PhD thesis Egla Luca

The reuse of Albanian Industrial Archeology as an approach to sustainability and conservation. Research on the new evidences of expression of the former industrial buildings with the implication of 3R; Retrofit, Re-Use, Revitalize PhD Candidate - MSc. Egla Luca 1

Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara / Polis University, Tirana

Architecture Curriculum / Urban Planning Curriculum Curriculum Topic: Architecture cycle: XXIX Polis University / DA Supervisor: Prof Luljeta Bozo Polis University / DA co-Supervisor: Prof. Vincenzo Mallardo

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Abstract Referring to the Albanian past and the possession of a large number of industrial heritage sites, with outstanding cultural and historical values; based on the lack of any complete study or prior research about Albanian Industrial Heritage, taking also into consideration the lack of information and comprehension about this subject from institutions dealing with cultural heritage as well as that of wider public in Albania, I started a research about the “Assessment of Industrial Heritage in Albania”.

The strategic vision of the research is: “To guarantee that the Albanian Industrial Heritage is recognized and watched over as a part of social, architectural, cultural and economic values”; whilst the thesis’s future goals are focused on registration and development of Research Strategies in order to find adequate approaches towards them. On the other hand, this research seeks to increase awareness about Albania’s industrial past by urging a debate about industrial heritage and its future within a heritage framework.

Industrial archaeology (IA) is the systematic study of material evidence associated with the industrial past. Industrial archeology practices interdisciplinary method of all evidence, physical and non-physical, documents, structures, and natural landscapes, and human settlements, urban layers, created for or from industrial processes. It uses these methods for reading the past and the present of industries.

We assess Industrial Heritage in relation to architecture, landscape, environment and other elements associated with them and possible ways how to upgrade or better revitalize abandoned industrial areas into spaces for better knowing our own past and at the same time transforming them into a driving force for sustainable and integrated development.

Albania today is crammed with numerous used and unused buildings - such as former industrial buildings - which are the legacy of almost 50 years of communist rule. The industrialization of the country spanned over a period of almost 150 years, starting from the earlier industrial traces to the end of the communist era. The process of deindustrialization in Albania has led to the depopulation and the abandonment of entire industrial areas. Today, the challenge rests on how to put industrial spaces back into function. The assessment aims at the eventual revitalization and reuse of these structures, depending on many factors and perspectives. With the enlargement of the city, former peripheral areas are becoming gray “spots” inside the city In this thesis, I would like to analyze former industrial areas, taking into consideration three basic elements. The period and the category of buildings that will allow me to get a general overview of industrial areas, as well as the assessment of possibilities and costs of requalification of the industrial area The design and readapt ion of industrial structures will 2

be studied in order to understand the evolution in space and time of these buildings; the changed characteristics related to the progress of the technology; the main functional and technical elements of these structures and mostly to understand the impact that these developing technologies and designing procedures also affect the city and our way of perceiving it.

Finally, the aim of the research will be to provide the appropriate strategies and instruments for an aesthetic reuse and revitalization of these buildings in our cities.

Key words: Albanian Industrial Archeology; Retrofit; Re-Use; Revitalize; Industrial Development; Seismic Vulnerability Assessment

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1. Subject of the scientific Research

“Buildings and structures built for industrial activities, the processes and tools used within them and the towns and landscapes in which they are located, along with all their other tangible and intangible manifestations, are of fundamental importance. They should be studied, their history should be taught, their meaning and significance should be probed and made clear for everyone and the most significant and characteristic examples should be identified, protected and maintained, in accordance with the spirit of the Venice Charter, for the use and benefit of today and of the future” (THE NIZHNY TAGIL CHARTER FOR THE INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE 2003)

Structures and modern scene are considered as unmistakable images of the procedures of history generation. They additionally frame the physical proof of the modern and mechanical development of our nation; in this manner, we ought to take in the significance of preservation. Along these lines, we save the engineering or practical components as well as social and profound qualities for who and what is to come. In Albania, modern landmarks have been disparaged for a long time as far as legacy.

Figure 1 - Existing situation of many former industrial buildings (Source - Author)

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Figure 2 - Existing situation of many former industrial buildings (Source - Author)

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Acknowledgments There are many people to thank for the preparation of this dissertation.

Firstly, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Professor Luljeta Bozo for her unlimited support and guidance. It was an honor working with her and following her advice. In addition, I would like to express my gratitude to my co-supervisor Professor Vincenco Mallardo for his literature recommendations and expertise.

A special thank you goes out to Professor Hugo Rodrigues and Professor Graça Vasconcelos for their thoughtful advice and great support during my experience at Minho University / Portugal. In addition, I feel appreciative towards Professor Naser Kabashi and Professor Isabel Valente for accepting to be the external readers of this thesis.

I owe thanks to Arch. Gjergj Thomai, Eng. Luljeta Fortuzi and all the staff of the National Archive of Construction in Albania that provided me very useful materials related the authentic plans of the former industrial buildings in Albania. My gratitude is extended also to my friend Arch. Vasil Buka from the municipality of Gjirokastra for his help and support.

I would like to thank my colleagues and friends; Dr. Arch. Llazar Kumaraku, Arch. Ermal Hoxha, Dr. Arch. Juljan Vleshnja, Dr. Arch. Antonio Di Raimo, Dr. Arch. Arben Shtylla, Dr. Eng. Merita Guri, Dr* Eranda Janku, and all the friends and colleagues from POLIS University for their unselfish assistance and useful discussions during the whole study. It has been a pleasure to work with them. Furthermore, I would like to thank Sonia Jojiç, Joana Dhiamandi and Saimir Kristo for sharing this experience together.

I am also deeply grateful to Prof. Dr. Besnik Aliaj, Doc. Sotir Dhamo, Dr. Arch. Antonino Di Raimo, Dr. Arch. Ledian Bregasi and Dr. Arch. Loris Rossi who allowed me to conduct this research with unlimited help and support. Thank you from the bottom of my hart to POLIS University. I also would like to thank Professor Theo Zafagnini from Ferrara University for the support during this long journey and thank you Ferrara University.

Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to my wonderful family. I cannot thank enough my parents and my sister Ilir, Mira and Elva Luca for their love and support. Last but definitely not the least; all my love goes to my life partner, my better half Eng. Arbër Vehbi. Without his support and love, nothing would be the same. I bow to you all for being part of this experience.

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Table of Contents

.............................................................................................................................. 1 The reuse of Albanian Industrial Archeology as an approach to sustainability and conservation ..... 1 Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. 2 1.

Subject of the scientific Research .............................................................................................. 4

Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................. 6 1.

Introduction, Historic background ........................................................................................... 16 1.1.

Industrial Heritage in the European Context .................................................................... 16

1.2.

Albanian Industrial Archeology ....................................................................................... 17

2.

Theoretical approach ................................................................................................................ 18

3.

Hypotheses ............................................................................................................................... 20

4.

Research objectives and limitations ......................................................................................... 20

5.

Research Questions .................................................................................................................. 21 Specific research Questions ......................................................................................................... 21

6.

Proposed methodology ............................................................................................................. 21

7.

Stakeholders ............................................................................................................................. 22

CHAPTER 1 – CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALBANIAN INDUSTRIAL ARCHEOLOGY ...... 23 1.1.

Historic classification of AIA ........................................................................................... 23

1.1.1.

Prior to independence ............................................................................................... 23

1.1.2.

Between the First and Second World Wars .............................................................. 24

1.1.3.

Italian influence ........................................................................................................ 24

1.1.4.

Communist era ......................................................................................................... 26

1.1.5.

Relation with the Soviet Union ................................................................................ 27

1.1.6.

Relation with the People’s Republic of China. ........................................................ 29

1.2.

Structural and functional classification of Albanian industrial archeology ..................... 33 7

1.2.1.

Single Story Industrial Building ............................................................................... 33

1.2.2.

Single story Industrial Buildings with Shed Construction ....................................... 46

1.2.3.

Multistory Industrial Buildings ................................................................................ 53

1.3.

Geographical distribution of Albanian Industrial Archeology ............................................. 63

1.3.1.

Categories ..................................................................................................................... 63

1.3.2.

Documentary Research ................................................................................................ 64

1.3.3.

Field Research .............................................................................................................. 64

1.4.

Main branches of industry in Albania[2][4][6][7] ............................................................ 79

First chapter conclusions .............................................................................................................. 85 CHAPTER 2 – PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES FOR RETHINKING ABANDONED INDUSTRIAL AREAS INSIDE THE CITY ................................................................................... 87 2.1.

Regeneration of industrial areas. ...................................................................................... 87

2.2.

Principles and strategies for reintegrating the industrial archeology in Albania .............. 88

2.3.

New Realities and Challenges .......................................................................................... 89

2.4.

Forms of urban regeneration ............................................................................................ 90

2.4.1.

Re-development, Rehabilitation and Integration ...................................................... 90

1.6.

Gjirokastër, Kuçovë, Shkodër – Study cases.................................................................... 93

1.7.

Evaluation of these areas .................................................................................................. 95

1.8.

Gjirokastra – “The stone city” .......................................................................................... 96

2.11.

Protecting the architectonic resource and landscape through its re-fictionalization in contemporary terms. ................................................................................................................... 139 Conclusion (Second Chapter) ......................................................................................................... 140 Chapter 3 - STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FORMER INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS IN GJIROKASTRA, KUCOVA AND SHKODRA ....................... 141 3.1.

Introduction .................................................................................................................... 141

3.2.

Vulnerability Assessment ............................................................................................... 144

3.3.

The design process. ........................................................................................................ 147

3.4.

Results analyze ............................................................................................................... 187

3.5.

Strengthening methodology ........................................................................................... 189

3.5.1.

Global structural system intervention techniques ................................................... 190 8

3.6.

Seismic retrofit with the help of steel braced systems ................................................... 191

3.7.

Retrofit process .............................................................................................................. 192

Conclusions (Third Chapter) .......................................................................................................... 211 Chapter 4 - THE REUSE OF ALBANIAN INDUSTRIAL ARCHEOLOGY AS AN APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY AND CONSERVATION ....................................................................... 212 4.1.

Implementation of strategies into the Albanian context ................................................. 212

References ...................................................................................................................................... 216

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - General classification of AIA

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Table 2 - Summary of performance of RC former industrial buildings (existing situation)

187

Table 3 - Comparison before and after strengthening

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Existing situation of many former industrial buildings (Source - Author) ........................ 4 Figure 2 - Existing situation of many former industrial buildings (Source - Author) ........................ 5 Figure 3 - The process of "self-urbanization" of the former industrial areas (Source - Author) .......19 Figure 4 - The surrounding elements of the former industrial zone (Source - Author) ....................22 Figure 5 - Historic classification of the former industrial archeology in Albania .............................23 Figure 6 - Albanian Industry prior to independence (Source - National Archive) ............................24 Figure 7 - STAMLES Cigarettes in Durrës (Soruce http://durreslajm.com/speciale/stamleskrenaria-e-durr%C3%ABsit) .............................................................................................................25 Figure 8 - Albanian Industry between the First and Second World Wars - Birra Korca (Sorce National Archaive) ............................................................................................................................25 Figure 9 - Rubber Factory (NISH Goma) in Durres (Source - Author) ............................................28 Figure 10 - Soviet architecture in the Albanian Industry (Kinostudio “Shqiperia Sot/ Source National Archive) ..............................................................................................................................29 Figure 11 - Soviet architecture in the Albanian Industry ( Textile Combine in Tirana/Source National Archive) ..............................................................................................................................29 Figure 12 - " Mao Zedong " Berati Textile Combine. Photo taken in 1983 from the textile combine (Source – Central Technical Archive – Tirana) ................................................................................30 Figure 13 - Chinese influence in the Albanian Industry (Tractor Factory - Tirana / Source National Archive).............................................................................................................................................31 9

Figure 14 - Nitrogen fertilizer factory called “Gogo Nushi” in Fier (Source – Author) ...................31 Figure 15 - Metallurgical Combine in Elbasan (Source - Author) ....................................................32 Figure 16 - Metallurgical Combine in Elbasan (Source - Author) ....................................................32 Figure 17 - Former textile combine in Berati (Source - Author) ......................................................32 Figure 18 - Structural and functional classification of Albanian industrial archeology ....................33 Figure 19 – Single story industrial buildings / Diesel Processing Plant - Kuçova / Na4 (Souruce Author) ..............................................................................................................................................37 Figure 20 - Mechanical factory in Kuçova (Source – Author) ..........................................................38 Figure 21 - Single story industrial buildings (Na - Type) .................................................................38 Figure 22 - Single story industrial buildings/ Na – 1 Type ..............................................................39 Figure 23 - Single story industrial buildings/ Na – 2 Type ..............................................................40 Figure 24 - N Single story industrial buildings/ Na – 3 Type ..........................................................41 Figure 25 - Single story industrial buildings/ Na – 4 Type ..............................................................42 Figure 26 - Single story industrial buildings/ Na – 5 Type ..............................................................43 Figure 27 - Single story industrial buildings/ Na – 6 Type ..............................................................44 Figure 28 - Single story industrial buildings/ Na – 7 Type ..............................................................45 Figure 29 - Single story industrial buildings - Nb Type (Shed Covering) ........................................48 Figure 30 - Berati Textile Combine - Nb 1 (Source - National Archive)..........................................48 Figure 31 - Single story industrial buildings/ Nb – 1 Type ..............................................................49 Figure 32 - Single story industrial buildings/ Nb – 2 Type ..............................................................50 Figure 33 - Single story industrial buildings/ Nb – 3 Type ..............................................................51 Figure 34 - Single story industrial buildings/ Nb – 4 Type ..............................................................52 Figure 35 - Multy story industrial buildings - Nc Type ....................................................................57 Figure 36 - Multi story industrial buildings/ Detergent Factory - Kuçova - Nc Type (Source Author) ..............................................................................................................................................57 Figure 37 - Nc1 Type - Multi story industrial buildings ..................................................................58 Figure 38 – Nc2 Type - Multi story industrial buildings..................................................................59 Figure 39 – Nc3 Type - Multi story industrial buildings..................................................................60 Figure 40 – Nc4 Type - Multi story industrial buildings..................................................................61 Figure 41 – Nc5 Type - Multi story industrial buildings..................................................................62 10

Figure 42 - Geographic distribution of Industrial Buildings in Tirana .............................................65 Figure 43 - Geographic distribution of Industrial Buildings in Elbasan ..........................................66 Figure 44 - Geographic distribution of Industrial Buildings in Durres .............................................67 Figure 45 - Geographic distribution of Industrial Buildings in Kavaje.............................................68 Figure 46 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Lushnje .......................................69 Figure 47 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Berat ...........................................70 Figure 48 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Kucove........................................71 Figure 49 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Shkoder .......................................72 Figure 50 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Lezhe ...........................................73 Figure 51 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Lac ...............................................74 Figure 52 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Fier...............................................75 Figure 53 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Vlore ...........................................76 Figure 54 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Gjrokaster ....................................77 Figure 55 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Korce .........................................78 Figure 56 - Construction Industry in Albania Figure 57 - Heavy Industry in Albania ..........................................................................................................................................79 Figure 58 - Food and Beverage Industry in Albania .........................................................................80 Figure 59 - Light Industry in Albania ...............................................................................................81 Figure 60 - Light Industry in Albania Figure 61 - Chemical Industry in Albania ..........................................................................................................................................82 Figure 62 - Gjirokastra regulatory plan 1978 (Source - Municipality of Gjirokastra) ......................99 Figure 63 - Urban growth of Gjirokastra after 1991 (Source – General Regulatory Plan of Gjirokastra) .....................................................................................................................................100 Figure 64 - Urbanization of Gjirokastra year after year (Source - Municipality of Gjirokastra) ....100 Fgure 65 - Environmental condition in Gjirokastra (Source – General Regulatory Plan of Gjirokastra) .....................................................................................................................................101 Figure 66 - Industrial Archeology in Gjirokastra - General Overview ...........................................102 Figure 67 - Former Garment Manufacture Enterprise (NPV) - Gjirokaster _ Accessibility ...........103 Figure 68 - Former Garment Manufacture Enterprise (NPV) - Gjirokaster _ Existing Situation ...104 Figure 69 - Former Metal Processing Factory - Gjirokaster _ Accessibility...................................105 Figure 70 - Former Metal Processing Factory - Gjirokaster _ Existing Situation ...........................106 11

Figure 71 - State Enterprise of Construction in Gjirokaster (N.Sh.n)- Accessibility .....................107 Figure 72- State Enterprise 0f Construction in Gjirokaster (N.Sh.n) - Existing Situation .............108 Figure 73 - Tobacco Processing and Cigarettes Production Factory - Accessibility ......................109 Figure 74 - Tobacco Processing and Cigarettes Production Factory - Existing situation ...............110 Figure 75 - Vehicle and Tractor Repair Station In Gjirokaster (S.M.T) - Accessibility .................111 Figure 76 - Vehicle and Tractor Repair Station In Gjirokaster (S.M.T) - Existing Situation .........112 Figure 77 - Shoe and Leather Factory in Gjirokaster - Accessibility ..............................................113 Figure 78 - Shoe and Leather Factory in Gjirokaster - Existing Situation ......................................114 Figure 79 - Borgo Galeazzo Ciano Source: Giornale Luce B1090 del 05/05/1937 ........................116 Figure 80 - Qyteti Stalin (Stalin City) - Source "National Archive" ...............................................116 Figure 81 - General Overview of Industrial Heritage in Kucova ....................................................118 Figure 82 - Mechanical Factory in Kucova- Accessibility..............................................................119 Figure 83 - Mechanical Factory In Kucova- Existing Situation......................................................120 Figure 84 - Cardboard-Tarpaulin ex-Factory in Kucova - Accessibility ........................................121 Figure 85 - Cardboard-Tarpaulin Ex-Factory in Kucova - Existing Situation ................................122 Figure 86 - Detergent Ex- Factory in Kucova- Accessibility ..........................................................123 Figure 87 - Detergent Ex- Factory in Kucova- Existing Situation ..................................................124 Figure 88 - Petroleum Processing Plant / TEC - Accessibility .......................................................125 Figure 89 - Petroleum Processing Plant / TEC - Existing Situation................................................126 Figure 90 - Shkodra accessibility ....................................................................................................127 Figure 91 - Air accessibility of Shkodra .........................................................................................128 Figure 92 - Accessibility in Shkodra's industrial zone ....................................................................130 Figure 93 - Sauce production factory in Shkodra- Accessibility and actual condition ...................131 Figure 94 - Tobacco factory in Shkodra- Accessibility and Actual condition ................................132 Figure 95 - Wood and paper processing factory in Shkodra - Actual Condition and Accessibility133 Figure 96 - Former Mechanical Wire and Cable Car Factory in Shkodra- Accessibility ...............134 Figure 97 - Former Mechanical Wire and Cable Car Factory in Shkodra - Actual Condition.......135 Figure 98 - Former Shoe Factory in Shkodra- Accessibility ...........................................................136 Figure 99 - Former Oil and Soap Factory in Shkodra- Accessibility ..............................................137 12

Figure 100 - Former Dairy Production Plant in Shkodra- Accessibility .........................................138 Figure 101 - Evalutation of the industrial heritage scheme .............................................................140 Figure 102 - Seismic regionalization map (Source – Institute of Geoscience in Albania) .............143 Figure 103 - Former Detergent Factory in Kucove .........................................................................149 Figure 104 - Former Detergent Factory in Kucove / Pushover analysis .........................................150 Figure 105 - Former Tarpaulin Factory in Kucove .........................................................................151 Figure 106 - Former Tarpaulin Factory in Kucove / Pushover Analysis ........................................152 Figure 107 - Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Mechanical workshop) ................................................153 Figure 108 - Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Mechanical workshop) / Pushover Analysis ...............154 Figure 109 - Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Engine overhaul unit) ..................................................155 Figure 110 - Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Engine overhaul unit) / Pushover Analysis .................156 Figure 111 - Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Total overhaul unit).....................................................157 Figure 112 - Mechanical Plan in Kucove (Total overhaul unit) / Pushover Analysis .....................158 Figure 113 - Metal processing Factory in Gjirokastra.....................................................................159 Figure 114 - Metal processing Factory in Gjirokastra / Pushover Analysis....................................160 Figure 115 - Garments Manufacturing Enterprise in Gjirokastra ...................................................161 Figure 116 - Garments Manufacturing Enterprise in Gjirokastra / Pushover Analysis...................162 Figure 117 - Paper processing factory in Shkodra ..........................................................................163 Figure 118 - Paper-processing factory in Shkodra / Pushover Analysis .........................................164 Figure 119 - Wood processing factory in Shkodra (Chair production) ...........................................165 Figure 120 - Wood processing factory in Shkodra (Chair production) / Pushover Analysis ..........166 Figure 121 - Wood processing factory in Shkodra (Plywood production)......................................167 Figure 122 - Wood processing factory in Shkodra (Plywood production) / Pushover Analysis .....168 Figure 123 - Shoe textile factory in Shkodra ..................................................................................169 Figure 124 - Shoe textile factory in Shkodra / Pushover Analysis..................................................170 Figure 125 - Cable Car mechanical plant Shkoder - Assembling unit 1 .........................................171 Figure 126 - Cable Car mechanical plant Shkoder - Assembling unit 1 / Pushover Analysis ........172 Figure 127 - Cable Car mechanical plant Shkoder - Assembling unit 2 .........................................173 Figure 128 - Cable Car mechanical plant Shkoder - Assembling unit 2 / Pushover Analysis ........174 13

Figure 129 - Wire plant Shkoder - Extension of the Packaging Unit ..............................................175 Figure 130 - Wire plant Shkoder - Extension of the Packaging Unit / Pushover Analysis .............176 Figure 131 - Wire plant Shkoder - Wiring Unit ..............................................................................177 Figure 132 - Wire plant Shkoder - Wiring Unit / Pushover Analysis .............................................178 Figure 133 - Wire plant Shkoder -Extension (Mechanical Metal Cutting Unit ) ............................179 Figure 134 - Wire plant Shkoder -Extension (Mechanical Metal Cutting Unit ) / Pushover Analysis .........................................................................................................................................................180 Figure 135 - Wire plant Shkoder - Horizontal Enamels Unit ..........................................................181 Figure 136 - Wire plant Shkoder - Horizontal Enamels Unit / Pushover Analysis .........................182 Figure 137 - Wire plant Shkoder - Extension of the Cables Unit ...................................................183 Figure 138 - Wire plant Shkoder - Extension of the Cables Unit / Pushover Analysis...................184 Figure 139 - Mechanical Plant in Shkodër (Foundry Department) .................................................185 Figure 140 - Mechanical Plant in Shkodër (Foundry Department) / Pushover Analysis ................186 Figure 141- Location of the oscillation period of the 19 former industrial buildings inside the response spectrum ...........................................................................................................................188 Figure 142 - Strengthening of the former detergent factory in Kucova ..........................................194 Figure 143 - Strengthening of the former wood processing factory in Shkodra .............................195 Figure 144 - Strengthening of the former metal processing factory in Gjirokastra ........................196 Figure 145 - Strengthening of the former wire plant / wiring unit in Shkodra................................197 Figure 146 - Strengthening of the former mechanical plant / mechanical wokshop in Kuçova .....198 Figure 147 - Strengthening of the former mechanical plant / engine overhaul unit in Kuçova ......199 Figure 148 - Strengthening of the former wire plant / horizontal enamels unit in Shkodra ............200 Figure 149 - Strengthening of the former wire plant / extension of the cables unit in Shkodra......201 Figure 150 - Strengthening of the former paper processing factory in Shkodër .............................202 Figure 151 - Strengthening of the former tarpaulin factory in Kuçovë ...........................................203 Figure 152 - Strengthening of the former wood processing factory in Shkodër (plywood production) ......................................................................................................................................204 Figure 153 - Strengthening of the former mechanical plant in Shkodër (Foundry Department) ....205 Figure 154 - Strengthening of the former mechanical plant in Kuçovë (Total overhaul unit) ........206 Figure 155 - Strengthening of the former wire plant in Shkodër (Mechanical Metal Cutting Unit) .........................................................................................................................................................207 14

Figure 156 - Strengthening of the cable car mechanical plant in Shkodër / Assembling unit 1 .....208 Figure 157 - Strengthening of the former cable car mechanical plant in Shkodër - Assembling unit 2 .......................................................................................................................................................209

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1. Introduction, Historic background 1.1.

Industrial Heritage in the European Context

An extraordinary event that changed the social and financial presence of society was industrialization. When deindustrialization happened, it left so many issues all over Europe, like the vacant structures and plants, the obsolete machines and the expelled mechanical territories. This brought to light the concept of Industrial Archeology.

(Collingwood, 1993) Toward the finish of nineteenth century, modern archeology was right off the bat brought up in Britain, concentrating on protection of what remained from the industrial settlements.

This period is the beginning of Industrial Archeology. The International Congress on the Conservation of Industrial Monuments (FICCIM), which was held in Ironbridge in 1973, is the one that made official the concept (Falconer 2006) “TICCIH (The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage) was established in 1978, as the principal world association for research of modern industrial legacy.” (Ticcih.org) “The Nizhny Tagil Charter, adopted by TICCIH at its XII Congress in Russia in 2003, is the international standard for the study, documentation, conservation and interpretation of the industrial heritage.” (THE NIZHNY TAGIL CHARTER FOR THE INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE 2003)

From that point forward, the investigation of modern industrial legacy ventured in the improvement time frame. TICCIH has been ICOMOS's expert guide on industrial archeology to evaluate that remaining’s for the World Heritage List since 2000.

(Icomos.org) “According to Collingwood 1993, the evolvement process of industrial heritage in Europe can be divided into germination, development and maturity periods. It seems that there was a “blank period” of more than 70 years, from the emergence of industrial archaeology at the end of 19th century to the first international congress on industrial heritage. By reading this portion of time, we can find it is a very important period for the European countries, in that the idea of industrial heritage had great improvement.

The changes of ideas, which shaped its conceptual and methodological dimension of industrial heritage nowadays, finally led to the innovation of methodologies and the diversification of strategies applied for the protection and reuse of industrial heritage”.

(Collingwood, 1993)

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1.2.

Albanian Industrial Archeology

This part of the thesis was published early on the publication “Luca, E (2017): “New forms of expression of former industrial archeology in Albania” How to face scientific communication today, International challenge and digital technology impact on research outputs dissemination :42:53” The industrial development in Albania arrived late. On the eve of independence, back in the early 1900s, the country was essentially an agricultural economy. While few cities had a small developing commercial class, the use of existing and potential wealth in the new country focused primarily on traditional agricultural activities and fishing, supplemented by other activities, such as the production of salt. (Luca, 2017) The delayed industrial development, however, does not equate to a trivial development. On the contrary, Albania is a young country, but it already has a rich and vibrant history, which is a microcosm of the European history, often terrible in the 20th century.

Moreover, the path of this developing country can be studied through the downturn, growth, and recently, the revival of its nascent industrial economy. Indeed, one could argue that industrial monuments of Albania have a greater importance to most contemporary Albanians, than such important national treasures such as Berat, Butrint and Gjirokastra.

Past Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Venetian and Ottoman, Butrint is a source of astonishment, that it is worth admiring, but not something that people manage to identify with. These are the products of others; those empires, people who invaded Albania and used it often for their benefits. In contrast, the country's industrial heritage is something that is created and used by the Albanians. The industry helped to form the country's modern image, awareness, and understanding about the role of industrialization; and monuments that it left behind and the communities it has managed to build, and created opportunities to better known themselves/ourselves. (Luca, 2017) The industrialization of the country span a period of almost 150 years starting from the earlier industrial traces to the end of the communist era. Sites inherited from periods earlier than the 1940s are very difficult to identify, especially in urban areas. Most of them, after being nationalized (a fulfillment process which ended in 1947), continued their activity for only a few more years. After that, they were either replaced or altered with new boom constructions of the communist regime (Parangoni, 2015)

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The industrialization in Albania was oriented towards the creation of large centers of production. Therefore, during the last decades, these territories have inherited industrial areas that can potentially play a strategic role for the city and provide huge opportunities for transformation and adaptation to the needs of contemporary life, especially because these places are very often the main (or only) reason of the urban structure and sometimes the main (or only) source of income for the inhabitants. For the same reasons these complexes epitomize the material and social history and are the only representative elements of the community and the city itself. (Luca, 2017) With the abandonment of the old production cycles, these structures, often very impressive and extensive, have quickly evolved from "engine" to the economic and social identity of the city, into actual malignancy of urban, social and hygienic decay.

In these cases, the thesis should find the right balance between the safeguard of the identity of the site and the return to a proactive and socially recognized function. The protection of the site should be intended not only in the sense of preserving a technical-constructive and historical memory but rather (and above all) in the perspective of the restoration and rebirth of the entire urban complex.

2. Theoretical approach The process of de-industrialization in Albania has led to the depopulation and the abandonment of entire industrial areas. Today, the challenge rests on how to put industrial spaces back into function. In order to restore the abandoned industrial areas for the new generation, in a creative way and in full respect of the old values and traditions we first need comprehensive studies of the state of art of the town’s industrial archaeology as well as public debates and strategic actions of urban policy making that triggers evidence-based territorial policies for a sustainable and integrated development. (Luca, 2017) The theoretical approach to sustainability and conservation of industrial archaeology starts from the concept of re-use. This was the first thought that came to my mind when I faced for the first time some of the former industrial areas (Figure 3). Thinking comes more amplified as walking and tends to explore within informal settlements around them. Can we continue this endless process of “urbanization ", of course not, and this for several reasons?

First, not every corner can be an urbanized land, because it goes against modern theories of sustainable urbanization, which underline the fact that by 2050, 80% of the world 18

population will be concentrated in cities. This will be followed by overcrowding and shortage of fertile surfaces (United Nations New York- Department of Economic and Social Affairs. “Population Division World Urbanization Prospects, 2007) Therefore, re use of buildings in this regard is meaningful.

Another reason to address the reuse is the fact that former industrial areas are into the architectural heritage of our country. This because the construction industry during the '60 - '70 was devoted and invested a lot of energy and attention in the construction of these buildings. In addition, industrial areas occupy large surfaces in the city and its suburbs, so now that they are abandoned the re - use is still a good reason Re-vitalization is another valuable theoretical concept for the former industrial areas in Albania. After abandoning, these areas have gathered around them negative activities for the community and for the zone.

Figure 3 - The process of "self-urbanization" of the former industrial areas (Source - Author)

They (former industrial sites) can be considered as gray areas in the context that we are talking about. To reinforce this that we said, the areas have problems of environmental pollution and construction without criteria. Certainly, the establishment of some new associated functions and activities within the former industrial areas would give another dimension to the area, the dimension of public space and social life.

From almost seven - eight years, we have a relapse of attention of several actors to these areas and abandoned structures. The first is the private actor, who has begun to reuse some of the rooms of these areas. The second actors are local institutions and those studying urban issues. Long sought to control the informal settlement and territorial control in 19

peripheral areas. These areas currently have no longer a purely industrial identity, but a mix between informal construction and abandoned structures “former industrial zones “already. Third actors are the residents of the area who already have a stronger conscience for life in the community and seek, claim, public spaces and structures for their social activity (Luca, 2017)

3. Hypotheses The objective of this research is that of disclosure of certain policies or principles by which we can restore abandoned industrial areas. The initial hypothesis is that such a space can be recovered by increasing the accessibility, its flexibility and the hybridization of functions that can be developed within it. The methodology how to verify this hypothesis passes through the analysis of the abandoned space in the current situation, the construction of a scenario that combines the above mentioned strategies and the verification of them through simulated studies of the space in a thesis. The expected outcome of this verification is that of creating a space that is able to revitalize the surroundings and the context where it is placed. (Luca, 2017) (eurestore.eu) 4. Research objectives and limitations The main goal of this research is to read and evaluate abandoned industrial structures/ areas and to find solutions to reuse these structures in the Albanian context through the use principles and strategies. The design and readapting of industrial structures will be studied in order to understand the evolution in space and time, the changed characteristics related to the progress of the technology, the main functional and technical elements of these structures host and mostly to understand the impact that theses developing technologies and designing procedures also affect the city and our way of perceiving it. (Luca, 2017) Specific Research Objectives 

Classify the industrial building in periods, in the structural and functional features, and in the activities that these building hosted;



Evaluate structural conditions of this buildings;



Suggesting significant re-use and revitalization strategies related to the Albanian context and the needs of peoples living in these areas; 20

Limitations 

Limited access to old maps and materials;



Some of the former industrial buildings are privatized and the access there is denied by the owner;



The huge number of industrial sites in Albania;



Many typologies to analyze;

5. Research Questions What are the principles and strategies for rethinking abandoned industrial sites inside the city?

Specific research Questions 

How these former industrial areas will contact / interact with the rest of the city?



What will be the ratio between the "New" and "the Old"

6. Proposed methodology Literature review, historical understanding of the topic globally and locally, ideas and theories that deals with the topic, explanation of the terms and meanings.

Qualitative method Collection of data will be provided in order to be able to interpret the situation. It will be mainly scientific data that will consist on measurements and statistics that have been published, or maps that have been drawn in order to show a specific topic. This data’s will be very useful during the research.

Quantitative method Quantitative methods will base mainly on limited empirical data. It will include surveys on site, which will be carried out several times. At this point site analyses will be done empirically by observations of the space. This data will be interpreted and implemented within the process.

21

7. Stakeholders Ministry of Economy / Ministry of Urban Development and Tourism / Central Technical Archive of Construction / Private sector / Universities / Ministry of Environment / Local authorities / International organization which work on industrial archeology

Figure 4 - The surrounding elements of the former industrial zone (Source - Author)

22

CHAPTER

1

–

CLASSIFICATION

OF

THE

ALBANIAN

INDUSTRIAL

ARCHEOLOGY 1.1.

Historic classification of AIA

Figure 5 - Historic classification of the former industrial archeology in Albania

1.1.1. Prior to independence From the late 19th century to Albania’s independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, the country experienced only limited mechanical industrialized progress due to political issues. Factories with mechanical processes remained limited in number and the majority of industrial work was local with relatively small outputs. Predominantly, this involved processing of agricultural products and livestock, such as grain mills, oil or soap workshops, and tobacco manufacturing. In addition to local enterprises, a few foreign industrial companies were granted licenses to operate in Albania. They focused on mining and forestry in rural areas. The history of the Albanian Industry starts in the end of the XIX-th century (Figure 6). In 1912 there were just 33 production factories with a limited number of workers. The principal cities where these factories were located were Shkodra, Korça, Elbasani, Durrësi, Vlora, Gjirokastra, . . Post-war industry in Albania was developed with foreign and internal investment, as stability returned. Factories that were constructed during the 1920s were engaged in processing the agricultural raw materials produced in the country. In 1920 the industry begun to develop. In 1928 in Albania there were 151 small Albanian factories and 10 foreign ones. (Parangoni, 2015)

23

Figure 6 - Albanian Industry prior to independence (Source - National Archive)

1.1.2. Between the First and Second World Wars Between the First and Second World Wars there was a significant upsurge in the extractive industries, such as oil, bitumen, copper, silver and coal, carried out by foreign enterprises.

The state-granted concessions that were given to foreign companies by Albania during the 1920s and 1930s were important as they provided the initial investment for the construction of industrial sites (Fjalori Enciklopedik Shqipetar, 1985, pg. 399) 1.1.3. Italian influence Italian influence predominated during these interwar years. Italian investments were focused on the central and southern lowlands, building bridges, harbors and roads which also had a strategic military purpose to them.

In addition, the Italians financed a few small industrial enterprises such as the STAMLES1 cigarette manufacturing enterprise in Durrës (Figure 7), a cement mill in Shkodra, the 1928 Birra Korça brewery(Figure 8), small soap factories and some public buildings.

1 STAMLES (Shoqëria Tregtare Anonime Monopol i Letrës dhe Shkrepëseve) ‐ See more at: http://durreslajm.com/speciale/stamles‐ krenaria‐e‐durr%C3%ABsit#sthash.KUzbIuhI.dpuf

24

Figure 7 - STAMLES Cigarettes in Durrës (Soruce http://durreslajm.com/speciale/stamles-krenaria-edurr%C3%ABsit)

The state-granted concessions that were given to foreign companies by Albania during the 1920s and 1930s which were important as they provided the initial investment for the construction of industrial sites. In part, these concessions were politically motivated as Ahmed Zogu (later King Zog) attempted to raise the necessary funds to provide effective government. (Fischer, 2012)

Figure 8 - Albanian Industry between the First and Second World Wars - Birra Korca (Sorce - National Archaive)

25

1.1.4. Communist era After the Second World War, Albania entered into a new phase of industrialization with an intensity that was unlike anything that had gone before. Many industrial buildings were severely damaged by the war and needed to be rebuilt or were demolished. Any facilities or sites that were owned by foreign companies were nationalized by the communist state.

This process was completed by 1947, by which time Albania had halted the pre-war trajectory of industrial investment and development by foreign companies.

A series of five-year economic plans based on the Soviet model were devised, which emphasized communist industrial advancement as the essential component for future progress. (Fjalori Enciklopedik Shqipetar, 2008, pg 1645) •

Post war (1945-46);

•

Annual Plan 1947;

•

Annual Plan 1948;

•

Two-year plan (1949-1950);

•

The first five-year plan (1951-1955);

•

The second five-year plan (1956-1960);

•

The third five-year plan (1961-1965);

•

The fourth five-year plan (1966-1970);

•

The fifth five-year plan (1971-1975);

•

The sixth five-year plan (1976-1980);

•

The seventh five-year plan (1981-1985);

•

The eighth five-year plan (1986-1990);

Albanian industrial landscapes were the expansion of existing facilities and the construction of new and very large sites. This technological and industrial development was heavily influenced throughout the communist period by specialized assistance and financial aid from other communist countries.

This started in 1945 with Yugoslavia until 1948 when Albania’s main ally became the USSR until 1961, after which it was the People’s Republic of China until 1978.

26

From 1945-1946, Albania was in a state of flux. After two years of recovery from the end of the Second World War, Albania’s state plans for growth were put forward on an annual basis for two years (1947-1948) then a biennial plan (1949-1950) was produced. For two consecutive years 1947-1948, Albania profited from Yugoslav assistance in a small number of industrial sectors. (Fjalori Enciklopedik Shqipetar, 2008, pg 1645) Notably, they aided the completion of the first Albanian railway in 1947, which str. hed from Durrës to Peqin. This had originally been an Italian initiative that was halted due to the Second World War. Other Yugoslav commitments in Albania during this time focused on extending the Selita hydropower station in Tirana, rebuilding some bridges that were destroyed during the war and maintenance of existing factories such as the cement factory in Shkodra (Xhemaili, 2014) Nonetheless, political issues between Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia and Enver Hoxha of Albania over economic and politic orientations led to severe friction between the two countries. (Xhemaili, 2014) This friction led to forming a partnership between Albania and the USSR2 that would last until 1961.

1.1.5. Relation with the Soviet Union Albania’s first five-year plan was carried out between 1951 and 1955 along a similar line to those produced by the Soviet Union. At this stage, emphasis was put on the development of electricity, engineering and lighter industries.

The food and drinks sector saw a substantial growth with the erection of many food processing factories in Elbasan, Kavaja, , Shkodra Peshkopi, , Korça Berat, Çorovoda, Fier, , Ballshi and Vlora. With Soviet support, new industrial works were undertaken to construct: the Textile Combine “Stalin” in Tirana, a rubber processing plant in Durrës, the cement factory “Lenin” in Vlora, a carpentry mill called “Misto Maine” in Tirana, a woodprocessing mill named “Nako Spiru” in Elbasan and a sugar factory in Maliq.

2

USSR ‐ The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

27

An important element of these constructions was the Soviet neoclassical architectural influence that was exported to socialist Eastern Bloc countries as a gift from the Soviet Union. Examples of this in Albania include the entrance and frontage of the Textile Combine “Stalin” in Tirana (Figure 10), the cotton dressing buildings in Fier and Rrogozhinë, winery and liquor factories in Tirana and Durrës (Figure 9) and the film studio “Shqipëria e Re”(Figure 11). 3 The second five-year plan (1956-1960) concentrated on the extraction of mineral ores of oil, nickel, chrome and coal. During these years, the economy had a relatively high growth rate and the Albanian people saw some economic benefits from the socialist system.

Industrial constructions during this period were mainly focused around Tirana at the glass and porcelain factory, the large food-processing combine “Ali Kelmendi”, the brick factory and also an extension to the “Stalin” Textile Combine. Other significant industrial sites erected were the fish and fruits conservation plant called “Ernest Thalmann” in Vlora, the glass and alcohol factory in Korça and many other food processing plants and brick factories throughout the country.

However, after the withdrawal of Soviet technical and material aid, due to an international incident in the communist movement known as the Sino-Soviet split, Enver Hoxha chose to take Albania’s path towards the People’s Republic of China.

Figure 9 - Rubber Factory (NISH Goma) in Durres (Source - Author)

3

http://www.tiranaobserver.al/dossier‐nje‐histori‐e‐nderlikuar‐e‐marredhenieve‐mes‐shqiperise‐dhe‐ rusise/

28

Figure 10 - Soviet architecture in the Albanian Industry (Kinostudio “Shqiperia Sot/ Source National Archive) Figure 11 - Soviet architecture in the Albanian Industry ( Textile Combine in Tirana/Source National Archive)

1.1.6. Relation with the People’s Republic of China.

The Chinese levels of investment matched those of the Soviets and became increasingly concerned with grandiose and wasteful examples of Stalinist industrial philosophy, such as the Elbasan ferrochrome plant. When Albania was partnered with the Soviets, Elbasan had been a minor industrial center; however with Chinese finance and technical assistance for the construction of the Metallurgical Combine, it became the heart of Albania’s black industry. It was named “Çeliku i Partisë” (Steel of the Party) and was emphatically termed as The Second National Liberation of Albania (Figure 15 & Figure 16). During the period of Chinese assistance (1960-1978), industry underwent a vast development. Throughout the Chinese years, industrial development expanded in other sectors, such as the construction of the porcelain processing factory and refractory brick factory in Tirana, which used a more traditional form of technology. (Parangoni, 2012) The oil industry saw substantial improvement with the construction of a new deepprocessing oil refinery at Ballsh and oil processing refineries in Fier and Kuçova.

Other large and important industrial sites built in Albania during these years were: the Superphosphate Plant and Copper smelting Plant in Laç; cement factories in Fushë-Kruja and Elbasan; the nitrogen fertilizer factory called “Gogo Nushi” in Fier (Figure 14); the Textiles Combine “Mao Zedong” in Berat (Figure 12, Figure 17); a factory for copper 29

wires in Shkodra; a copper enrichment plant in Fushë Arrëz; paper mills in Shkodra and Lushnje; a mechanical instruments processing plant in Korça; a coal enrichment plant in Memaliaj and many other small food and drinks industries all over the country.

The most significant achievement of this period was the production and manufacturing of the first Albanian tractor in 1978(Figure 13), built from a Chinese design.

Soon after Chairman Mao’s death in 1976, Albanian-Chinese relations crumbled, leading to the end of all assistance programs for Albania by 1978. Industrial sites that were under construction at this time were abandoned due to a lack of Chinese know-how and finance.

Albania was left without any foreign support and began an economy and industrialization programme based on self-reliance.

These abandoned buildings were finally completed by the Albanians in the 1980s at the same time as many other existing industrial sites were being expanded, such as the copper wires factory in Shkodra and the PVC plant in Lushnje. (Fjalori Enciklopedik Shqipetar 2008, page 1641, page 985 – 992)

Figure 12 - " Mao Zedong " Berati Textile Combine. Photo taken in 1983 from the textile combine (Source – Central Technical Archive – Tirana)

30

Figure 13 - Chinese influence in the Albanian Industry (Tractor Factory - Tirana / Source National Archive)

Figure 14 - Nitrogen fertilizer factory called “Gogo Nushi” in Fier (Source – Author)

31

Figure 15 - Metallurgical Combine in Elbasan (Source - Author)

Figure 16 - Metallurgical Combine in Elbasan (Source - Author)

Figure 17 - Former textile combine in Berati (Source - Author)

32

1.2.

Structural and functional classification of Albanian industrial archeology

Figure 18 - Structural and functional classification of Albanian industrial archeology

1.2.1. Single Story Industrial Building General information Single story industrial buildings are the most common types of this kind of construction.

They are characterized by an extension in length of the manufacture building. Here we note that the transversal space “L” is bigger than the space between two columns in the longitudinal direction. Buildings with multiple spaces can be realized with one or more spaces.

Field of application Here we see the possibility of alignment of many processes and production lines, and therefore a lot of production processes are suitable to be placed in such buildings. The existence of several parallel production lines with production processes and support processes, which lie along each other, lead to a widely usage of one floor industrial buildings. The wide usage of these types of buildings is due to capability of construction in achieving large spaces in transversal direction. We can see it in Figure 19 and Figure 20, and also the schematic view in Figure 22 – Figure 28 These buildings are especially spread in heavy industry where the dimensions of machines and the produced products are extremely large.

Furthermore, they have a great usage for different industrial branches such as mechanical industries, mineral processing industry, industry of metal melting / casting, car assembly production of building materials. They may also serve for support production branches, such as preliminary processing, warehousing environments for solids and loamy materials, storage of finished products . .

33

The only limitation, which these buildings face, is the inability in to enlarge spaces in the transverse direction.

Form, cross-section and unification of dimensions Regarding the form of these buildings, they are characterized by a very simple rectangular shape, in which the length is the dominate feature. Single floor industrial buildings have the freedom to be grouped together and therefore to create an industrial block building type. This leads to a very compact and economic solution in terms of implementation and operation. Spaces can be also grouped by their perpendicularity towards each other except grouping of parallel spaces. Regarding the roof form we have: drainage in one direction and in both directions.

Cross section type, is defined by the manufacturing process requirements, equipment’s, type of construction, natural lighting, transportation . . In our country, the most common types of single floor industrial buildings with multiple spaces are usually formed by a column grid, where sections can be seen with a ratio of space/step of 9÷6m to 24÷6m. In very few cases we distinguish a step between columns of 12m. In order to have the possibility of grouping sections and buildings by merging spaces, in both parallel and perpendicular direction, we have a modular space dimensioning and therefore columns spaces based on a common module. This modular dimensioning is also followed by a modular axis system. In our industrial buildings the dimension of the basic module for the transverse space “L” serves mL=300cm and in special cases mL=250cm. Therefore we have these spaces: L=6; 9; 12; 15; 18; 21; 24; 30; 36 m As a module for the column step, the “l” space” we have ml=300cm and in special cases ml=250cm or ml=200 cm. So we have this column spaces: l=2; 2.5; 3; 4; 6; 9; 12 m from which commonly we use I=6m For vertical dimensioning of height “h” is mostly recommended a module where mh=30 cm or mh=60cm. Building height (in single floor buildings) is measured from ground level up to the bottom level of the construction of the covering. In this case the heights are: b= 3.6; 4.2; 4.8 ÷ 9.6; 10.8; 12 m . .

Since industrial buildings are constructed mostly with prefabricated elements it is important to dimension the elements based on the same modules or subdivisions of the modules chosen for dimensioning L,l,h.

34

Natural lighting and sun protection Natural lighting in single-story buildings with multiple spaces can be done either from sides or from the top.

Construction, rigidity, construction elements and building separation In single story industrial buildings with multiple spaces, for its necessity for big heights and for its necessity for cross communication between spaces, they are constructed with a full or half frame system.

The half frame system buildings are not used in spaces with bridge cranes or in spaces with big heights. Buildings with load bearing construction, with half frame system are generally used in simple and cheap buildings, for workshops and production facilities, warehousing and storage. For the economic advantages that they have, in this research we can see many of these buildings. (see Na-7) They are made from concrete, metal, combination between R/C reinforced concrete and metal . . They are all constructed with pre-fabricated elements; some of them are also casted in place.

In buildings with moment frame construction, the construction is composed from load carrying-function

elements

such

as:

foundations

(plinths),

columns,

coverage

constructions, lantern light) constructions, crane-bridges beams, lintels, foundation beams as well as rigid frame elements, connections, linking beams, wind columns (rigid columns) . .

The moment frame is generally placed in a transverse direction of the building, in order to make sure the rigidities of the building towards the larger spaces. (See buildings type Na1, Na-2 . ). In those cases, where as a carrying element are used panels with the same length as the space, (for instance membrane panels, T- type panels . ) and we eliminate the coverage construction in the transversal direction and as a load bearing-construction are used the frames that are put in the longitudinal direction (see buildings, type Na-5, Na-6) Regarding the static schemes, the frame in the one-floor industrial buildings with multiple spaces, are classified in two types: 1) Beam-column frame type 2) Rigid-joints or moment frame type The beam-column frame type is widely spread in single-floor buildings; because they can be easily prepared with pre-fabricated and assembled parts. The realization of such frames 35

is done with limited-size elements, which relatively have a lightweight. The connection of these elements in the “hinge” joints is realized much easier than in others that need to withstand moment.

On the other hand, as far as the manner of distribution of these moments is concerned, it should be mentioned that in these types of frames, the elements are massive, therefore it is required a higher consumption of material, than in the rigid-joint frames.

The rigid-joint frames are appropriate to be used in units with dynamic loads, with broader spaces . . They are mainly fabricated monolithically. When they are pre-fabricated, they engineered to permit their preparation, transportation and assembly.

Foundations: Are realized as plinths, with soles of rectangular shape that varies from 2m210m2. The plinths are made of concrete or from reinforced concrete of escalated or pyramidal shape.

Columns: The columns in single-floor load bearing frames are made of reinforced concrete with a rectangular cross section, double T, circular or two-branched section. The columns are provided with metal elements, in those parts where it is thought to connect, or sustain other elements. (see Na-1, Na-2, Na-4, Na-6).

Coverage constructions: They may be of different types and are realized from various materials such as reinforced concrete, metal, or a combination of reinforced concrete and metal. The reinforced-concrete coverage constructions usually occur in two main forms: a) Coverage-constructions with beams for a space L=6-8m, which are realized with normal reinforcement for spaces till L= 12 m (see Na-1) and with a pre-tensioned reinforcement for L= bigger than 12 m. b) Coverage-constructions with trusses that are generally used for light-spans L bigger than 18 m (See Na-2). They may be realized with a pre tensioned reinforcement or a common reinforcement, and they are prepared in a single piece or with parts that are joined in the construction site.

In our country, these types of trusses are built from reinforced-concrete such as: triangular- polygonal, trapezoidal trusses . and also reinforced concrete and metal trusses such as: arch - brace trusses.

36

For L-spaces that are bigger than 24 m are used metallic trusses of various types, because they are considered to be economical.

Lanterns: The lanterns are used in the one-floor industrial constructions with spaces that may be of two types: 1) Trapezoidal with two lateral lighting (see Na-1:2) 2) Zenith (triangular . ) The load bearing construction of the lanterns are prepared from reinforced concrete or metal, in accordance with the construction-type of the coverage on which are sustained.

Surrounding Elements The surrounding elements of the production facilities in the industrial buildings are the walls, coverage and clothing of the lanterns (the windows, coverage) the doors, windows, floors . . The walls: Our one-floor industrial constructions with spacing are built: 1) From retaining reinforced bricks, (see Buildings Na.7) 2) From load bearing bricks with a thickness of 25-38cm (see buildings Na-1; Na-5; Na-6) 3) From corrugated sheets (see Na-4) 4) From reinforced-concrete panels of various types (see Na-2; Na-3)

Figure 19 – Single story industrial buildings / Diesel Processing Plant - Kuçova / Na4 (Souruce - Author)

37

Figure 20 - Mechanical factory in Kuçova (Source – Author)

Figure 21 - Single story industrial buildings (Na - Type)

38

Figure 22 - Single story industrial buildings/ Na – 1 Type

39

Figure 23 - Single story industrial buildings/ Na – 2 Type

40

Figure 24 - N Single story industrial buildings/ Na – 3 Type

41

Figure 25 - Single story industrial buildings/ Na – 4 Type

42

Figure 26 - Single story industrial buildings/ Na – 5 Type

43

Figure 27 - Single story industrial buildings/ Na – 6 Type

44

Figure 28 - Single story industrial buildings/ Na – 7 Type

45

1.2.2. Single story Industrial Buildings with Shed Construction Single story industrial buildings with shed construction can be found frequently in industrial constructions. The characteristic of these buildings compared with single story industrial buildings with normal covering, is that the buildings with shed construction provide better lighting of the inside space (from above and lateral sides). The execution of the lighting is different as compared to those that are used in the construction of industrial buildings with multiple space and normal coverage. The column grid is more quadratic and according to the dimensions, it approximates the space dimension and sometimes exceeds those dimensions. The buildings with shed construction are distinguished by enlargement in length and width, which means bigger spaces. We can see from Figure 30 to Figure 34.

Fields of use Manufacturing processes have very often specific requirements for natural lighting. One of the types that ensure better production of these requirements is the SHED TYPE building. These production processes have specific requirements during their work such as: uniform lighting and to not allow the sunlight in the working environment. In this regard, we can mention a number of production processes in the industry as textile, food, . . SHED construction buildings, being built with an open quadratic column grid, make it possible to create more flexible plans and to also achieve easier transportation in both directions. These sorts of constructions are more limited in usage compared to the previous ones because of the cost of construction, difficulties in transportation, . .

Shapes, cross-section, column grid, dimensions . .

Shed type buildings in external appearance are characterized by the lighting.

The quadratic column grid gives the opportunity to create a group of production units in a “block” type building with a very compact layout and simple solution to the environment.

The cross selection of the buildings is determined by the functional forms of the shed sided lanterns (lighting).

The main dimensions as in the other buildings are space “L" (dimensions from a column to another one); space "I" and floor height "h" (dimensions from the floor to the lower part of the roof). A number of factors such as determine these dimensions: type of manufacturing processes, type of machinery, the plan solution of manufacturing sectors . .

46

The dimensions of the space for shed construction go from 6-24 m, which is commonly L= 9-12 m.

The span of the columns go from l=6-15 m, which is commonly l=9-12 m, heights are relatively small; h=4.2-6.3 m. According to the column grid we have: buildings with small column grids: 9x6 m; with medium column grids of 9x9, 9x12,12x12 m and with big column grids of 12x15,18x9,18x12 m. Main dimensions L,I,h as well here are determined by a basic module.

Natural light, sun protection, ventilation . .

Natural light in shed buildings is executed by the coverage of the main building. In these buildings, the light is provided through the windows. This lighting has these advantages: a) Opportunities for higher intensity of light b) Uniformity and better distribution of light in the space c) Indirect light received from the north direction SHED covered building lighting has a better performance than the normal lighting.

Lighting efficiency runs 10-25% depending on the type of work on the environment.

Opening surface becomes smaller on windows inclination and goes between 5÷20 percent of floor surface. One side window’s inclination can be done up to limits of the maximum corner sun angle. This is in relation to the horizon during the year, in order that sunlight could not pass in the environment through the windows. For our latitude of 420 the max angle is 700. This angle responds to the maximum sun angle on 22 of June (summer solstice). In case of sheltered windows, the angle of windows slope should be in line with shelter exit. Orientation for north lighting is in line with the East-West or is avoided up to 10÷15%. Shed lighting shape is usually a triangle, but we can say that this depend mostly on the inclination size of the lighting openings. It also depends upon the construction type, space, roof type . . The inclination angle it is usually taken 20÷300.

Construction of SHED type buildings As building with more space, shed type buildings are built with load bearing moment frames which are made of reinforced concrete and rarely with metal. Construction elements of this sort of building do not present a specific characteristic compared to the 47

buildings with more spaces. Therefore, we will mention only the features of the construction which differ from other construction. SHED construction in form is determined from lightning, but as a type it depends on the column grid, from coverage elements and from preparation and fitting methods . .

According to construction features, in these sorts of buildings we have: a) SHED construction with simple moment frames. These types of frames are the same as those of buildings with more space. They are used for areas L=9÷12 m and I=4.5÷6m b) SHED construction with supported beams (under roof construction). This type of construction has as load bearing element for the coverage, the beams under the roof. In general, this type of construction gives a simple and economical solution. The area left in this construction goes up to 6÷12m, from which the most used ones are L=9m

Figure 29 - Single story industrial buildings - Nb Type (Shed Covering)

Figure 30 - Berati Textile Combine - Nb 1 (Source - National Archive)

48

Figure 31 - Single story industrial buildings/ Nb – 1 Type

49

Figure 32 - Single story industrial buildings/ Nb – 2 Type

50

Figure 33 - Single story industrial buildings/ Nb – 3 Type

51

Figure 34 - Single story industrial buildings/ Nb – 4 Type

52

1.2.3. Multistory Industrial Buildings

General knowledge Multistory industrial buildings are configured with a small width and a relatively large length which can run from 50 to 100 m. They are characterized by a restricted number of floors that in our country is not more than 5 floors, because it hampers the transportation and movement between floors. For normal multistory industrial buildings the average surface runs between 1200÷2000 m2. For two story buildings, with large width and lighting from above, the floor surface may be up to 3000 m2. These buildings are usually with single story industrial type buildings for manufacturing processes. Apart from the buildings with totally divided floors, in the category of multistory industrial use, it also includes buildings with mixed floors that are different from the single story industrial buildings of a great height. In such buildings the height separation, partially in floors and partially free in height, is determined from the technological manufacturing requirements. We can see that from Figure 36 to Figure 41

Field of use Multistory industrial buildings are built, when the technological lines require the placing of sectors or manufacturing processes through floors in order to have better communication opportunities between them, and also when the product or raw material movement is considered to move because of the gravity from one floor to the other. In this case we have a series of manufacturing processes: from light industry to the food industry which requires processing the raw materials such as flour and bread factories, for a series of chemical and pharmaceutical industries, . . Multistory buildings have a wide spread in branches of light industry, which have a large number of workers for example; ready-made garment industry, shoe industry, knitwear industry, canned food industry, . . The advantages of multistory buildings are: efficient, because they are used for many manufacturing processes, shortening the routes of communication and technological network, reducing the land area, having a small volume of surrounding elements and as a result the heating cost is lower than those of single story buildings . . Whereas the disadvantages are: the high cost compared to single story buildings, the existence of large transport nodes (stairs, elevator), the limited width of the building regarding the side lighting, restriction of processes with heavy equipment tools and the difficulty of people evacuation, . .

53

Cross section, column grids, dimensions, . .

The column grid is characterized by small distances between columns compared to single story industrial buildings with larger spaces. Space dimensions and column distances are directly connected with the construction type used and exploitable load sizes, . .

In case of two floor buildings, we see an enlargement of columns net from the ground floor to the first one, as a result of the possibility to use roof structures with bigger spaces. The plan dimensions “L” “I” are modular. So for the space dimension “L” is taken the module:

mL= 3m

or

L=6; 9; 12 m or

mL= 2.9m

and we have the spaces

L=5; 7.5; 10; 12.5 m .

For column span we see the module ml=1.5m where l=3;4;5;6;7.5;9 . .

Also the height dimension “h” is based on a standard module, whereas a floor height will be considered the height from the floor to the bottom of the entresol construction (joist or slab . .) The recommended module for the height is mh=30 cm or mh=60 cm starting with the smallest height of the industrial floor which is 3.6m.

In multistory industrial buildings we encounter these kinds of column grids •

Small grids 6x4.5; 6x6 m and (7+3+7) x 6m

•

Medium grids 9x4.5; 9x6; 9x9 m

•

Large grids 12x4.5; 12x6; 15x6; 12x9 m.

Multistory building construction Like single story industrial buildings, load bearing construction of multistory industrial buildings is provided through load bearing frames. Structure construction consisting of shear walls is not used in multistory industrial buildings because of the need for free longitudinal and transverse spaces. Also, because of the height and loads in the building.

Buildings with partial framed structures are used in buildings with a small number of floors as well as in storage buildings that do not require large spaces and intensive lighting from big windows. Buildings with full framed structures in our multistory industrial buildings are usually built with reinforced concrete, with column grids of 6x6, 6x9, 9x9, . . Framing type in multi-story buildings depends on certain factors such as space, number of floors, 54

building rigidity, the size and storage type, method of preparation or the assembly of the frame, . . Moment frames, monolithically constructed, are used in cases of much larger loads and even under dynamic loads from machinery . . They are used simultaneously in several frame schemes for large spaces and large number of floors. A very important problem in multi-story industrial buildings is to provide the building rigidity especially from the action of horizontal loads such as wind, seismicity, . . For this purpose, the placement of frames is done in the transverse direction to ensure the rigidity in the weakest direction.

This rigidity is achieved through engineering in accordance with functional- constructive features, which are: •

The construction of rigid framed joints

•

In the case, when the frame is beam and column type, it is reinforced with fixed joints of columns in the foundation

•

With monolithic stair cases

•

Rigid diaphragm form r/c

•

Transverse walls, in the end or in the middle, of the building

•

Connection of plaque elements with the frame elements, . .

• Rigidity in longitudinal direction of the building is provided by the length of the building, from connecting beams in longitudinal direction, walls and also inter-floor tile with frame elements.

Columns Frame They are mainly vertical shear wall elements and are constructed of reinforced concrete or metal.

They are also realized with cantilevers in order to support beams.

Frame columns are equipped with a series of metal plates in order to join different elements such as (beams, walls), . . Since the loads in building columns decrease in upper floors, the column sections are reduced in upper floors as well, usually keeping the thickness dimension of the frames unchanged.

Beams They are horizontal, main load bearing elements and change in form, section, . ., in regards to: 55

•

their spacing

•

the size of the loads they carry

•

the support of entresol elements

•

the type of support and connection of the beam with the columns

Their sections can be tetrahedron, double T in cases of overlapping the entresol panels, or with apparel sides. The connection of beams with the panels can be done either by casting them in place or by welding the metal plates.

Beams can rely on small or big brackets in column. The connection of beams with columns is made in accordance with the need to have or not have a rigid joint according to the static scheme assumed as a base.

Walls In multistory building walls we usually find the load bearing or hung elements. Load bearing walls are usually built with brick and the load is discharged into the foundation beam. In every story, the connection of walls is done through a monolithic layer at roof level or with longitudinal connecting beams, which also plays the role of the header. In the vertical direction, walls are connected to column walls with wicks (cords).

Hung walls are usually built with panels. Panels can be placed in horizontal or vertical directions and in order to hold them, they are connected with the construction elements.

Multistory industrial building panels for manufacturing process purposes with thermal insulation are incorporated.

The joint of constructive elements with panels is done with

bolts or by welding.

Roofs Normally, roofs are constructed with the same elements as buildings and consist of the same layers that are described in one-story buildings such as, insulation (warm and cold roofs), . .

Windows They occupy a percentage of 24÷40percent of wall area. For their large occupied surface, they are constructed in most cases of reinforced concrete wood or metal frames.

Way of construction As in all fields of industrial buildings and in multistory buildings as well as, there is an overall tendency to build as much as possible with pre-fabricated elements in order to 56

maximize the pace of work, the quality and to reduce the construction cost. In most of the cases, our multistory industrial buildings are built in a monolithic way.

Figure 35 - Multy story industrial buildings - Nc Type

Figure 36 - Multi story industrial buildings/ Detergent Factory - Kuçova - Nc Type (Source - Author)

57

Figure 37 - Nc1 Type - Multi story industrial buildings

58

Figure 38 – Nc2 Type - Multi story industrial buildings

59

Figure 39 – Nc3 Type - Multi story industrial buildings

60

Figure 40 – Nc4 Type - Multi story industrial buildings

61

Figure 41 – Nc5 Type - Multi story industrial buildings

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1.3.

Geographical distribution of Albanian Industrial Archeology

The aim of this part of the thesis is to make an assessment of elements of industrial heritage in Albania and inspect their value and implication in order to enlighten future guidelines.

The industry is distributed almost throughout all the country, but meanwhile we can recognize specific industrial areas within it. Thus, the area of Tirana - Durres - Elbasan was and is the most important industrial area in Albania. In this area there are also som of the most important branches of industry, such as the; -

Construction industry (Tirana, Durres, Elbasan, Kavaja);

-

Black metallurgy and ferrochrome (Elbasan);

-

Wood industry (Tirana and Elbasan);

-

Construction materials industry (Tirana, Durres, Elbasan);

-

Light industry and food industry, which is everywhere in this area . .

The major centers of oil and gas industry are: Kucova, Patos, Ballshi, Visoka, Gorishti . .

But for the chemical industry Fieri stands among others, the production of fertilizers and acids. Across the northern part of the region stand out as industrial center, Shkodra, for the manufacture of wires, machinery, footwear, cigarettes . .; Laci, with ChemicalMetallurgical Combine and Fushe-Kruje for cement

1.3.1. Categories

Since the thesis is an attempt to better understand the significance of industrial heritage, it didn’t include all industrial categories. Several industrial sites were selected for the assessment. While the time limit was decided up to 1990, their categories were divided into the following4: 

Heavy Industry;



Chemical Industry;



Food Industry;



Light Industry;



Construction Industry

4

According to ERIH http://www.erih.net/

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The evaluation did not include any elements of some categories such as; transports / communications and none of militaries and defense fabrication. This due to lack of adequate information and due to the ban on entering into military areas since most of the older factories producing armaments are still state owned.

1.3.2. Documentary Research Working methodology applied during this part of the thesis basically consisted in creating a list of industrial sites and their significances. The creation of the list has been based upon the following archival materials: 

National Library;



Central Technical Archive;



Albanian Central Archives;



Various industrial books or periodicals as well as information on the Internet5.

1.3.3. Field Research After preparing a list with industrial sites, the field survey consisted on investigating, identifying and recording the present physical condition of each sites before 1990s (despite their current function). The research included the following geographic scope: Tirana; Elbasan; Durrës; Lezhë; Laç; Kavajë; Lushnje; Gjirokastër; Korçë; Berat; Kuçovë; Fier; Shkodër; Vlore.

The survey was mainly focused on the cities administrative territories and their suburbs, but there were also some cases when fieldwork was taken beyond these boundaries (i.e. the localization of five mines outside the city of Tirana or while tracking the large surface of Metallurgical Combine in Elbasan.

From Figure 42 to Figure 55 we see the geographical distribution of former/existing industrial facilities inside 15 major cities in Albania. In Table 1, we can see the summary of all the geographical, structural and historical classification of Albanian Industrial Archeology

5 During that phase a dictionary of industrial terminologies has been establish based mainly on English‐heritage website: http://thesaurus.english‐heritage.org.uk/thesaurus.asp?thes_no=1

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Figure 42 - Geographic distribution of Industrial Buildings in Tirana

65

Figure 43 - Geographic distribution of Industrial Buildings in Elbasan

66

Figure 44 - Geographic distribution of Industrial Buildings in Durres

67

Figure 45 - Geographic distribution of Industrial Buildings in Kavaje

68

Figure 46 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Lushnje

69

Figure 47 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Berat

70

Figure 48 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Kucove

71

Figure 49 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Shkoder

72

Figure 50 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Lezhe

73

Figure 51 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Lac

74

Figure 52 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Fier

75

Figure 53 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Vlore

76

Figure 54 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Gjrokaster

77

Figure 55 - Geographical distribution of Industrial Buildings in Korce 78

1.4.

Main branches of industry in Albania[2][4][6][7]

Figure 56 - Construction Industry in Albania

Figure 57 - Heavy Industry in Albania

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Figure 58 - Food and Beverage Industry in Albania

80

Figure 59 - Light Industry in Albania

81

Figure 60 - Light Industry in Albania

Figure 61 - Chemical Industry in Albania

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Table 1 - General classification of AIA

83

84

First chapter conclusions In Albania, we still have 1224 ha of former industrial buildings. 470 ha are not in use, the rest is partially used or in total function. Almost 90 % of the former industrial buildings are privatized.

Related the structural characteristics; 72% of the building are single story buildings with normal covering (Na type), 22% are single story with SHED covering (Nb type) and the rest are multi story industrial buildings. The most industrialized city is Elbasan- with 503 ha of former industrial buildings. Heavy Industry 458.46 ha, Light Industry 227.12 ha, Chemical Industry 267.18 ha, Food and Beverage Industry 121 ha, Construction Industry 152.24 ha.

Related the geographical distribution of former industrial zones, most of the cities have their industrial zone in the surrounding of the city. Although the extension of the city, steel these areas remain in the outskirts. Here we see two exceptions. The first one is in the city of Kavaja (Glass Factory 6.06 ha) that is located inside the urbanized area of the city, and the second one the city of Kuçova, where all the industry is located in the city center (18.84 ha).

Furthermore, about the period of construction, most of the industrial buildings were constructed between 1950 – 1980. In the very beginning, we see the USSR influence in the construction and in the architectural features. We see that the façade is kind of a monument in this period of construction but the space inside is very limited and that is why in all those building we see a second phase of enlargement. In the other hand, we see that industrial building constructed during the relation with the People’s Republic of China, are 85

bigger in terms of useful space and with less ornaments. Their focus was the functionality and not the appearance.

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CHAPTER

2

–

PRINCIPLES

AND

STRATEGIES

FOR

RETHINKING

ABANDONED INDUSTRIAL AREAS INSIDE THE CITY

2.1.

Regeneration of industrial areas.

The current situation of residential areas on the European continent contains a significant amount of waste industrial buildings that are now out of function. During a conference held in Seoul on 20-21 June 2006 Franco Purini, in his intervention, asserts that the European cities are passing through out a transition phase (Purini, 2006) “Il primo consiste nel fatto che queste città tendono a non espandersi più con i ritmi con i quali erano cresciute fino a poco tempo fà. A un’espansione rapida e quantitativamente notevole succede per un verso una sensibile contrazione del numero degli abitanti, molti dei quali preferiscono spostarsi nei centri vicini, più ridotti e meno congestionati, per l’altro una trasformazione dall’interno tramite una serie di demolizioni e di ricostruzioni, lo sviluppo di aree situate in zone anche prossime a quelle centrali, rimaste inedificate, l’utilizzazione di aree dismesse e la sistemazione di zone residuali, altrettanti detriti insediativi casuali ai margini del processo d’accrescimento della città.” (Purini, 2006)

This urban situation caused by the collapse of an economic system based on production of goods that were processed and fabricated by various industries, today presents numerous industrial area consisting of almost degraded objects.

In Europe, abandoned and recovered industrial zones are numerous (Erih.net) Ex-industrial sites are at this time to stay. Determining potential in them is a duty for all professionals. Presently, a noteworthy pattern is redevelopment. (Landarchs.com) Former-industrial public parks are an outstanding illustration of how unlimited design can be in terms of reuse, repurpose, and reintegrate spaces for the public. (Landarchs.com) One emblematic case and that has given amazing results during the process of regeneration are some of the silos of the former slaughterhouse in Rome, "ex Mattatoio".

The old slaughterhouse complex is an enthusiastic territory for social presentations and masterful occasions. Large scale Testaccio in the slaughterhouse is arranged in Testaccio, a region not a long way from the banks of the Tiber, in an ideal place for social experimentation. The structures of the slaughterhouse were worked somewhere in the range of 1888 and 1891 by Giacchino Erosch, and take the stand concerning the progress 87

from elegance to advancement, giving an imperative recorded case of the stupendous and levelheaded nature of modern engineering toward the century's end. For a long time, the Slaughterhouse was viewed as among the most imperative of mechanical structures, due to its innovation and the effortlessness of its structure and inner association. In 2002, two structures inside the slaughterhouse complex, a region of 105,000 sq meters (of which 43,000 are based on), were doled out to MACRO to help the improvement and dissemination of contemporary craftsmanship. (Euromuse.net)

2.2.

Principles and strategies for reintegrating the industrial archeology in Albania

At the core of the problems is the process of restructuring of such urban development to be creative on one hand, but stable on the other. What has happened in this arc of 20-years has been the opposite. Improvement of industrial areas is a process that must be intensified year by year, and rethinking the establishment of a new order will bring tangible results.

The industry is currently a “wound” in the Albanian reality. Given that, these former industrial areas are almost abandoned, polluted and some of them almost destroyed, is going to be necessary to them that these former industrial areas come to the fore to be reviewed again. Management and their administration are somewhat unclear, partially privatized and others, which have remained under state ownership, are abandoned. Many cities and industrial centers are becoming unsafe and problematic areas.

As neglected properties, these areas can lead to problems such as: -Occupation -Increased crime -Serious contamination with toxic elements - Inappropriate use and damages of the existing infrastructure in these areas (damage mainly in the network of water supply as a result of illegal connections, use of potable water for irrigation, pollution of drinking water by sewage pesticides, . ).

- Damages of these areas, forest and valuable landscapes. As a result of the loss of balances in urban centers, social problems become more acute. Problems identified in two ways: within the limits of expansion of these areas (within the yellow line) and outside these borders, the trend is to increase the area of cities.

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In such conditions, the improvement of industrial zones is a process that must be intensified year after year. Preconception and the establishment of a new order of priorities in building this network of investments will bring secure results. On the other hand the improvement of industrial cities is a process that has begun and should be intensified in the coming years.

2.3.

New Realities and Challenges

Until 15 years ago, the world knew Albania mainly as a very isolated society, where the state had concentrated titles and control over the property, similar to some other socialist countries. Although a small country compared with the mega-trends analysis undertaken by the European Environment Agency, Albania is part of the trends affecting developing countries. In the past 20 years, the trend has been so clear and in line with European trends as the thesision looks the same. According to INSTAT6 the Albanian population from 2001 to 2015 has changed a lot in terms of internal migration. Thus, Albania from a rural country, with a population 42% urban and 58% rural, in 15 years has arrived in a country whose population is 57% urban and 43% rural with stabilization in 2015.

As in any developing country, also in Albania there is room for urban flexibility (resilience). There is space for urbanization in accordance with modern knowledge on the use of former industrial areas, which enables rehabilitation of various layers, but also a natural sensation in urban environments. Many of the investments, which were undertaken to establish the idea of "development" of these former industrial sites, go against the logic of real development. So the main roads, to give the idea that salvation is to escape as soon as possible from these areas is their closure, rather than help people improve their lives.

Such plans interrupt livelihood opportunities of many cities that depended on the industry (such as Puka, Fushe-Arrëz, Lezha, Mamurrasi, Milot, Kavaja, Rrogozhinë and likely Fushe-Kruje, Pogradec and Shkodra). Currently, the areas to be built are very few and if we will continue in this way, we are going to reduce agricultural areas and natural areas.

Requalification of these areas, especially for cities which are developing day after day (such as: Laç, Lezha, . .) in the current conditions they cannot be developed without the involvement of the private sector and support of the banking system.

6

INSTAT (Institute of statistics – Albania)

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City regeneration can often be seen as a normal procedure through which the urban setting is seen as an alive object and is subject to transformation. "Over the years, transformations take place, allowing the city to constantly renew themselves in a natural and organic way"(Treister, 1987) The main aim of urban regeneration is to alter the urban environment, injecting new vitality through the regulation planes of existing areas, in order to respond and anticipate future demands of urban life and work. The objective of urban regeneration is the application of some principles of planning by which to intervene in the city and reached the partial resurrection, or all the urban fabric that does not fulfill the functions for which they are designed. Urban regeneration is applied generally in inner city areas, centrally located in the historic district, in former industrial areas and unused areas, which have returned to a plague for the city.

2.4.

Forms of urban regeneration

2.4.1. Re-development, Rehabilitation and Integration This section of the thesis is published previously on the publication “Brown M, Haselsteiner E, Apro D, Kopeva D, Luca E, Paulkkinen K and Vula Rizvanolli B.“Sustainability, Restorative to Regenerative. An exploration in progressing a paradigm shift in build environment thinking, from sustainability to restorative sustainability and on to regenerative sustainability”COST action RESTORE, ISBN 978-3-9504607-0-4 (Online) ISBN 978-3-9504607-1-1 (Print), EU 2018” where I give my contribution

a) Re-development

Redevelopment, identified as devastation of existing structures and re-utilization of cleared land for the usage of new venture. This methodology is appropriate to cases in which objects are in truly crumbled condition and not worth saving. In such cases, decimation and reproduction of whole structure or little segments, is regularly thought to be the main answer to guarantee positive change for what's to come.

For inventors, redevelopment signifies the supreme turnover through the transaction of new components. For local administrations, this method characterizes the maximum usage of the property, the uppermost level with the ratio of area per floor, and has the benefit of presenting groups of higher revenue and interchange activities in the city center, which increase income by taxes. It too hints to an advanced density of inhabitants and the

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development of facilities and infrastructure, which is essential for the transformation of the central city areas.

Nevertheless, this method can withstand substantial communal and ecological expenses.

Destruction of architectural structures is perhaps the greatest importance of the renovation tactic. Improvement usually includes movement of the population in another part of city.

“In most Western countries, the redevelopment has been excluded as a way to renew the old city center. Nevertheless, in many unindustrialized countries, redevelopment through cleaning the "Slum" and rebuilding of new ones is still regarded as the only practical way to progress housing situations and update the inner areas-city”.

(Collaton, Bartsch, 1996) b) Rehabilitation Rehabilitation, safeguarding or protection as it is regularly called, can be characterized as the inverse of redevelopment. It depends on keeping up, fixing and reestablishing the indigenous habitat and artificial one in current neighborhoods. Restoration is appropriate in territories where structures are, for the most part, in good condition, yet are decaying because of disregard preservation. It exploits existing lodging stock as a significant asset and adjusted houses or old structures to enhance typical life and worthy norms, giving current offices. . (Zixuan 1991) Resident contribution is a frequent subject in all stages of the rehabilitation.

Rehabilitation is based on the fact that funds for construction and new developments appear as unsustainable in economic conditions in which we live. It distinguishes the worth of the old neighborhoods and conserving what is singular, antique, and precisely native, it can contribute to the growth of service sector at the same time motivating the economy. “ Many people do not consider rehabilitation as a realistic approach due to technical difficulties and the amount of work and research involved. Rehabilitation often is perceived as a complex and time-consuming process, which is the most difficult in urban rehabilitation. It necessitates a high level of social organization and social accountability. It is often challenged by developers, who see it as a violation of free enterprise and an obstacle to large-scale redevelopment. In many of their positions, they argue that old structures are so dilapidated and their original character is lost after so many years, something that makes the intervention nonrealistic and not worthwhile to attempt to improve their conditions with increased standards. The introduction of new infrastructure in old neighborhoods and dense can be a difficult task.” (Holcomb and Beauregard, 1981)

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c) Integration The third method to urban renewal, recognized as integration, this notion understands rehabilitation and redevelopment as harmonizing forces and combines the best aspects of both approaches. It consists of the rehabilitation of what can realistically be preserved, joint with the construction of new buildings instead of those beyond rehabilitation potential.

Incorporation is measured today to be the most satisfactory way for the regeneration of older areas. This allows for flexible implementation of thesis, from which can be stored traditional urban environment and its human scale reaching specified density. Integration consequences in the formation of rich urban environments through the integration of new buildings within existing neighborhoods and permits the expansion of a new form of modern architecture with local features. (Zixuan 1991)

Sustainable development of industrial city: Theories

There are mounting international interest in research and policy associated with revitalizing industrial cities. These urban areas, for a considerable length of time had been the engines of national financial advancement because of their solid industrial base, presently tested by extensive financial and ecological issues in the wake of the sudden outdated nature of these previous qualities.

Industrial-cities are built-up structures knotted to economic growth and production designs. (Águeda, 2009) The second major relocation took place in the 1980s. The post-modern architecture, urban design and planning discussion was heavily criticized for zoning land use as one of the conditions for damaging the modern city - a state primarily responsible for open space environments open public and unpopular public. Subsequently, urban areas were developed - and were largely redeveloped through reconstruction, refurbishment or regeneration - turned into a mix of land use, particularly in mixing commercial, office, cultural, and leisure areas. These mixed-use new developments are characterized as "product of industrial reorganization" (Gospodini, 2006)

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In industrial cities, demolition is a significant part of the lack of adaptation of old spatial structures in new ways of manufacture. The city's historical values, memory layers, and centuries of development were substituted by the finest urban model for mass production.

When the economic paradigm was changed, cities intended for centralized industrial jobs began to decay (Águeda, 2009) After the economic downturn, most of them now face serious problems, such as major ecological damage (Gerd, Muller and Schmude, 2006).

Global financial change forced them to appeal only limited peripheral corporate interests.

Consequently, local and regional public authorities prevail financially from the costs of maintaining a massive infrastructure heritage, as well as the treatment of abandoned factories and the cleaning costs of contaminated areas. (Gerd, Muller and Schmude, 2006).

It is significant to notice that the difficulties of deterioration are not only linked to the built environment, but to the whole territory nearby the city. It is also natural in the production process, as raw materials and places for their transformation infrequently share the same location. Consequently, difficulties created by the alteration of work processes can cause regional crises and distress the entire spatial system. (Águeda, 2009) There are some methods that can be positively used to cope with urban disruption. The use of each method is dictated case by case.

“In short, the revitalization of industrial cities has to do with redefining or reinventing the future that these cities seemingly do not have. Regeneration is linked to a new urban model that will end the crisis. An urban model that includes the city and the territory as a whole. An urban model that allows devastated cities to become complex urban regions. (Águeda, 2009)

1.6.

Gjirokastër, Kuçovë, Shkodër – Study cases

In order to analyze the industrial heritage in Albania, the best thing to do is to analyze all the former industrial sites in the country, but this will be impossible and not useful because of the following reasons: 1.

Because of the fact that the majority of industrial sites were build up during the communist period, one of the most important principles of this kind of regime is the replication of a same typology of construction in many cities. This is also visible in residential settlements and not only in Albania. This means that through the analyze of certain typologies of industrial buildings you can analyze all of them.

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2.

Albania is a relatively small country. This means that there are not huge differences in geographical conditions. Thus analyzing a city in the north, another in the center of the country and one in the south you create a very good overview of the conditions of the industrial heritage in Albania.

3.

Analyzing the most specific cases and trying to apply principles and strategies for those cases, will give applicable solutions also for other cities.

I have chosen to analyze three of the most important cities in Albania, in an industrial archeology perspective and not only. The cities I focused my research are: 1.

Gjirokastra

2.

Kuçova

3.

Shkodra

If with the help of the hypothesis I can find principles and strategies to reuse and revitalize these cities, than these principles can be applied in every city.

For each city, for each industrial heritage inside the city, I will analyze four elements: 1.

The surrounding environment and environmental conditions,

2.

The vicinity to the urbanized area (the accessibility of the zone),

3.

The structural conditions of the former industrial building (vulnerability assessment of the structure – This analyze will be carried out for the most representative structures )

4.

The current function of the former industrial zone (in some cases is partially existing industrial zone). (eurestore.eu)

The reason why I chose these cities are: 1)

The geographical position; (Gjirokastra is located in the south of Albania;

Shkodra in the North – West of the country and Kuçova in the center of Albania. These choices are done on purpose in order to have a clearer overview of the industrial heritage situation in the country) 2)

The specific characteristic of each city; (Gjirokastra is one of the most historic

cities in Albania, it is part of the UNESCO World Heritage list. Kuçova is the most 94

industrialized city in Albania, and is a typical industrial city. Shkodra, is the most important cultural city in Albania. All of them have a very strong and visible industrial layer, apart from the other characteristics of the city) 3)

The distribution of industries in the city (In Shkodra the industry is completely

centralized in the periphery of the city, it is called the industrial neighborhood. The contrary situation is in Kucova, the industrial settlements are located in the very center of the city. The situation in Gjirokastra is different; the industry is distributed in a linear way along the river, with only one exception) 4)

Variety of industry in each city (The decision to analyze these three cities was

done also because of the variety of industries and industrial features that they have) (HEAG259, 2006)

1.7.

Evaluation of these areas

Evaluation of these areas cannot but start from their knowledge because they represent authentic pages of history: not only because here were born products and inventions which have helped in the development of our country, but because many people have spent hard working days demonstrating their creativity and their sense of duty and sacrifice. It is inevitable to imagine and reinvent the future of these areas by transforming them into reusable areas integrated into a more contemporary city.

Evaluation of physical state. (typological classification of the brownfield areas) Many of the industrial constructions in Albania have been abandoned for almost 20 years.

We have two main kinds of interventions on the physical state: Time degradation, because most of them have been abandoned for almost 20 years and human intervention, because nearby inhabitants have physically damaged these buildings. As a result, many industrial heritage properties are found in a deteriorated state, but some others still maintain all or a part of their cultural heritage value or interest.

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1.8.

Gjirokastra – “The stone city”

Gjirokastra region presents a rather particular mountain landscape. Craggy mountains, with their long ridges, str. hing in their length in most of the region from the north-west towards south-east penetrating in Greece. Mountain ranges separated by valleys of rivers that narrow corridors form between mountain ranges that form the main corridor transport.

Vjosa River creates over just over the eastern mountain range between the cities Tepelena and Permet. Due to the steep topography, agricultural activity it is limited to 15% of the land, while 65% is covered with forests and meadows uncultivated. (Municipality of Gjirokastra – Regulatory Plan) Drino River is the main river flow in the region and lies at the center of a fertile valley. The town of Gjirokastra, extends over five long slopes str. hing from “Mali i Gjere” to the Drino river valley and enjoys the famous historical attributes. They are celebrated with the declaration by UNESCO as a World Heritage site. The dramatic topography of the river valley creates an impressive natural scenery for the town.

The traditional settlements, in particular the historical cities protected by UNESCO are nowadays undergoing into an open conflict between the effort to adapt to the demands of the contemporary society life and the need for conservation of the historical, cultural and landscape values of the old city, in the conditions of very restricted laws of restoration and conservation imposed by UNESCO and the Institute of Cultural Heritage (IMK).

1.8.1.

Analysis and evaluation of strategic positioning, historical identity, urban and economic and territorial boundaries of the region

The development of the country, since the 1990s has seen the emergence of a competitive environment in between different regions of Albania. Namely, Gjirokastra, is expected to take a leading role in the ongoing competition with neighboring regions and become a central engine for regional development. Currently, about 42% of the region's population resides in urban areas. This is expected to increase as a result of the ongoing process of urbanization that is going on in Albania, the region and Gjirokastra in particular. Part of the expected future development of the course will be connected to the city of Gjirokastra 96

because of its role as an administrative and commercial center. For the rest of the activities, the city will have to compete mainly with neighboring centers and communities located around.( Municipality of Gjirokastra – Regulatory Plan) There are three main themes around which we can emphasize the central role of Gjirokastra in regional development: (1) Gjirokastra as a major regional center and service provider (2) Gjirokastra as an important center for cross-border trade (3) Gjirokastra as a tourist attraction and as an access point for regional tourism

1.8.2.

Gjirokastra in the regional context

Gjirokastra is located in the south of the country and borders with Greece. Creating the main transit point with Greece, it is also considered as the center of Greek ethnic minority in Albania. Administratively, the region is divided into three districts – Tepelenë, Përmet and Gjirokastra.

Gjirokastra is also the name of the main and largest city of the region, followed by Tepelena and Përmet. Important roads connect the city with Greece but also with Korça and Saranda (two important cities in Albania) by adding a role as the regional services provider to Gjirokastra, namely agribusiness and production. World Heritage status UNESCO , coupled with the beautiful appearance of Drino River Valley and proximity to Greece, creates an opportunity for the city's tourism industry.

1.8.3.

Urban Development and Planning

The review of the historical development of the city portrays a fascinating story. The city of Gjirokastra was developed from a simple historical core in a modern city with a unique morphology due to its extreme topographical conditions and urban history.

The topographic background of the city and some special periods, namely the Ottoman era, socialist regime and last post-socialist era have influenced its morphology, structure and shape.

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The historic town of Gjirokastra, is dominated by 13-th century castle which is located in a commanding position high on a ridge that overlooks the Drino valley and It serves as the city landmark. Historic neighborhoods, which lie below the fort, were constructed during the 16th century. These residential neighborhoods have around 600 registered buildings historic constructed during the Ottoman era, built uniquely with high wooden windows and stone roofs that provides to the city the name “Stone City”.

The 'New Town' of Gjirokastra was built mainly under the socialist rule by mid-20th century along the Drino River valley. City took place naturally in the direction north west side along the highway that connects Tirana to Greece. An Urban Development Plan was conducted by Albania's socialist regime through which defining the boundaries of the new town.

The spatial development of the city after the fall of the communist regime was virtually uncontrolled, following the directions of the free market economy. Due to high demand for new urban land, many structures were built after 1992, public or private, they were built outside the boundaries of the yellow line, without any urban infrastructure. In general, the quality of urban space in the new part of the city is very low with severe shortages in public and green spaces. We can see the urban growth and urban development in Figure 62 and Figure 63 In 2005, the castle and historical parts of the city below were registered by UNESCO as World Heritage Center.

Likewise, the restoration work on the exterior of many buildings around the Castle and historic streets. The restoration work has improved the quality of the historic areas and buildings, turning it into its origin. The following map shows the urban development of the city over time (Figure 62)

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Figure 62 - Gjirokastra regulatory plan 1978 (Source - Municipality of Gjirokastra)

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Figure 63 - Urban growth of Gjirokastra after 1991 (Source – General Regulatory Plan of Gjirokastra)

Figure 64 - Urbanization of Gjirokastra year after year (Source - Municipality of Gjirokastra)

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On the map is identified the construction development by ten-years. This map gives us indications about the quality of construction of structures.

1.8.4.

Industrial development in Gjirokastra

Gjirokastra plays a major role in the Albanian industrial heritages. Because of the process of industrialization throughout the country and in Gjirokastra in particular the socioeconomic development and the population growth, dictate the initiation and development of industrial production. Craftwork and its outsourced manufacturing left a stagnant economy and jobless population. Production with machines in factories and plants was necessary.

Until 1950, the few existing industrial buildings were disseminated inappropriately all over the city. In 1951, the area along the Cullos stream was appointed by the government of that time as the industrial area but without any study. (Mantho, 2014) This process was completed during 80', the impact on local communities was considerable and especially in the urban profile of the city.

Because of all the industrialization that went on in the city, now we have all the remains of that era. The pollution and the remains of industries. Among the most problematic areas in terms of environmental pollution are the former quarry in the northwestern part of the city and former industrial areas, as we can see from the map below. The red spots are the location of the former industrial buildings (Figure 65) In the following section will be analyzed the entire industrial heritage in Gjirokastra (Figure 66 to Figure 78) in terms of accessibility, actual condition and position inside the city.

Fgure 65 - Environmental condition in Gjirokastra (Source – General Regulatory Plan of Gjirokastra)

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Figure 66 - Industrial Archeology in Gjirokastra - General Overview

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Figure 67 - Former Garment Manufacture Enterprise (NPV) - Gjirokaster _ Accessibility

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Figure 68 - Former Garment Manufacture Enterprise (NPV) - Gjirokaster _ Existing Situation

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Figure 69 - Former Metal Processing Factory - Gjirokaster _ Accessibility

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Figure 70 - Former Metal Processing Factory - Gjirokaster _ Existing Situation

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Figure 71 - State Enterprise of Construction in Gjirokaster (N.Sh.n)- Accessibility

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Figure 72- State Enterprise 0f Construction in Gjirokaster (N.Sh.n) - Existing Situation

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Figure 73 - Tobacco Processing and Cigarettes Production Factory - Accessibility

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Figure 74 - Tobacco Processing and Cigarettes Production Factory - Existing situation

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Figure 75 - Vehicle and Tractor Repair Station In Gjirokaster (S.M.T) - Accessibility

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Figure 76 - Vehicle and Tractor Repair Station In Gjirokaster (S.M.T) - Existing Situation

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Figure 77 - Shoe and Leather Factory in Gjirokaster - Accessibility

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Figure 78 - Shoe and Leather Factory in Gjirokaster - Existing Situation

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Kucova – Where Past And Present Live In Formal Unity

Kuçova lies in the river valley of Devoll, near to the city of Berat. The Kuçova region has been inhabited since ancient times. This is confirmed by the evidence, material and documents found by archaeologists that belong the Iron Age (V-IV century BC). The presence of oil field layers and its early exploitation by foreign companies led Kuçova from an ordinary village transformed into a town and industrial workforce after the year 1927. Kuçova city is known as the city with many names. So according to legends the earlier was the name that is known today “Kuçove”, or in other words “Fertile Land”. Later, after the discovery of oil layers during the Italian occupation from 1939 to 1943, is recognized by the name “Petrolia”. In the framework of Albanian-Soviet friendship in July 10, 1952 Kuçova was set officially the name “Qyteti Stalin” ("Stalin City"). After 40 years (since 1990) as a consequence of the change of system in Albania, was called again Kuçove.

Now days Kuçovë is a city in central Albania. The total population is 31,262 (2011 census), in a total area of 160.23 km2.

In the First World War, in the suburb of Kuçova was set an Austrian military unit. In 1916, a geologist engineer, member of the personnel noticed that the water of the stream that flowed from the Omuri hills came with diesel. After he controlled the area concluded that Kucova was a country with assets of oil. He made public this fact in 1918. Since 1918 to 1924, in many societies came for research in Kuçova as AIPA oil (petroleum Albania Azienda Italiana), an Anglo-Persian Oil Company and American French society.

Kuçova is one of Albania's cities known for its oil industry. The field survey showed that a large number of the industrial buildings constructed by this oil companies have since been reused by the communist regime. The reuse of these sites has resulted in newer structural additions being made, which, in some cases has modified the entire appearance of some buildings. Only three cases remain where buildings have preserved some architectural elements of the 1920s-30s.

In 1951, with a special verdict from the Albanian Government, in Kucova there were constructed 11 economical enterprises, whereas in 1970 was ranked among the most developed cities in the country. In this period in Kucova we see the presence of Diesel refinery factory, the Detergent factory, the Tarpaulin factory.

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Figure 79 - Borgo Galeazzo Ciano Source: Giornale Luce B1090 del 05/05/1937

Kuçova has recognized the biggest development after the World War II, especially during 19751990. The population of the district in the late 1980s reached 32,000 by 6,400 residents that was in 1938. (Figure 80).

Figure 80 - Qyteti Stalin (Stalin City) - Source "National Archive"

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Kuçovë Municipality – Demographic analyze The municipality of Kucova, in January 1, 2015, recorded a number of resident population of 31 thousand inhabitants, of which 15.8 thousand men and 15.6 thousand women, or a gender ratio coefficient rated at 101 (100 females per 101 men). About 40% of the population is classified as urban population and 60% as rural population. According to the age structure, 68% of the population belongs to the age group (15-64) years and 19% in the age group (0-14) years, these indicators demonstrate the high potential of the economically active population, whose involvement in the market work will increase the economic performance and welfare of the population. Current demographic structure of the resident population and the relatively new average age of its shows that we still have a young population.7 However, the ongoing process of migration, and the decline in birth rate and mortality, have contributed not only to the dramatic change of the demographic structure but also have contributed in the decrease of the total population (country / district / municipality), but still this data show that Kucova is a city with young and vital population and is willing to improve itself.

In the following section will be analyzed the entire industrial heritage in Kuçova (Figure 81 to Figure 89) in terms of accessibility, actual condition and position inside the city.

7

INSTAT

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Figure 81 - General Overview of Industrial Heritage in Kucova

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Figure 82 - Mechanical Factory in Kucova- Accessibility

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Figure 83 - Mechanical Factory In Kucova- Existing Situation

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Figure 84 - Cardboard-Tarpaulin ex-Factory in Kucova - Accessibility

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Figure 85 - Cardboard-Tarpaulin Ex-Factory in Kucova - Existing Situation

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Figure 86 - Detergent Ex- Factory in Kucova- Accessibility

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Figure 87 - Detergent Ex- Factory in Kucova- Existing Situation

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Figure 88 - Petroleum Processing Plant / TEC - Accessibility

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Figure 89 - Petroleum Processing Plant / TEC - Existing Situation

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2.10. Shkodra – The cradle of Albanian culture 2.10.1. Geographical Position Municipality of Shkodra lies in the northern part of the territory of the Republic of Albania. With the new Administrative Territorial and has such a position that covers the marine and agricultural area to its south, as well as the most mountainous area in the north of Albania. While in the western part it is bordered by Lake Skadar, which has a great importance on national and cross-cultural relations with Montenegro.

2.10.2. Shkodra in relation to other urban centers Regarding Shkodra district, the city of Shkodra has a special importance as a historical center of the north-western region of Albania. Shkodra has been always an important urban center for the region and it is indicated not only by the size of the urban sprawl of the city but also its functions. The city played a significant role in economic terms for the region particularly as a result of trading links with the city of Venice, Prizren, Gjakova, Skopje eastward, and many more. (Figure 90)

Figure 90 - Shkodra accessibility

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2.10.3. Shkodra in relation to network infrastructure Shkodra has a relatively good accessibility in terms of road infrastructure and rail network. Railway connects Durres - Shkodra, and Shkodra with Han Hoti which then connects with Montenegro.

Currently the site does not provide transportation service for passengers but only for goods.

However, in future is a good potential for development and reconstruction of the railway network using the existing lines. With regard to road infrastructure network, Shkodra is well connected by national roads. Shkodra is also the border point with Montenegro.

2.10.4. Shkodra in relation with Ports / Airports Shkodra is located approximately 90km from Rinas airport (Tirana). Although the national road from Tirana to Shkodra is still unfinished, is relatively a good access, where for a period of 1 hour and 30 min the airport can be accessed easily. While Kukes airport is about 2 hours away. (Figure 91) But, compared to other cities (except Tirana), Shkodra has a very good accessibility from the air due to its proximity to Podgorica and its airport. While in terms of access by sea, Shkodra again has a very favorable position since it is only 39km from the port of Shengjin and about 90km from the port of Durres, which is the biggest cargo and passenger port in the country. The proximity with Montenegro makes Shkodra able use the important ports of Bar, or even Budva and Kotor ports.

Figure 91 - Air accessibility of Shkodra

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2.10.5. Industrial Development in Shkodra Shkodra is the region with the richest tradition of industrial development in Albania. This development dates back to the early 20th century when wealthy merchants began to invest in industrial activities. Until 1945, Shkodra was the most industrialized area in Albania. During this period, the most developed sectors were textile processing and agro-food processing.

After 1945, in the spirit of industrial development run by the government, other industrial sectors were added in Shkodra, where we can mention wood processing industry and wire production industry.

After the democratic changes of the 90s, a large part of the industry went immediately out of the market since it was not oriented towards economic viability, but by politics. After a period of apathy, mainly after 2000 began a new phase of industrial development in Shkodra, focused almost exclusively in the city of Shkodra. Currently, this development is focusing on agro-food processing industry, the industry inward and wood processing industry, sectors where the region can compete in the market with the tradition and skilled labor force.

2.10.6. Industrial Zone in Shkodra The beginnings of the Industrial Zone in Shkodra date 1955. Until 1990 it has played an important role and has contributed to the local and national economy. After the 90s, as a result of the deep economic reforms in the country, as the transition to a free market economy, recognition of private property and privatization, the Industrial Zone underwent major structural changes that were associated with the closure of many economic activities, especially the mechanical industry, which does not resist to new market conditions.

Industrial Zone of Shkodra remains one of the greatest potentials related the manufacturing business development not only for the city but for the whole region Northern Albania. It is the area with the highest concentration of manufacturing businesses that endure the most of employment in the private sector. (MEI, 2015) In the following section will be analyzed the entire industrial heritage in Shkoder (Figure 92 to Figure 100) in terms of accessibility, actual condition and position inside the city.

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Figure 92 - Accessibility in Shkodra's industrial zone

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Figure 93 - Sauce production factory in Shkodra- Accessibility and actual condition

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Figure 94 - Tobacco factory in Shkodra- Accessibility and Actual condition

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Figure 95 - Wood and paper processing factory in Shkodra - Actual Condition and Accessibility

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Figure 96 - Former Mechanical Wire and Cable Car Factory in Shkodra- Accessibility

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Figure 97 - Former Mechanical Wire and Cable Car Factory in Shkodra - Actual Condition

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Figure 98 - Former Shoe Factory in Shkodra- Accessibility

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Figure 99 - Former Oil and Soap Factory in Shkodra- Accessibility

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Figure 100 - Former Dairy Production Plant in Shkodra- Accessibility

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2.11.

Protecting the architectonic resource and landscape through its refictionalization in contemporary terms.

Protect the architectonic resource and

landscape through its re-fictionalization in

contemporary terms, achieving the economic, social and environmental aspects of land on which it stands, through: - Realization of reuse intervention of the physical structure of the former-industrial complex. This has to be in consistence with the typological character of each building.

- Identification of the characteristics that give us accessibility and connectivity of the area with the other part of the city.

- Identification of a series of interventions that aim to clean up the areas outside and inside the perimeter of the former industrial complex in order to evaluate the surrounding landscape.

- Identification of some functional objectives which establish an equilibrium between public and private investment.

- The alternatives, from the aesthetic and functional point of view can offer us the best cases for the development and regeneration of the area.

Reusing these areas and regenerating the city. This can be done by locating services and improving the quality of the urban environment (new green spaces, places of cultural activities, meeting places, and services).

Preserving the use purpose of the area. Favoring from this point of view, other activities matching the original which are supported by advanced technology that are capable of offering a higher environmental quality.

Among these two alternatives, there are some intermediate positions, the most common of which proposes mixed functions between production activities and services in urban and territorial scale.

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Figure 101 - Evaluation of the industrial heritage scheme

Conclusion (Second Chapter) Evaluation of these areas must necessarily start from their knowledge because they represent authentic pages of history. Conserving these industrial signs is a significant part of preserving the historic industrial atmosphere of a community. Industrial heritage and adaptation do not go together, but there are some cases where it was possible to reconcile these two requirements, without compromising on a low level, but rather finding solutions that represent the best, most promising enhancement of the environment and heritage together. This thesis is intended to provide a systematic organization of the different facets of the complex debate and an analysis of the situation and possible solutions related to the recovery of abandoned industrial complexes. The research work tends to give an evaluation which has been missing in this heritage and it also proposes different ways of adaptation of these structures.

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Chapter 3 - STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CONCRETE FORMER INDUSTRIAL GJIROKASTRA, KUCOVA AND SHKODRA

3.1.

OF REINFORCED BUILDINGS IN

Introduction

This part of the thesis was published early on the publication “Guri. M, Lluka D, Luca E “Assessment and improvement of seismic performance of the masonry bearing building stock in Albania” Published by: ESRSA Publication. In IJERT, Volume. 4, Issue. 10 , October – 2015. Impact factor 1.7 ISSN: 2278-0181International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)” In Albania, as a country with high seismic hazard, it is very important the design and seismic evaluation of buildings. From the economic perspective, there are two options: repair or demolition. The opportunity to choose is given by the assessment of their actual condition. In the new and old Albanian design codes, there is no specified procedure about the seismic performance of the existing buildings. This situation becomes even more serious when considering the degradation over the years and structural interventions. For this reason, it is necessary to assess and improve the seismic performance of the chosen typology thesis. (Guri, Lluka, Luca, 2015) Albania is one of the country’s most prone to seismic oscillations in the Balkans (Aliaj, Sulstarova, Peci, Muco, 2004). Recent devastating earthquakes in neighboring countries have shown that reinforced concrete buildings have suffered maximum damage and are responsible for the loss of life. Due to reasons such as age, interventions made by people and the design code of the time, these types of buildings are vulnerable to earthquakes. It is therefore important to evaluate the seismic performance of these buildings and on the basis of this assessment, techniques must be developed to strengthen these buildings in order for them to resist potential earthquake damage.

The elected buildings have very few anti-seismic elements because of the period and the code they were constructed. Therefore, they are more vulnerable to seismic action. It has been at least 40 years since the design and construction of these buildings. This time undoubtedly has contributed to the degradation of the material and reduction of their load bearing capacity. All the former industrial buildings, as seen in the first chapter, are classified in categories and afterword are replicated in many other cities. Consequently, they may be subjected to different climatic conditions and may have suffered various 141

degradations. This degradation also depends on human activity into them. The aim of this study is to analyze these buildings assuming, as they have undergone no alteration or damaged over time. (Guri, Lluka, Luca, 2015) This section will focus on the seismic vulnerability assessment of former industrial reinforced concrete buildings in Gjirokastra, Kucova and Shkodra. The reason behind this choice is because: a) Reinforced concrete building offer more flexibility than those in masonry, in terms of reuse. This because the industrial buildings in reinforced concrete usually have a column grid bigger than 6x6 meter, and also a story height more than 4 meter. This means that the adaptation process of these buildings is much easier than those in masonry; b) Reinforced concrete constructions are younger than those in masonry in Albania, thus the cost of retrofitting them will be less than of those in masonry. Since the real industrialization in Albania started during 1950-1960, it was also the expansion of reinforced concrete structures, thus the majority of industrial facilities were construct with this material.

In order to achieve the first “R” of this thesis, retrofit, firs we need to figure out the structural condition of these buildings. Since Albania is a seismic country, in this section we will analyze the performance point and the seismic vulnerability of the upper mentioned structures.

Engineering is closely related to seismology, earthquakes and other natural disasters. We need to have safe buildings to resist this natural phenomenon. However, is this always possible?

There are distinguished three characteristic periods of construction in Albania related the seismic protection: 

before 1960 - seismic protection level was very low or absent at all;



1960-1989 - seismic protection level was low [ag / g = 0.05]



After 1989 - the level of seismic protection KTP-N.2-89, which, taking into account the seismic environment of the country, can also be called insufficient.

The first seismic regulations, accompanying the first seismic zoning map of Albania, were adopted in 1952. After the review in 1963, we see the increase demand for seismic 142

performances, while the review of 1978 resulted in no significant improvements. After the earthquake of 1979 in Montenegro (Serbia and Montenegro), it was approved a new seismic zoning map of Albania, with a scale of 1: 500,000 (legal act no. 371 of 1979). This map is also revise, which resulted in partial changes and improvements in seismic regulations. During the 1980’s was conducted a general review of technical seismic regulations and entered into action the new rules for earthquakes resistance (KTP-N.2-89) since 1989. The respective seismic zoning map of Albania is still in force.

For the territory of Albania it is in force of the seismic regionalization map in scale 1: 500,000. It evaluates the seismic hazard map based on intensities I by MSK-64 scale.

A common way today for the design of seismic hazard maps is the through the acceleration values. These maps are called isoseismic accelerations. (Figure 102).

Figure 102 - Seismic regionalization map (Source – Institute of Geoscience in Albania)

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3.2.

Vulnerability Assessment

“Each vulnerability assessment method models the damage on a discrete damage scale; frequently used examples include the MSK scale (Medvedev and Sponheuer, 1969), the Modified Mercalli scale (Wood and Neumann, 1931) and the EMS98 scale (Grünthal, 1998). In empirical vulnerability procedures, the damage scale is used in reconnaissance efforts to produce post-earthquake damage statistics, whilst in analytical procedures this is related to limit-state mechanical properties of the buildings, such as inter story drift capacity.” (Luiz Mendes-V., Oliveira Sousa C., Azevedo J., Ribeiro A., 2009)

Vulnerability to catastrophic earthquakes is 100%.

If the risk analysis will consider only the economic loss, seismic risk (R) will be expressed as the product of H that characterizes the seismic hazard with the seismic vulnerability of the zone V of the building or a group of buildings. Considering the degree of exposure to construction E, will have R = H * V * E. If H = 0 (no seismic risk,) V, then despite the vulnerability, seismic risk R is 0. In addition, the opposite is true risk is zero R = 0 even if the risk is high (more seismic areas) but the buildings are more resistant to earthquakes V = 0. In addition, the risk is zero when in an area with a certain risk, we have no buildings, so the degree of exposure is zero E = 0.

It is pointed out that Albania is characterized by intensive earthquakes of small and medium scale. Technical Design Regulations for buildings are applied during the design and implementation of the thesis.

The purpose of these rules is to ensure: 

Protect of peoples life;



Limitation of damages;



Functionality of the building

This study focuses on the vulnerability assessment through analytical methods of former industrial buildings in Gjirokastra, Kucova and Shkodra Therefore, it is very important to know as much as possible about their behavior in case of earthquakes. This means to consider an actual building, its real reinforcement and real state, and then performing a detailed analysis in order to obtain the real capacity or the real strength of the building, independent from the predicted hazardous event for its respective site, but that derives from the manner it was reinforced or the manner it was built, or simply saying, from the code in which was based the construction procedures.

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Vulnerability analysis has a particular importance for the estimation of damages of existing buildings, and it is necessary to understand as much as possible their behavior in case of earthquakes.

The methodology used in this case to evaluate the buildings reaction under an earthquake for the analytical method is the “pushover analyze”.

Pushover analysis is a static, nonlinear procedure in which the magnitude of the structural loading is incrementally increased in accordance with a certain predefined pattern.

This process starts with the creation of a digital model of the object. After creating the model in computer programs such as ETABS and defining the properties and acceptance criteria for the pushover hinges, we locate the pushover hinges on the model by selecting one or more frame members and assigning them one or more hinge properties and hinge locations, defined the pushover load cases, run the basic static analysis, displayed the pushover curve, and displayed the capacity spectrum curve (Leslie, Rahul & R, Abhilash & V, Biju. 2009)

“These curves define also the force-deformation criteria of the hinges in the object that I studied used in pushover analysis. There are five points labeled A, B,C, D, and E are used to define the force deflection behavior of the hinge and three points labeled IO, LS and CP are used to define the acceptance criteria for the hinge. (IO, LS and CP stand for Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety and Collapse Prevention respectively.) The values assigned to each of these points vary depending on the type of member as well as many other parameters defined in the ATC-40 and FEMA-273 documents.” (Leslie, Rahul & R, Abhilash & V, Biju. 2009) The nonlinear static procedure is based on the relation between the lateral displacement and the force of the building.

Building a capacity curve, which shows the relationship between the force F of the base, as Y-axis and lateral displacement of the roof level Δ By correlating the capacity curve with the seismic demand spectrums, corresponding to a certain seismic intensity, it can be found a point on the curve, which indicates the maximum displacement of the building due to the considered earthquake.

The position of performance point against performance level, assesses the case if the target performance is achieved or not.

Buildings and structures in seismic regions are recommended to be designed mainly with

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a symmetric configuration and with mass and stiffness uniformly distributed in plan and height. To acquire this, these conditions must be accomplished: 1. Mass and stiffness distribution in height is considered as relatively uniform when the respective difference from one level (story) to the other is not larger than 50%; 2. Buildings are considered with “regular” shape in plan; 3. When the difference in height of the adjacent sections within the same building is less than 5 m the building is considered to be as “regular” in height; 4. The eccentricity between the center of mass and the center of rigidity at a floor, measured perpendicular to the direction of seismic action, is considered to be not excessive when it is less than 15% of the structure dimension in that direction.

In terms of applying this principles, none of the former industrial buildings that we will consider for this study full fill the upper mentioned characteristics.

-

Firstly, in most of the cases they have problems with the mass distribution, in the majority of cases the mass is located in only one part of the structure.

-

Secondly, because of the pervious function all the former industrial buildings have problems in height and in plan in terms of story height. Some of them have the presence of soft stories, which in terms of seismic vulnerability is not helpful. We see this phenomenon in all the buildings with more than three floors.

-

Because of the adjacent buildings, we see in many cases the presence of short columns. This is typical in the case of big manufacturing factories such as in Gjirokastra and partially in Shkodra. But we can see this phenomenon also in Kucova in a single story industrial building (part of the mechanical factory). The presence of this typology of columns in increasing the seismic vulnerability of these structures.

All the upper mentioned factors are influencing into the increase of seismic vulnerability of the chosen buildings.

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3.3.

The design process.

The design process of all the 19 former industrial buildings was based on the original plans and structure provided by the “Technical National Archive of Construction”.

Because of the standardization principle, most of the structural elements have the same characteristics in terms of material, reinforcement and configuration. The concrete used, in all the cases is 200 kg/cm2, steel bars are all of the same material and most of the cross sections of the structural elements were the same in all buildings, with few exceptions. The columns are 50x50 or 40x50 or 40x40 or 40x80 and have low steel-reinforcement ratios, providing poor ductility. The majority of the slabs are 20 cm thick and the beams are usually 20x50. All the structures are built between 1950 – 1970. The substructure is with plink under the columns. This information is taken from the original thesis, offered from the Central Technical Archive of Albania.

The principle of standardization was a key factor in the time of construction. In some cases, this strategy was used also in the reinforcement of the columns of a single industrial building.

As can be seen further more in this thesis, the ground acceleration was the same in all the calculations. This because all these buildings were replicated in different cities of Albania, and in order to take the worst case into consideration the ground conditions are all considered as “B” category, the peak ground acceleration is 0.35 g. The response spectrum that was taken into consideration is for this peak ground acceleration as the worst case of design in Albania.

All the 19 RC former industrial buildings are designed without taking into consideration the degradation of the material and the interventions done by humans during these 27 years.

In the following section of this thesis are displayed the geometric components of the buildings, the oscillation period (first, second and third mode) in order to check if any of the models has torsion in the first mode, the performance point in both directions and the plastic hinge formation.

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In the following section will be analyzed the entire industrial heritage in Gjirokastra, Kuçova and Shkodra (Figure 103 to Figure 140) in terms of performance point, oscillations period (first, second and third mode), diaphragm drift and displacement, maximum story displacement and drift, story shear and story overturning moment, and also damage distribution

(hinge

formation)

in

the

first

and

last

step.

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Figure 103 - Former Detergent Factory in Kucove

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Figure 104 - Former Detergent Factory in Kucove / Pushover analysis

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Figure 105 - Former Tarpaulin Factory in Kucove

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Figure 106 - Former Tarpaulin Factory in Kucove / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 107 - Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Mechanical workshop)

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Figure 108 - Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Mechanical workshop) / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 109 - Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Engine overhaul unit)

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Figure 110 - Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Engine overhaul unit) / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 111 - Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Total overhaul unit)

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Figure 112 - Mechanical Plan in Kucove (Total overhaul unit) / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 113 - Metal processing Factory in Gjirokastra

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Figure 114 - Metal processing Factory in Gjirokastra / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 115 - Garments Manufacturing Enterprise in Gjirokastra

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Figure 116 - Garments Manufacturing Enterprise in Gjirokastra / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 117 - Paper processing factory in Shkodra

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Figure 118 - Paper-processing factory in Shkodra / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 119 - Wood processing factory in Shkodra (Chair production)

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Figure 120 - Wood processing factory in Shkodra (Chair production) / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 121 - Wood processing factory in Shkodra (Plywood production)

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Figure 122 - Wood processing factory in Shkodra (Plywood production) / Pushover Analysis 168

Figure 123 - Shoe textile factory in Shkodra

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Figure 124 - Shoe textile factory in Shkodra / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 125 - Cable Car mechanical plant Shkoder - Assembling unit 1 171

Figure 126 - Cable Car mechanical plant Shkoder - Assembling unit 1 / Pushover Analysis 172

Figure 127 - Cable Car mechanical plant Shkoder - Assembling unit 2

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Figure 128 - Cable Car mechanical plant Shkoder - Assembling unit 2 / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 129 - Wire plant Shkoder - Extension of the Packaging Unit

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Figure 130 - Wire plant Shkoder - Extension of the Packaging Unit / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 131 - Wire plant Shkoder - Wiring Unit

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Figure 132 - Wire plant Shkoder - Wiring Unit / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 133 - Wire plant Shkoder -Extension (Mechanical Metal Cutting Unit )

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Figure 134 - Wire plant Shkoder -Extension (Mechanical Metal Cutting Unit ) / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 135 - Wire plant Shkoder - Horizontal Enamels Unit

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Figure 136 - Wire plant Shkoder - Horizontal Enamels Unit / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 137 - Wire plant Shkoder - Extension of the Cables Unit

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Figure 138 - Wire plant Shkoder - Extension of the Cables Unit / Pushover Analysis

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Figure 139 - Mechanical Plant in Shkodër (Foundry Department)

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Figure 140 - Mechanical Plant in Shkodër (Foundry Department) / Pushover Analysis

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3.4.

Results analyze

After the structural analyze of 19 RC former industrial buildings we got many outputs. Such as the period, the performance point, the drifts, . . (Table 2) Table 2 - Summary of performance of RC former industrial buildings (existing situation)

Name

Period (sek) / First mode

PP (y)

Shear force/ Maximum displacement (Y direction)

PP (x)

Shear force/ Maximum displacement (X direction)

1

Shoe textile factory in Shkodra

0.2262

IO - LS

2913.97 kN / 1.237 cm

LIN - IO

3041.667 kN / 0.847 cm

2

Wire plant Shkoder - Extension of the Packaging Unit

0.3826

IO - CP

3561.314 kN / 3.729 cm

LIN

67.363 kN / 0.634 cm

3

Cable Car mechanical plant Shkoder - Assembling unit 1

0.4995

LS - CP

4607.942 kN / 4.281 cm

C-F

3955.888 kN / 4.455 cm

4

Wire plant Shkoder -Extension (Mechanical Metal Cutting Unit )

0.5043

LS - CP

1158.506 kN / 4.539 cm

LS - CP

1218.345 kN / 5.382 cm

5

Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Total overhaul unit)

0.5098

IO - LS

4730.01 kN / 4.645 cm

C-F

3804.127 kN / 4.817 cm

6

Mechanical Plant in Shkodër (Foundry Department)

0.523

LS - CP

4912.365 kN / 4.096 cm

LS - CP

4605.636 kN / 4.632 cm

7

Paper processing factory in Shkodra

0.5808

LS - CP

7188.170 kN / 7.799 cm

CP - C

7690.952 kN / 5 cm

8

Former Tarpaulin Factory in Kucove

0.5809

LS - CP

1388.831 kN / 6.408 cm

C-F

1385.328 kN / 6.374 cm

9

Wood processing factory in Shkodra (Plywood production)

0.6021

LS - CP

2326.032 kN / 6.94 cm

LS - CP

2409.987 kN / 7.604 cm

10

Wood processing factory in Shkodra (Chair production)

0.6029

LS - CP

22291.575 kN / 2.627 cm

LS - CP

16738.2 kN / 4.061 cm

11

Wire plant Shkoder - Wiring Unit

0.6769

C-F

2530.049 kN / 6.228 cm

C-F

2320.528 kN / 6.499 cm

12

Garments Manufacturing Enterprise in Gjirokastra

0.7016

LIN

7037.882 kN / 0.228 cm

LIN

8609.665 kN / 4.028 cm

13

Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Engine overhaul unit)

0.7443

LS - CP

1215.755 kN / 5.227 cm

LS - CP

1053.660 kN / 6.477 cm

14

Cable Car mechanical plant Shkoder - Assembling unit 2

0.7554

LS - CP

3927.107 kN / 5.495 cm

LS - CP

2967.115 kN / 7.621cm

15

Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Mechanical workshop)

0.9146

LS - CP

6350.933 kN / 10.936 cm

LS - CP

6285.093 kN / 9.218 cm

16

Former Detergent Factory in Kucove

1.0447

C-F

1633.967Kn / 12.069cm

C-F

1629.336Kn / 12.22 cm

17

Metal processing Factory in Gjirokastra

1.0457

CP - C

4696.926 kN / 2.57 cm

C-F

3826.135 kN / 4.126 cm

18

Wire plant Shkoder - Horizontal Enamels Unit

1.0479

LS - CP

1348.425 kN / 10.038 cm

C-F

1034.120 kN / 9.992 cm

19

Wire plant Shkoder - Extension of the Cables Unit

1.1818

C-F

2593.158 kN / 11.159 cm

C-F

2440.988 kN / 10.024 cm

187

Figure 141- Location of the oscillation period of the 19 former industrial buildings inside the response spectrum

In terms of oscillation period, here we see that the majority of the buildings (14 from 19) in the first mode, have a period of oscillation less than 0.8, the rest is between 0.8 seconds and 1.1818 seconds (Figure 141). In terms of performance point: -

In the Y direction, 10 of the buildings, under the earthquake design, perform between Life Safety and Collapse Prevention; 3 of them perform between Collapse and Failure; 2 of them between Collapse Prevention and Collapse; 3of them perform between Immediate Occupancy and Life Safety and only one has its performance point in the linear behaviour of the structure.

-

In the X direction, 8 of the buildings perform between Collapse and Failure; 2 of them perform between Collapse Prevention and Collapse; 6 of them perform between Life Safety and Collapse Prevention; 1 perform between the linear behaviour and the Immediate Occupancy point and 2 perform into the linear behaviour.

In terms of reuse of the buildings, since the majority of the buildings has their performance point beyond the Life safety point, this means that they cannot be used for any sort of public use function because they are not safe. Also form the correlation between the Table and the Graph we see that the lower the oscillation period the better the performance of the buildings. Relatively speaking, (LS – CP). So in terms of a global strategy of intervention 188

for former industrial buildings with a reinforced concrete frame structure is overall mass reduction to decrease the oscillation period.

Mass reduction can bring increase of inter story drifts and general displacement of the buildings, especially of those with more than 3 floors and with mass concentration in one region of the building.

In order to reduce the mass, one solution is to remove partially the infill masonry (URM) and to replace it with steel bracing.

High buildings during their lifetime are subject to dynamic loads continuously, caused by the wind, seismic oscillations, vibrations caused by machineries. In some cases, under the action of strong earthquakes, structures undergo large displacements and may suffer significant structural damage, and even be destroyed.

The most dangerous consequence of the earthquake is the collapse of the building caused by large displacements of the structure. Therefore, the structure should have sufficient ductility which is imperative to limit the displacements, thus the Force - Displacement effect will be smaller. This can be accomplished by placing to the structure elements that stiffener it, such as a shear walls or steel braces, or dumpers.

3.5.

Strengthening methodology

“The choice of the strengthening method and the level of interference is a rather multifaceted process, because many factors of different nature come into play. The fundamental parameters governing structural responses to seismic actions are: stiffness, strength and ductility. Consequently, selective strengthening strategies are referred to as stiffness, strength, ductility or a combination of them. There are issues that affect this process such as socio-economic issues, cost-benefit factor and importance of the building, work duration, conditioned utilization of the building, functionality and compatibility with the intervention and the architecture of the building. In any case the selection of the strengthening strategy to adopt and its implementation should be developed based on the results of a preliminary structural assessment accurate. The retrofit strategies can be classified into two major groups:” (Furtado, Rodrigues, Varum & Costa, 2017) -

Global structural system intervention techniques;

-

Member intervention techniques for RC elements.

“The global structural system intervention techniques strategies are adequate if the most elements are weak and have a good behavior when submitted to seismic actions.

In the case of structures in which many of their elements have a poor performance when submitted to seismic actions, the member intervention technique strategy will be 189

sufficient to ensure a good structural response. In most cases the best solution for improving the seismic behavior performance of the structures involves the combination of solutions belonging to these two big families of strategies. Whatever the strategy adopted, this should not affect the structural behavior and particularly the safety of any structural member.” (Furtado, Rodrigues, Varum & Costa, 2017) 3.5.1. Global structural system intervention techniques

“The strengthening techniques associated with a global strengthening strategy are in most of the cases less costly than the intervention in all structural members, especially if these types of intervention require temporary interdiction of the building, demolition and/or reconstruction of nonstructural elements such as masonry infill walls or false ceilings. The most well know, economics and efficient global strengthening techniques are: addition of RC structural shear walls, addition of steel braces with and without energy dissipation device or shear links, base seismic isolation, mass reduction or another techniques including tuned mass and liquid dampers or hybrid combination of active and passive energy dissipation device”. (Furtado, Rodrigues, Varum & Costa, 2014)

The selection of the optimum retrofit solution is a complex procedure that depends on several technical and socio-economical parameters.

The retrofitting solutions also depend on the target performance level of the structures, which is based on selective or overall modification of stiffness, strength, and ductility of structures (Thermou, Pantazopoulou, and Elnashai, 2007) Considering the importance of structure, target life, extent of deficiency of the structures, the economic viability, availability of the materials and technical resources, and the expected life after retrofitting; RC shear wall, steel cross bracing and RC jacketing are proposed as the practically feasible and economically viable retrofitting solutions for existing vulnerable RC buildings. These proposed retrofitting solutions are effective lateral force resisting systems and significantly increases the seismic performance of the structures (Calvi, 2013), Added concrete walls are very popular for seismic retrofitting of concrete buildings. A simple and cost-effective way of adding walls is to infill with reinforced concrete (RC) selected bays of the existing frame, especially on the perimeter (Guri, Lluka, Luca, 2015) A steel bracing system also has several advantages that make it another effective alternative for providing additional lateral stiffness and strength to the structure (Varum, Teixeira-Dias, Marques, Pinto, and Bhatti 2013)

190

These are easy to apply, and they can be applied externally without disturbance to the building’s occupants. The steel has a high strength-to-weight ratio, thus the additional mass added to the structure is less, compared to the introduction of a RC structural wall. RC jacketing on the other hand, is effective in correcting specific deficiencies in strength and /or deformation capacity in the structures. It significantly improves the shear capacity, flexural strength and ductility of damaged or weak members in the structures. (Elsokkary, Galal, 2009).

3.6.

Seismic retrofit with the help of steel braced systems

The seismic retrofit of existing buildings is a difficult task due to many factors, such as architectural constraints, the cost of closing the building (or part thereof) during the duration of the work, or the existence of very reinforced frames due to increased seismic requirements determined by retrofit strategy. Also concentrically braced frames can be considered as a simple and effective retrofit system, particularly when inter story drifts should be limited, (in our case the majority of former industrial buildings have great inter story drifts). (Berman, Celik, Bruneau, 2005) The concept is to design systems that are strong enough to resist seismic forces and also light enough not to require further reinforcements. For more, would be even better if these systems could be built without requiring the removal of people from existing buildings.

Concentrically Braced Frames (CBF) are generally used in new buildings and retrofitted ones to resist earthquakes providing lateral stiffness, strength and ductility. However, under the action of cyclic load, the progressive loss of compression force and energy distribution affects the hysteresis bending. To improve hysteretic characteristics of frames is often used cold formed steel studs (CFSSA) in non-structural dividing walls to limit steel braces sideward against connections and increase their seismic performance. This may require special designs of CFSSA parts, to resist in a flexible way to forces out of the plane at the beginning of the connection. Many theoretical and experimental studies have studied the cyclic inelastic and complex behavior of steel braced systems. Meanwhile, steel braced systems have merit in applications of seismic retrofitting and there is no guide to help an engineer to distinguish which of these actions is preferable in terms of providing rigidity, ductility, maximum displacement, and distribution of hysteretic energy of a given accumulated force. (Berman, Celik, Bruneau, 2005) In terms of global intervention, the use of steel braced system in frame structures is a very efficient and economical to resist horizontal forces. This structure consists of the usual 191

columns and beams, whose main goal is to resist gravitational loads, and diagonal elements that form braced systems which are connected with the upper mentioned so that all elements form in total a cantilever truss, to withstand horizontal loading. Diagonal elements and beams behave as truss net elements, while the columns to behave as truss horizontal elements. Steel braced systems are efficient because the diagonals work in axial strain and therefore require smaller size of the elements in providing rigidity, horizontal resistance against shear forces. (Coull, Stafford Smith, 1991) Three typologies are used in buildings today, and they are: crossed braced, Chevron and eccentric. Crossed braced systems are often analyzed by structural engineers because they work only in tension. Chevron braced system are used in buildings where is required free space between braced elements. Eccentric braced system allow the placement of doors, arches, passageways and chambers and are commonly used in seismic regions to disperse the energy of the earthquake in the principal beam and the connection point beam-braced system. Braced frames are more economical compared to rigid ones.

3.7.

Retrofit process

Structure and architecture may be connected in an extensive variety of ways from the complete control of the architecture by the structure to total indifference of structural necessities in the purpose of both the form of a building and of its aesthetic behavior. In this relation we can see how architecture become structure and how the structure becomes architecture, how the structure is seen as ornament, how, due to the aesthetic of the building, we can see the ornamentation of the structure, or how the structure can be a form generator, or the most important one how in the same.

In order to verify the upper mentioned arguments, in this thesis all the former industrial buildings that have a performance level more than Life Safety are strengthened with steel brace system. All of them have the same diameter of brace, which varies from 1.5 to 2.5 cm, and the same configuration.

The seismic performance is the most important aspect of the nonlinear analysis. Through graphical and analytical procedures, is intended to predict the effect of a seismic spectrum on a specific building. In the case of these buildings reinforced with steel braced system, we notice an improvement of the seismic performance. This means less damages and greater stiffness for the building. Below is a comparison in graphical form of the seismic performance for 16 RC former industrial buildings (from Figure 142 to Figure 157). (Guri, Lluka, Luca, 2015) 192

In addition, the configuration of the steel braced system was done taking into consideration the possible reuse of the buildings and not to increase to much the shear force because otherwise an intervention should be done to the foundation system in order for them to withstand the increased force beyond their capacity. In some cases, we may see that the performance point is in the same zone. This fact is not to be worried because in all the cases we see a better distribution of plastic hinges, thus a better distribution of damages in the buildings.

In Table 3 we see the comparison between the displacement and the maximum shear force (performance point) in the X direction, Y direction. This is expressed in terms of percentage of change. Furthermore, we see a comparison between the oscillation period before

and

after

the

strengthening.

193

Figure 142 - Strengthening of the former detergent factory in Kucova

194

Figure 143 - Strengthening of the former wood processing factory in Shkodra

195

Figure 144 - Strengthening of the former metal processing factory in Gjirokastra

196

Figure 145 - Strengthening of the former wire plant / wiring unit in Shkodra

197

Figure 146 - Strengthening of the former mechanical plant / mechanical wokshop in Kuçova

198

Figure 147 - Strengthening of the former mechanical plant / engine overhaul unit in Kuçova

199

Figure 148 - Strengthening of the former wire plant / horizontal enamels unit in Shkodra

200

Figure 149 - Strengthening of the former wire plant / extension of the cables unit in Shkodra

201

Figure 150 - Strengthening of the former paper processing factory in Shkodër

202

Figure 151 - Strengthening of the former tarpaulin factory in Kuçovë

203

Figure 152 - Strengthening of the former wood processing factory in Shkodër (plywood production)

204

Figure 153 - Strengthening of the former mechanical plant in Shkodër (Foundry Department)

205

Figure 154 - Strengthening of the former mechanical plant in Kuçovë (Total overhaul unit)

206

Figure 155 - Strengthening of the former wire plant in Shkodër (Mechanical Metal Cutting Unit)

207

Figure 156 - Strengthening of the cable car mechanical plant in Shkodër / Assembling unit 1

208

Figure 157 - Strengthening of the former cable car mechanical plant in Shkodër - Assembling unit 2

209

BEFORE STRENGTHENING

AFTER STRENGTHENING

RESULTS

Period (sek) / First mode

PP (y)

Shear force/ Maximum displacement (Y direction)

PP (x)

Shear force/ Maximum displacement (X direction)

% of change in the period

% of change in the carrying capacity Y

% of change in the displace ment Y

% of change in the carrying capacity X

% of change in the displace ment X

3955.888 kN / 4.455 cm

0.4347

IO - LS

4726.475 kN / 4.354 cm

LS - CP

4575.458 kN / 4.455 cm

12.97

2.508

1.677

13.541

0.000

LS - CP

1218.345 kN / 5.382 cm

0.3987

IO - LS

1510.524 kN / 4.321 cm

IO - LS

1518.078 kN / 4.603 cm

20.94

23.304

-5.045

19.744

-16.924

4730.01 kN / 4.645 cm

C-F

3804.127 kN / 4.817 cm

0.4859

IO - LS

5072.072 kN / 4.589 cm

IO - LS

5471.168 kN / 4.872 cm

4.69

6.744

-1.220

30.470

1.129

LS - CP

4912.365 kN / 4.096 cm

LS - CP

4605.636 kN / 4.632 cm

0.4918

IO - LS

5173.732 kN / 4.257 cm

IO - LS

4871.668 kN / 4.009 cm

5.97

5.052

3.782

5.461

-15.540

0.5808

LS - CP

7188.170 kN / 7.799 cm

CP - C

7690.952 kN / 5 cm

0.557

IO - LS

8001.423 kN / 7.289 cm

LS - CP

8976.637 kN / 5.014 cm

4.10

10.164

-6.997

14.323

0.279

Former Tarpaulin Factory in Kucove

0.5809

LS - CP

1388.831 kN / 6.408 cm

C-F

1385.328 kN / 6.374 cm

0.5398

LS - CP

1803.912 kN / 5.645cm

LS - CP

1676.02 kN / 5.861 cm

7.08

23.010

-13.516

17.344

-8.753

9

Wood processing factory in Shkodra (Plywood production)

0.6021

LS - CP

2326.032 kN / 6.94 cm

LS - CP

2409.987 kN / 7.604 cm

0.5154

IO - LS

2593.973 kN / 5.351 cm

LS - CP

3134.926 kN / 6.528 cm

14.40

10.329

-29.695

23.149

-16.483

10

Wood processing factory in Shkodra (Chair production)

0.6029

LS - CP

22291.575 kN / 2.627 cm

LS - CP

16738.2 kN / 4.061 cm

0.5314

IO-LS

23211.277 kN / 2.713 cm

IO-LS

19099.682 kN / 3.849cm

11.86

3.962

3.170

12.364

-5.508

11

Wire plant Shkoder - Wiring Unit

0.6769

C-F

2530.049 kN / 6.228 cm

C-F

2320.528 kN / 6.499 cm

0.5688

LS - CP

3597.892 kN / 5.572 cm

LS - CP

3719.201 kN / 5.845 cm

15.97

29.680

-11.773

37.607

-11.189

12

Garments Manufacturing Enterprise in Gjirokastra

0.7016

LIN

7037.882 kN / 0.228 cm

LIN

8609.665 kN / 4.028 cm

13

Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Engine overhaul unit)

0.7443

LS - CP

1215.755 kN / 5.227 cm

LS - CP

1053.660 kN / 6.477 cm

0.628

LS - CP

1439.022 kN / 5.169 cm

LS - CP

1514.449 kN / 6.226 cm

15.63

15.515

-1.122

30.472

-4.031

14

Cable Car mechanical plant Shkoder - Assembling unit 2

0.7554

LS - CP

3927.107 kN / 5.495 cm

LS - CP

2967.115 kN / 7.621cm

0.6533

LS - CP

4229.563 kN / 5.576 cm

IO -LS

3997.970 kN / 7.926 cm

13.52

7.151

1.453

25.784

3.848

15

Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Mechanical workshop)

0.9146

LS - CP

6350.933 kN / 10.936 cm

LS - CP

6285.093 kN / 9.218 cm

0.8324 IO -LS

LS - CP

7453.38 kN / 9.202 cm

8.99

18.042

-2.282

15.675

-0.174

16

Former Detergent Factory in Kucove Metal processing Factory in Gjirokastra Wire plant Shkoder - Horizontal Enamels Unit

1.0447

C-F

C-F

LS - CP

LS - CP

23.531

-3.534

35.933

-6.613

0.9601

LS - CP

8.19

30.317

17.944

26.602

-31.990

1.0479

LS - CP

0.865

LS - CP

2543.162Kn / 11.462cm 5212.845 kN / 3.126 cm 1478.459 Km / 9.103 cm

6.49

CP - C

1629.336Kn / 12.22 cm 3826.135 kN / 4.126 cm 1034.120 kN / 9.992 cm

0.9769

1.0457

1633.967Kn / 12.069cm 4696.926 kN / 2.57 cm 1348.425 kN / 10.038 cm

25.760

-13.784

30.054

-9.766

1.1818

C-F

1.0357

LS - CP

17.500

-6.094

45.070

-26.950

Name

Period (sek) / First mode

PP (y)

Shear force/ Maximum displacement (Y direction)

PP (x)

Shear force/ Maximum displacement (X direction)

1

Shoe textile factory in Shkodra

0.2262

IO - LS

2

Wire plant Shkoder - Extension of the Packaging Unit

0.3826

IO - LS

2913.97 kN / 1.237 cm 3561.314 kN / 3.729 cm

LIN IO LIN

3041.667 kN / 0.847 cm 67.363 kN / 0.634 cm

3

Cable Car mechanical plant Shkoder - Assembling unit 1

0.4995

LS - CP

4607.942 kN / 4.281 cm

C-F

4

Wire plant Shkoder -Extension (Mechanical Metal Cutting Unit )

0.5043

LS - CP

1158.506 kN / 4.539 cm

5

Mechanical Plant in Kucove (Total overhaul unit)

0.5098

IO - LS

6

Mechanical Plant in Shkodër (Foundry Department)

0.523

7

Paper processing factory in Shkodra

8

17 18 19

Wire plant Shkoder - Extension of the Cables Unit

2593.158 kN / 11.159 cm

C-F C-F C-F

2440.988 kN / 10.024 cm

7748.996 kN / 10.692 cm 2136.783 kN / 11.657 cm 6740.392 kN / 3.132 1816.297Kn / 8.822 cm 3143.224 kN / 10.518 cm

LS - CP LS - CP LS - CP

4443.780 kN / 7.896 cm

17.45 12.36

Table 3 - Comparison before and after strengthening

210

Conclusions (Third Chapter) 

Reinforced building resulted in a better performance than that without reinforcement. Improvement was observed in two main directions, the carrying capacity and displacements form the seismic spectrum.



The increase of the carrying capacity is explained by the redistribution of forces, thus avoiding local collapses. Besides carrying capacity in shear, we can also justify the use of steel braces as improving the deformed shape and the overall ductility of the structures.



The carrying capacity in the Y direction was increased 15.786%, in the X direction the carrying capacity was increased 23.974%. In overall for all the structures we see an increase in the carrying capacity of 19.88% in both directions.



Regarding the displacement of the structures, in the Y direction, we see 4.2% decrease of displacement. In the X direction we see 9.292% decrease of displacement of the structures. In overall we have 6.74% of decrease of the displacement.



In terms of oscillation period. In overall we see 9.5% decrease of oscillation period in the first mode. Thus, the posed hypothesis at the beginning of this chapter was verified. With the decrease of the oscillation period resulted in the increase of the performance of the building in terms of carrying capacity, displacement and damage distribution.



Because of the seismicity of Albania and the lack of seismic requirements in the design code of the time, the structural retrofit is a crucial procedure in all the buildings constructed before 1990. The structural retrofit should be a procedure that does not destroy the memory of the building and of all the surrounding, but a procedure to maintain all the memory



The choice of steel braced system was done not only form all the upper mentioned arguments but also for economic reasons. The price in Albania for 1ml of 15mm steel cable is 280ALL (2 euro). So this small amount of money can bring back a whole memory in Albania.

211

Chapter 4 - THE REUSE OF ALBANIAN INDUSTRIAL ARCHEOLOGY AS AN APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY AND CONSERVATION The objective of this research is that of disclosure of certain policies or principles by which we can restores abandoned industrial areas.

The initial hypothesis is that such a space can be improved by increasing the userfriendliness, its flexibility and the hybridization of functions that can be developed within it.

The methodology how to verify this hypothesis passes through the analysis of the abandoned space in the current situation, the construction of a scenario that combines the above-mentioned strategies and the verification of them through simulated studies of the space in a thesis.

The expected outcome of this verification is that of creating a space that is able to revitalize the surroundings and the context where it is placed.

In order to start the verification process and building up principles and strategies lets first analyze some study cases and have a closer look at the strategies used to re-use these specific types of buildings.

4.1.

Implementation of strategies into the Albanian context

Hypothesis: The initial hypothesis is that such a space can be recovered by increasing the accessibility, its flexibility and the hybridization of functions that can be developed within it.

As seen in many examples, prior reusing a certain former industrial facility, the first thing to be done is to increase its accessibility.

First, it needs to be accessible by everyone with every mean.

In the Albanian context, this is in some extend feasible, because as mentioned in the first chapter, the majority of former industrial facilities are located inside the city, so accessibility in terms of infrastructure is somehow possible.

212

In terms of ownership accessibility: This is somehow complicated. Not all the former industrial buildings are easily accessible, because the majority of them are privately owned, thus the physical accessibility some time is denied. In terms of policy making, even though they are privatized, they should be accessible for researchers and people interested in this field.

With accessibility in this thesis is not meant only the physical access but also the documentation accessibility. During the preparation of this dissertation, there were many difficulties encountered in terms of documentation. That is why one of the major goals of this thesis is to make accessible some of the information’s that are not easily accessed.

The approachability of former industrial facilities, as seen in the second chapter, is in some extend divided into three different typologies.

The first one (See figure 92) is the one that the entire industrial zone is located in a certain area of the city. This is the typical example of Shkodra. They perform as a separate pole or nucleus of the city, not connected to the rest of the living organism as the city is.

Previously was the industrial pole, now is the abandoned pole, future to be the integrated pole of the city The second one (See figure 66) is the one that all the industrial facilities are connected through a national or a local road. This is the typical example of Gjirokastra. They perform as detached arteries from the rest of the city.

The third one is the one that the former industrial facilities don’t have a certain pattern in terms of accessibility inside the city (See figure 81). This is the case of Kuçova, where the former industrial buildings are located in the core of the city, or better the city evolved around them. Each one of them creates a separate pole inside the city.

The increase of flexibility and hybridization of functions is the second hypothesis that was verified in the upper mentioned examples as a way how former industrial building can be brought back to live and needs to be implemented in to the Albanian context.

In order to increase the flexibility of adaption of this typology of structures the first thing to do is to check their structural conditions. In the majority of cases, a deep structural intervention is needed, in both primary elements and secondary elements such as enclosures and other nonstructural elements. These structures were constructed for a very rigid typology of function, production. Consequently, to reduce this rigidity and to increase 213

its flexibility, case-by-case studies are needed. Nevertheless, the advantage while working with former industrial buildings is the space that they offer. In the majority of cases we see spaces that go till 12x12 meter and up to 9 meters in height. This is a huge space to be used and to be modified in order to fit to the new function purpose.

The hybridization of function is another component that needs to be considered in order to achieve the expected results in terms of reuse and revitalization of former industrial buildings.

The hybridization is directly connected with the accessibility and the typology of structures.

It is very important to understand that the hybridization is based on a system. Not only a single building, but the whole system. The system should interact with the surroundings, should seek a stronger rapport with the town itself, should interact with the existing residents and should use the concepts / principles of reuse. Reuse can be in the sense of buildings, materials, products, but not only.

Hybridization, as mentioned previously, is an element that is linked with the distribution of the former industrial buildings inside the city.

In cases like Shkodra, where the former industrial buildings are all located inside a certain zone of a city, the new function should take into consideration the whole complex not just some of them. Thus, functions such as university campus or research centers are more than acceptable. In the case of Shkodra this is very feasible because of the university of Shkodra.

In the case of Gjirokastra and similar historic cities, where the former industrial buildings are located in a linear way inside the city, the reuse and revitalization process should take into consideration the historic layer of the city and should recall these elements inside the hybridization of functions process.

In the case where the former / existing industrial buildings are speed out all over the city, like the case of Kucova, the most important detail is the integration of such buildings with the rest of the city, both in architectural and environmental ways.

Anyway, all these cases should share the same strategy of reuse: The architectural concept

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A strong point of the architectural concept is the decomposition of the industrial object and identification of some components, such as typical industrial columns, cover with triangular elements, and lighthouses for illumination, to be reused in different parts of the new object. Given by B.Tschumi thesis

"Parc de la Villette" in its publication

"CinegramFolie: Le Parc de la Villette", New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1988, where he defines in the territory some existing signs / elements and by reusing and putting them together in another way, he managed to compose another shape / silhouette of the complex. (Luca, 2017) New ways of re-composition can also be found in all the former industrial buildings in Albania. They provide almost the same situation. In this way, a new concept of industrial building will emerge while maintaining its history, highlighting old and new components.

In order for all the upper mentioned strategies to be applied, they need to become official and need to be added to the current policies related the privatization of former industrial buildings In the Albanian reality, where most of former industrial buildings are privatized, the first approach from the policy makers is that nothing can be done. Nevertheless, the history showed that even though these properties are privatized, still there is much to do in local and central level of governance.

THE END? Is this the end? No, this is just the beginning of a long journey for the Albanian Industrial Archeology.

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