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2. Pre-Operational Stage (2 ls 7 o"kZ) ÿ iwoZ lafØ;kRed voLFkk ÿ Lacks logic (rdZ'kfDr esa deh) ÿ Lacks reversibility (ikuh ciQZ cu ldrk gS vkSj ciQZ ikuh dh ukle>) ÿ Animism (futhZo&ltho ukle>) ÿ Ecocentrism (bl voLFkk esa cPps dks yxrk gS fd tSlk eSa lksprk gw¡ oSlk gh iwjh nqfu;k lksprh gSA ÿ Symbolic thought (language Kku / ABCD, d [k x --- ÿ Lack of conservation (laj{k.k) cPps dks ,slk ,sglkl gksxk fd fodV A esa T;knk ikuh gSA tcfd nksuksa esa leku gSaA (In picture) ÿ Centration (dsUnzhdj.k)

3. Concrete Operational (7 ls 11 o"kZ) ÿ ewrZ lafØ;kRed voLFkk ÿ ewrZ (concrete) phtksa ds izfr Logic (rdZ'kfDr) dk Kku gksuk ÿ oLrqvksa dk oxhZdj.k (classification) (,,) ∆ □○ colour, shape, size ds vk/kj ij ÿ oLrqvksa dk laj{k.k (Achieves conservation) ÿ Reversibility dk Kku gksuk ÿ oLrqvksa dks ltkuk (c<+rs&?kVrs Øe esa) ÿ Decentration (fodsaUnzhdj.k)

CCS (Trick) ÿ C – Conservation ÿC – Classification ÿ S – Seriation

4. Formal Operational Stage (11&15 o"kZ) ÿ Abstract (vewrZ fparu) logic; Concept dks le>ukA ÿ Hypothetico-deductive Reasoning (ifjdYiukRed&fuxeukRed rdZ) ÿ Deductive Reasoning (fuxeukRed fparu) yso ok;xksRldh dk lkekftdµlkaLo`Qfrd izfjis{; (Vygotsky's Socio-cultural approach) ÿ ,d :lh euksoSKkfud ÿ ;g ,d lkekftd jpukoknh Fks (Social constructivist) ÿ lkekftd lkaLÑfrd igyqvksa ij è;ku dsfUnzr