms and land for herding.

5.400 y/a

SOURCE Wikipedia

5,400 y/a: The European “ICE MAN” was discovered on September 19, 1991 almost intact under an Alpine melting glacier near the border between Austria and Germany.

He had a tattoo-like marks on his preserved skin, a deerskin quiver that contained 14 arrows, unfinished bow, an ax of nearly pure copper and a tool to sharpen flint blades.

Other findings reveal that his people grew wheat and barley and made linen cloths from flax. They have already domesticated dogs, sheep, goats, cattle and pigs.

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Part B: ADDENDUM XXII to

Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy

Figure 1 Terminology & Locations

SPACE-­‐2 wraps galaxies SPACE-3 Includes super-fast interstellar winds, which flow to SPACE-2 and are next, irreversibly forever being

1

dissipated in SPACE- , which is composed of cold, dark expanding VOIDS located between all Super-Clusters of galaxies as shown in Figures 2 and 4 below. All images from author's References & Wikipedia.

27

F

4. rivolous claims about cosmic

Dark Matter and Energy

Figure 2:

Figure 2: Terminology of the super-­‐ fast Jet-­‐stellar-­‐Winds, which Cause the observed Voids-­‐Expansion AND also Void All Mysterious Dark Matter-­‐ Energy Claims as nothing but Chimera TWO RULES of PHYSICS: All detected VOIDS between all observed 'walls' of super-­‐clusters of galaxies shown expand by: 28

Einsteinian-­‐Hubble left-­‐over inertia from the Big-­‐Bang explosion, Linear-­‐Momentum reaction-­‐propulsion resulting from billions super-­‐fast Stellar-­‐Winds-­‐JETs Pouring-­‐in as depicted in Figures 2 to 4.

SPACE-­‐1 expansion, which does not include matter expansion in Spaces 2 & 3, is thus the collective expansion of these voids.

Each void is surrounded by 'WALLS' that harbor billions SPACES 2 & 3 'Jet-­‐Cells'.

Our New Astrophysical School is termed Gravitism and is partly based on these claims plus

Thought Experiment I

Imagine a room made of flexible walls, floors and ceiling each pouring in millions of fast radiation-­‐winds, whereby the room volume increases, causing endless chain of feedback effects. [1-­‐6].

RECAP: Voids Expand by Two Rules of Physics: (i) The Einsteinian-­‐Hubble inertia left over from the Big-­‐bang expansion-­‐ explosion, which had been predicted by Einstein's field equations accepting no static solutions, prior to being detected-­‐affirmed by Hubble around 1929,

(ii) Conservation of Linear Momentum, which controls all rocket & jet engine propulsion-­‐forces, while in this large-­‐scale-­‐pouring of stellar-­‐winds-­‐jets into each void, from all surrounding directions, it generates the largest energy sink in the entire universe, while also causing the 'walls' of super-­‐clusters of galaxies to

29

be pushed-­‐away faster from the expanding voids, without being expanded inside each galaxy, thus slightly accelerating the detected voids-­‐expansion due to the left-­‐over inertia.

This claim is illustrated by 4 symbolic yellow arrows in Figures 2 and 4

The 2nd-­‐Law of Thermodynamics is fundamentally, as explained in References 1 to 6, the Physical Law of Time Asymmetries generated by dissipation of energy in the cosmos, as supported herein and proved in said references.

RECAP: Since said jets enter each void from all directions, they push away the 'walls' of super-­‐clusters of galaxies that surround each void, causing the recently detected slight acceleration of the voids expansion beyond the Einsteinian-­‐Hubble expansion

Thus there is no need to explain the detected acceleration by speculating a cosmos full of undetected dark matter and dark energy – a fast-­‐spreading speculation that bears some resemblance to the Greek Mythological Animal Chimera.

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5. Gravitism, Havaism and Time Arrows

MOST IMPORTANT is to next very-­‐carefully assess-­‐comprehend Figure 3

Cluster I

Space-2

Space-3 wraps stars & galaxies

SPACE-1

Cluster II

Space-2

Figure 3: The Detected Voids/SPACE-­‐1-­‐EXPANSION constitutes the CENTRAL THEME of our EINSTEINIAN, Unified Science-­‐Philosophy-­‐History School:

Gravitism Havaism &

.

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Claim 1: All galaxies, stars, planets are less important than the marked dynamics and the resulting bylaws dictated by the observed, expanding, cooling VOIDS-­‐SPACE-­‐1 as the MASTER TIME of all Evolution. But first re-­‐assess opposite-­‐jet-­‐thrust-­‐push-­‐on-­‐walls in figure 4 below.

Claim 2: Stellar-­‐chemical-­‐supernova-­‐evolution, and the generation of the elements of life inside such massive stars that become supernova are NOT possible without the release of their-­‐stellar-­‐winds into spaces-­‐3, 2 and eventually into the universal sink provided by the detected VOIDS/SPACE-­‐1-­‐EXPANSION, which as shown in Figures 2 and 4, causes non-­‐ expanding material 'walls' to move away from each other in acceleration atop the left-­‐over inertia-­‐expansion since the Big-­‐Bang explosion of all space 17.8 years ago.

Claim 3: Said expansion is not only the root-­‐cause of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, but of all human perceptions of time, the creator, unified world order, all gravitational structures-­‐matter, life and even in resolving some controversial END-­‐TIME ideas in various organized religions.

The observed voids in Fig. 2 are zoomed-in for Fig. 4 illustration. Next, according to the New Astrophysical School, we first illustrate our claims by imagining a room made of flexible walls-­‐floors-­‐ceiling out of each millions of high-­‐speed-­‐stellar-­‐winds-­‐jets pour into the room.

By propulsion force ("push", "thrust") in the opposite direction, caused by these "jets" moves the 'walls" away from the room center, effecting the 32

volume increase of the room in analogy to increasing the volume of the voids/SPACE-­‐1, thereby causing endless feedback chain-­‐effects discussed in references 1-­‐5.

RECAP Galactic 'walls' are thus pushed away from each void-center, causing all voids to expand and thus move away from each other.

Thus, the cosmos is not only expanding during the last 13.8 billion years under the Big-Bang-left-inertia, but its expansion is slightly ACCELERATED by these inpouring jets.

Consequently, the Mysterious Dark Matter & Dark Energy that "Run the Universe" as Claimed by Armies of Theorists are nothing but chimera.

Chimera 33

References 1.

B. Gal-­‐Or, The Crisis on the Origin of Irreversibility, Science, 176, 11 (1972); 178, 119 (1972); 2. B. Gal-­‐Or, Cosmological Origin of Thermodynamics, Nature 230, 1971); 234, 217 (1971); 3. B. Gal-­‐Or, Entropy, Fallacy, and the Origin of Irreversibility: An Essay on the New Astrophysical Revolutionary School of Thermodynamics. Annal. N.Y. Acad. Acad. Sci., 196 (A6) 305 (1972) (Gold Medal); 4. B. Gal-­‐Or, Cosmological Origin of Irreversibility, Time and Time-­‐Anisotropies, Found.

Phys. 6, 407 (1976); 6, 623 (1976); 7, 50 (1977); 5. B. Gal-­‐Or, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy, CPP, Vol. I & II, Springer Verlag, New York, 1981, 1983, 1987. 2007-­‐2016 Online books published by SCRIBD and recently by ISSUUE, add observations, discoveries and illustrations to this new astrophysical school and the new philosophies GRAVITISM and HAVAISM, Vol. 1, CPP, see Table of Contents.

6. B. Gal-­‐Or, “A Critical Review of the Foundations of Relativistic and Classical Thermodynamics”, International Symposium, Pittsburgh, April 7-­‐8, 1969, Mono Book, (1970).

7. NATO & U.S. AIR FORCE published Review on the author's TMTS-­‐IPA-­‐78402 (defined by Refs. 8-­‐12) on JES (Jet-­‐Engine-­‐Steering, Thrust vectoring), Stealth, Super-­‐Agile, Tailless JES-­‐Fighter/Strike Aircraft and Attack Stealth JES-­‐JET DRONES; RTO-­‐TR-­‐015 AC/323/(HFM-­‐015)/TP-­‐1 (2001); Published by NATO & U.S. Air Force in the U.S., UK, Germany, Japan, 2000-­‐2001.

8. B. Gal-­‐Or, 1986, conglomerate of Top Military Trade Secrets filed-­‐protected since April 2, 1986 by IPA 78402, [TMTS-­‐IPA-­‐78402], which was late-­‐ordered State-­‐Classified-­‐Taken in 1987 by Defense/Prime Minister Y. RABIN; Then in 1994, at Israel Supreme Court v.

The Government of Israel for denied State compensation for said state-­‐takings of own, private said property. Compensation level has remained open/undecided since 1994 under the responsibility of a classified Committee headed by a deceased Supreme Court Judge, despite petitions.

9. B. Gal-­‐Or, 2004-­‐2006, USA, Kansas Courts v. Boeing for August 25, 1986 contract-­‐taking violation of TMTS-­‐IPA-­‐78402. Lost only on timing. [Filed too late].

10. B. Gal-­‐Or, 2009-­‐2015, U.S. Court of Federal Claims, CFC v. The U.S. Government for Takings TMTS-­‐IPA-­‐78402 without compensation via Boeing, denied by ruling that: 1986-­‐ TMTS-­‐IPA-­‐78402 is "PROTECED BY" 1998 U.S. Patent …431 (Ref. 13). Next that ruling 34

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

was voided (reversed) by CAFC (Ref. 11) on Appeal in 2012, then reversed-­‐reversed by CFC in 2015, then re-­‐appealed in 2015, then Reversed-­‐Reversed.

B. Gal-­‐Or, 2010, 2014, 2015; U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, CAFC, v. USG, reversing CFC-­‐2010, Affirming CFC-­‐2015, appealed to U.S. Supreme Court in 2016.

B. Gal-­‐Or, 2016, TMTS-­‐IPA-­‐78402 takings by USG appealed to U.S. Supreme Court.

Refused filing and any litigation by the Court Clerk.

B. Gal-­‐Or, et al, 1998 Patent on “Thrust Vectoring/Reversing Systems” for enhancing flight safety of passengers jet, also against terror, simply by add-­‐on-­‐kits to their extant engine nacelles, 1998 U.S. Patent, … 431.

B. Gal-­‐Or, Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuveriuability and Robot Aircraft, Springer Verlag , ISBN 1990, ISBN 0-­‐387-­‐97161-­‐0, 3-­‐540-­‐97161-­‐0; (1990) ; B. Gal-­‐Or, Seven Editorials: "Future Jet Technologies -­‐-­‐ air, land and sea applications of Thrust Vectoring”, International J. of Turbo and Jet Engines, 2011-­‐2016; http://www.reference-­‐global.com/doi/pdfplusdirect/10.1515/TJJ.2011.006;

C

C

P

Philosophy

omments on osmology, hysics and

Published Reviews and Comments

"Gal-­‐Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject.”

Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Sciences

"Evokes a person heart !!

Has generated a large number of responses from around the world, some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-­‐Orians”.

Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country should recommend this book with all their intellectual power."

Chinese Academy of Sciences "A Master Piece.

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The well-­‐known author bases his philosophy on a very sound knowledge of present-­‐day scientific theories. " Indian Journal of Physics

"This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable, worth reading and enlightening." Sir Karl Popper

"I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical humanism than that of Gal-­‐Or’s book." HaAretz News Paper

"We are all Gal-­‐Orians ! " Editor, Foundations of Physics

"The works of scientists like Gal-­‐Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-­‐Winner) Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-­‐Or is superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences

"Einstein's time-­‐symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-­‐Or’s “New Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena!

Gal-­‐Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-­‐chemical and biological evolution -­‐-­‐ that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -­‐-­‐ that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology.

He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself.

Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-­‐cluster expanding space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.”

Advancement of Physics

"Gal-­‐Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-­‐away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.”

Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics

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Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of"

"This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read."

Outstanding Books List

"Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work!

Gal-­‐Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political philosophy." A. Cottrell, Chancellor, Cambridge University

"Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science.

Sir Karl Popper, in a Foreword, correctly describes it “a great book”.

New Scientist Magazine AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: “Gal-­‐Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole.

He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-­‐ delusion. Furthermore, he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism.

His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government.

One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and asymmetry.

His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future. Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the 37

nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations.

The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales.

The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion.

He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time asymmetries.

The expansion provides, among other things, an unsaturable sink for radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life.

He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions in information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries.

Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events.

The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-­‐Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review.

[This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic institutions "as Gal-­‐Or describes them", but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the students.”

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS

“One of the best books on the totality of the sciences & the universe. It was one of the favorite books of Sir Karl Popper. It looks at physics and the universe as a totality of the mathematical philosophical understanding. It also combines the physical concept of time with human psychological perception and brain understanding of languages.”

Robin (forumhub.com/expr/@202.54.92.222

“I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it.

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I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them!

Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and by so much more!

I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time.

What an ingenious phrase is your, “smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”!

I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable consequences.

I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in with the other great task.

That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics. You do both tasks far better than I could hope to.

I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a package that I personally have found most thought-­‐provoking.”

Prof. John A. Wheeler, Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton University

“An interesting and original book, easy to read, interesting and fascinating.” Novo Cimento Science Magazine

"Interesting to read, integrating much of scientific material."

Deutsche Literatur-­‐zeitung “A comprehensive explication of a large area of science which the reader may study in many subjects.” Contemporary Philosophy "Your book “was / is an inspiration in my life” European reader, 2011/ Facebook

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