<<>> 2 EXPANSIONS OF THE UNIVERSE CHANGE PHYSICS <<>>

2 Expansions of the Universe predicted 28 years ago by "Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy" best seller confirmed by accelerated expansion of the universe

caused by galactic winds dissipating in voids

Programs

Organized

SPACE-"2" wraps all nonexpanding galaxies. Nonexpanding SPACE-"3" harbors interstellar winds flowing to SPACE"2", dissipating in intergalactic voids causing accelerated expansioncompacting of galaxies, cf. Fig. 1.

1

Benjamin Gal-Or

1million+ Google citations

FIGURE1:

FIG. 1: Entering cold-dark, GALACTIC-VOIDS ("EXPANDING SPACE-1")

FROM ALL SIDES, THE WINDS-JETS, FIG. 1, REVERSE THE SLOWING(BY-GRAVITATION)-EXPANSION-OF-THE-UNIVERSE SINCE THE 'BIGBANG', INTO SLIGHTLY ACCELERATED EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE. THIS SECOND, SIMULTANEOUS, EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE HAD BEEN PREDICTED IN 1971 [1-5] AND PUBLISHED AS FIGURE 2 THAT IS REPRODUCED FROM REFERENCE 5.

2

NOTE THE "100 MILLION LIGHT YEARS" SCALE. DEPICTED

four yellow arrows should be inserted into each

recorded galactic void to illustrate opposing, rocket-type-jet-

winds that by dissipating from all directions into each void, cause enhanced voids-expansion that (1) compact non-expanding-galaxies into clusters, (2) reverse otherwise decelerated expansion of the universe into slightly accelerating one since the stellar-galactic winds have become strong as the universe ages.

3

FIG. 2: "CLUSTER I" and "CLUSTR II" represent mid-term effect of the 2nd simultaneous expansion of the universe, namely, prior to being further compacted into superclusters and filaments (FIG. 1).

"RADIATION ENERGY DENSITY" vs. "DISTANCE" defines "DIRECTION OF NET RADIATION FLOW" as "3rd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", THAT generates energy-density gradients that lead to the "2nd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", that represents "EXPANDIND SPACE "1" CONFINED TO THE COLD-DARK, INTERGALACTIC VOIDS and is NOT involving spaces "2" and "3" within the filaments, galaxies, stellar systems and planetary systems.

"VOIDS/SPACE "1" is thus the sole MASTER of world phenomena that lead to the emergence of life in non-expanding gravitational systems, [5].

IT SHOULD BE STRESED THAT: (1) THESE ARE COLLECTIVE DYNAMICS THAT CAUSE THE GRADIENTS SHOWN. (2) THE NET RESULT is thrusting all "filaments" away from each other, (3) THE RESULTING GRADIENTS "ALLOW" REMOVAL OF ENERGY FROM EVOLVING STARS, THUS TO STELLAR EVOLUTION THAT LEADS TO LIFE, (CF. REVIEWS BELOW).

NOTE: WE ARE LOCATED INSIDE FILAMENT "VIRGO", FIG. 1.

4

Published Reviews of Ref. 5

"Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena!

Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution -- that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -- that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology.

He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself.

Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.”

Advancement of Physics

"Gal-Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject.”

Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Science

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: “Gal-Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole.

He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion. Furthermore, he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism.

His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of 5

theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government.

One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and asymmetry.

His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future. Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations.

The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales.

The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion.

He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time asymmetries.

The expansion provides, among other things, an unsaturable sink for radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life.

He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions in information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries.

Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events.

6

The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review.

[This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic institutions "as Gal-Or describes them", but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the students.”

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS

"This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable, worth reading and enlightening."

Sir Karl Popper, the Greatest Philosopher of Science "I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical humanism than that of Gal-Or’s book." Israeli HaAretz Daily

"We are all Gal-Orians ! " Editor, Foundations of Physics

"Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.”

Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics

Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of"

"This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read."

Outstanding Books List

"Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work!

Gal-Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political philosophy."

A. Cottrell, V. Chancellor, Cambridge University

"Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. Shines a 7

welcome light in some dark corners of science.

Sir Karl Popper, in a Foreword, correctly describes it “a great book”.

New Scientist Magazine

"Evokes a person heart !!

Has generated a large number of responses from around the world, some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-Orians”. Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country should recommend this book with all their intellectual power."

Chinese Academy of Sciences

"A Master Piece. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very sound knowledge of present-day scientific theories. " Indian Journal of Physics

"The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-Winner) Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-Or is superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences

“I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it.

I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them!

Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and by so much more!

I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time.

What an ingenious phrase is your, “smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”!

8

I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable consequences.

I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in with the other great task.

That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics. You do both tasks far better than I could hope to.

I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a package that I personally have found most thought-provoking.”

Prof. John Wheeler, Inst. of Advanced Studies, Princeton University

Concluding Remarks

INTER ALIA, our new Gravitational Thermodynamics [1] refutes

(a) claimed about the universality of entropy,

(b) entropy concepts are far from being scientific, [5],

(c) Mysterious dark energy as causing the accelerated expansion of the universe is also far from being scientific,

(d) entropy-free thermodynamics, [5], is valid for any evolution,

(e) the 2nd simultaneous expansion did not exist when the universe was young.

9

References

1. Gal-Or Benjamin, Entropy, Fallacy, and the Origin of Irreversibility:

An Essay on the Einsteinian New Astrophysical Revolutionary School of Thermodynamics; Annal. N.Y. Acad. Acad. Sci., 196 (A6) 305 (1972). Gold Medal Award.

2. Gal-Or Benjamin, cosmological origin of thermodynamics, Nature

230, 1971); 234, 217 (1971); 3. Gal-Or Benjamin, The Origin of Irreversibility in nature, Science,

176, 11 (1972); 178, 119 (1972); 4. Gal-Or Benjamin, On modified Foundations of Physics, Found. Phys.

6, 407 (1976); 6, 623 (1976); 7, 50 (1977); 5. Gal-Or Benjamin, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy (CPP),

Volumes I and II, Springer Verlag, New York, 1981, 1983, 1987 -present.

10