2020-2040 6TH-GENERATION AIR-SEA COMBAT, Promotion of Benjamin Gal-Or Volume II, best seller Ref. 12

11.07.18 6TH-Gen-air-sea-combat, all-rights-reserved to Prof. Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, Volume II to best seller textbook [12].

2020-2040 TH 6 -Generation Air- Sea Combat

Promotion by Chapter I of VOLUME II of best seller Textbook, [12]

Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

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11.07.18 6TH-Gen-air-sea-combat, all-rights-reserved to Prof. Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, Volume II to best seller textbook [12].

2020-2040, 6TH-Generation Air-Sea-Combat Promotion by Chapter I of VOLUME II of best seller Textbook, [12]

Benjamin Gal-Or*

Jetonautics v. Aeronautics, Swarming v. Stealth Technologies, Counter-Air-Penetration, CAP-B-21, Jet-Engine-Steering, JES-S-F-22, JES-J-10, S-J-20, JES-S-SU-57, Hyper-NCM, Civilizing JES, JES-funding, Force-Multiplier by High JES-Kill-Ratios, BRAHMOS, PAC DA, S-500, THAAD, ARROW-3, DAVID SLING.

6TH-Generation Glossary and Terminology AOOF...........Aeronautics-Only-Obsolete-Flight-control ARROW-3 Israel-US-hype-NCM/Ballistic-Missiles-Killer ASSM-ER...................conventional cruise missile, CCM BRAHMOS RUSSIAN-INDIAN hypersonic cruise missile BVR...........Beyond Visual Range combat engagements B-21......U.S. $85-bn-Bomber/Command-Center/UCAV B-61...............................gravity-free-fall-nuclear-bomb CAP Counter-Air-Penetration led by B-21 or JES-UCAV David Sling Israel-US hypeNCM/Ballistic-Missiles-Killer FDL-DS.......................Follow-The-Leader Drone-Swarm F-22......................stealth-JES fighter A/C v. J-20, SU 57 F-35.....................stealth-US fighter aircraft, 3 Versions GAO..............U.S. Government Accounting Office, [49] GBU-31......Satellite-guided-bombs on unmanned B-21 FM-JES...Force-Multiplier by High-JES-Kill-Ratio in WVR Hypersonic Weapons..e.g. Tupolev PAC DA, BRAHMOS J-20.......................stealth-JES fighter A/C v. F-22, SU 57 JBF.......................................JES-By-Fluidics-Technology JES.......................Jet Engine Steering aka 3D-Vectoring JPT.....Safest-High-T/W-JES-PASSENGERS-TRANSPORTS Jetonautics........Systems-of-Systems-JES-Technologies J-10..........China 1st JES-Fighter A/C, 2018, Non-Stealth IFPC..............Integrated (JES) Flight Propulsion Control LCS..........JES-Type Littoral Combat Ships/Missile boats LRSO...Nuclear Cruise Missile/B-21-optionally-manned MQ-25...............Boeing's diluted UCLASS as fuel tanker NCM......Nuclear Cruise Missiles, e.g. launched by B-21 SACOM....Standard (Post-Stall) Air-Combat Maneuvers

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11.07.18 6TH-Gen-air-sea-combat, all-rights-reserved to Prof. Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, Volume II to best seller textbook [12].

S-JES................Stealth-JES, e.g., F-22, F-35, X-44, SU-57 TH SOS........6 -Generation Systems-Of-Systems Programs SU-57...cancelled stealth-JES fighter A/C, v. F-22 & J-20 Submarines-UCAV-Runway......... surfing for refueling S400........Current Russian surface-to-air mobile system TH S500.......6 -Gen Russian surface-to-air mobile system Taranis.................Flight-tested, large UK-Stealth-UCAV THAAD....kinetic-impact-anti-Ballistic, etc. U.S.-system TVFC.................Thrust Vectoring Flight Control aka JES UCAV...... Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles, JET Drones TH UCLASS....6 -GEN-Program closed by endless debates USV/ULV....Unmanned Sea and Land Combat Vehicles WVR...........Within Visual Range combat engagements X-44-MANTA.........Multi-Axis No-Tail-A/C or JES-UCAV X-51 was USAF-DARPA-PWA-BOEING-scramjet,(below)

Keywords: AOOF, ARROW 3, ASSM-ER, BRAHMOS, BVR, B-21, B-61, CAP, FDL-DS, F-22, F-35, GAO, GBU-31, Hypersonic Weapons, JBF, JES-Jetonautics, J-10, IFPC, LCS, LRSO-NCM, MQ25, SACOM, SOS, Submarine UCAV Carriers, S400, S500, Taranis, THAAD, TVFC, UCAV, UCLASS, WVR, X-44-MANTA, X-51 (image]; Defense funding, ramjets, scramjets, Jet engines, JetEngine-Steering (JES), Defense-Debates, Civilizing Military-JES, Safest-future-JES-Airliners; PAC DA, David Sling, post-stallWVR-air-combat, Force-Multipliers by high JES-Kill-Ratios, Swarming-Technology, Stealth v. Swarming.

* Author's CV: DOB; August 08, 1933, PALESTINE; Farm-boy without high-school education, B.Sc. (1959), M.Sc. (1961), D.Sc. (1964), all in chemical engineering from the Technion Israel institute of technology (TIIT); Assistant professor, Johns Hopkins University, (1964-1966), associate professor university of Pittsburgh (19661968); Joint associate professorship university of Pittsburgh and TIIT, (1968-1983); Gold Medal by New York Academy of Sciences for developing the new General Relativistic (Einstein's Gravity Physics), Entropy-Free School of Radiation-Thermodynamics, (1972), [Google list, e.g., "Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy" (UNCLASSIFIED PART OF CLASSIFIED RADIATION STEALTH PHYSICS); Professor, TIIT, (1972); First director of the INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES, TIIT, (1976-1977); Founder and head, sole JET-ENGINES R&DLABORATORY in Israel, with Israel Air Force, Bet Shemesh Engines, IDF TANKS DIVISION, American Technion Society, American Banker Shirley Turk, (1972-1999), [Fig. 12), Google list, e.g., "Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability and Robot Aircraft, [12]; Founder and editor-in-chief, International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines, (1983-present), [1-11], Father of post-stall, stealth, Jet-Engine-Steering-based Jetonautics Revolution.* Sabbatical in EU and USA (1999-2001), Retired since 2001. Israeli citizen and U.S. permanent Resident; Consulting the Philippines government, (2007-present). ___________

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* U.S. AIR FORCE & NATO: "Benjamin Gal-Or & Wolfgang Herbst** have influenced the direction of fighter aircraft design."; “Many of Gal-Or's ideas, and those of Herbst, are now being tested and flown operationally"; "Their technology will offer new challenges. Solving the inevitable human points problems that will emerge, involve questioning established doctrine and reaching for innovative and imaginative solutions."

RTO-EN-12, RTO-TR-015/HFM-015. ** Memorial to Dr. Wolfgang Herbst, Fig. 10.

1. Preface, Chapter I Perfection of means and confusion of goals, seem, in my opinion, to characterize our age. EINSTEIN

1.1 Perfecting combat means?

About nine countries, U.S., China, Russia, Israel, India, UK, Japan, France and Germany, have so far announced, or known to develop 6TH-Generation, Systems Of Systems, (SOS), air-sea-combat strategies, designs and testing, including, but not limited to supersonic-hypersonic ramjets or scramjets, which are jet engines. Examples:

(a) THE UNITED STATES

Forthcoming, $85 Billion B-21-program is for "optionally manned", SOS-fleets of stealth, longrange, supersonic B-21 to be deployed in early stages of the 6TH-Generation, herein contended to be globally unmatched, Counter-Air-Penetration, CAP-Asymmetry, at least for awhile.

B-21 can fly behind fleets of optionally manned, forthcoming CAP-stealth-fighter aircraft flying behind larger fleets of armed, stealth, super-agile UCAVs or JES-UCAVs, including joining fleets from allied countries, (UK TARANIS?). The CAP-fleet can function as ONE-WAY, SUPERCLUSTER OF FLYING BOMBS aimed at KEY TARGETS, OR SPLIT, Fig. 17.

Other examples: AEGIS deployed in Japan, Romania and later Poland; THAAD, Fig. 35; hypersonic variants of X-51; FY 2019 U.S. $716 billion congress-approved defense budget v. FY 1998 to 2017 defense budgets, Fig. 17, [1-12, 54, 55].

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(b) ISRAEL Currently operational "ARROW 3" provides interception of ballistic missiles, including missiles carrying nuclear, chemical, biological or conventional warheads. Its reported range is 2,400 km, Fig. 33, and operational, SOS-COMPONENT, DAVID SLING, which intercepts tactical ballistic missiles, medium-to-long-range rockets, nuclear hypersonic cruise missiles, planes and UCAVs. Its kill vehicle is equipped with jet-steering for super-maneuverability during final kill-stage that involves AI-proxy-exploding the targets by three-pulse motor that provides additional acceleration and maneuverability during the final killing phase, Fig. 34, [1-12, 54, 55].

(c) THE UNITED KINGDOM TARANIS is a new, flight tested, stealth UCAV, currently powered by Rolls-Royce jet engine Adour 951, which provides 6,480lb thrust. It is one of the world largest armed UCAVs and can be integrated with B-21-SOS-CAP-MISSIONS. Introduction.

(d) INDIA: TURBO-RAMJET-SCRAMJET BRAHMOS has been developed with Russia. It may reach Mach 7 as scramjet-cruise-missile and is expected to be tested first by 2020, Fig. 32.

(e) RUSSIA: New, canard-less, tail-less, claimed stealth, JES-SU-57; SOS S-300/S-400/S-500; PAC DA; Problematic jet engines; Reactions to U.S. AEGIS deployed in ROMANIA, later Poland. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/RL33745.pdf; [54, 55].

The S-500 is a 6TH-Generation, surface-to-surface missile/anti-ballistic SOS to be deployed beyond 2020. It is also an Anti-Aircraft SOS developed by Almaz Central Design Bureau as an upgrade of S-300/S-400, Fig. 35, [54, 55]. Other means are to be explained later.

(f) CHINA: New, canard-less, tail-less, claimed stealth, J-20, subsonic H-20; JES-J-10B; Problematic jet engines. On November 06, 2018, China made its first public display of its first JET-ENGINES

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11.07.18 6TH-Gen-air-sea-combat, all-rights-reserved to Prof. Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, Volume II to best seller textbook [12].

STEERED, JES-fighter-aircraft: "Now China's J-10(B) joins the elite club of supermaneuverable fighter jets", [55]. Its two-engines J-20 is claimed stealthy, [54]. In August 2018, China announced its first successful testing of hypersonic vehicle, Cf. Fig. 31. Its hypersonic missiles DF-ZF or DH-17 or WU-14, may be operational by 2020, and are claimed to be capable of nuclear weapons delivery and anti ship ballistic missiles to key U.S. targets and CARRIERS STRIKE GROUPS. The Xian H-20 is a SUBSONIC bomber similar to the B-2 that may enter service around 2025, [54, 55].

1.2 NEGLECT OF MAXIMIZED PASSANGERS FLIGHT-SAFETY Government programs should be available during the 6TH-Generation to serve the international public with the safest feasible biz-type-size-JES-transports powered by relatively high thrust to weight ratio turbofan jet engines. Strong support has, so far, been published by AVIATION WEEK, AEROSPACE AMERICA and invited opening lectures of international conferences in China, Russia, Germany and Poland, [1-14, 19-21, 24-26, 29-34, 44-48].

1.3 A first dilemma Facing first this informative-educational work: Should it begin with military means, like those presented above? or by maximized feasible safety passengers JES-TRANSPORTS? Since the last is derived from the first, it would be delayed, Fig. 9.

1.4 Confusing goals?

As we all pass today the gates leading to the 6TH-Generation that would be more-than-ever critical for the survival of the West, students, mentors, engineers, pilots, generals, admirals, designers, decision makers and interested readers, and, on another scale, Congress members, and government officials involved with the aforementioned, unprecedented programs, should study, or even master advanced jet-engines, which include hypersonic ramjets and scramjets, nuclear cruise missiles and jetonautics? [1-11], text book [12] and below.

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11.07.18 6TH-Gen-air-sea-combat, all-rights-reserved to Prof. Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, Volume II to best seller textbook [12].

1.5 Can we anticipate another "Kelly" Johnson?

Clarence Leonard "Kelly" Johnson, M3+ Stealth SR-71/J58-turboramjet pioneer designer

Do what you feel to be right, for you'll be criticized anyway, Eleanor Roosevelt

Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world.

Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has. Margaret Mead

1.4 A second dilemma

Thanks to the subdivision of knowledge in general, and of the largely unknown 6TH-Generation ulterior and open rival philosophies, goals, strategies of designing means in particular, we often fail to perceive the interconnectedness between nominated experts to design committees, to judge their collective assigned national accountabilities re program timing and ordering of actions and funding.

In trying to understand this pending issue, we may begin with reviewing the problem of nominating airframe prime contractors, CONCLUSIONS BELOW. Here I am simultaneously faced with subjectivism v. verified empirical evidence, because all thought, all designs, all strategies are, to some extent, ordered by personal bias, assigned education-training g and personal experience, and failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion.

More specifically:

(a) Should next generation education-training begin with Physics Of Rotations, POR, around the center of gravity of JES-fighter-aircraft?

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11.07.18 6TH-Gen-air-sea-combat, all-rights-reserved to Prof. Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, Volume II to best seller textbook [12].

Or aims and scope of Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles, UCAV? or of JES-JET-DRONES, or with our common, one-hundred years old, traditional, AERODYNAMIC-ONLY-OBSOLETE-FLIGHT, AOOF-Control, which arrests the jet engine to provide only brute force forward?

(b) or with Counter Air Penetration, stall-spin crashes, aerodynamics v. the jetonautics?

We begin with Option (a) and conclude with 20 conclusions, 3 repeated below as we close this Preface:

1. 8 to 20 years should be allowed by 6TH-Generation defense committees to design, develop,certify and deploy new generations of advanced jet engines – a force-major-fact that rules all future programs, [1-12], including hypersonic turbo-ramjets and scramjets, that are, by fact, jet engines, vis-à -vis much shorter times to deliver airframes and avionics -- a conclusion that should not include low-cost, CAP FLEETS, or SWARMING options, Figs. 22-25. Cf. CONCLUSION 2.

2. The Jet-Engines-Industry should provide Nominated Prime Contractors. REASONS: Hypersonic ramjets and scramjets are jet engines. Prime contractors for subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic related programs should be professionally nominated from the jet-engines-industry, not from the airframe companies, as traditionally done, and too often causing run-away costs, delays and performance compromises. [Cf. Editorials on FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES v. UCLASS, F-35, X-51 programs, [1, 5, 13, 14, 49], and CONCLUSION 1.

Jet-engine R&D researchers and designers should get adult educations on

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jetonautics v. aerodynamics, JES-flight control/WVR AIR COMBAT, Ramjets, Scramjets, air combat, SOS, swarming technology and UCAVs, while airframe and other experts working in the aforementioned domains, should study, or even master, jet-engine designs, dynamics, materials,

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durability, tests, sub, super and hype combustion, [1-12]

2. Introduction

Strategy without tactics is the slowest route to victory, tactics without strategy is the noise before defeat. SUN TZU

No style of thinking will survive which cannot produce a usable product when survival is at stake. Thomas F. Gladwin

Figure 1: THE NEW REVOLUTION OF JET ENGINES PHYSICS OF STEERING ROTATIONS IN IMPOSSIBLE TO FLY POST-STALLBIS EXPLAINED BY FIGURES 1 TO 35 AND REFERENCES 1 TO 56.

Physics of Rotation rules the new JET-ENGINESSTEERING, (JES), practiced since November 06, 2018 by the elite clubs US-RUSSIAA-CHINA, [55].

The new aviation technology, as well as the ability to understand Why-When-Where AOOFControl fails to function in post-stall flight that has been practiced, first privately in Israel, since early 1987, [116, 55].

AOOF-CONTROL-FAILURES are caused by lost lift on wings and vertical tails/rudders, in post-stall situations (image).

This leads, inter alia, to stall-spin-crashes, say, during WVR-air-combat under AOOF-RULE, which many wrongly claim: "It impossible-to-fly in the POST-STALL-DOMAINS", or "Canards are better then JES", or "Canards do not reduce low-detectability" (LT, or STEALTH), or JES IS GOOD ONLY FOR AIRSHOWS BY U.S., RUSSIA and now also by CHINA, which are all misleading, [5, 13, 14, 44-48, 55].

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In contrast, we begin by stressing the lost lift on wings, vertical tails/rudders, flaps, and horizontal stabilizers, as caused by shown ordered-airflow-detachment at high angles of attack, or at much higher angles, under the common, traditional,

obsolete AOOF-FLIGHT-CONTROL, Figs. 2. Images by nikimedia-

PHL/Wikipedia.

Figure 2: JES-BASED AIR REVOLUTION EXPANDS AVIATION PRACTICE and FLIGHT-SAFETY

by a long list of verified BENEFITS: 1. Expanding P0ST STALL BARRIER by AOOF, marked "STALL" 2. Expanding "MAX ALTITUTE" by AOOF.

3. Expanding "TO SPEED" by AOOF and

With TAILLESS, CANARDLESS JES-designs reduces

4. drag, by eliminating vertical tails, canards, etc. e.g. Fig. 8, 17, [5, 35-43] 5. weight, by eliminating vertical tails, canards, etc. e.g. Fig. 8, 17, [5, 13, 14] 5. fuel consumption, 6. runways, 7. complexity, 8. costs, and increases 9. supermaneuverability, e.g. Figs 3 and 4, [1-12, 13, 14, 35-43, 55], 10. kill ratios in a dozen or so new WVR-air-combat maneuvers, e.g. Figs 3 and 4, 11. self repairing flight control when AOOF CONTROL FAILS to function, [1-12], 12. function when all hydraulics fail (jet engines harbor their own), [28, 44-48, Id.] 13. saving lives when AOOF fails, e.g. landing under strong side-winds, [19, 20-26] 14. improved stealth integration of jet engines with airframes, e.g. Figs 7, 14, 17.

15 . preventing crashes in civil and military aviation, [19, 20-28, 29-36, 44-48].

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HOW? (1) By basing AVIATION-designs on PHYSICS of ROTATIONS of JES-BASED JETONAUTICS, Figs, 10,11,13, 14, 17, [1-12, 55], (2) By breaking AOOF-BARIER: JET ENGINES PROVIDE ONLY BRUTE FORCE FORWARD, [Id.], (3) By reversing defensive WVR air combat to offensive wins associated with high kill-ratio advantage of JES vehicles over AOOF-based fighter aircraft, [12 at 25, 33, 98, 112, 132, 250, 18, 30-43, 55].

(4) By opening the gates to a dozen or so new post-stall maneuvers, two of which are shown next.

Figure 3: The first-ever COBRA was performed in early 1987, [15, 16], with JES-stealth, tailless/canard-less, 3D-VECTORING flying prototypes, FIG. 4, [12 at 10, 140-154], as NON-GOVERNMENT, UNSPONSORED SERIES OF STATE-PROTECTED TRADE SECRETS IPA78402, June-1986-invited by BOEING for the USG, on August-25, 1986, contracted-delivered-exporting IPA78402 tailless-canardless, AOOF-FREE, STEALTH-JES-DESIGN-TRADE-SECRETS to be adopted for the UNITED STATES 1986-ATF/YF-22 as its centralstealth-propulsion-system, and same for the final, 1990-STEALTH-JES-YF-22 -- later the STEALTH-JES F22-RAPTOR -- [1-11, 12 (at 45, 140-146), 15, 16, 55]. Cf. 1987-UNCLASSIFIED short VIDEO at, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3n87EO4pZ_E].

Showing only unclassified, caption-only of IPA78402 timely-unlimited-protected-confidential trade secrets RE: (1) 1968-1987 WIND-TUNNELING-TESTED-JES-stealth, tailless-canardless air-combat models, (2) 1982-1987, same enlarged and tested by full-scale-jet-engine Marbore-II, Fig. 12.

(3) August 25, 1986, post-June-1986-U.S.-invitated, signed contract for exporting said IPA78402 tailless-canardless, AOOF-FREE, STEALTH-JES-DESIGN-TRADE-SECRETS to be adopted to the

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UNITED STATES 1986-ATF/YF-22 as its central-stealth-propulsion-system and same for the final, 1990-STEALTH-JES-ATF/YF-22 -- later the STEALTH-JES-F-22-RAPTOR -- [Id.]

Figure 4: First ever stealth-JEStailless-canardless, AOOF-FREE, SINGLE-ENGINE, each with 2 yaw-pitchroll-rectangular nozzles shown, 19681986 IPA-78402-designs for future WVR AIR COMBAT. These included HELICOPTER TYPE, or "falling leaf" and 11 more unprecedented air-combat SACOM --- some projected today to support CAP missions, both in offensive and defensive WVR situations, or for multiple-firing at terrorists positions during a single over-flight, [Id.].

Figure 5: UPGRADING AOOF-BASED VEHICLES to function as JES-BASED ones, does not require to change jet engines per se, except by low-cost modifying of extant nozzles to add vectoring-nozzle capabilities and advanced IFPC, Fig. 6.

JES-Nozzle-performance is affected by altitude and speed, Fig. 2, jet-engine-dynamics and Pressure Ratio, NPR, [12 at 64, 77].

Evaluated by JES-Jet-Engines-Altitude-Speed-Test Facility, Fig. 12, up to about 30 degrees JES-deflections angles, potential adverse effects induced by a separation bubble, had been evaluated from 1982 to 1984. Various classified maps of JES performance were generated for JES-modified IFPC and flight tests, [1-12, 34-43], used later by USAF for 1988-91 JESF-15 lab and flight tests, [35-39], Lockheed, 1991-97-JES-F-16, [40], PWA, 1989-95-JES-stealthy-rectangular-nozzles, [41], GE 1991-92, rounded JES-nozzles [43], FAA 1994-1995, Civil-JESnozzles, [19].

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Figure 6: Inner SOS- Jetonautics 6TH-Generation air combat Systems-of-systems (SOS) designers should MASTER SOS-IFPC and same applies to engine-experts who do not master flight dynamics, stealth, BVR, WVR and self-repairing/hydraulics incorporated into projected 6TH-GENERATION SOS-IFPC. Cf. FADEC & Fig. 25.

Textbooks on jet engines often make fundamental mistakes in presenting JES-vectoring as in rockets, which are based on fixed geometry nozzles, while JESVECTORING, Figs. 5, 11, 13, 14, simultaneously openscloses and vector the nozzles in 3D coordinates.

IFPC -- INTEGRATED FLIGHT PROPULSION CONTROL – incorporates SOS-AI-Simulations like: (a) how engines thrust varies with altitude, speed, inlet-airtemperature, (b) rain, (c) inlet-compressorcombustor-turbine-A/B-dynamics, (d) pilot throttle commands, (e) engine/deterioration/aging, models, SACOM, mission and self-repairing AI-PROGRAMS. FADEC: Full Authority Digital Engine Control, [12]. Cf. Fig. 25.

PST Inlets are of two major types: "stealthy", as in Figs. 7 and 14, or "regular", [12 at 243-245].

BY-PASS RATIO is designed low for fighter aircraft engines and high for cargo and passengers transports, but may be flight-variable in 6TH-Generation by new VARIABLE CYCLE ENGINES (VCE) proffered today to lower fuel consumption/increase range, [12 at 197, 21, 51-53].

High v. Low Pressure Compressors. These are independently powered by two independently rotating turbines, (4, 4.5), hence are independently rotating, [12 at 211].

A/B stands for After Burner that boosts thrust at the cost of high fuel consumption, but is used in top-line fighter A/C during takeoff, combat, emergency, extra-speeding, self-repairing.

2D-CD represents 2 Dimensional, Converging Diverging supersonic military jet engines nozzles, e.g., F-22.

SOS-IFPC is operated by both pilot stick and throttle via SOS-HELMET-SIGHTING-FIRING-AI-SYSTEMS, [12].

FLYER replaces pilot in UCAV flying ahead of (a) a central-mission-combat-command, like B-21-SOS-IFPC (Fig. 17), (b) CAP-fighter A/C SOS-IFPC, (c) LCS, Fig. 18, missile boats, carriers, mobile ground stations.

IFPC-FLUIDICS BLEEDS AIR FROM HPC to be properly injected into the nozzle, Fig. 5, (no-moving parts) JES RATES should be in line with, if mixed with AOOF-SURFACES ROTATION RATES, [1-11, 12 at 42].

Figure 7: Lips of STEALTH-JET-ENGINE-Air-Inlets must sidewise deflect incoming radar waves, as shown. STEALTH JET-ENGINE INLETS MAY HELP HIDING THE

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JET-ENGINE FAN-COMPRESSOR FRONT FROM RADAR WAVES BY A FRONT BUMP, as shown. IT can be removed for non-stealth missions and training, [1-11].

Figure 8: POST 1990 WIN of JES-YF-22 OVER NON-JES YF-23, USAF and U.S. defense industries designed a "PURE" (manned or unmanned) JESSTEALTH, TAILLESS, CANARDLESS, AOOFLESS FIGHTER AIRCRAFT (IMAGE).

While [officially] not yet constructed/flight tested, it has influenced recent designs, like the X-47-B, X-45C. It is listed X-44

MANTA, for MULTI-AXIS, NO TAIL

(STEALTH-TV (JES), AOOF-FREE) Aircraft, as invited and contract-imported for the central system of the stealth JES-YF-22 [1-12, 15, 16].

Figure 9: MAXIMIZED PASSANGERS FLIGHT-SAFETY should be available to the public during the 6TH-Generation as the safest feasible biz-type-size-JES-transports powered by relatively high thrust to weight ratio turbofan jet engines.

Strong support has been published by AVIATION WEEK, AEROSPACE AMERICA and invited opening lectures in international conferences in China, Russia, Germany and Poland, [1-14, 19-21, 24-26, 29-34, 44-48].

Such SAFEST-JES-TRANSPORTS should be funded by governmental agencies, enforced by act of CONGRESS (legislating civilizing military JES to provide maximized public flight safety).

This challenge (revolution?) should cross borders by presenting available FAA-funded sub-scaled flight tests results of BOEING-JES-727 to interested BIZ-JETS-COMPANIES in CANADA and BRAZIL.

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REASONS: Unequivocally JES-TRANSPORTS can save passengers and troops lives and prevent much damage in crashes during takeoffs and landing under strong side winds, heavy-ice-on-wings, tail-or-landinggear-failures, loss of all hydraulics and un-recoverable pilot mistakes. Despite unequivocal, first proof-ofconcepts flight tests of BOEING-JES-727-MODEL and partly funded in ISRAEL, by FAA in 1994-1995, BOEING REFUSES TO CIVILIZE MILITARY JES. WHY? There are more than the following adverse-ulterior driving forces: 1. Committees reject funding for safest, high-T/W-RATIO-CARGO/TROOPS-TRANSPORTS – a mistake.

2. Jet-engines industries are not interested to fund SMALL/HIGH-T/W-TRANSPORTS – a mistake.

3. Large airframe industries reject selling SMALL/HIGH-T/W-TRANSPORTS – a mistake.

4. AOOF- Biz-jets-industry is not encouraged to save lives and prevent much damage – a mistake*.

Figure 10: Post publication by Aviation Week, [15, 16], on the FIRST EVER PROOF-OF-POST-STALL JES flights deep into the "IMPOSSIBLE-TO-FLY" DOMAIN, Figs. 1-2, [12], the United-States Air Force (USAF) invited to visit it at WPAFB, DAYTON, OH, in the summer of 1987 for it to verify and study the video evidence of that claim, Fig. 12, [12 at 140, 147, 149].

USAF THEN FUNDED FLIGHT TESTS of JES-F-15 [35-39] with our simplest JES design as shown [12 at 24, 80, 81, 83, 85, 146] and used by HERBST's Rockwell-international, DARPANASA

U.S.-X-31*,

which has confirmed our 1987

predictions of high kill-ratio advantage of JES-fighter A/C over AOOF-based ones in WVR-aircombat as greater then 60. Similar JESsystems were used

by Lockheed-JES-F-16-VISTA and NASA-JES-F-15-ACTIVE. _______________

* MEMORIAL TO THE GREAT PIONEER DR. WOLFGANG HERBST: TIIT Jet Laboratory secretary gives me the phone: "Dr. HERBST from Germany is on the line". Post congratulating him for proving with his-JES-X-31, 64 to 1 KILL-RATIO advantage over-AOOF-fighter A/C during WVR-simulated air-combat, while being reminded how he in Germany and me in Israel had been attacked and laughed at for claiming that we can fly and get benefits by supermaneuverability, by breaking the stall barrier in WVR air combat, by preventing catastrophes in landing under strong side winds, and by endless JES benefits. So what is the connection with China's J-10B?

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HERBST disclosed that the UNITED STATES AIR FORCE is interested to review a supportive or joined PROPOSAL OF HIM AND ME to develop alternative, low-cost, single-engine, STEALTH-JES A/C for export and domestic needs.

I had been forced then to decline: A PERSONAL ORDER by Defense, later PRIME MINISTER OF ISRAEL, YITSHACK RABIN, dictates SHARE nothing of IPA78402 protected trade secrets WITH ANYONE OUTSIDE THE USG, thus exports kill the proposal. (Said order can only be changed by Rabin's own personal approval, a frozen dictate post him being murdered.).

Contended today: The remaining "low-cost", single-engine, stealth, JES-less, F-35, has since been left, unchallenged, at $400 bn total program cost for TWO additional reasons: REASON-I: DAYS PASSED, YEARS GONE and shocked I am to read that DR. HERBST CRASHED DURING PILOTING HIS WW-II REPLICA FIGHTER AIRCRAFT. DAYS PASSED, YEARS GONE and shocked I am again: Post being sited next to a German in a tourist bus, at a SPAIN-EXPO, and mutual introductions, he told me that he was the Airport-Tower-Controller that had refused WOLFGANG HERBST REQUEST TO LET HIM TAKEOFF WITHOUT FURTHER WAITING, WHEN HERBST had DISOBEYED, TOOKOFF AND WING-WAVED ON HIM IN THE TOWER IN RAGE THAT CAUSED HIM TO CRASH. REASON-II: Reflections back on HERBST-PROPOSAL: INTEGRATING JES-STEALTH-IPA78402 WITH his X-31 DESIGN, VIS-À-VIS THE STEALTH-LESS LOW-COST J-10 today and the $400 billion F-35 program cost. _______________

Figure 11: JES design is accomplished without changing the jet engine PER SE, only by modifying its IFPC (Fig. 6), the exhaust nozzle, adding actuators and swivel rings-systems, stronger-engine-to-airframe-linkd, stronger back-structures and new control links of engine IFPC to both pilot stick and throttle.

JES-TYPES (1) Mechanical JES-Engine-Nozzle-Types: Rectangular, as on 1968-1986 STEALTH-JES-MODELS, [12 at 24, 85, 112, 127, 131, 132, 146, 147] and flight-tested since 1987, Fig. 4, [15, 16], and as on the August 25, 1986 central JES-STEALTH design of the ATF/YF-22, later F-22-Raptor, Figs. 4, 5, or rounded (axi-symmetric) and composed of flaps, Fig. 13, both types being operated by both pilot's stick and throttle, while, under U.S.-designs, the rounded-types are actuated by two rings-actuators-IFPC-systems, Fig. 6:

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A. Pilot-throttle-commands that opens and close the 2D-CD-nozzle, Figs. 5, 6, under pilot-throttlecommands, or SOS-IFPC, B. independently of A, by pilot-stick-operating-ring-actuators-JES-IFPC-SOS that rapidly deflect the jets in 3D, or, instead, rotates the entire nozzle, as advanced by Russian-JES-designers, who also allow axicanted jet-engine-installations to further make JES simpler, e.g., Su-30-MKI-JES-nozzles, which are mounted 32 degrees outward to longitudinal engine axis (in the horizontal plane).

(2) Non-Mechanical JES-fluidics functioning as A and B by properly injecting HPC-AIR INTO THE EXHAUST NOZZLE. It is not only a less-complex vis-a-vis the mechanical methods, it is based on fewer or no moving parts. HOWEVER, it is limited in max-deflecting vectoring angles and is applicable to relatively small JES-UCAVS, [1-11].

(3) Lowest-cost, simplest JES is used by installing 3 or 4 deflecting vans post the engine's exhaust nozzle, Fig. 10, X-31, F-16-VISTA, F-18 HARV, [1-11].

(4) INSERTING ROUNDED-TO-RECTANGULAR-DUCT to allow IMPROVED STEALTH DESIGNS, e.g. YF-22(F-22).

[1-12].

(5) One of about 10 main JES design Rules rotates jet deflecting vans as fast as AOOF-SURFACES ROTATE. (6) Integrating JES as part of systems-of-systems-jetonautics, [1-48].

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Figure 12: STEALTH-JES-ENGINES-R&D at THE SOLE JET-ENGINES-R&D-LABORATORY IN ISRAEL, Fig. 14, [12 at 140, 142, 144, 146]. Founded by author with Israel Air Force [providing jet engines that powered IAF F-4 and F-16], Bet Shemesh Engines [providing 3 J69 Jet engines, Fig. 23], IDF TANKS DIVISION [various gas turbines], American Technion Society, American Banker Shirley Turk. Total value in 2000: $25 million.

A limited resources country establishing mass production of low-cost jet engines, Figs. 22-25, may use similar, low cost altitude test facility to modify and certify small JES-jet-engine systems for JES-UCAVs with JES-stealth inlets and JES-exhausts, Fig. 14, [Id.].

Section (1) usually harbors stealth-type jet-engine air inlet as integral part of JES-stealth system tested.

The air inlet can be fed with hot or cold high-speed air from 7-ton compressed air passing through a large heat exchanger (marked 8).

Otherwise this section is kept open for low-cost sea-level studies, (2) low-cost MARBORE-II jet engine (Fig. 23) is installed on highly-instrumented-balancing-stand that measures JES-induced 3D forces, vibrations, temperatures, pressure and engine performance, all monitored by control room No. 5, (marked 9); split stealth YAW-PITCH-ROLL-JES-rectangular-exhausts, Fig. 14.

Sea level operation is allowed by gas turbine and big fan evacuating the unit and, (5) Ejector fed by gas turbine (6) or by 7 tons compressed air at 160 atm; (7) Fuel system controlled by operator in Control room

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No. 5, (9), as part of additional, integrated, four other test facilities, each with its control room.

All these facilities were funded by SHIRLEY TURK under contract that forbids any one from taking any of these elements or instruments outside this laboratory.** ____________

** Dr. SEM WILLIAMS, pioneer, owner and president of WI -- THE LEADING U.S. COMPANY of SMALL TURBO-FAN ENGINES, had once inquired, at the U.S. Pentagon, about the funding of the 5 facilities used in my laboratory for developing and testing new JES-Systems. MY Response: Our 5 test facilities were funded by AMERICAN TECHNION SOCIETY and SHIRLEY TURK, a Banker from Chicago. These were formally inaugurated in 1982 at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, in Haifa, as the SHIRELEY TURK JET-ENGINES-LABORATORY, described by Reference [12]. There is also a short, unclassified, you-tube video on these facilities at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTJyvNOFNEmLvuLQb0tsXLA;

Figure 13: JES exhaust nozzles may be rounded (axisymmetric) or rectangular (thus, upon proper design-integration, improve A/C-stealth-levels from front, back, sides, below and above angles. Cf. stealthJES-F-22-Design. Rounded designs deflect JES-jets in 3D by (1) ring operated by pilot stick. (2) extant 2ND-ring operated by pilot throttle. UNDER JES-IFPC the jetengine-nozzle, Fig. 6, is wide open at idle, gradually closing for increased thrust, and opened again if afterburner is used. The flaps outer ends in this EU-2BELATED-JES-NOZZLE, [1-11], are still wrong for stealthJES-missions, which EU had neglected for two decades, by canard-based-design. EU NOZZLE FLAPS, EVEN WITHOUT STEALTH-JETONAUTICS, should INCORPORATE stealth FLAP-LIPS as needed by inlet lips, (Fig. 7).

Designing, testing and certification of 6TH-Generation STEALTH-jetonautics systems should fall under the sole responsibility of jet-engines and nacelle industries, for it also require thermal, noise, visual, materials, painting "low-observables", [1-11].

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Figure 14: SOS-Jetonautics by Stealth-JES should include:

(1) Serpentine-type stealth air inlet that hides jet-engine-front from enemy-front-radars, (2) Rectangular JES-nozzles blended with stealth airframe surfaces at A/C back and front, (3) JES-IFPC operated under RULE No. 1, (Fig. 6), (4) air inlet lips that sidewise deflect incoming detecting radar waves, Fig. 7, (5) Radar-absorbing-structures of inlet-internal-surfaces, (6) Multiple layers of radar-absorbing inner painted-surfaces.

(7) JES DEFLECTION RATES MAXIMIZED, FAILURE IN F-35 DESIGN (FIG. 4), POOR AGILITY. (8) STEALTH INTEGRATED RECTANGULAR NOZZLES, as in YF-22/F-22 and JES-F-15 [35-39].

(9) IFPC for CANTED-JET-ENGINES by Russian JES-ADAPTATION-fighter-A/C.

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Figure 15: (left) F-35-fighter-aircraft is relatively sluggish, thus leading to reduced super-agility vis-Ă -vis JES-F-22. Its AOOF-JES SYSTEMS are based on old Russians designs of turning jet-engines-exhaustsections in opposite directions, as indicated. The resulting sluggish AOOF-JES reduces F-35-WVR-air-combat potentials, even those of USAF-F-35-VERSIONS. Flap ends should be inclined as in stealth-engine-air-inlets, Fig. 7, as finally has been accomplished.

Figure 16: Stealth-JES-CRUISE-MISSILE DESIGN, [12 at 83]. Unclassified since 1989.

2. Four questions for beginners

I often open my lectures on these issues with 4 questions: Do you agree that ......? If you agree, you join the US-RUSSIA (and now CHINA) JES-Flight-Control-Revolution, [1-55]; if not, you may review verified evidence that helps staying updated as we all pass the gates to the past generation:

(1) I can prevent passenger jets from crashing during landing under strong side winds, or during takeoffs with heavy ice deposited on the wings, or landing when under-wheels are partiallydamaged, or when all airframe hydraulics is lost (jet-engines harbor their own hydraulic systems to function), while the vertical AOOF-tail fails to function due to stall, Fig. 1, at this most critical low speed, (Figs. 1, 2), thus the pilots CANNOT turn the aircraft nose back to the

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runway, UNLESS, somehow, I generate -- BY OPERATING JET ENGINES -- fast ROTATINGFORCE-MOMENTS, NOT AOOF-TURNING, that rotate the aircraft around its C.G. to re-orient its nose back to the runway and save lives and prevent damages that AOOF-CANNOT?

(2) WOOF-Control experts and pilots often fail to comprehend such physics of rotations provided

by Jet Engine Steering, JES, especially when, for illustration, I propose to locate a combat pilot at or close to the A/C-C.G., and claim that he encounters only head rotation, not a 'black-out' caused by AOOF-Control during WVR-high-G-LOADS, [22-48].

(3) Should JES, putting aside for the debate, other, well-proven, JES ADVANTAGES OVER AOOFVEHICLES, replace, at least in part, AOOF-dominated-TURNING-to-TARGET during WVR AIR COMBAT, [12, 18, 55] ?

(4) Can such JES-ADVANTAGES over AOOF-VEHICLES, lead to WVR-combat-wins [looming future under projected end of current stealth-BVR-ASYMMETRY for fighter A/C (NOT-FOR-SOS-B-21CAP-FLEETS], due to Russian and Chinese growing stealth-symmetry capabilities that induce, (INTRODUCTION), high-kill-ratios in WVR to the side mastering JES-IN-WVR, e.g., Figs. 3 and 4, [1-12, 18, 55]?

Stealth-Asymmetry Today induces BVR, Stealth Symmetry Tomorrow Induces WVR

(a) Defeat of the West is contended if JES is not triply-funded today because armies of mediocre minds keep claiming that WVR is dead due to U.S. MAINTAINING STEALTH ASYMMETRY FOR EVER, and thus the enemy is destroyed by super-stealthy A/C before a real conflict unfolds.

(b) Others do not compare long-time-path-of-missiles-to-target in AOOF-control v. shorter timepath of same missiles to same-targets, under same conditioned, with JES, [18].

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(c) AOOF pilots are often fast to downplay or reject any JES-BENEFITS. Some claim that rapid JESROTATIONS would cause "pilot black-out", other that flying and combating in post-stall domains is impossible, or is good only for air shows by Russia, U.S. and now China.

(d) Such negative attitudes were sounded mainly by EU and by ISRAELI COMPANIES [1-11, 54, 55], but in Israel had caused the Lavi Program cancellation, and thousands being fired.

(e) Similar self-inflicted damages have caused EU-fighter-A/C-MARKETS to fail for decades.

(f) STUDIES of PILOT BIOPHYSICS, [39], should thus include JETONAUTICS, partly to prevent conceptual-design-mistakes and associated cost-damages that adversely affect traditional doctrines and strategies that still dominate most nations and the less-informed.

3. The six flight control revolutions

The 1ST Flight-Control-Revolution took place more than 100 years ago by the introduction of aerodynamic flight control. It has since been improved since to fly cruise missiles, helicopters and drones. However, Figs. 1 illustrates why and where it has failed due to "Lost Lift" that dictates "NOPOST-STALL-FLIGHT-DOMAINS", Fig. 2.

The 2ND Flight-Control-Revolution was introduced by jet engines replacing most prop-pistonengine-based-designs, first in air combat, and gradually in most passengers and cargo airlines.

The seeds of lost life by AOOF-Control AOOF Control a priori arrests jet engines to provide only brute force forward.

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The 3RD Flight-Control-Revolution was introduced by breaking the stall-barrier with ETENGINE-STEERING, JES, since early 1987, [1-12, 15, 16], which, in addition, had predicted significantly safer, cost-effective and all-times winner in JES-WVR-AIR-COMBAT, Figs. 3, 4, [1-48].

The 4TH Flight-Control-Revolution replaces mixed JES/AOOF-DESIGNS with ''pure'' 3DIMENSIONAL (YAW-PITCH-ROLL) JET ENGINE STEERING, as in the original 1987-prototypes, [Id.], and, years later, by the design of "pure" JES-X-44, MANTA, Fig. 8.

The 5TH Flight-Control-Revolution has been operational since 2018 as multi-role hypersonic proxi-kill of ballistic missiles in line with Mach-7-David Sling, Figs. 33, 34. The final, asymmetric, kill vehicle is equipped with advanced steering for super-maneuverability for the final kill-stage that involves AI-proxy-kill-explosion and a three-pulse motor that provides additional acceleration and maneuverability during the killing phase.

The 6TH Flight-Control-Revolution in civilizing military JES was first funded in 1994-1995 by U.S. FAA, and has since led to the following preliminary conclusions, [19, 20, 21, 23, 28, 44-48]:

• JES-post-stall-capabilities can save many lives and prevent much damage, • JES-TAILLES-CANARDLESS-designs lead to weight reduction, drag reduction, fuel reduction, • MAX JES-weight reduction/benefits are attainable by removing AOOF-MEANS/SUPPLEMENTS, • Stall-Spin recoveries from stall-spin situations are provided by AOOF-FREE-JES, [40].

4. Preliminary Guiding Rules of Jetonautics

1ST-RULE: JETONAUTICS constitutes SYSTEMS-OF-SYSTEMS based on JET-ENGINE-STEERING by YAW, PITCH and ROLL force-moments that rotate air vehicles around their center of gravity, especially when AOOF-CONTROL FAILS.

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It also replaces jet engines with water-pumps/vectoring-water-jets to provide seasupermaneuverabilty, like that of LCS, Figs. 18-21.

Mini-Land-Jetonautics:

Skin-distributing

sensors/small-rockets

on

sides/front/back

of

wheelchairs and ambulances to prevent uncontrolled-snow-caused-side-moves or turn-over incidents and crashes, e.g., https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTJyvNOFNEmLvuLQb0tsXLA

2ND-RULE: WHEN AOOF-CONTROL-FAILS by stall-spin or breaks down, SOS-JETONAUTICS should replace it, or the air-design be based on ''pure'' JES, which reduces drag, weight, complexity and improve subsonic and supersonic performance, Fig. 8.

3RD-RULE: SOS-JETONAUTICS is integrated with (a) SOS-helmet-aiming-systems, SOS-firingcommands/AI/avionic-systems and self-repairing SOS-IFPC, Fig. 6, (b) SOS-KILL-RATIO SUPERMANEUVERABILITY-AI-SYSTEMS, [12], (c) (operating) variable-cycle-engines that minimize fuel consumption, maximize range and expand Fig.-2-flight-domains in three depicted directions.

5. THE NEW UK TARANIS UCAV

Somewhat comparable to the well-flight-tested, ADVANCED, LARGE, U.S. UCAV-STEALTH-X-47B, the newer, 8t, >M-1, well-flight-tested, advanced, UK-STEALTH-UCAV, TARANIS, is one of the world’s largest stealth UCAVs. It is delta-shaped, supported by tricycle-type landing gear and propelled

by

RR

Adour turbofan,

(Fig.

25),

https://www.airforce-

technology.com/projects/tanaris/* ___________

* UK TARANIS is currently powered by Rolls-Royce Adour 951 jet engine, which provides 6,480lb thrust. The RR ADURE jet engines may be further enhanced to about 10,000 lbf by advanced materials in the hot section for improved thrust and durability, a new fan design to provide higher thrust and hydrodynamic control, replaced by Full authority digital engine control (FADEC, and IFPC, Fig. 6).

UK BAE Systems is PRIME CONTRACOR, and is responsible for stealth and low detectability (lt), systems integration and system control infrastructure.

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GE Aviation Systems is responsible for providing the fuel gauging systems and electrical power.

Integrated Systems Technologies (Insyte), a subsidiary of BAE Systems, is providing C4ISTAR computers, command, control, communications, intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance support.

Claverham Ltd (formerly Fairey Hydraulics Ltd) provides Primary Flight Control Actuation System.

Dunlop Aerospace Braking Systems is providing the wheels, brakes and brake control systems for the air vehicle.

Insyte is responsible for delivery of mission planning/control, payload control, imagery analysis and exploitation, integration and clearance of the ground control provided by BAE Systems IAS in Australia.

Kestrel UAV's blended-wing design was developed by BAE Systems with Cranfield University.

Current ÂŁ185m budget is managed by BAE Systems. The platform developers include QinetiQ and GE Aviation Systems (formerly Smiths Aerospace).

Under a 2014 Anglo-French contract, parts from TARANIS may be combined with (renegotiable today?) French nEURO-untested stealth-UCAV and (negotiable today?) programs of the remaining EU. The UK is also building 2 aircraft carriers.

On July 16, 2018 the UK announced an optionally manned fighter aircraft, Tempest, that around 2035 may be fielded, inter alia, to control fleets of UCAVs or SWARMS of mini-drones, using SWARMING TECHNOLOGY for both defense and CAP offensive missions that include drone-swarming-attacks against terrorists around the world.

6. GLOBAL ASYMMETRY of THE UNITED STATES B-21-FLEET In November 2016, the United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board announced the need to enhance and further develop Counter Air Penetration

(CAP)

programs to be fielded early during the 6TH-Generation.

Goals, strategy

and means that have been incorporated from previous

programs or have

been generated since, include, but are not limited to "optionally manned", stealthy, long-range, supersonic B21, Fig.-17.

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Figure 17: The U.S. $85 Billion, "optionally manned", SOS-fleet of stealth B-21s is to be deployed in the early stages of the 6TH-Generation, and is herein contended to be globally-unmatched, SOSCAP-Asymmetry with SOS-means described below.

According to U.S. Government Accounting Office (GAO) Reports (GAO), [49], about 140 to 200 B-21s are needed.

The B-21s can fly behind fleets of armed, optionally manned, stealth-A/C and larger fleets of armed CAP-UCAVsJES-UCAVs, like the TARANIS defined above, or other types of CAP-SWARMS. CAP-A/C, equipped with updated detection and weapons capabilities, and flying behind or post local actions of SUITABLE CAP-SWARMS. This unmanned fleet harbours additional key option: IT CAN FUNCTION AS A ONE-WAY SUPER-CLUSTER OF FLYING BOMBS AIMED AT A KEY TARGETS, OR SPLIT.

The U.S. Air Force is soon to acquire a new long-range fighter known as "Penetrating Counter-Air" that would accompany the B-21 fleet deep into enemy territory, [49-53]. The B-21-fleet includes LONG-RANGE STANDOFF, LRSO, NUCLEAR CRUISE MISSILES, NCM, ASSM-ER, conventional or hypersonic cruise missiles, B-61 gravity-free-fall-from-B-21-Nuclear-bombs, GBU-31, Satellite-guided-bombs, and, optionally, FLYERS of UCAVs, who fly with one or more of the B-21s.

FY 2019 U.S. $716 billion congress-approved defense budget vis-Ă -vis FY 2017-budget and 1998 to 2016 FY budgets.

According to ttps://dod.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-ReleaseView/Article/652687/department-of-defense-dod-releases-fiscal-year-2017presidents-budget-proposal:

"The FY 2017 budget reflects recent strategic threats and changes that have taken place in Asia, the Middle East and Europe.

Russian aggression, terrorism by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and others, and China's island building and claims of sovereignty in international waters all necessitate changes in our strategic outlook and in our operational commitments.

Threats and actions originating in Iran and North Korea negatively affect our interests and our allies."

"The FY 2017 budget request will allow us to develop new unmanned systems, design a new long-range bomber and a new long-range stand-off cruise missile, and modernize our nuclear arsenal."

"Requests $145.8 million in FY 2017 for support to Israel. This reflects our unshakeable commitment to Israel and its security and funds Iron Dome, David’s Sling, Arrow, and other cooperative defense programs." "The Unmanned Carrier-Launched Air Surveillance and Strike (UCLASS) program has been restructured and renamed the Carrier Based Aerial Refueling System", (Fig. 28).

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“Even as we fight today’s fights, we must also be prepared for the fights that might come in 10, 20, or 30 years.”

Accordingly, these are the subjects on which we focus and expand education first.

2020-2040 contended 6TH-Generation Air-Sea-Combat Trend?

U.S. stealth-asymmetry-induces-BVR v. stealth-symmetry induces JES-WVR

1. I contend that equal stealth levels of adversaries would emerge during the 6TH-Generation. This prediction is based on growing evidence reviewed by editorials [1 to 11] and [54].

2. If and when this prediction materializes, it is to end the current U.S. stealth-asymmetry that allows BVR-win, and would force both-sides to get closer and closer to each other for a first, if at all, verifiable detection-identification, prior to launching SOS-weapons into what might be empty sky and associated failures, therefore: 3 Air-Sea-WVR-combat, under any situation, is asserted associated with SOS-JETONAUTICS based on JES-Supermaneuverabilty, Figs. 1 to 16, [12, 55]. And neglected today may touch the stakes of survival.

4. Current JES-symmetry may next evolve into reversed asymmetry.

5. UCLASS cancellation may also cancel surfing submarines that provide temporary-runways to short-take-off and landing for refuelling JES-UCAVs. 6. Reduced size, low-cost-carriers for JES-UCAVs are needed.

7. When human-lives are not lost in air-sea combat Defensive or offensive UCAV-CAP-encounters should not involve loss of human lives on any side.

7.1. Follow-the-leader-swarms Follow-the-leader swarms would form part of CAP offensive or defensive missions. These are composed of prop-drones or jet-UCAVs that move within a pre-defined distance of each other as the swarm maneuvers as a single unit in a suicide or a returning mode.

7.2. Psychological drills vs. hot-encounters

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National flyer championships of low-cost, commercial, remote-controlled air and sea vehicles in variously located sports clubs are non-military family activities, even when the ulterior, hidden drive is to demonstrate is hitting ''non-sport-targets'' with ''non-wooden balls'' – perhaps a local deterrence against superior armed forces.

7.3. China flies 1108 drones as a single unit In December 2017, at the Global Fortune Form in Guangzhou, China flies a swarm of 1108 propdrones, reported to have self-repairing and auto-landing capabilities, [February 03, 2018, The Diplomat].

In 2017 China had also tested drones flying at 20 km altitude, a mission involving the Academy of Optoelectronics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

There is also a video that shows China flying a 119-Swarm of prop-drones, each costing around $150: https://www.wetalkuav.com/119-fixed-wing-drones-china/

7.4. When would dead pilots see the end of war?

DICTUM A: Only one, like a future U.S. LRSO, fired from its supersonic B-21, or from a forthcoming CAP Fighter Aircraft, or UCAV, or LCS, submarine, or by a land center of command, needs to get to verifiable key target to meet a strategic aim in local tactics. And if that fails, manned stealth/superagile A/C may enter the encounter, risking a loss of life.

DICTUM B: Most AOOF-based swarms are hard or impossible to be detected by radars, to be identified and neutralized. (Their civil use has given rise to various legal issues that are outside the aims and scope of this work.)

8. Conclusions, Chapter I

1. 8 to 20 years should be allowed by 6TH-Generation defense committees to design, develop, certify and deploy new generations of advanced jet engines – a force-major-fact that rules all future programs, [1-12], including hypersonic turbo-ramjets and scramjets that are, by fact,

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jet engines, vis-Ă -vis much shorter times to deliver airframes and avionics -- a conclusion that should not include the aforementioned low-cost, CAP FLEETS, or SWARMING options, Figs. 22-25.

Cf. CONCLUSION 2.

2. The Jet-Engines-Industry must next provide the Prime Contractors. REASONS: Hypersonic ramjets and scramjets are jet engines. Subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic related prime contractors should be nominated from the jet-engines-industry, not from the airframe companies, as traditionally done, and causing run-away costs, delays and performance compromises. Cf. Editorial, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES, and UCLASS, F-35, X-51, [1, 5, 13, 14, 49], and CONCLUSION 1.

3. MAXIMIZED PASSANGERS FLIGHT-SAFETY should be available during the 6TH-Generation to the international public by certified safest feasible biz-type-size-JES-transports powered by relatively high thrust to weight ratio turbofan jet engines, Figs. 9.

Strong support has, so far, been published by AVIATION WEEK, AEROSPACE AMERICA and invited opening lectures in international conferences in China, Russia, Germany and Poland, [1-14, 19-21, 24-26, 29-34, 44-48].

4. Limited Resources-Countries: Low-cost, low-weight, most reliable 2,800 lbf thrust centrifugal-compressor Marbore-II-turbojet, aka J69, J41, J100 [right], is contended best option to 6TH-Generation JES-UCAV, especially if the jet engine is fitted into AOOF-free, tailless, canardless, stealth JES-airframe as that of the X-44 MANTA, Figs. 8, 12, to provide stealth-JES SUPER-AGILE CAP OFFENSIVE or DEFENSIVE FLEETS, Figs. 23-24, [1-11].

5. 27-years hot debates with EU, ISRAEL (LAVI) and other opponents are moot. REASONS: The fundamentals and practice of (I) The physics of A/C-rotation during JES, (II) canarded air combat vehicles v. jetonautics in air combat, (III) civil transport jetonautics, [44-48], (iii) US JES-F-22 and Russia's JES-SU-FAMILY and November 06,2018, JES-addition of the JES-J-10B, [5, 13, 14, 22, 23, 27, 28, 32, 55].

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6. Jet-engine R&D researchers and designers should get adult educations on jetonautics v. aerodynamics, JES-flight control/WVR AIR COMBAT, Ramjets, Scramjets, air combat, SOS, swarming technology and UCAVs while airframe and other experts working in the aforementioned domains, should study, or even master jet-engine designs, dynamics, materials, durability, tests, sub, super and hype combustion, [1-12].

7. Reduced size, relatively low-cost-carriers for JES-UCAVs are needed.

Additional information, educational explanations and conclusions are provided in Chapter II, and next ones.

9. REFERENCES and NOTES to Chapter I

1. Editorial, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES: Joint Design Team induces F-35 run-away costs, delays and performance compromises. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Sep 2011. Cf. GAO, [49], on similar problems with the now cancelled UCLASS PROGRAM. 2. Editorial, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES: JET ENGINES AS PRIME FLIGHT EFFECTORS. THE FIRST KEY DESIGN RULES. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Jul 1999, Dec 2000, Jan 2001 and Jan 2003.

3. Editorial, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES: Air, Land and Marine applications of Jet Engine Steering aka as 3D thrust vectoring flight control or 2D-Water-TVC of super-agile boats or super-agile Littoral Combat Ships, [LCS]. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Apr. 2011.

4. Editorial, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES: JES for advanced Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles, [JES-UCAV.]. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Mar 2010.

5. Editorial, Old-New European debate on thrust vectoring, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Jan 1997.

6. Editorial, RE-EDUCATING THE JET-ENGINE RESEARCHERS TO STAY RELEVANT, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 33(2), July 2016; DOI: 10.1515/tjj-2016-5001.

7. Editorial, Jet Engine Steering (JES) – The new master of advanced flight control; Civilizing military JES technology maximizes flight safety and allows pilot recovery when AOOF fails to prevent a crash; Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 35(2):95-99, DOI: 10.1515/tjj-2018-9010. May 2018.

8. Editorial, Global needs for Jet-Engine-Steered (JES) strike drones vs. lack of updated textbooks to design 6th generation UCLASS due to UCAV failure. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 32(3), Jan 2015. DOI: 10.1515/tjj-20151001. Cf. GAO, REPORTS No. 15-374, 16-389R; 16-389R 9. Editorial, JET ENGINE STEERING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 31(4):277-285, Dec 2014; DOI: 10.1515/tjj-2014-1001.

10. Editorial, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES: JES-revolution in Air-Sea Propulsion Science and R&D; Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Jan 2014. DOI: 10.1515/tjj-2014-1000.

11. Editorial, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES: Fleets of low-cost, stealth, jet-steered drones designed to fly ahead of fighter aircraft and bombers into congested regions. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Jan 2013.

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11.07.18 6TH-Gen-air-sea-combat, all-rights-reserved to Prof. Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, Volume II to best seller textbook [12].

12. Gal-Or, B., “Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability and Robot Aircraft”; Forward by USAF Chief Scientist: "LANDMARK BOOK"; Million+ Google, AMAZON, ISSUU, SCRIBD, entries-citations; Springer Verlag, N.Y. and Heidelberg, 1989-present, ISBN 0387-97161-0, 3-540-87161-0, TL685.3.G23 1989, 629.I34'353-de20, 8921797. 237 references. With 190 drawings.

13. Gal-Or, B., Review of debates re jet engine steering aka thrust vectoring; Journal of Thermal Science, China, Mar 1998.

14. Gal-Or, B., "An Old-New European Debate on Thrust Vectoring", Polskiej Nauki, PRACE Instytutu Lotnictwa, Poland, 152, pp. 3-8, 1998.

15. Aviation Week & Space Technology: “Israelis Flight Test Jet-Powered RPV Fitted With Thrust Vectoring Nozzles [JET-ENGINE-STEERED-(JES) UNMANNED-VEHICLE], May 18, p. 21, 1987 16. Aviation Week & Space Technology: [ On first-time post-stall flight of JET-ENGINE-STEERED-(JES)-STEALTHVehicle in the history of aviation – conducted at Megiddo Airfield, Israel, performing post-stall-"COBRA", (Fig. 3), up to 170 AOA, and Helicopter-Type-Maneuvers, (Fig. 4), with first Yaw-Pitch-Roll-JES, aka 3-Dimensional Thrust Vectoring Flight Control (2D-TVFC), May 30, 1987; FLIGHT INT’L “ISRAEL FLIES VECTORING RPV”, May 30, 1987; “Israel”, “RPVs”, JANE'S ALL THE WORLD'S AIRCRAFT, 1987.

17. Gal-Or, B., "Upgraded, Completely Vectored F-22", USAF-AFOSR-EOARD, CONTRACT F61708-92-W, UNITED STATES AIR FORCE, Report: Feb. 28, 1993.

18. Gal-Or, B. with Lijun Qian and E. Kreindler, Minimum-time maneuvers of thrust-vectored aircraft; Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics, Mar 1998.

19. Gal-Or, Benjamin, Valery Sherbaum and Lichtsinder Michael, U.S.-PATENT No. 5,782,431, on "Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control", [saving many lives and preventing much damage by simple, add-on, TV devices], It includes review on first proof-of-concept flight test funded by U.S. FAA during 1994-1995, April, 1998.

20. Aviation Week & Space Technology: THRUST VECTOR CONTROL EYED FOR TRANSPORT, Aug. 28, 1995.

21. AEROSPACE AMERICA, "Civilizing Military Technology for safest civil Flight Control", 1995.

22. Gal-Or, B., Scientific Mistakes of INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS' DENYING JES-Post-Stall-Flight-&-Safety-Benefits, 1986-1990: --- (1) First by book 12 draft contents presentation to top designers of Israel's NATIONAL LAVI PROJECT who responded with great compliments like: "nonsense", "you cannot fly post stall", ''read the textbooks", "you bring shame on the Technion for such lunatic ideas", ''you should be fired for that nonsense"-- (2) same by TURBOMECA-Shidlovski denials in France and in Israel; --- 3) same by RR, less the aforementioned 'complements': Post unclassified lecture on book 12 and editorials in pre-organized OFFICIAL meeting with two top RR REPRESENTATIVES, Coventry, UK. 23. Research-Gate-Net, "DESIGN PROJECTS AT SIX UNIVERSITIES": "Steps are being taken by major companies to take advantage of (JES). For instance, General Electric has been creating an axisymmetric vectoring exhaust nozzle. NASA and the United States Navy have been designing similar systems for controlling the direction of the exhaust."

Citing Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327038941_Reasons_for_Triple-Funding_of_the_Jet-EngineIndustry_to_Meet_2020-2040_6th-Gen-Challenge_Counter-Air_Penetration_CAP. 24. Gal-Or, B., The Fundamental Concepts of Vectored Propulsion, AIAA J. Propulsion and Power, 6, 747-757, 1990.

25. Gal-Or, B., Maximizing Post-Stall, Thrust-Vectoring Agility and Control Power, AIAA J. Aircraft, 29, 647-651, 1992.

26. Gal-Or, B., Thrust Vectoring: Theory, Laboratory, and Flight Tests, AIAA J. Propulsion & Power, 9, 51 - 58, 1993.

27. Gal-Or, B. et al, "The benefits of JES to fighter aircraft agility and to close-range combat ability, are now well recognized; several fighters with JES (e.g., F-22, SU-37/30 MKI) are soon to be operational. (1998). New aircraft controllability domains defined (Gal-Or, Sherbaum and Lichtsinder, 1994-1995; ''a missile equipped

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28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

with JES can effectively control its acceleration direction when aero fins fails, Reference: Design of optimal midcourse guidance sliding-mode control for missiles with TVC". Citing Id. Gal-Or, B., FUNDAMENTALS OF CATASTROPHIC FAILURE PREVENTION BY THRUST VECTORING. AIAA Journal of Aircraft, May 1995. Cf., A remotely piloted, reduced-scale TVC-Boeing 727 flight tested in May 1995 to demonstrate the potentials for low-weight, add-on JES-kits for catastrophic failure prevention (1996)"; Id. and Ref. 19-21.

Gal-Or, B., Proposed flight testing standards for engine thrust vectoring to maximize kill ratio, post-stall agility and flight safety, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Dec 1995.

Gal-Or, B., Thrust-Vectoring of Converging-Diverging Nozzles, AIAA J. of Propulsion and Power, 16, 202-206, 2000.

Gal-Or, B. FUNDAMENTALS and SIMILARITY TRANSFORMATIONS OF VECTORED AIRCRAFT, AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Jan 1994. ''Gal-Or has shown that TV control [JES], being nearly independent of airflow around the aircraft, can be used to expand the flight domain beyond stall barrier, where aerodynamic controls lose much of their effectiveness." High-Alpha Trim and Stability Analysis of Aircraft Closed-loop Dynamics With Control Saturation, CITING: Fundamentals and similarity transformations of vectored aircraft. Ref. 31, Id. Gal-Or, B., MATHEMATICAL PHENOMENOLOGY FOR THRUST VECTORING–INDUCED AGILITY COMPARISONS, Deficiencies vs. compromises regarding basic rules for maximization of jet-deflection rates are formulated.

AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Mar 1993.

Gal-Or, B., THRUST VECTORING [JES] – THEORY, LABORATORY, and FLIGHT TESTS, AIAA Journal of Propulsion and Power, Jan 1993.

Gal-Or, B., “Novel, Post-Stall, Thrust-Vectored F-15 RPVs: Laboratory and Flight Tests” Funded since 1987 by USAF, (1) Canarded v. Canard-less, ROUNDED v. RECTANGULAR JES-EXHAUSTS to COLD-FAN-JET-2 ENGINES, 1/7-scaled-JES-F-15 flight-testing in abandoned airfield in ISRAEL, using JES SHOWN by Fig. 10, [12], (2) F-15AIR-INLET-to-HOT-OPERATING-JET-ENGINE-MARBORE-II-full-scale-PERFORMANCE, Fig. 12, [12], (3) SUBSCALED-F-15-INLET-PERFORMANCE DURING POST-STALL HIGH AOA, 188-page-Report-I, 1987-1992 PROJECT, PART I OF 8 REPORTS IDENTIFIED BELOW. Gal-Or, B., “Tailless Vectored Fighters: Theory, Laboratory and Flight Tests”, USAF, 196-page-Report-II, July 15, 1991.

Gal-Or, B., “Vectorable Inlets/Nozzles and Tailless Flying Models vs. Pilot’s Tolerances Affecting Maximum Post-Stall Vectoring Agility”; USAF, 238-page-Report-III. Gal-Or, B., “Tailless Vectored Fighters: Theory, Laboratory and Flight Tests”, USAF, WPAFB, Ohio, USA, AFOSR FY 1456-8905052, 196-page-Report-IV, July 15, 1991.

Gal-Or, B., “Dynamic Scaling, Pilot v. G-Loads under post-stall Maneuvers with vectored fighters”, Funded series of projects in Israel by USAF; E.g., (i) San Antonio, BAFB, 1990, submitted to USAF Colonel J. Tedor team, Report-V; (ii) “Dynamic Scaling of Prototypes Using Radius of Gyration Method: Theory, Laboratory and Flight Tests”, REPORT #I to USAF Capt. J. Wigle (Sep. 30, 1991), Report-IV; (iii) REPORT #II to USAF Dr. D. W. Repperger, AL/WPAFB (Sep. 30, 1991), Report-VII; (iv) Report to USAF Col. J. Tedor, Deputy Director, Human Systems Division, BAFB, TX; USAF Special Project, SPC-91-4003, AF/AFOSR/EOARD, 141-page-Report-VIII -- ALL ORIGINALLY CLASSIFIED. Gal-Or, B., Classified Reports to Lockheed-Martin/General Dynamics, Ft Worth, TX, via Spence E. Peters, Tel. 817-935-1588, Main: 817-777-2000, E-Mail: Spence.e.pters@LMCO.com and Dorsett, both have maintained mutual visits during the longest cooperation programs in which all imported to the U.S. SACOM/JES/STVS technologies were inter alia provided to Lockheed Martin/GD up to about 1997.

Gal-Or, B., Classified Reports to PWA, Manager, Component Technology, R. E. (Bob) Davis, 1987-1994.

Gal-Or, B., Classified Reports to General Electric, Aircraft Engines to Don Dunbar, Ed Rogala and GE VP Krebs.

1987-1988.

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43. Gal-Or, B., Agility Benefits of Integrated Aerodynamic & Thrust Vectoring Control, GD/Lockheed-Martin RFP Ref. TECH-RRJ-JK-0001, TIIT-TRDF 160-779, 1993-1995, Progress Report No. 2, Feb. 10, 1995.

44. Gal-Or, B., Catastrophic Failure Prevention by Thrust Vectoring, invited Lecture and Proposal to NASA Dryden, June 1995.

45. Gal-Or, B., Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Air Safety, Keynote Lecture; 3rd Int’l Conf.

ISIAF, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Sept.

2, 1996; https://www.janes.com/article/76804/image-suggests-china-may-be-testing-thrust-vectoring-engine-on-j-10fighter#; https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a24680684/all-the-new-tech-from-chinasbig-airshow/] 46. Gal-Or, B., Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Air Safety, Opening Keynote Lecture; 2nd Int’l Seminar on Aeronautics & Education, Warsaw, Poland, Nov. 25, 1996.

47. Gal-Or, B., Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Civil Transport safety, Keynote Lecture, Proceedings, 4th Conf., Int’l ISIAF conf., Dresden, Germany, 1999.

48. Gal-Or, B., Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Civil Transport Safety, 5th Int´l Symp.

Aero Sci., Moscow Russia, Plenary Lecture, Proceeding, TsAGI, 1999.

49. U.S. GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING OFFICE, GAO, UNCLASSIFIED REPORTS No. 15-374; 16-389R, AND EARLIER GAO REPORTS, v. Editorials [1-11], https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/the-northropgrumman-b-21-stealth-bomber-simply-unstoppable-19931?page=0%2C1 and UCLASS. 50. http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/17698/chinas-is-hard-at-work-developing-swarms-of-small-droneson-multiple-levels; 51. https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2016/webt-laser-swarms-drones.html https://www.defenceprocurementinternational.com/features/air/droneswarmshttp://insidedefense.com/201403112464029/Inside-Defense-General/Public-Articles/air-force-setsplan-to-launch-sixth-gen-fighter-program-in-2018/menu-id-926.html; http://aviationweek.com/blog/6th-genengines-pratt-rolls-out-ge stays/ https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/securing-us-bases-in-the-pacific-a-newera-of-instability/ http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/penetrating-counter-air-what-comes-after-thef-22-raptor-f-18081/ http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/penetrating-counter-air-what-comes-afterthe-f-22-raptor-f-18081?page=2 ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HWV6e5qdlWc http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/21324/image-of-chinas-stealthy-dark-sword-fighter-like-combatdrone-emerges.

52. <ahref="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_MQ-25_Stingray.jpg" title="Fair use of copyrighted material in the context of Boeing MQ-25 Stingray">Fair use</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58417160">Link</a>.

53. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/raptor-reborn-super-f-22-fighter-heading-japan-32147.

54. According to https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-russia-could-someday-shootdown-f-22-f-35-or-b-2stealth-bomber-35512. Russian, classified, 6TH-Generation issues arise: ""While Moscow makes bold claims about the counter-stealth capabilities of their S-400 and S-300V4 air defense systems, (Fig. 35), the fact remains that even if Russian low-frequency search and acquisitions radars can detect and track tactical fighter-sized stealth aircraft, such as the F-22 or F-35, fire control radars operating in C, X and Ku bands cannot paint low observable (LO) jets except at very close ranges."

"Stealth is not—and never has been—invisibility, but it does offer greatly delayed detection so that a fighter or bomber can engage a target and leave before the enemy has time to react."

"There is a ‘step change’ in an LO aircraft’s signature once the frequency wavelength exceeds a certain threshold and causes a resonant effect.

Typically, that resonance occurs when a feature on an aircraft—such as a tail-fin or similar— is less than eight times the size of a particular frequency wavelength."

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"Fighter-sized stealth aircraft that do not have the size or weight allowances for two feet or more of radar absorbent material coatings on every surface are forced to make trades as to which frequency bands they are optimized for."

"Radars operating at a lower frequency band such as parts of the S or L band are able to detect and track certain stealth aircraft. But ultimately, to counter lower frequency radars, a larger flying-wing stealth aircraft design like the B-21, (Fig. 17)—which lacks many of the features that cause a resonance effect—is a necessity.

But at the UHF and VHF band wavelengths, designers are not trying to make the aircraft invisible— rather engineers hope to create a radar cross-section that will blend in with the background noise that is inherent to low-frequency radars."

55. HISTORY NOTE 1: According to https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a24742661/china's-j-10thrust-vector-control/?source=nl&utm_source=nl_pop&utm_medium=email&date=100118 and www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/j-10b-tvc-wows-zhuhai-crowds-with-surprise-performa-453352/ "China's J-10(B) fighter is equipped with thrust vectoring controls (JES) that allow the jet to perform seemingly impossible aerial maneuvers, (verified since November 06, 2018)" "It was built with Israeli assistance from Israel’s F-16-based Lavi fighter."

"Using this technology, the F-22 Raptor can angle its thrust up to 24 degrees up or down."

"Russia began incorporating TVC into the Sukhoi Su-30 and the newer Su-35. It's also a feature of the Su-57 fifth-generation fighter." "Now China's J-10 joins this elite club of super-maneuverable fighter jets."

HISTORY NOTE 2: China published the author's Review of debates re jet engine steering in WVR air combat, by its Journal of Thermal Science, Mar 1998, [5, 13, 14], then invited Keynote Lecture for the Chinese Academy of Sciences that hosted the 3rd Int’l Conf. ISIAF, in Beijing, Sept. 2, 1996, [45], to be followed by same-lecture and meetings with China's top designers and decision making at CHENGDU. During the next 22 years JES has not emerged in China, until November 06, 2018, when JES was displayed by flights of the JES-J-10B, and thus has JOINED THE 3RD FLIGHT CONTROL REVOLUTION, (INTRODUTION-(3). https://www.janes.com/article/76804/image-suggests-china-may-be-testing-thrust-vectoring-engine-on-j10-fighter#; https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a24680684/all-the-new-tech-fromchinas-big-airshow/ HISTORY NOTE 3: Following the 1987-publication by AVIATION WEEK on the first post-stall-JES-flight, [16, 17], USAF funding-reports from 1988 to 1991 on JES-F-15, [36-46], the 1990 textbook on prior art, [12], the JES-X-31 flight-tests, and USAF-NASA-JES-F-15-ACTIVE flight tests, Russia has elevated the JES revolution to become A GLOBAL RACE that has been, since NOVEMBER-06, 2018 FLIGHT TESTS, closed as EXCLUSIVEU.S.-RUSSIA-CHINA JETONAUTICS CLUB IN WHICH THE EU IS OUT. 56. Gal-Or, B., 1968-PRESENT, CLASSIFIED RADITION PHYSICS work in Detection-SpaceRadiation/Stealth/Stellar/Radar-Radiation-Thermodynamics, Theoretical-Philosophical-Physics against claims of detectable-verified "Dark-Energy" and "Strings" by armies of bored "Physicists/Radiation++

WEAPONS-EXPERTS". Reviews on the unclassified part of this work were published. ++

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: "The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review. [This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic institutions 'as Gal-Or describes them', but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the students.”

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“Gal-Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole. He emphasizes that all scientists (and technologists) operate under some set of philosophical prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion.

Furthermore, he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism. His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government.

One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and asymmetry (in science and defense).

His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future. Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations.

The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales. The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion. He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time asymmetries. The expansion provides, among other things, an UNSATURABLE SINK for radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life.

He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions in 'information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries.

Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events.

"A Master Piece. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very sound knowledge of present-day scientific theories. " Indian Journal of Physics

"Evokes a person heart ! Has generated a large number of responses from around the world, some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-Orians”. Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country should recommend this book with all their intellectual power."

Chinese Academy of Sciences

"Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work! Gal-Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political philosophy." A. Cottrell, V. Chancellor, Cambridge University

"Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science. New Scientist (Magazine)

"Gal-Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject.” Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Sciences (a following article by S. Hawking did not make it.)

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"This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable, worth reading and enlightening."

Sir Karl Popper, one of the Greatest Philosophers of Science

"I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical humanism than that of GalOr’s book." HaAretz Daily

"We are all Gal-Orians !" Editor, Foundations of Physics

"Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.” Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics

Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of"

"This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read." Outstanding Books List

"The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-Winner) Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-Or is superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences

"Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena!

Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution -- that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -- that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology.

He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself.

Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.” Advancement of Physics

“I have in the meantime studied your (unclassified, theoretical-philosophical) book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it.

I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them!

Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and by so much more!

I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time.

What an ingenious phrase is your, “smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”!

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11.07.18 6TH-Gen-air-sea-combat, all-rights-reserved to Prof. Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, Volume II to best seller textbook [12].

I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable consequences.

I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in with the other great task.

That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics.

You do both tasks far better than I could hope to. I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a package that I personally have found most thought-provoking.”

Prof. John Wheeler, Inst. of Advanced Studies, Princeton University.

Promotion END to VOLUME II of best seller Textbook, [12]

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