A Chicken House Play? Or a Dictionary?

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A Chicken House Play? or a Dictionary?

'No-Show' of Dark Energy?

Anti-Gravity?

Dark Matter?

Hawking 'Physics'?

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A Play SOMEWHERE IN SWEDEN

ENTERING THE ROYAL SECRETARY:

His Excellency!

Mr. Han !!

President of Nobel Prize Physics Committee!

Enters Mr. Han and being chaired in Mid Table.

HAN: Are all members present?

O' I see, here you are all.

Today we hear petitions.

Huuummm ..........

Who is first?

Mr. HEN, Your Excellency, the Royal Secretary.

Enters Mr. HEN A TEN-FEET-HIGH CHICKEN

HAN: O' Mr. Hen. How a refreshing name.

Are we related?

HEN: Sorry Your Excellency.

As far as I know, That is as far as science testifies,

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only by ancient DNA links.

Then we parted, you to the Swedish Royal House, Me to the Chicken Low House.

HAN: Why being dressed like a chicken?

HEN: Sir, it's me, a real bona fide Chicken.

HAN: Crystal clear Mr. Hen Now as to your petition, Please be kindly notified that We are the sole gate keepers of The Royal Nobel Prize in Physics, Not of Chicken House Physics, As you said.

HEN: Yes Sir, and that is exactly why here I filed a petition on behalf of all Top-Hen-Scientists living in chicken houses.

HAN: Look Mr. Chicken, Sorry Mr. Hen. We are free, not arrested in low Chicken houses, like you.

HEN: Sir, we contend that you are more arrested than we are.

HAN: That indeed is refreshing, a chicken science in reverse.

HEN: Sir, when you were born, have not you been arrested by a citizenship you did not select? by a name you did not select? by a religion you did not select?

HAN: As proud pure Arian Christian Swedish Citizens,

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We maintain other names for what you define as being arrested.

HEN: Our petition starts by asserting that We, all global chicken, are absolutely free, while you are arrested for life.

We are not arrested by restricted "rights" of "national subjects", by duties to imposed regime, culture and religion, by encaging passports, by confined state borders, by being slaves of property, by mandatory schools, by imposed rules of family, unlike Your Royal Excellency.

HAN: Consulting the members around the table.

HAN: We concluded that you may have a point here, indeed, hard points, But are you a scientist?

Which is a precondition to have a standing before us, for otherwise we must deny your petition.

HEN: Well, Like You Sir, We know Newtonian and Einsteinian Physics.

Like You, We do not reside on the ceiling, only some times on roofs.

HAN: Consulting the members around the table.

HAN: We conclude that, again, you may have a point here, Indeed, painful points of life in Sweden and beyond, But what is your petition in physics?

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HEN: Is not it clear Sir? Why did your honorable members discriminate against top chicken scientists?

Why there is no Nobel Prizes to any top hen scientist?

HAN: Indeed Mr. Chicken, sorry Mr. Hen In our journey from dust to dust, we are superior over trees and over animals, so that's why.

HEN: No Sir, First, trees neither hate, nor launch sectarian wars, like the Swedes did over Europe, Neither we make and use deadly weapons, or gas each other, and that is why I submit to your committee my thesis for a long overdue Nobel Prize.

HAN : Consulting the members around the table.

HAN: We all agree, Mr. HEN, bring it on ...

Huummm ....., your refreshing chicken house physics, but WHAT IT IS?

HEN: SIR, WE SUBSCRIBE TO EINSTEIN'S DICTUM: TWO INFINITIES Dominate All, The universe and human stupidity.

And he was not sure about the universe.

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HAN: Huummm ... DO YOU MEAN the recent .... huummm....

Stupidly admired by a billion laymen, history of time, hollow jokes and HAWKING THEORY OF EVERYTHING? HEN: NO SIR, OUR CHICKEN-HOUSE PHYSICS IS TITLE 'GRAVITISM'.

IT FOLLOWS EINSTEIN'S GRAVITY PHYSICS, HIS GENERAL RELATIVITY. IT REFUTES 'POLITICAL SCIENCE' AS HOAX AND CHIMERA, AS BASELESS ANTI-GRAVITY-DARK-ENERGY, AS OTHER UNIVERSES, AS TIME AND PHYSICS BEFORE CREATION.

HAN: Huummm ... IT IS INDEED SAD THAT WE, AND SWEDEN, DID NOT award the Nobel neither for EINSTEIN'S Special-Relativity, NOR for his GRAVITY PHYSICS, COSMOLOGICAL OUTLOOK AND PHILOSOPHY, INDEED, IF GRAVITISM IS INDUCED FROM EINSTEIN HERITAGE, PHYSICS AND PHILOSOPHY, BRING IT ON.

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Chicken House Gravitism

BASED ON NASA RECORDED MAP OF THE UNIVERSE ON RULER TO COMPREHEND: 100 MILLION LIGHT YEARS

FIGURE

1:

Intergalactic, expanding,

cold

VOIDS are the coldest in

the

expanding

universe.

Their

collective

EXTRA,

LATE

expansion

compacts

NON-

EXPANDING GALAXIES

INTO

CLUSTERS, FIG. 2, THEN

TO

SUPER-

CLUSTERS

AS

'FILAMENS',

FIG.1.

Facts of identification first,

MAIN

THEME

SECOND.

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FIGURE 2: This historic diagram of Gravitism is taken from the first-edition-of-CPP.

IDENTIFICATION BY 7 ASTRONOMY-MAPS. NO THEORY. JUST FACTS (a) "OUR" Non-Expanding 'Filament' VIRGO is visible at the center of FIG. 1. (b) Compacted galaxies in the NASA MAP [FIG 1], are represented here by two CLUSTERS. (c) FIG. 3 defines the stellar-galactic-radiation-winds, which dissipate, from all directions, in each void [yellow arrows in FIG. 1]. (d) Each expanding void acts as the "thermo-sink " of the "winds" (aka "radiation cemetery".). (e) Winds-Flow-Ins are feasible only from emitters to filament-attached voids. (f) Flowing-in-winds do not, and cannot proceed to next voids because the winds are blocked by next-"filament-walls", [FIGS. 1 AND 2].

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(g) Voids-filaments visible in FIG. 1 are repeated by somewhat similar structures -- some open, some asymmetric. (h) These winds also impact our SOLAR-SYSTEM, (FIG. 3). (i) The 'winds' are generated mainly by active stars, E.G. in our 'MILKY-WAY' galaxy [FIGS. 3, 7], which is located inside 'our Local Group', [FIG. 6], in itself located inside our VIRGO-SUPERCLUSTER-FILAMENT [FIGS. 1, 6]. 'OUR' filament INCLUDES LEO-II, CANES AND E-F-CLUSTERS.

THE FIRST CENTRAL THEME BY THE SIMPLEST LAW OF PHYSICS

Under simple Momentum Conservation that rules all physics, the inflowing radiation-winds clash with opposite ones in each void, FIGS. 1 & 2; JUST FACT. 1) OUR 'ADIABATIC surfaces' INDICATE where opposite winds clash in each void. FACT. 2) THESE CLASHES CAUSE 'BACK THRUST', LIKE THAT CAUSED BY ROCKETS OR JET ENGINES.

T

HE FIRST

C

ENTRAL

T

HEME

(a)

MOMENTUM-INDUCED 'BACK THRUST', OR 'PUSH', by dissipating stellargalactic winds in all intergalactic cold voids PROVIDE EXTRA-EXPANSION BOOST TO THE SLOWING DOWN OF WORLD EXPANSION BY GRAVITATION. [The HUBBLE-WORLD -EXPANSION SINCE THE BIG BANG].

(b)

EACH EXTRA-EXPANDING-VOID CONTRIBUTES AN INDEPENDENT EXPANSION.

(c)

Collectively the voids THE LAST BILLION YEARS OF

constitute

the

SOLE

ROOT-CAUSE

DURING

I.

COMPACTING NON-EXPANDING GALAXIES INTO CLUSTERS, [FIG. 2],

II.

FURTHER COMPACTING THEM INTO SUPER-CLUSTERS-OF-GALAXIES, [FIG. 1]

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III.

The so induced compacting dynamics move galaxies against each other, from all opposite sides of any filament.

IV.

The resulting dynamics account for some observed clashing-mergers of galaxies.

V.

Further research may evaluate ANDROMEDA GALAXY MOTION TO OURS.

VI.

Voids EXTRA EXPANSION WAS NOT EFFECTIVE INITIALLY [CF. FIG. 5].

VII.

EARLY INTENSITIES OF STELLAR-GALACTIC WINDS DID NOT SUSTAIN STRONG ENOUGH LEVELS TO BOOST AND CAUSE REVERSING OF WORLD DECELERATING EXPANSION INTO THE 1998 DISCOVERED ACCELERATED RATE OF EINSTEIN-HUBBLE WORLD EXPANSION.

VIII.

THESE DYNAMICS WERE IMPLIED IN THE 1969-PIITSBURGH CONFERENCE, [X], 26 YEARS PRIOR TO THE DISCOVERY IN 1998.

IX.

Figure 2 also indicates, "RADIATION ENERGY DENSITY" vs. "DISTANCE".

X.

It also defines "DIRECTION OF NET RADIATION FLOW". the "3rd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", (which generates energy-density gradients that lead to the "2nd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", that represents "EXPANDING SPACE "1".

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Figure 3: "SPACE-

2",

above, wraps all nonexpanding galaxies [Figs. 1, 2], and non-expanding

SPACE"3" [right], where super-fast, interstellar radiation "winds" flow out to "SPACE-2" and ending irreversibly [dissipating] in the COLDEST,

EXPANDING VOIDS THAT THUS COMPACT, galaxies, first into "CLUSTERS", Fig. 2, then into "FILAMENTS" Fig. 1.

"EXPANDING SPACE-1" [all intergalactic, interconnected voids, Fig. 1], is composed of all coldest VOIDS located between Super-Clusters-filaments of galaxies,

[Figs. 1, 2], including ''OUR VIRGO FILAMENT" [Figs.1, 6, 7] inside which our "Local Group" of galaxies is located.

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How Voids-size Increases since 700m years post the Big Bang?

FIGURES 4 AND 5 BELOW are important for education, but do NOT show the verified compacted cluster-filaments caused by stellar-galactic winds, Figs. 2, 3.

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Figure 5: The earliest detected intergalactic voids (dark blue) vs. early "galaxies" that radiate winds into the early voids, which had first been expanding only the inertia of bigbang expansion, Fig. 4. Gradually, as number and intensities of the main emitters has increased, the stellar-galactic winds, Figs. 1, 2, 3, have generated a strong, independent, second, uniform, simultaneous expansion, of the universe that has gradually reversed the slowing down of the big-bang inertia expansion into the currently observed, slightly accelerating expansion of the universe. [Image Source: The cosmic background radiation records have been verified since 1964].

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Figure 6: Zooming in to 10 Million light years scale reveals that even at this scale our entire solar system is less than a visible dot. Our LOCAL GROUP IS VISIBLE AT THIS SCALE, also gravitational structures like the familiar Ursa Major and Leo Groups.

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Figure 7: Zooming next to 1 Million light years scale reveals "Our Non-Expanding Sub-filament Neighborhood�, inside which we live. AGAIN WE NOTE THAT even at this scale, our entire solar system, FIG. 3, is less than a visible dot. It is located inside the visible Milky Way Galaxy - a component of our LOCAL GROUP, visible in Fig. 6. These large structures are gravity-bounded as non-expanding entities that include 'our' GIANT VIRGO CLUSTER OF GALAXIES, [Fig. 1].

Andromeda galaxy is marked yellow.

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§

It is 2,200,000 light-years away and is almost similar to our galaxy.

§

It is also characterized by a spiral structure.

§

We see it today as it was when the earliest hominids left East Africa to arrive at the "promised land".

Both galaxies are the largest in our Local Group, which is about 10,000,000 light-years in

§

its largest spatial ‘diameter’.

The "Local Group" includes M49, M58, M59, M60, M61, M84, M86, M87, M89 and M31

§

(Andromeda). §

Andromeda’s system consists of

§

Cassiopeia Dwarf, Pegasus dSph, M32, M110, NGC 147, NGC195, AND I-V, etc. The Triangulum Galaxy, the 3rd largest galaxy in ‘our’ local group, also includes the Pisces Dwarf as a satellite.

§

‘Our’ satellite galaxies consist of the Large and Small Magellanic Systems.

§

The space inside the filamets does not expand.

§

BACK TO study FIGURES 1, 2, 3.

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GRAVITISM TABLE OF CPP CONTENTS

Preface SIR KARL POPPER, Foreword ……………….………..……..… xx SIR ALAN COTTRELL, Foreword ………………….……......... xxi Preface ……………………………………..….……….…..….... xxii

Introduction 1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified Concepts and Order in Physics and Philosophy 1.1.1 Science Order: Cosmology to Quantum or in Reverse?... 3 1.1.2 How did all start? v. Science teaching of that Order….....5 1.1.3 The first seven stages v. tradition ……….....…............... 7 1.1.4 The present matter-dominated era by Astronomy........... 11 2.1 The Einsteinian Methodology: A Preliminary Remark ..... 11

From Terrestrial Gravitational Structures to Black Holes and Neutrinos in Astrophysics 1.1 Gravitation, Asymmetry and Structure of Earth v. Cosmos ...80 A fallacy associated with current Education ...………...........80 1.1.2 Gravity-induced sedimentary structures …………............. 81 1.2 Stars and the Hertzsprung-Russel Central Diagram ……….. 88 1.3 Supernova, Gravitational Collapse, Neutron Stars, Pulsars …………………………………….......…92 1.4 X-Ray Astronomy, Binary X-Ray Systems, and...

Gravitational Clocks ……………………………………......... . 100 1.5 Black Holes …………………….…………………….….… 106

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1.6 Gas, Dust and the Formation of Stars in Our Galaxy ............113 1.7 How Are Cosmic Distances Measured? ……………….….. 116 1.8 Neutrino Astronomy and Astrophysics ………………….... 130 1.9 The Emergence of Gamma-Ray Astronomy ………….…... 132 1.10 Exploration of Extra-Solar Space

by Unmanned Spacecraft ……………………….………..…… 134

From Old Physics to Particle Physics-I 2.1 Aim and Scope ……………………………………………. 138 2.2 Limitations of Theory ……………………………….….… 140 2.3 The General Macroscopic Equation ………………….….... 142 2.4 Continuity Equation (Total Mass Conservation) ………..... 146 2.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum and Gravity.…………. 147 2.6 The Navier-Stokes Equations and Gravity ……………….. 149 2.7 Kinetic-Energy Equation and Dissipation Function in Gravitational Fields ……………......... 152 2.8 First Law of Thermodynamics or Energy Conservation Equation ………………………………….......… 154 2.9 First Law and Enthalpy ………………………………….... 156 2.10 First Law In Terms of Temperature Field …………….…. 157 2.11 Entropy Balance Equation ……………………………….. 159 2.12 Beyond Classical Physics:...............…………………...…. 160 2.13 Neutrinos and the Powerful Role Conservation Equations Play in Subatomic Processes (Addendum) …...…… 163

General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology Should Rule Particle-Quantum Physics, Not the Other Way, Not by Quantum Axioms 3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………....... 167 3.1.1 Einstein’s field equations in general relativity ………..…….… 169 3.1.2 Confirmation of Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation …………..... 172 3.2 Principles and Formulations of General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology ………………...……….………………....... 191 3.3 Observations, The “Age” of the Universe.

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And “Equivalent Local Cells” …………………….……….….......... 200 3.4 Timekeeping, Accelerated Observers and the Principle of Equivalence ………………………….……………........ 204 3.5 From General Relativity to Unified Field Theories ………….…. 205

From Physics to Philosophical Crossroads and Back The Arrows of Time 4.1 Time and The Arrow of Time: The Most Distorted of All Ideas? ..215 4.2 Asymmetry-Symmetry-Space-Time and The Unification of the Laws of Physics …………………….............. 216 4.3 Methodology, Aim and Scope ………………………………....... 217 4.4 Confusing Concepts of Time and Time Asymmetries ………...... 219 4.5 The Entropic Arrow of Time ……………………………….....… 222 4.6 Causality, Causation and Time Asymmetries ………………........ 226 4.7 Causation and Determinism in Relativistic Theories ……..............227 4.8 Cosmological Arrows of Time and Cosmic Time ……….…….... 230 4.9 A Few Concluding Remarks ………………….……...………...... 232 4.10 Time-Reversal Invariance and Irreversibility …………….……. 236 4.10 Microscopic Time Asymmetries in “Elementary Particles” … .. 240 4.11 Death of Scale-Based Physics….......….………….……….......... 242 4.12 “Dual” Quantum-Geometrodynamical School and “Superspace” 243 4.13 Tachyons and Causal Violations …………………….………. ....246 4.14 Macrocausality and Microcausality in Quantum Mechanics …... 247 4.15 Fading Memory in Classical Physics …………………………... 247 4.16 Doubts as to the Universality of Entropy ……………………..... 249 4.17 Entropy-Free Thermodynamic Arrows of Time ………….…... . 250

Crisis in the Standard Quantum Model Gravitation & Cosmology v. Quantum Model 5.1 Preliminary Review …………………………………….……...... 255 5.1.1 The three main schools of thought ……………………............. 261 5.2 Einstein’s Objections to the Uncertainty Principle ………........... 262 5.3 The Heresy of a Few Skeptics ………………………….…......... 265 5.4 Mythologized Concepts of Quantum Physics …………...…....... 265 5.5 The Failure of Classical and Quantal Statistical

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Mechanics to Deduce Irreversibility and Time Asymmetries .............267 5.6 The Emergence of Quantum Chromodynamics and Super-Symmetry …………………………………….................. 272 5.6.1 Spatio-Temporal Approach to Quantum Physics ……….......... 272 5.6.2 From Weinberg-Salam Theory to Quantum Chromodynamics ………………………............................ 273 5.6.2.1 Conservation laws as symmetry principles; and vice versa ... 273 5.6.2.2 Global, exact, approximate, isotopic and SU(3) symmetries 274 5.6.2.3 From SU(3) to renormalizable gauge theories ……............... 276 5.6.2.4 Quark confinement asymptotic freedom in gauge theories 276-1 5.6.2.5 QCD and the search for higher symmetry principles ……... 276-2 5.6.3 Quantum Field Theories, Super-Symmetry & Super-Gravity... 276-3 5.6.3.1 Limits of quantum gravity and ‘Unified Field Theories’ .......276-4

From Physics to Cosmological Crossroads and Back Assessed by Physics and Philosophy 6.1 FIRST: Reduction of Thermodynamics to Gravitation ...,... 277 6.1.1 Intergalactic voids rule 2 Expansions of the Universe....,..277 6.1.2 Gravitation as super-structuring of matter and All Life.....279 6.2 The Earliest Observational Evidence. .…...………...........279 6.2.1 Which space expands and which does not? …...….......... 282 6.3 Gravitation-Asymmetry Principle of Equivalence …….......284 6.4 Can Inter-cluster Voids Be Saturated with Radiation? .........287 6.5 Derivation of the Master Asymmetry from our Gravitational School of Intergalactic Voids v. life........ 290 6.6 Irreversibility in the New Gravitational.

Cosmological Thermodynamics ………………................. 293 6.7 Origin of Dissipation in Newtonian Fluids ……..….......… 297 6.8 Terrestrial Thermodynamics ……………………..……..... 299 6.9 Connections with Classical and Continuum Thermodynamics …………………………..…..…........... 301 6.10 Electromagnetic Irreversibility v. Master Asymmetry..... 303

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The Cosmological Base of Time Arrow 7.1 Time: The All-Embracing Concept …………………................. 309 7.2 Cosmological Origin of Time ……………………….................. 310 7.3 Cosmological Interpretations of Newton’s Laws of Motion …... 314 7.4 Gravitational Origin of Structure and Evolution .……................ 316 7.5 Gravitation and the Outflow of Energy Into Un-Saturable Space 322 7.6 Stellar Evolution …………………………………….................. 324 7.7 Terrestrial Evolution …………………………..............……...... 325

Black Holes v. Unattainable Theory of Everything 8.1 Introduction ………………………………………...… 330 8.2 Observational Evidence ………………………….….....331 8.3 Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes …………...... 332 8.4 Black Holes Mechanics and Entropy ………………..... 340 8.5 Can Black Holes “Evaporate”? ……………………...... 341 8.6 Primordial Black Holes? …………………………........ 341 8.7 Back to the Melting Pot of Unification? …………........ 341

Beyond Present Knowledge 9.1 The Futile Quest for Final Answers …………………...... 349 9.2 An Example in Havaism ……………………..….........… 350 9.3 From Cosmology to Irreversible Structures and Memory 365 9.4 The Skeptic Outlook ……………………………..…...… 415

VOLUME II Introduction ……………………………………………................... 420 A Few Historical Remarks on Time, Mind and Symmetry ………... 437 The Philosophy of Time & Change: Some Historical Notions …………………….……………….…...... 455

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Structuralism and the Divided American Thought: A Short Glossary of Terms ………………………………..……….. 467 Policy and Publicity: A Critique ………………………………….... 483 Thought-Provoking and Thought-Depressing Quotations ………..... 495 Critique of Western Methodology ………………………………. ... 530

Einsteinian Heritage ARMIES OF FAKE SCIENTISTS TRY IN VAIN TO REPLACE IT WITH THEIR DARK-MATTERENERGY HOAX or CHIMERA, to be Awarded $-Billions & False Fame

1987 Painting by E. Katz, By permission

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EINSTEIN: “It is the fundamental emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and true science. It was the experience of mystery -- even if mixed with fear -- that engendered religion.

A knowledge of the existence of something we cannot penetrate, of the manifestations of the profoundest reason and the most radiant beauty, which are only accessible to our reason in their most elementary forms -- it is this knowledge and this emotion that constitute the truly religious attitude; in this sense, and in this alone, I am a deeply religious man.”

“I cannot conceive of a God who rewards and punishes his creatures, or has a will of the type of which we are conscious in ourselves. An individual who should survive his physical death is also beyond my comprehension, nor do I wish it otherwise; such notions are for the fears or absurd egoism of feeble souls.”

“Enough for me the mystery of the eternity of life, and the inkling of the marvelous structure of reality, together with the single-hearted endeavor to comprehend a portion, be it never so tiny, of the reason that manifests itself in nature.”

“I gang my own gait and have never belonged to my country, my home, my friends, or even my immediate family, with my whole heart; in the face of all these ties I have never lost an obstinate sense of detachment, which increases with age.”.

“One is sharply conscious, yet without regret, of the limits to the possibility of mutual understanding and sympathy with one's fellow-creatures. Such a person no doubt loses something in the way of geniality and light-heartedness; on the other hand, he is largely independent of the opinions, habits, and judgments of his fellows.”

In lieu of the aforementioned personal-life and philosophy-faith, Einstein consistently selected to protect his privacy inside his room, in his house, working in maximizedfreedom, undisturbed solitude; even sleeping naked in his room while his privacy has been strictly guarded by his devoted secretary Helen Dukas, who also screened his incoming mail, deleted nasty or anti-Semitic letters and politely blocking unwanted visitors. Einstein is also known for his subtle sarcasm.

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Before Einstein left Hitler’s Germany to the United States, a professor in Berlin was extremely nasty in targeting him. One day Einstein was informed that Professor XXX just died. Einstein’s reaction: “Everyone does something good in his life, even Professor XXX; he died.

Einstein's "Anti-Pomposity"; Anti-"Politically Correct"

As a younger man he used to play his beloved violin in the homes of some German women. One day, while he was playing there, they started knitting.

Einstein stopped playing, packed his violin to leave, and apologized: “I would not even dream to disturb you from your knitting work.

”On another occasion, as a celebrity living in his house near a lake outside Berlin, his wife urged him to change his simple, but comfortable home dress, to a formal one, for dignitaries are to arrive soon to visit him. His response:

let them meet me as I am dressed and work in my house.

If they come to see my formal dress please show them my closet.

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Theoretical Physics at its Highest Historical Level

The highest level of physics was reached post (i) The creation of the 1915 Einsteinian Gravity Physics (General Relativity) that predicts a strange, socially unwanted, world expansion (or contraction), (ii) That unwanted theory was first confirmed in 1918 by correctly predicting the bending of light by gravitation in curved space-time, (iii) Re-confirmed, before 1927, by the American astronomer Hubble: We live in an expanding world that had "beginning", as the Bible states In its first Chapter.

Sitting, from left: I. Langmuir, M. Planck, Marie Curie, H.A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, P. Langevin, Ch.-E. Guye, C.T.R. Wilson, O.W. Richardson 2nd Sitting: P. Debye, M. Knudsen, W.L. Bragg, H.A. Kramers, P.A.M. Dirac, A.H. Compton, L. de Broglie, M. Born, N. Bohr; Standing: A. Piccard, E. Henriot, P. Ehrenfest, E. Herzen, Th. de Donder, E. Schrรถdinger, J.E. Verschaffelt, W. Pauli, W. Heisenberg, R.H. Fowler, L. Brillouin.

NONE OF CONTEMORARY PHYSICISTS, INCLUDING the GREAT CONTRIBUTORS to physics, and NOBEL LAURATES, have reached the historic standing of most of these creative scientists.

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Perfection of means and confusion of goals, seem – in my opinion – to characterize our age. ----- Albert Einstein Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.----- Albert Einstein

The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, an almost fanatical love of justice, and the desire for personal independence--these are the features of Jewish tradition which make me thank my stars that I belong to it. ----- Albert Einstein

Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds ----- Albert Einstein

INFINITIES? -- the universe and human stupidity, and am not sure about

the universe. (Einstein);

Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.---- Albert Einstein

Do what you feel to be right, for you'll be criticized anyway ----- Eleanor Roosevelt

Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world.

Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.

------ Margaret Mead

Nobel Laureate RICHARD FEYNMAN “The first principle is that you must not fool yourself – and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you’ve not fooled yourself, it’s easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way.”

“You should not fool the layman when you’re talking as a scientist."

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"The frequent occurrence of these [COLD, DARK, EXPANDING VOIDS HARBORING ALMOST NO GALAXIES vis-Ă -vis NON-EXPANDING, COMPACTED CLUSTERS OF SUPER-STRUCTURES OF GALAXIES IN THE FORM OF FILAMENTS AROUND EACH VOID] is one of several serious challenges to our current understanding of the origin and evolution of the large-scale distribution of matter in the universe."

SCIENCE, AAA

PMID: 17812575 DOI: 10.1126/science.246.4932.897; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17812575

Published Review of CPP

“Gal-Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole. He emphasizes that all scientists (and technologists) operate under some set of philosophical prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion.

Furthermore, he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism.

His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government.

One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and asymmetry (in science and defense).

His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future.

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Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations.

The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales.

The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion. He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time asymmetries. The expansion provides, among other things, an UNSATURABLE SINK for radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life.

THE BOOK "criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions in 'information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries.

Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events.

"The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review. [This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic institutions 'as Gal-Or describes them', but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the students.” "

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS

"A Master Piece. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very sound knowledge of presentday scientific theories. " Indian Journal of Physics [56]

"Evokes a person heart ! Has generated a large number of responses from around the world, some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-Orians”. Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country should recommend this book with all their intellectual power."

Chinese Academy of Sciences

"Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work! Gal-Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political philosophy."

A. Cottrell, V. Chancellor, Cambridge University

"Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science. New Scientist (Magazine)

"Gal-Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject.” Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Sciences

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"This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable, worth reading and enlightening."

Sir Karl Popper, one of the Greatest Philosophers of Science,

"I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical humanism than that of Gal-Or’s book." HaAretz Daily

"We are all Gal-Orians ! Editor, Foundations of Physics

"Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.”

Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics

Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of"

"This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read." Outstanding Books List

"The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-Winner) Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-Or is superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences

"Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena!

Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution -- that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -- that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology.

He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself.

Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.” Advancement of Physics

“I have in the meantime studied your (unclassified, theoretical-philosophical) book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it.

I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them!

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Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and by so much more!

I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time.

What an ingenious phrase is your, “smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”!

I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable consequences.

I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in with the other great task.

That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics.

You do both tasks far better than I could hope to. I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a package that I personally have found most thought-provoking.”

Prof. John

Wheeler Inst. of Advanced Studies Princeton University

AUTHOR AT HOME IN PALM BEACH, FLORIDA, U.S., 2003.

REFERENCES 1.

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Gal-Or Benjamin, editor, Proceeding of 1969 CONFERENCE on classical and relativistic Thermodynamics, Pittsburgh.

Gal-Or Benjamin, Entropy, Fallacy, and the Origin of Irreversibility: An Essay on the Einsteinian New Astrophysical Revolutionary School of Thermodynamics; Annal. N.Y. Acad. Acad. Sci., 196 (A6) 305 (1972) Awarded the Gold Medal.

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4.

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6.

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Gal-Or Benjamin, Cosmological origin of thermodynamics, Nature 230, 1971); 234, 217 (1971); Gal-Or Benjamin, The Origin of Irreversibility, Science, 176, 11 (1972); 178, 119 (1972); Gal-Or Benjamin, Found. Phys. 6, 407 (1976); 6, 623 (1976); 7, 50 (1977); Gal-Or Benjamin, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy (CPP), Volumes I and II, Springer Verlag, New York, 1981, 1983, 1987 , Gal-Or Benjamin, 2008-PRESENT ONLINE NEXT CPP VOLUMES.

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