Faculty of Planning, Environment and Urban Management - 2019-2020 Thesis collection Book

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

STUDENT’S THESIS

FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN MANAGMENT.

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POLIS UN [PROJECTING ALBANIA] Ideas generated from research and thesis works 2019-2020 autor: POLIS UNIVERSITY - Faculty of Environment and Urban Management(FPMMU). copyright: POLIS UNIVERSITY printed by: layout & design: Dr. Artan Kacani

POLIS UNIVERSITY contact: Rr. Bylis 12, Autostrada Tiranë-Durrës, Km 5, Kashar Kodi Postar 1051, Kutia Postare 2995 Tiranë, Albania Tel:+355.(0)4.2407420 / +355.(0)4.2407421 Fax:+355. (0)4.2407422 Mob:+355 (0) 69 40 88 111 Email:contact@universitetipolis.edu.al Website:www.universitetipolis.edu.al

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NIVERSITY ACKNOWLEGMENT POLIS University is a private university founded in 2006 as a spinoff entity of Co-PLAN / Institute for Habitat Development, a non for profit organization established since 1995. POLIS represents an experimental, avant-garde, and progressive university with main focus on raising human capacities in fields of architecture, urban planning, art design, environmental studies, energy efficiency and civil engineering. It was in 2011 that the first generation of POLIS students graduated, and most of the graduates were soon after employed at public and private administration or self-employed in their own private studios.

The publication presented is a modest summary of the ideas coming from Research Thesis Works of the graduates of Bachelor Programs (3-year programs, full-time, 180 ECTS); Professional Masters Programs (2 year-programs, part-time, 90 ECTS), Master of Science Programs (2 year-programs, full time, 120 ECTS) and Integrated Master of Science Programs (5 year-programs, full-time, 300 ECTS).

On the occasion of this publication POLIS University would like to acknowledge the great role of the academic staff and tutors, the hard and excellent work of students, and all passion and commitment of their families and support staff.

We have joined efforts and are doing our best to build a better country and fairer society and to do this we have chosen the way of investing in human capital because we strongly believe that it is through this investment that the progress and development of this country will come.

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Dr. Prof. Besnik Aliaj POLIS University Rector Doc. Sotir Dhamo POLIS University Administrator

Dear friends of POLIS, In these few lines, we would like to share with you some values,

processes and scientific works, including thesis works from

ideas, and efforts that led us to the establishment of POLIS and

the graduation process. Although this is just the beginning,

its further consolidation as an institution of education and

through these tools POLIS has created discussions and

alternative intellectual ideas. Together with other co-founder

debates on topics almost untouched by Albanian society

colleagues of POLIS, members of the “generation of changes”

in relevant professional fields of design and city sciences,

in the ’90s, we were all witnesses and participants of the

making younger generation realize that there are many

events that occurred in Albania before and after the change.

ways of solving concrete problems. Opening the mind and a

Considering this, POLIS aims to test the social impact of a new

positive approach to problems are an important part of the

generation of alternatively educated students in the fields

transmission of “secret knowledge” and its translation into

of architecture, urban and environmental planning, applied

action. In essence, we strongly believe in the real possibility of

design, and engineering. Thus, Polis tries to influence the

positive change and growth of the Albanian society!

entire society by viewing the educational process as a form

POLIS aims to set an example as an expert group

of optimism which enables continuity and growth through

bringing alternative ideas to development policies; we

the transmission of knowledge and confidence to students.

think that policy is not only done by the politicians but

We would not consider our job complete if we transmit to

needs professional expertise. In the Albanian context, in

our students expertise and passion only in these areas; above

which scientific research with practical value has so far been

all, we must equip students with the ability to transform such

discontinued and does not correspond to the international

fields in Albania.

standards, for POLIS and the generation of researchers and

Trust in the concept of partnership, processes and

talented young people, research and innovation are a way to

debate, practical experience at a higher academic level, are the

help development. This is why POLIS aims to go beyond its

basis of the DNA inherited from Co-PLAN, a community-based

academic role as an institution. To do this, beside two faculties,

organization founded in the early ‘90s which later became an

it has now established also the Research and Development

institution of training and a promoter of good governance,

Institute(RDI), as well as a experimental center for innovation

author of many projects thanks to the assistance of

(IF).

international and local funding. In this sense, as an institution,

The complexity of issues of Albanian reality is

POLIS is a reflection of how we have tried to involve, work, and

among the most challenging, and their confrontation with

learn. Within its extended family, Polis has already generated

the expertise and the international consultancy of academic

several initiatives, social movements and trends of different

institutions becomes even more complex. Such exchange and

natures which aim to bring new perspectives to society.

confrontation with international partners with whom POLIS

An important role here is also played by the academic

has established institutional partnerships, will enable us to

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overcome the “monopoly of mind” which still “holds hostage” the knowledge and information in Albania and isolates it from younger generations. Beyond that, we strongly believe in the ability to bring innovation to our areas of interest and to impact society. Therefore thesis research works has been one important instrument. All these factors made POLIS a reference point within the country, with the respect of academic circles and associations of higher education in Europe. This is also reflected in the recently granted “Research University’ status and the certification of the programmatic and institutional accreditation.

POLIS is a private institution but it has a clear social mission determined by its origin. The university includes many volunteering and social responsibility activities, expressed in the assistance provided for marginalized local authorities and people in need, in the assistance provided to local governments and the governments in general, through volunteer work and assistance which is manifested in free consultancy projects, awareness campaigns on social problems, etc. Similarly important to us is the educational and research motto ‘…Being good professional means first of all to know how to give love to people…’. In this regard POLIS is a long term project, in which we want to share our modest efforts with others because we believe that in this way we can better achieve our social mission!

We continue to hold the conviction that in order to change the world, one must dream. Thus, do not hesitate to join us sharing our space for thought!

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FPMMU Faculty of Environment and Urban Management

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Urban Planning 1. 5-years, Integrated Master of Science, full time, 300 ECTS

Environmental Studies 1. Bachelor Studies (Full-time, 180 ECTS, 3 years) 2. Master of Science (Full or Part-time, 120 ECTS, 2 years)

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Prof. Dr. Sherif Lushaj Dean of the Faculty of Urban and Environmental Planning. FPMMU

The

Faculty

of

Environmental

Planning

and

research approach varies until the final presentation, this

Management is one of the three main faculties of Polis

aims at carrying out original study work, in consultation

University. Where programs such as Environmental Studies

with academic staff, stakeholder groups and responsible

(Bachelor, Urban Planning and Management, Master’s in Urban

institutions. Diverse terms in the field of urban planning

Environmental Management, Professional Master’s Degree’s

such as local and regional planning, infrastructure, transport,

aim to equip future generations to think long and hard

sustainable development, or environmental challenges from

about their impact in the world. Numerous environmental

degradation, pollution, nature conservation and regeneration

issues both globally and nationally turning to special

and impact that these challenges has on the human health has

attention through these study programs. The tradition of

been prepared by the students. A particular focus has been

environmental education and planning in Albania is relatively

given on important topics such are; damaged areas, hazardous

new. Environmental experts completing the Master’s program

areas, the global warming and climate change pollution of

in Urban Environmental Management and planning fill a gap

aquatic environments by plastics and activities, conservation

in the labor market at different levels of local and central

of natural resources etc. Recently, starting from the national

government, in both the private and public sectors.

emergency of the year, new topics has been prepared by the

The curricula and topics included in the teaching

students to address the problems of the hazardous areas

process and diploma preparation of the Master’s program go

with the build environment. These interdisciplinarity of the

hand in hand with national and global priorities of territorial

topics have targeted scientific findings and spared innovative

planning and environmental protection. In line with the

approach proposals for application.

mission and vision of the University, aiming at an in-depth

Themes, objectives and subject matter are part

specialization of students, who have completed the first cycle

of the knowledge dissemination of academic staff and

studies in the same or similar fields in both environment and

students, studio work and the use of extensive literature. The

in the Urban Planning programs.

themes relate to sustainable urban development, sensitivity

The Diploma Book, reflected in this publication, is a

to the social, economic and political needs of our society,

summary document of all diploma topics, prepared by students

global problems and paradigms for urban planning and the

in the Master/ bachelor programs in Urban Environmental

environment, this experience shared with schools with which

Management and in Urban Planning and Management,

the University collaborates. In this edition, the reader will

graduated in academic years 2019-2020 at POLIS University.

find the diploma topics for which students have dedicated

The preparation of the thesis as a comprehensive process,

their passion, will and precious time. These papers reflect not

starting with the student’s consciousness and vision for the

only the scientific achievements that students have acquired

purpose. The implementation of new methodologies and

during their studies, but also their perspective, desire and

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vision for the environment, urban planning and territorial protection, and the increasing contribution to society. Some have focused on the creation of new waste management models; others have addressed the problems of protected area management, and others on abandonment of rural areas, affordable housing, locally developed plans, decentralization, transport, regional links, community development, landscape resource protection and many more. In the diploma thesis of Master of Urban Environmental Management in Urban Planning program students have addressed the problems of their field professionally and technically by proposing alternatives of urban development with professionalism in attempt to transform Albanian society into concepts and mentality of advanced urban planning and environmental protection, population health, increased well-being and sustainable development. By graduating with a Master’s Degree Program in Urban Planning and Management, students combine theoretical knowledge with experience to address complex issues.

Polis University, under the slogan “space for thinking” and the Faculty concerned, will continuously support the professional courage and social concern of future professionals.

The faculty remains committed to increasing the level of diplomas, so that they become valid with the conclusions and

recommendations

addressed

to

decision-making,

policy-making and interest groups. Students become skilled professionals in their field, able to withstand the challenges of the time, goals for urban planning and environmental protection.

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URBAN PLANNING Faculty of Environment and Urban Management

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2019-2020

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Urban Planning 2019-2020 THESIS LIST FROM URBAN PLANNING ENXHI GJIKA 14 DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL TOURISM IN THE ALBANIAN RIVIERA. CASE STUDY DHËRMI VILLAGE. KEJSI RUSTEMAJ 16 PROMOTING CIRCULATING ECONOMY THROUGH PUBLIC PROCUREMENT SYSTEM. CASE STUDY: MUNICIPALITY OF TIRANA. PAOLA ZHAMO 18 REHABILITATION ABILITY OF THE PERIURBANE AREAS OF TIRANA AGAINST THE IMPACT OF FLOODS. CASE STUDY IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT VAQARR. SIDORELA MERLINKA 20 NATURE BASED SOLUTIONS, WAYS TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY IN TIRANA. TEA SHAHOLLARI 22 DECARBONIZATION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN TIRANA. ANDREA RAPO 24 ENERGY TRANSITION IN URBAN AREAS, ITS PLANNING THROUGH TECHNOLOGICAL ADAPTATION. ARDIT SADIKU 26 GIS AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND PROMOTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ELBASAN. ENI IMAKU 28 URBANIZATION OF THE INFORMAL AREA THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF LAND READJUSTMENT. FABIANA CELA 30 CITY BRANDING FOR THE ALBANIAN CITIES. CASE STUDY VLORA CITY. 12

PETRULA JANAQI 32 EVALUATION OF ACCESSIBILITY AND “WALKABILITY” IN THE CITY OF TIRANA. RAIMON ALLMUCA 34 DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE AGROTURISM IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF TIRANA. STUDY CASES: FARKA LAKE AND MUMAJA VILLAGE. REA MUKA 36 CO-EXISTENCE OF URBAN CULTURAL HERITAGE WITH FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CITY OF TIRANA THROUGH LAND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT INSTRUMENTS. RESI MUHO 38 REVITALIZATION OF THE PUBLIC SQUARES. THE CASE STUDIES: GJIROKASTËR MUNICIPALITY.

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL TOURISM IN THE ALBANIAN RIVIERA. CASE STUDY DHËRMI VILLAGE Student: Supervisor:

Enxhi GJIKA

Prof. Dr. GODIVA REMBECI, Dr. Eranda Janku, Msc. LEDIO ALLKJA, Msc. Amanda Terpo.

Abstract: The current situation in the Albanian Riviera indicates that this territory is going through a major change throughout the recent years and it can be said that this area is changing its profile in many aspects. This destination is becoming the first choice for many tourists, because is well known as one of the richest areas represented with natural, cultural and touristic values: ancient churches, archeological research territories, small villages where traditional living is preserved, geographically marked coastal relief. The pressure due to the tourist flow causes the need for urban expansion, which in this case is very problematic. The construction outside of the urban planning criteria leads to the destruction of natural resources. The purpose of this study is to propose alternatives and recommendations for a successful ecological development along the Albanian Riviera.

The development in this area must be sustainable, in order to achieve ecological practices, because this development, according to the WTO, supports the conservation of resources and their long-term survival.

Sustainable development is a positive process, which should occur without degrading or wasting resources.

Lying in three dimensions, each with its own weight, in this paper, it becomes the object of study, ecologicalenvironmental, which includes the protection of environmental capacities and landscape values. The study perspective of development, in this case is the stability between the environment and development.

The development of sustainable tourism meets the needs of tourists and host regions, protects and improves the opportunity for the future. Analyzing the current situation and the lack of these ecological practices in our country leads us to the research question: “How can we develop ecological tourism in the Riviera area through ecological practices?”. Ecotourism includes a range of nature-based activities that encourage visitors to appreciate and understand the natural and cultural heritage and is achieved ecologically, economically and socially to be sustainable. Therefore, ecotourism is accepted as a kind of sustainable development, which is alternative. The ecotourism is not a universal remedy, but its a potential to promote sustainable development and deserves special attention. This study focuses on Dhërmi coastal village, which is one of the main villages with an ever-increasing influx of tourists during the summer season. Based on the components that make tourism more ecological, maximizing benefits and minimizing impacts, the factors that will be analyzed on the South Coast focusing on the aforementioned area are: accommodation structures and practices on how the service is provided. Service practices refer to the expended energy, which includes the treatment of waste and accumulation of water with natural origin. After analyzing and understanding the current situation, are made efforts to suggest concrete measures for the development of ecological tourism practices.

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PROMOTING CIRCULATING ECONOMY THROUGH PUBLIC PROCUREMENT SYSTEM. CASE STUDY: MUNICIPALITY OF TIRANA. Student: Supervisor:

Kejsi RUSTEMAJ

Dr. Eranda JANKU, Msc. Amanda TERPO

Abstract: The industrial world comes to life where natural resources are available and can be easily used for processing and production. Thus, the economic model on which enterprises and society operate today is mostly linear - “produce, use, throw”, mainly concentrated in urban areas. Among the concerns of governance and international politics is whether this kind of traditional ‘pattern’ can work in the long run, where we face various global challenges in parallel. The circular economy has already gained status as a powerful antidote to preventing or at least mitigate the negative impacts on the environment and climate. Although defined in many ways, the circulating economy is known as a sustainable economic model that completely eliminates or most of the waste, or recycles it, thus reducing the use of natural resources.

Like the private sector, public authority is an essential driving force in the enterprise and the promotion of an accomplished circulating model. Therefore, the research question of the study is how can the public authorities (Municipality of Tirana) operate in a circular economic model? Green public procurement (GPP) is a powerful tool in activating the circulating economy that encourages increased demand for green goods and services, promotes environmentally friendly markets, and sets strong guidelines for public institutions. This study aims to explain how public authorities, through the purchase of goods and services (public procurement), can accelerate the transition of the economic model as well as all other criteria that must be considered to standardize the practice of circulating procurement in the future.

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PROMOVIMI I EKONOMISË QARKULLUESE NËPËRMJET SISTEMIT TË

PROKURIMIT PUBLIK

BASHKIA TIRANË

KONTEKSTI AKTUAL

EKONIMI LINEARE

MARRJA E BURIMEVE

GLO BA

IM NIZ BA R IZIM U RIAL UST D IN IM LIZ

BURIME

SHPERNDARJA

KONSUMI

MBETJE

EKSTERNALITETE

LENDË E PARË

NEGATIVE

QYTETI

MJEDIS KONSUM I QE ND

A

AM

EL

IM

RIPERPUNIM

N MI

RIP ER D

EM ESH RU

MJEDIS

EKONIMI QARKULLUESE

IM / OR

LE

ALTERNATIVA JE M BE T

PRODHIMI

IN

IM

EJT

EB M

QYTETI

MJEDIS

MJEDIS

I QE DHIM NDRUES HE PRO M

EKONOMI E CENTRALIZUAR

DEMOKRACI

MODELI EKONOMIK SHQIPËTARË

KOMUNIZËM

PARA VITEVE 90’

LËVIZJE MIGRATORE DREJT QYTETEVE POLITIKA TË DOBËTA FISKALE BOMI I BIZNESEVE TE VOGËLA FAMILJARE HUMBJA E TOKAVE BUJQËSORE DHE PYJORE INFORMALITET NË TERRITOR DHE EKONOMI

DEMOKRACI TREG I LIRË PRONË PRIVATE

Zhvillimi urban

Konsumi jo i qëndrueshëm

Mungesa e stimujve ekonomikë

Ndotja historike e trashëguar

Lëvizja e pakontrolluar e popullsisë

Praktikat jo të efektshme të menaxhimit në fushën e shkarkimeve në mjedis

Mungesa e një sistemi të fortë monitorimi

KOMUNIZËM TREG I CENTRALIZUAR PRONË SHTETËRORE

PRONË PRIVATE

PAS VITEVE 90’

TRANZICIONI

VENDIMMARRJE NGA LART-POSHTË PRIORITET BUJQËSIA DHE INDUSTRIA PRONË PRIVATE E LIMITUAR

PROBLEMI KËRKIMOR

EKONOMI TREGU

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

F6

F7

FAKTORËT KRYESORË NDIKUES

Si të kalojmë me sukses në modelin ekonomik qarkullues, që përfshin një ekonomi të gjelbër, një të ardhme me veti ripërtëritëse ku nuk shfrytëzohen më fosilet si burim i vetëm energjie?

QËLLIMI PËRAFRIMI I PLANIFIKIMIT NË SHQIPËRI, NISUR ME BASHKINË TIRANË, ME ATË TË NJË NIVELI EUROPIAN.

OBJEKTIVA Të vlerësojë gjendjen aktuale të procesit të prokurimit publik në Shqipëri, mundësitë dhe sfidat me të cilat përballen bashkitë.

Të reflektojë mbi përvojat e vendeve të tjera europiane, në promovimin e ekonomisë qarkulluese nëpërmjet prokurimit publik bazuar me direktivat e BE-së.

Të zhvillojë një set rekomandimesh për mënyrën e zbatimit të GPP-së në procesin e prokurimit publik në bashkinë Tiranë

FPMMU FAKULTETI PLANIFIKIM, MJEDIS DHE MENAXHIM URBAN

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PEDAGOGË UDHËHEQË Msc Amanda TERPO, Dr. Eranda JANKU, Ledio ALLKJA, Dr. Godiva RËMBECI

PUNOI KEJSI RUSTEMAJ

REHABILITATION ABILITY OF THE PERIURBANE AREAS OF TIRANA AGAINST THE IMPACT OF FLOODS. CASE STUDY IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT VAQARR Student: Supervisor:

Paola ZHAMO

Prof. Dr. Godiva REMBECI, Dr. Eranda Janku, Msc. Ledio ALLKJA, Msc. Amanda TERPO.

Abstract: Nowadays, cities face the muchdiscussed phenomenon of urban sprawl as a result of the migration of people mainly from rural to urban areas, especially in the main centers, in search of better living and economic conditions. Due to various reasons, mainly economic, people are located on the outskirts of urban centers or otherwise called periurban areas where urban and rural characteristics intertwine. In Tirana, these areas are highly exposed to rapid and frequent land use changes and transformations thanks to population growth and consequently face various problems of a planning and environmental nature.

Flooding of water bodies in the study area is one of the main environmental problems which mainly comes as a result of increased intensity and frequency of rainfall thanks to climate change, a phenomenon which is already globalized.

This study relies on the climatic, environmental and infrastructural analysis of the periurban area in the Vaqarr administrative unit as key elements affecting the flood resilience of the Erzen River which pervades the study area. Conclusions from the analysis show that this space is unprepared to face a natural disaster such as the flooding of the Erzen river and impenetrable surfaces caused by intense and aggressive rainfall as a result of climate change. Not only the territory but also the population in this area is directly exposed to the consequences that this phenomenon can bring to health and well-being. The aim of this study is to increase the resilience of the periurban areas of Tirana against floods and the creation of a methodology through the analysis of basic urban infrastructure, environmental potentials and physical interventions in the territory by studying and adapting successful case studies.

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NATURE BASED SOLUTIONS, WAYS TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY IN TIRANA. Student: Supervisor:

Sidorela MERLIKA

Prof. Dr. Godiva REMBECI, Dr. Eranda Janku, Msc. Ledio ALLKJA, Msc. Amanda TERPO.

Abstract: In recent years, we have faced a variety of challenges, such as volatile urbanization, climate change, natural degradation, loss of ecosystems, increased natural resources, and human health issues.

Over 70% of Europe’s population lives in cities, where this figure is expected to rise above 80% by the middle of the century. This shoës that by 2050, 36 million young citizens will need housing, employment and care (Europian Commission, 2019). Population growth leads to an increase in vehicles, increasing traffic, the need for housing and employment, which leads to new construction, the opening of various industries, the addition of solid waste, etc. These needs lead to air pollution and bring health and ecosystem problems. Air pollution is a phenomenon that began to spread during the 17th century and continues to be to this day. During the years of the communist regime in Albania, the government gave priority to heavy industry by building various factories throughout the cities. The use of weak technology and the nonimplementation of the environmental protection laë and the lack of control became the main causes of environmental pollution in Albania. The main cities most affected by the construction ëere Tirana and Elbasan. Even today, these cities continue to be among the most polluted cities in Albania.

At this time air pollution cannot be completely eliminated, but measures can be taken to reduce it. To alleviate pollution, the Nature Based Solution instrument helps us where they offer sustainable alternatives at cost effective. Nature Based Solution are nature-inspired interventions, which utilize the properties of plants, soils and other natural elements to reshape cities and increase the sustainability of our lifestyle bringing environmental, social and economic benefits and also helping in building resistance (Europian Commission, 2019). The aim of this paper is to investigate how we can use Nature Based Solutions as a tool to mitigate the effects of air pollution in the case of the selected area in the city of Tirana resulting in the design of a guide that comes to the aid of the administration

of the municipality of Tirana. In this research we will talk and analyze air pollution, the main components, forms and causes of air pollution in the environment.

We also talk about Nature Based Solutions, types of interventions and ways to use them. From the measurements carried out within the project “Green lungs for our cities” related to Co-Plan of components PM2.5, PM10, O3, CO2, NO2 and CO, we conclude that Tirana has some “hotspot” parts where the values of these components exceed the standards set by the EU but also the Albanian ones. The area with the highest values, which has been selected for this scientific research, is positioned in the South-East of Tirana and lies along the Boulevard “Bajram Curri”, “Dëshmorët e Kombit”, and “Ali Demi” street. Also in the area is the street “ Elbasan “. The most problematic components are PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and CO2 while CO and O3 do not exceed the standards set by the EU but only the standards set by Albania. The highest concentration of components is in the main roads of the area ëhich have many intersections also inside the area where the roads are narroë and depreciated. These high values come as a result of traffic congestion, road capacity, illegal parking, parallel and double parking, poor quality engines, poor quality of fuel (oil), unpaved or unoccupied areas. depreciated, constructions or reconstructions. From the analysis of the area we notice the lack of green spaces, their occupation by various constructions carried out over the years. With the help of the Nature Based Solutions tool, we propose a series of solutions that will help solve the problem of air pollution in the selected area. To achieve the proposals ëe rely on 3 ways of Nature Based Solutions: Public green space, Greening intervention, Vertical greening. The proposals presented in this research are • Addition of green spaces in the empty spaces of some buildings in the area.

• Creating green corridors by connecting existing green spaces and those proposed with each other.

• Implementation of greening facade and wall greening in structures that have the ability to welcome

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this type of structure.

• Implementation of city tree or free standing living room as an urban furniture in public spaces, on the street but also at urban stations.

Through the proposed interventions ëhich take place in small units, I recommend some ideas that the municipality of Tirana can take into account when designing a PDV or take measures to improve the air in different areas of Tirana.

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DECARBONIZATION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN TIRANA

Student: Supervisor:

Tea SHAHOLLARI

Prof. Dr. Godiva REMBECI, Dr. Eranda Janku, Msc. Ledio ALLKJA, Msc. Amanda TERPO.

Abstract: With the development of urban areas, motorized transport plays an inevitable role in human life. In Albania, motorized transport has evolved rapidly after the 90’s and together with it various problems such as: environmental pollution, uncertainty, traffic, public transport outside the standards, etc. The great demographic change of the city of Tirana, from 1990 with 280 thousand inhabitants in 2019 with 895 thousand inhabitants (INSTAT, 2019), has affected the increase in the number of vehicles which due to the lack of necessary road infrastructure cause traffic and consequently affect air pollution. The use of fossil fuels for transport is responsible for almost all greenhouse gas emissions that make it a significant contributor to global warming. In Tirana, transport is done with all types of vehicles, starting from bicycles, motorcycles, taxis, private cars, buses, etc. The only public transport vehicle used en masse is the bus and less preferred are taxis as they have a higher cost. Public transport in Tirana plays a significant role in air pollution given that the vehicles that operate are old, the fuel they use is oil, traffic jams, depreciation, neglect of technical controls, etc. As a result of this problem, many countries have become part of Conventions, International Agreements or initiatives with the help of various Environmental Protection Agencies. In December 2004, Albania ratified the Kyoto Protocol, which aimed to reduce or limit greenhouse gas emissions by 24% from the base year to 2010. A number of measures were developed to increase: energy efficiency; finding, developing and using new forms of renewable energy exploitation; the use of innovative technologies in the environmental aspect for the elimination of carbon dioxide and yet Albania failed to adapt and adopt such measures, both at the national and local level. In 2016, Albania ratified the Paris Agreement, undertaking to adhere to its objectives to contribute to reducing global warming. The highest impact on air pollution from the transport sector occurs in the city of Tirana as it has the highest number of vehicles. The reduction of the level of gas emissions in the air can be started by

the public transport sector as there is more control by the local authorities and it can be easily determined how much the discharges from this sector are and how much they can be reduced. In Tirana, 16 urban urban lines operate with a number of 310 vehicles, which means that the decarbonization of public transport is the first important step towards a cleaner air. The decarbonization of public transport is about reducing greenhouse gases that include gases produced as a result of transport (Transport CO2 and the Paris Climate Agreement, 23 April 2018). In order to achieve this goal, through this study, the current situation of public transport in Tirana has been analyzed, how it has evolved over the years, the contribution it has to air pollution through measurements made in the field, etc. Public transport support infrastructure has a general shortage of bus operating lanes that often leads to a blockage leading to increased travel time, increased operating costs, and emissions of gases and dust particles into the air. After monitoring the air components PM10, PM2.5, CO2 and NO2 by the author at 42 bus stations Kombinat - Kinostudio and Unaza, it turned out that at all points the level of pollution is much higher compared to the standard set by the EU. Also, the study conducted by COPLAN shows that the public transport fleet in the Municipality of Tirana discharges into the air about 22,000 tons of PM2.5, PM10, CO2, NO3, HC per year. After this analysis, we are finally acquainted with the possible options for decarbonization of public transport, which include interventions in road infrastructure (BRT); replacement of the existing fleet with electric vehicles of different types or with ecological fuels (ethanol / methanol / hydrogen); changes in existing legislation to comply with European law; drafting policies to attract foreign investment, donations / funds so that the responsible authorities are not limited to improving this sector due to the financial aspect. Adaptation of all the above components in the Albanian context will enable the realization of the goal: de-carbonization of public transport - cleaner air.

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ENERGY TRANSITION IN URBAN AREAS, ITS PLANNING THROUGH TECHNOLOGICAL ADAPTATION Student: Supervisor:

Andrea RAPO

Prof. Dr. Godiva REMBECI, Dr. Eranda Janku, Msc. Ledio ALLKJA, Msc. Amanda TERPO.

Abstract: Cities dominate energy demand and are responsible for a significant portion of carbon emissions. Urban areas in the world consist for about 70% of global primary energy use and produce about 60% of greenhouse gas emissions on the planet, a figure which reaches up to 80% when including indirect emissions from people in urban areas. These numbers will increase as cities expand, along with them expands urban economic activity. Our country is in a transitional phase, both in terms of urban development and in terms of energy. Primary energy supply in Albania is dominated by imported oil, hydropower and electricity.Our country faces a significant problem with urban areas from the point of view of energy consumption, mainly in the housing and transport sector.

The stock of houses in the country is very depreciated and notin good technical conditions for energy saving Regarding this, the transit of the energy sector in urban areas is considered reasonable, which is also

targeted by SKE 2018-2030, which emphasizes the energy transition with a focus on renewable energy and energy saving, mainly in urban areas.At this point, the study aims to provide indications of howwe can become part of this transition by achieving more efficient use of renewable energy sources and the creation of self-sufficient urban areas.Also,it intends that this transition will have the starting point from the population of urban areas and investitors as well, seeing the solution to the bottom-up transition. The introduction of innovative technologies and concepts of smart cities and green cities will be viewed with priority during this study.The study first will be limited to the city of Tirana, then will focus on a structural unit of the city (small area), creating an example of implementing community-based and developer energy transit implementation in the housing sector.

Keywords: renewable energy, energy transition, technology, environment, urban planning.

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25

GIS AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND PROMOTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ELBASAN. Student: Supervisor:

Ardit SADIKU

Prof. Dr. Godiva REMBECI, Dr. Eranda Janku, Msc. Ledio ALLKJA, Msc. Amanda TERPO.

Abstract: Cultural Heritage is an important component for the development of cities, said in the context of its preservation and management using it in favor of history, tourism, recognition of the country and the economy. For this purpose, various agencies have been created such as UNESCO or even the policies of the states themselves draft strategies for cultural heritage. Given the evolution of information technology and power in many different countries of the world, more and more central and local authorities are responsible for cultural heritage, the creation of complex and integrated information systems, with GIS as one of the key components of infrastructure.

The main purpose of this paper is how GIS can be applied in the case of the municipality of Elbasan for the purposes of cultural heritage management.

The processing of cartographic resources through GIS enables the visualization of historical cultural monuments and the combination of information for all objects of cultural heritage. Provides data management in cultural heritage preservation and sustainable development through various ways of urban planning, where central and local institutions should review the current status of use of GIS technology in cultural heritage using this instrument as one of the most important components of infrastructural development of the city of Elbasan.

26

27

URBANIZATION OF THE INFORMAL AREA THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF LAND READJUSTMENT Student: Supervisor:

Eni IMAKU

Prof. Dr. Godiva REMBECI, Dr. Eranda Janku, Msc. Ledio ALLKJA, Msc. Amanda TERPO.

Abstract: Informality as a phenomenon and uncontrolled urban development are issues that are encountered mainly in developing countries but also in developed countries. Over the last 25 years it has become one of the main problems in various countries as a result of urban sprawl and constant pressure in big cities. The movement of the population in the big cities and their high concentration has led to some social and economic problems, where the constant pressure for housing and the pressure for the necessary services can be emphasized. In Albania, the phenomenon of informality occurred as a result of regime change, where from a centralized and centrally concentrated economy to a free market economy and local units folloëed the principle of decentralization. But because local units faced problems such as lack of financial resources and lack of a plan in terms of landuse and management, the phenomenon of informality spread to a very wide dimension. Over the years in Albania steps have been taken to create the possibility of integrating informal ëith formal areas. Currently the way it has been chosen to address informal areas is through the legalization of illegal settlements ëith reference

to the relevant laë. In some developing countries the issue of informality has been chosen to be addressed through the application of Land readjustment thus creating opportunities for urbanization of informal areas at more affordable cost for local units. The focus of this study is to analyze the possibility of applying Land readjustment in the structural unit TR209 of the city of Tirana, referring to successful case studies. To better understand how Land readjustment is applied, various cases ëill be analyzed, including the case of Bathorja, as it is one of the most successful cases encountered in Albania. A comparison ëill also be made between the profit of the actors through the legalization of the buildings according to the legal provisions (FISIA) as ëell as through the application of the Land readjustment. The results of the study will be generated from the literature analysis as ëell as from the cost-benefit analysis, aiming to find an alternative for the urbanization of the informal area in the city of Tirana.

Keywords: informal areas, urbanization, land readjustment

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29

CITY BRANDING FOR THE ALBANIAN CITIES. CASE STUDY VLORA CITY.

Student: Supervisor:

Fabiana CELA

Prof. Dr. Godiva REMBECI, Dr. Eranda Janku, Msc. Ledio ALLKJA, Msc. Amanda TERPO.

Abstract: The branding of places and cities has been practiced since the early nineteenth century, ëhile studies on the City Brand as a theoretical concept began during 1975, on the relationship betëeen the image and the development of tourism. Initially the theoretical emergence of branding ëas accelerated by three disciplines: branding in non-profit organizations, social branding and image branding. As part of the country brand, urban brand studies have taken an important place in the last three decades, as cities around the ëorld engage in marketing and branding efforts in order to remain competitive and relevant. in the global market, ëhich is coming every day

becoming a key role in the development of cities. In our country, this concept, ëhich comes every day being reinforced and finding application, is still in the early stages. Vlora is one of the cities ëith a pronounced feature and high tourist potential. This city is knoën for some important features, both historical and territorial and natural. Vlora is history, independence, sea and high mountains of the south of the country. This study ëill try to make an assessment of the potentials of this city, conducting a genuine SWOT analysis and coming up ëith a unified slogan and brand. Vlora must be more competitive, so ëe try to give due importance.

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31

EVALUATION OF ACCESSIBILITY AND “WALKABILITY” IN THE CITY OF TIRANA Student: Supervisor:

Petrula JANAQI

Prof. Dr. Godiva REMBECI, Dr. Eranda Janku, Msc. Ledio ALLKJA, Msc. Amanda TERPO.

Abstract: Walking through the urban places shows a level of well-being and closeness with the enviroment. People who choose to walk perceive an environment without many obstacles and accessible at eye level. This is the most important thing of living in a city.

The aim of this study is to highlisht on how the city is built in relation with walking on short distances.

Understand the changes that the city has undergone over the years, which have turned into obstacles so that many itineraries are no longer perceived the same. Previous plans have failed to make “accurate” forecasts and plans in terms of population growth and in terms of necessary areas, and consequently the density of residents and related services. Numerous urban plan proposals over the years that have been suggested in completing the road network and other services in the city have not been implemented (Dhamo, S ; Thomai, Gj ; Aliaj, B, 2016). Given that the chaotic development so far has shown that there is a problem in traffic, the need for parking spaces, improved public transport, dangerous pedestrian crossings, environmental pollution, the need arises to measure the local conditions of pedestrians.

The research focus is on the analysis of the built

environment. Also determine the possible space to walk. This paper will develop quantitative research methods to assess “walkability” by measuring the influencing factors on this topic. These factors will be interpreted from the data obtained in the field.

Integrating walking into the city is a valued potential in urban planning processes. The treatment of this study comes as an individual desire to analyze the urban environment dedicated to pedestrians and the lack of previous assessment of the quality of this environment in everyday life. The design of the spaces and the physical characteristics of the local environments affect the walking pleasure. This research will assess the relationship between the characteristics of the built physical environment, otherwise referred to as the urban form, and the possible walk in the area. In other words, the degree to which the built environment supports pedestrian activity by providing safe walking accessibility to intermodal city and public transport destinations. By measuring this, planning professionals can address the quality of dedicated pedestrian space.

Keywords: sustainability, accessibility, built environment, quality of life, urban planning.

32

Projekt Diplome | Titulli: Përcaktimi dhe vlerësimi i Aksesueshmërisë dhe “Walkability” në qytetin e Tiranës Studenti: Petrula Janaqi | Udhëheqës: PhD. Godiva Rëmbeci, MSc. Ledio Allkja, MSc. Amanda Terpo, PhD. Eranda Janku Tematika e panelit: Analizat e Walkability të zonës në studim, në qytetin e Tiranës

LIDHJA E RRJETIT RRUGOR 1:

±

N

Për të vlerësuar lidhjen e rrjetit rrugor përdoret “Raportit të lidhjeve të pikave”, që është raporti midis numrit të segmenteve rrugore dhe numrit të kryqëzimeve në rrugë.

Kjo metodë shpreh argumentimin se sa më shumë segmente të jenë të lidhur aq më mirë është lidhja e rrjetit rrugor.

NE

NW

W

D

E

->Vlerësimi i kryqëzimeve brenda zonës ->Vlerësimi i pikave të jashtme në distancë 800m ->Vlerësimi i lidhjes së zonës me transport publik

NDJESIA E VENDIT

±

LEGJENDA Rrugë kryesore

SE

Rrugë dytësore

5:

Rrugë lidhëse

Dukshmëria lidhet me shkallën në të cilën mjedisi këmbësor është i dukshëm, i qartë dhe i dallueshëm. Për termin walkability sugjerohet se një mjedis homogjen e thekson “sensin e një vendi” më fort. Në këtë mënyrë homogjeniteti mund të matet nga data e ndërtimit të ndërtesave, pasi periudha të ndryshme ndërtimi tentojnë të prodhojnë hapësira dhe ndërtime të ndryshme urbane.

Rrugët e integrimit të jashtëm Rrugë dalëse

D

S

SW

Pika qëndrore Integrimi Buffer 800m

0

100

200

Kryqezime të jashtme

400 Meters

Kryqezime të zonës

KOMODITETI

±

2:

-> Viti i ndërtimit

Përdorimi i ndryshëm i tokës është një faktor tjetër i analizës së walkability. Një larmi më e pasur e përdorimeve të tokës krijon më shumë vendndodhje të reja dhe destinacione të reja.

Kjo gjë mund të shpjerë në krijimin e distancave. Këto distanca të vogla çojnë në zgjedhje të këmbësorëve për të udhëtuar.

LEGJENDA Rrugë lidhëse Rrugë dytësore Rrugë kryesore Midis 90-10 0

100

200

Para 94

400 Meters

Pas 2010

TRAFIKU

->Përdorimi i tokës ->Aktivitetet kryesore ->Numri i vendbanimeve

±

LEGJENDA Rrugë lidhëse

6:

Rrugë dytësore

Trafiku rrugor shprehet si një faktor negativ që ndikon në walkability sepse prodhon zhurmë të pakëndshme dhe ndotje të ajrit, konsumon hapësirë publike dhe mund të jetë një faktor i rrezikshëm për sigurinë e këmbësorëve.

Konsumimi i hapësirës publike lidhet me zënien e hapësirave publike në rrugë dhe për parkim. Argumentohet se një numër më i madh i korsive të automjeteve shkakton përdorim më të madh të rrugës, duke rezultuar në vëllim më të lartë të trafikut, shpejtësi dhe konsumim i hapësirës.

Rrugë kryesore Buffer 50m Ndertesat Banim 0

100

200

Banim + Sherbim

400 Meters

Sherbim

KOMFORTI 3:

±

Ekzistenca e një infrastrukture dedikuar këmbësorëve kuptohet si një përshkrim i rehatisë në mënyrën si sigurohet një hapësirë e identifikueshme për këmbësorët. Lidhja ndërtesë-rrugë bëhet më komode. Në këtë shkallë analize vlerësohet vetëm prania ose mungesa e një infrastrukture këmbësorësh dhe jo cilësia e saj.

-> Numri i korsive

LEGJENDA Rrugë me 0 korsi 0

100

200

Rrugë me 1 korsi

400 Meters

Rrugë me dy korsi

RRJETI KEMBESOR

->Prania e trotuareve ose hapësirë për këmbësorët

7:

±

Pikapamja e “detyrimit” mund të lidhet me qeverisjen dhe menaxhimin e mjediseve miqësore për këmbësorët. Si matës sugjerohet vlerësimi i % së rrugëve miqësore me këmbësorët. Rrugë miqësore ndaj këmbësorëve konsiderohen ato që janë vetëm për këmbësorët ose që ndahen me rrugët e biçikletave. Gjithashtu dhe rrugët që ecet me 30 km/h nga automjetet.

LEGJENDA Rrugë dytësore Rrugë kryesore

Ndërtesat Banim 0

100

200

400 Meters

Banim + Sherbim

PIKAT SOCIALE

±

4: Prania e njerëzve në rrugë rrit dimesionin shoqëror të hapësirës publike dhe kontribuon në perceptimin e një mjedisi më të sigurt, të gjallë që luan një rol të madh në përdorimin e hapësirës publike. Përsa i përket walkability prania e pikave sociale funksionon si gjenerues i grupeve të këmbësorëve me qëllime të ndryshme (fëmijë, të moshuar, rekreacion etj).

-> Korsi biçikletash -> Rruë me shpejtësi 30 km/h

! (

LEGJENDA

! (

Rrugë lidhëse Rrugë dytësore 0

100

200

400 Meters

Rrugë me korsi biçikletash

! ( ! (

! ( ( ! ( !

! (

! (

! (

( ! (!

! (

( (! ! (!

! (

-> Gjatësia e segmentit -> Pikat sociale

! (

LEGJENDA Rrugë lidhëse Rrugë dytësore Rrugë kryesore ! ( 0

100

200

400 Meters

Pikat sociale Buffer 400m

1

KOMPONENTET Lidhja 100 80

Detyrimi

60

-

62

LIDHJA

100

100

PIKAT SOCIALE

98 7: Rrje� këmbësor

37

20

KOMODITETI

100

WALKABILITY

0

59

Komfor�

35 Dukja

VARIABLAT

Komodite�

40

Bashkëjetesa

100

VLERESIMI

KOMFORTI

100

100 100

100

Pikat sociale

NDJESIA E VENDIT

50

TRAFIKU

93

RRJETI KEMBESOR

41

6: Numri i korsive

1a: Lidhja e rrugëve 100 1b: Transpor� publik 80 60 1c: Integrimi 40 20 0

5: Vi� i ndër�mit 4: Pikat sociale 3: Disponimi

33

2a: Përdorimi i tokës 2b: Dendësia e banimit 2c: Ak�vitetet

DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE AGROTURISM IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF TIRANA. STUDY CASES: FARKA LAKE AND MUMAJA VILLAGE Student: Supervisor:

Raimon ALLMUÇA

Prof. Dr. Godiva REMBECI, Dr. Eranda Janku, Msc. Ledio ALLKJA, Msc. Amanda TERPO.

Abstract: Agrotourism is one of the industry sectors which recently, is getting more developed in Albania. Through it, new dimensions are being presented which are related to local gastronomy and the combination of the traditional food with the modern one, the promotion of employment, the cultivation of spices and traditional plants of the area, the attraction and increase of local and foreign

tourists, etc. Seen from this perspective, I think this topic is of a particular importance to treat. There is not only private engagement but also the intervention of local and central government, which is an important catalyst and promoter in this area. The design and implementation of local strategies for the development of agritourism will give impetus to a sustainable and constant economic growth.

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35

CO-EXISTENCE OF URBAN CULTURAL HERITAGE WITH FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CITY OF TIRANA THROUGH LAND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT INSTRUMENTS. Student: Supervisor:

Rea MUKA

Prof. Dr. Godiva REMBECI, Dr. Eranda Janku, Msc. Ledio ALLKJA, Msc. Amanda TERPO.

Abstract: Cultural heritage, according to the legislation of the Republic of Albania, includes tangible and intangible cultural property as a set of cultural values that carry national memory and identity that have cultural and scientific significance. In cities like Tirana, where the pressure for urbanization and development is always present, the protection or even the identification of these cultural assets is quite difficult.

The focus of this study is the urban cultural heritage, specifically represented by the Popular Albenian’s Dwellings and Villas of the XX-th century, which display important historical, cultural, architectural or monumental values for the city of Tirana. The question is: “How is it possible to accommodate development and at the same time protect the cultural heritage of our cities? (How is the coexistence of the future and the past possible at the same time and place?).

To answer the question, the development process in a specific structural unit of the city of Tirana will be explored, selected after the identification of objects which have a potencial to be considered as cultural heritage. This area will be selected within the middle

ring of the city of Tirana due to the permanent historical traces in this radius and due to the high intensity of construction provided by the General Local Plan of the Municipality of Tirana.

For the development of this structural unit will be applied the Financial Instruments for Land Development (LIPT) which aim to generate additional revenue to achieve the goals of public development and to balance the cost-benefits between the various actors involved in the process. These instruments are numerous, so the focus will be on those instruments that are present in the Albanian legislation: Transfer of Development Rights (TDR), Bonus Intesity (BI) and Land Readjustment (LR).

The results of the study will be generated by comparing the development scenarios that consist of the application of these three different instruments in the same structural unit.

Through these comparisons it is intended to generate sustainable alternatives for the preservation, protection and restoration of urban cultural heritage and a just distribution of costs-benefits between the actors.

Keywords: Cultural heritage, LIPT, TDR, BI, LR.

36

37

REVITALIZATION OF THE PUBLIC SQUARES. THE CASE STUDIES: GJIROKASTËR MUNICIPALITY Student: Supervisor:

Resi MUHO

Prof. Dr. Godiva REMBECI, Dr. Eranda Janku, Msc. Ledio ALLKJA, Msc. Amanda TERPO.

Abstract: The case study that I have selected “Revitalization of Public Squares” is treated in the city of Gjirokastra. Gjirokastra, otherwise known as the “Stone City”, carries with it a cultural heritage and a rich history of events and characters who have given value to this city and have made it a tourist attraction for years, being protected by UNESCO. Like any city in Albania, in connection with the changes made over the years with the development of activities, Gjirokastra has managed to keep its museum area almost intact and is located along Mount Gjere.

Numerous constructions, where in many cases not so well thought out, have also influenced the planning of public spaces in the city, where different problems accompany different sectors of these spaces.

I have selected the revitalization of public squaes in the Municipality of Gjirokastra, specifically public squares, given that with the rapid developments that are happening today and with the problems and controversies that accompany these developments, public space is the most vulnerable that has its impact. directly to citizens and future generations. This topic, which often opens debates and degrades even to physical clashes, must be addressed at all stages, taking into account the history, the current situation, the opinion of the residents, the potential for improvement and the possibilities of revitalization.

The case study I have selected is a wish in the form of a recommendation that I would like to serve the city, residents, businesses, tourism and the Municipality of Gjirokastra in order to create a clearer idea of

the potential of some of the public spaces seeing the success of similar cases. studies, which are almost unused or with limited function. Referring to similar cases for the treatment of public spaces, we will be able to compare and reflect on all the potentials of socio-cultural-economic development, to understand how comprehensive approaches bring about a transformation with high social sensitivity and to be widely accepted. .

Through the methodologies that will be followed in the treatment of analyzes (comparison of squares with similar case studies and analysis of urban elements), but also the theoretical framework, we understand how the recommendations for improvement through recognition, comparison, identification and citizen involvement, will to be directed to the relevant institutions, which will give their impact on these public spaces but also the citizens themselves to get acquainted with the nature of decision-making which is achieved through information and cooperation.

In conclusion, we understand that the current situation of the city of Gjirokastra, together with the demographic problems and events that have occurred, may restore interest by increasing the quality of these public squares, referring to similar case studies, to be able to be involved in decision making and you can restore the right identity to any public square in the city. These recommendations will translate into a positive increase in social sensitivity and restore self-confidence to improve various generated economic-social-cultural sectors in the city.

38

39

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Faculty of Environment and Urban Management

40

2019-2020

41

Enviromnetal Studies 2019-2020 AIDA KOCI 44 DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN THE TIRANA AREA: STUDY CASE OF DRINKING WATER IN MZEZ WELLS. AIDA META 46 MONITORING EROSION IN SEGMENT VILA TOSKANA - NDROQ IN ERZEN RIVER. ARBER MURATI 48 THE IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON THE DEMAND FOR TOURISM. CASE STUDY CITY OF DURRES. AURELA CELA 50 SCENARIOS FOR CO2 REDUCTION IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY. CASE STUDY “FUSHËKRUJË CEMENT FACTORY” LTD. BAJRAM KAU 52 STRATEGIC ORIENTATION AND PROMOTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN THE ENERGY SECTOR IN ALBANIA. CASES STUDY RENEWABLE ENERGY (RES) IN THE TIRANA REGION. BELISA DEMIRAJ 54 URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN VLORA CITY. BLERINA KASHI 56 ALTERNATIVES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE SHKODRA REGION. ERION HASMEGAJ 58 REHABILITATION OF THE ABANDONED COPPER MINE PALAJ - KARMA AND THE FORMER COPPER PLANT IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF VAU I DEJËS. FATBARDH LEKAJ 60 THE IMPACT OF FRAGMENTATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND BY INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS. CASE STUDY ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT RRETHINA SHKODËR. FLAKA DEDA 62 MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION FROM TPP ACTIVITY KOSOVO A AND KOSOVO B IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF OBILIQ, KOSOVO. JUELA MEHALLA 64 ASBESTOS AND ITS USE IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH, IN MJEDA, MUNICIPALITY VAU I DEJES. MARINELA META 66 MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRONIC WASTE IN VORA ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT. VIABILITY AND OBSTACLES. 42

NEKI MIFTARAJ 68 RECOVERY OF THE POPULATION OF THE FIELD QUAIL (PREDIX PREDIX) IN THE FOREST OF HAJLER, LEVAN(FIER).

RAMIS XHURXHI 70 CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE EGYPTIAN VULTURE (NEOPHRON PERCNOPTERUS) IN ALBANIA - POISINING AND ELECTROCUTION AS IMPACT FACTOR. RUKE QAUSHI 72 THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROSS-BORDER TOURISM ALBANIA-KOSOVO, IN THE REGION OF KUKËS – HAS – GJAKOVA - PEJA. SALISTON DELIJA 74 SOLID URBAN WASTE POLLUTION IN THE SEGMENT URA MBROSTARIT UP TO THE ESTUARY OF SEMAN RIVER. SONILA BASHA 76 COASTAL EROSION IN THE LALËZI BAY SEGMENT TO RODON CAPE. XHILDA SHEHU 78 STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL OF REUSE OF RAINWATER BY MEANS OF THEIR COLLECTION SYSTEMS IN THREE DIFFERENT OBJECTS IN TIRANA. BLEONA SILAJ 80 SURFACE WATER QUALITY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GROUNDWATER IN THE KAFARAJ - NOVOSELA SEGMENT OF VJOSA RIVER. LUIS BUZHERI 82 FLOOD IN THE CITY OF GJIROKASTRA SAMI KOTORRI 84 ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF POLLUTION BY SALIX ALBA PLANT, SEDIMENT AND WATER. CASE STUDY ERZENI RIVER. XHENSILA GJOKEJA 86 IMPACT OF THE FORMER COPPER ENRICHMENT FACTORY ON WATER QUALITY AT SOME MONITORING POINTS ON THE SMALL FAN RIVER IN THE RUBIK-REPS REGION. ELIGERT UZUNI 88 NATURAL BASED SOLUTIONS IN TIRANA- GREEN WALLS AND GREEN TERRACES.

43

DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN THE TIRANA AREA: STUDY CASE OF DRINKING WATER IN MZEZ WELLS Student: Supervisor:

Aida KOCI

Prof. Dr. Gjergji SIMAKU

Abstract: The quality of drinking water has been and still is one of the most controversial topics, especially in our country. major urban changes with consequences in the geology and hydrogeology of the region. These changes also affected the very surface and groundwater of this basin. The quality of the water used for drinking is a problem that worries all experts dealing with the study of water. But the factors that affect the quality of water are many, mainly natural factors and anthropogenic factors. Therefore the purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of groundwater and consequently identifying the factors that affect the quality of these waters and extracting possible opportunities for improving the current situation. In the Tirana-Ishëm region, as a region

with water resources and uncontrolled development, various studies have been conducted, with different character and at different times. The main purpose of these studies has been the discovery and use of groundwater to meet human needs for consumption, ie for public use but also for agricultural or industrial purposes. Among the main works we can mention the reports issued by the Albanian Geological Survey mainly for the area Tirana-Fushë-Krujë. For the case that i am study related to the supply of well water in the Mëzez area, being residents of that area.The results obtained from the study show that the water is within the Albanian standards for drinking water.

Keywords: consuming, drinnking water, groundwater, quality, watershed, water resources, water utilization.

44

45

MONITORING EROSION IN SEGMENT VILA TOSKANA - NDROQ IN ERZEN RIVER. Student: Supervisor:

Aida META

Dr. Enkelejda KUCAJ

Abstract: The Erzen River is one of many rivers in the territory of Albania that is experiencing chronic erosion of their bed, which leads to land loss, degradation of aquatic habitat and water quality challenges. Local landowners believe that erosion and flooding is due to high levels of water inflows, as an issue that has been identified as a serious concern of managing this situation. The main hypothesis on which this study depends is that the period of the most significant erosion of beds during an annual cycle occurs during the spring period. People also affect the erosion of banks on a spatial and temporal scale.

Urbanization moves water after a faster storm in the flow system, then it would happen naturally. This causes the discharge in the river to increase faster and stronger than in an untouched environment. Strong stresses created by increased emissions can lead to increased levels of bank erosion. The same issue arises with deforestation because more water is entering the flow system because it is not being taken or slowed down by the surrounding vegetation. Moreover, deforestation of the riparian zone can impair the

sustainability of the flow bank. Also, the height of the flood zone in relation to the water level can affect the degree of erosion. The general morphology of the current terrestrial forms changes in an attempt to achieve equilibrium with the surrounding conditions.

Measurements carried out on rappers installed in the area show that during the winter season, NovemberDecember 2019 there was a slightly higher erosion of banks compared to the period April 2020. This indicates that bank erosion depends on additional natural processes that cause bank erosion, such as bank structure, soil moisture content, material strength, vegetation cover, and river flow patterns should also be calculated and obviously atmospheric conditions. In January we can say that the water level is very high, the analysis shows a high concentration of pollutants, mainly those originating from sewage, such as ammonia (NH4 +) which is polluting, very high values of turbidity, or sulfates and phosphates which resulted several times higher than the set norm.

Keywords: sediment accumulation, erosion, Erzen river, coir logs, area vegetation

46

47

THE IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON THE DEMAND FOR TOURISM. CASE STUDY CITY OF DURRES. Student: Supervisor:

Arber MURATI Dr. Enkelejda KUCAJ

that the “in” seasons are April, July, August, October and December, while the “off” seasons are January, March, September and November, and otherwise are the “shoulder” season for incoming tourist arrivals. A plausible implication of the issue is that the earthquake of November 26, 2019, an earthquake within plates with magnitude Mw 6.4, could significantly affect the demand for tourism within, because the parameters and are statistically significant. Data for this study were collected using a questionnaire provided to local tourists by emailing them. After the study, 100 of them were completed. Demographic variables were selected based on the literature including gender, age, level of education, level of monthly income, and place of residence. Human-caused disasters and natural disasters reported by the media have an even more significant impact on the image of a tourist destination.

These findings may shed light on policy-making for tourism destinations and help stakeholders form a better understanding of the impact of earthquakes on tourism. Evidence of the natural and cultural potential of Durres, analysis of economic income coming to the region from the tourism sector, analysis of the number of tourists, their origin and favorite destinations, in different time periods are the factors related to the management of tourism.

Keywords: Durrës city, natural disasters, tourism development, tourist planning, tourist pleasure.

Abstract: The socio-economic development of a country is closely dependent on the natural and human potential of a given country. Tourism in Durres has been booming recently, driven by the economy. However, tourism is sensitive to natural disasters, and in fact, fluctuations in tourism developments are affected by external shocks. First, earthquake damage significantly affects tourism development, especially the demand for tourism. Therefore, improving the sustainability of tourism is essential; in a high-resistance society, natural disasters would cause less damage, and businesses could better cope with disasters, as cases of exploring the impact of harmful earthquakes on tourism demand. A number of methods have been used to conduct this study, such as: literature research method, direct field observation method, interview, comparison, statistical and cartographic methods.

Through field observations, use of literature, statistical data, interviews, cartographic methods, etc., we have tried to present the real situation of the tourism sector and the opportunities for the development of this sector.

Based on the procedures performed on the results of the intervention analysis (ARIMA), it was achieved that because the incoming tourist arrivals are characterized by seasonality, it is necessary to be clear for which months the months of seasonality were analyzed before the impact of disasters. We found

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SCENARIOS FOR CO2 REDUCTION IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY. CASE STUDY “FUSHË-KRUJË CEMENT FACTORY” LTD Student: Supervisor:

Aurela ÇELA Prof. Dr. Sherif Lushaj

Abstract: The cement industry is on of the economic activities that emits a significant amount of greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide (CO2). Globally, annual cement production varies at 4.6 billion tonnes and the amount of emissions from this sector varies at 6% of the total amount discharged by 26% from the industrial sector, although recent studies show that these emissions can reach more. Even in our country after 1990, cement production increased significantly and discharges into the environment. Over the years, studies have been conducted and various ways have been proposed for the cement industry to reduce environmental emissions. The proposed routes coincide first with the technological changes in its production of sustainable investments in these sectors that would serve to reduce CO2 emissions into the environment.

The second alternative is based on the replacement of raw materials such as limestone or coal fuels, depending on the opportunities of the countries where the cement industries operate and the opportunities to find alternative materials on the market. Following this line in the following years were proposed several scenarios that offered different opportunities, but the basis remained in the first two approaches globally.

The first scenario based on technological changes that would serve to reduce CO2 such as Capture and Storage of Carbon (CCS), Capture and Use of CO2 (CCU) and the use of raw materials other than the common ones, such as Clay and calcined (AAM) where the latter can only be accessed in countries that have these products ready, as there would be high costs for other countries. The second scenario was based on the efficiency of materials using recyclable waste, especially biomass and solid urban waste, at a rate

of 30%. The third scenario has the same approach, but in terms of the concrete product obtained from the connection of cement with water and other additional aggregates, which can be replaced with new nontraditional additives. Of course, even in our country the cement industry has its impact on CO2 emissions, as the annual production of cement at the national level in 2019 has increased to 3.000,000 tons, compared to the production in 1990 of 300,000 Tons. Through the study in the cement factories in the field-bran, with an annual production capacity of 1,100,000 tons, measurements, monitoring of emissions, data of the state of the environment report, show that emissions are in permissible values, compared Standard Albanian and European. In this study we were focused on the opportunities and advantages of the cement production sector in our country to adopt these scenarios, where the second and third scenarios seem more achievable due to lower cost implementation.

While in the first scenario, which focuses on changes in technology, it is required to support the help of cement production companies in terms of realizing the change in technology. From the study of the second scenario was concluded that if (FKCF) would use urban waste as fuel to replace coal, at the rate of 5.10 and 30%, in the last five years emissions would be at least 21% less compared to real emissions of 5 years. Replacing 30% of coal with urban waste is more efficient compared to other fractions, with the use of waste, in addition to reducing the use of coal will also reduce the amount of waste that are transported and deposited in the landfill.

Keywords: cement, CO2, emission, environment, factory, Fushë Krujë, impact.

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STRATEGIC ORIENTATION AND PROMOTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN THE ENERGY SECTOR IN ALBANIA. CASES STUDY RENEWABLE ENERGY (RES) IN THE TIRANA REGION Student: Supervisor:

Bajram KAU

Dr. Dashamir CUTRA

largest socio-economic center in our country (757, 361 inhabitants, so in this space the demand for energy is higher than in the whole country. On the other hand, the region of Tirana has a favorable position for the use of resources. In this context, the study aims to bring a clear picture of the problems of electricity sources in Albania, from the point of view of environmental impact and will focus on finding the potential of Renewable energy in the Tirana region, seeing them in terms of the benefits that these resources bring, is performed in terms of environmental impact and improving the sustainability of the sector.

Keywords: energy, renewable energy source, environmental impact, sustainability,

Abstract: Mankind has historically used the energy resources provided by nature, in many cases they have turned to depleted energies, losing these resources forever. This is one of the main reasons why developed countries around the world today have turned their attention to renewable energy sources (RES). The Albanian electrification system is currently based almost entirely on hydropower, always questioning the reliability of the sustainability of this sector (MIE, 2018). One of the main challenges of the Albanian energy sector remains the diversification of energy production resources and meeting the consumer needs for energy, reducing the dependence of energy imported from other countries. Tirana represents the

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URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN VLORA CITY Student: Supervisor:

Belisa Demiraj Prof. Dr. Sherif LUSHAJ

Abstract: Urban Heat Island (UHI) is considered as one of the major problems in the 21st century as a result of urbanization and industrialization of human civilization. The urban structures generate a large amount of heat from solar radiations and other sources (i.e. anthropogenic heat). This situation is even worse in cities with high density and large population and extensive economic activities. Vlora is facing this phenomenon especially in the hottest months of summer where the flow of tourism is very large and often faces a overload population. In this context, the topic addressed is a summary of the current situation and problems that the city faces and aims to present possible proposals, adapting to the structure of the city as a mitigating strategy of urban heating.

The analysis shows that the limited urban vegetation and the structure of the city’s main roads, are those

ones in which the hazard potential of the UHI effect is shown to be the greatest. These area have limited open space for tree planting and green area and therefore a lower maximum potential benefit. During the summer, the city faces the most problematic consequences of these phenomena, as well as the already known changes in the global climate. Following the example of how Vienna is addressing this environmental-urban issue, the results show that the implementation of environmental strategies affects the mitigation of urban heating, balancing higher temperatures compared to peripheral areas, improving air pollution, and effects related to public health.

Keywords: urban hot island, urbanization, climate, urban air pollution, monitoring, green spaces, green terraces, evapotranspiration, albedo, vegetation, ventilation corridor

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ALTERNATIVES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE SHKODRA REGION Student: Supervisor:

Blerina KASHI

Prof. Assoc. Dr. Elizabeta SUSAJ

Abstract: The study of developmental trends around cultural tourism and ecotourism, constitutes the most important theoretical and study orientation in the development of this diploma topic. Although this form of tourism development is later and less known, thanks to the interest and natural beauties of Albania and specifically the Shkodra region, this form of tourism development is experiencing a progressive and sustainable growth. Some of the most important factors in this regard are undoubtedly the geographical and natural conditions that Albania has, the rugged valley and rivers flowing from the Alps to flow into the Adriatic, mountainous tourist areas, which have preserved their authenticity as Vermoshi, Boga, Thethi, Tamara, Razma, Dukagjini and above all the development of the most famous and well-known oasis in this area, “Mrizi i Zanave”, the most accomplished example of the development of ecological tourism and agro-tourism. On the other hand, improving the road infrastructure that leads to these areas, the promotion of these areas is one of the most important developments and is giving a high pace to the development of ecotourism ‘’ (Institute of Cultural Monuments, 2016).

Based on these basic premises, this study will focus on tourism in the Shkodra area, aiming to highlight the potential and richness of cultural and ecological

tourism in this area, regional and state institutional priorities in terms of developing this form of tourism, access and tourists and visitors to this alternative form of tourism, their expectations and the development potential that the Shkodra area offers in this regard.

The theoretical framework of this study will focus on highlighting the importance of tourism development in Albania, for the national economy of our country and for the region of Shkodra more specifically and what is the weight that occupies in the tourism industry, regional tourism. The development of this paper consists in combining the treatment of the theoretical framework that will be developed on the ecosystem and culture of the Shkodra area. On the other hand, the research and analytical framework of this is related to the development of in-depth interviews to obtain detailed information about the development of tourism in the Shkodra area as well as the interpretation of a case study, where was evaluated the development of Mrizi i Zanave as one of the most meaningful examples of the development of a business in harmony with nature in Albania. Also, in the framework of the development of this study, the development of surveys is one of the most important methodological instruments.

Keywords: cultural, mountainous, Razëm, rural, Shkodra Municipality, sustainable tourism, Theth.

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REHABILITATION OF THE ABANDONED COPPER MINE PALAJ - KARMA AND THE FORMER COPPER PLANT IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF VAU I DEJËS Student: Supervisor:

Erion HASMEGAJ

Prof. Assoc. Dr. Elizabeta SUSAJ

Abstract: The Municipality of Vau i Dejës is situated in the Region of Shkodra, with a distance of 20 km from Shkodra city, 92 km from Tirana and 81 km from Rinas Airport. Its jurisdiction consists of a district of 468 km², out of which 10465 ha are agricultural land. By the same token, the neë municipality has under its administration the town of Vau i Dejës and 47 villages, for the organization in six administrative units, with a population of 50130 inhabitants, respectively: Vau i Dejës with 13035 inhabitants, Bushat with 24200 inhabitants, Vig-Mnelë with 2177 inhabitants, Hajmel ëith 6300 inhabitants, Temal with 2520 inhabitants and Shllak with 1899 inhabitants.

The main economic activity consists in agriculture and farming, small business and services. In the territory of the municipality are established and operate four hydropower plants (Vau i Dejës, Komani, Ashta 1 and Ashta 2), as well as the Bushati Regional Landfill, as a landfill for the Shkodra-Lezha region. The territory of the municipality is enriched with water resources, such as Lake Vau i Dejës, Drini River and Gjadër River, that all together they make a big natural resource for the area and a precious one.

The development of natural and archeological tourism offers many opportunities for economical improvements for the area, as in this case it can be considered the castles “Shurdhah”, “Sarda”, “Dalmica”, “Danja”, “Vig Castle”, Museum Center “Ndre Mjeda”, some religious objects, such as the Church of “St. Mark”, the Church of “St. Kolli”, the Church of “St. Rrok”, the Mosque of Bushati, the Mosque of Kosmaçi and the Mosque of Melgusha, constantly the old ones in the Balkans, etc. , still carry historical and archaeological values today. Lake Vau i Dejës can be rehabilitated into a source of improving the tourist

activity, if the transport of tourist from Vau i Dejës to Koman is restored. The study for the evaluation of the environmental impacts and the rehabilitation of the abandoned copper mine Palaj - Koman and the former copper factory in the Municipality of Vau i Dejës ëas carried out during the period October 2019-June 2020. The Palaj-Karma Copper Mine and the Vau-Dejës Copper Enrichment Plant which have started their activity during the 1980-1985 period, apart from some disruptions during the 1990’s, have contributed a great deal in leaving behind several significant environmental impacts, that consist on the soil pollution, the water source pollution, the landscape damage, biodiversity loss, flora and fauna damage, indiscriminate use of underground resources, etc.

Recovery of the contaminated surface through the use of modern decontamination methods is recommended. One of the methods is the use of hyperacumulative plants of the fern type. The questionnaires completed with citizens of different ages and professions and with representatives of local institutions showed that the level of knowledge and awareness of citizens about the impact on the environment and human health of abandoned mines and copper waste is at low levels. Most of the interviewed citizens (70%), despite their educational level, do not have or have very little information about the impact on the environment and the health of copper mines. It is also recommended to draw up a plan for the rehabilitation of running water from the gallery and the former factory, land rehabilitation, as well as the removal of slag and inert deposits.

Keywords: abandonment,, awareness, copper, environment, health, impact, Palaj-Koman, Vau i Dejës.

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THE IMPACT OF FRAGMENTATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND BY INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS. CASE STUDY ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT RRETHINA SHKODËR. Student: Supervisor:

Fatbardh LEKAJ Dr. Artan Kacani

Abstract: The last three decades constitute in many ways the period of the most dramatic spatial transformations that the territory of Albania has experienced. The change of economic and political systems was accompanied by new and unknown challenges for the Albanian society as: social differentiation, mass abandonment of remote mountainous areas, internal migration and emigration of previously unknown before, chaotic urbanization, informality, property conflicts, etc. More than anywhere else, these spatial and socio-economic transformations were expressed around urban centers.

The creation of informal areas in Albania, in addition to the construction of settlements or service facilities outside any technical standard or urban plan, also affected the parcelization of land. The parcelization phenomenon is more sensitive in the case of parcelization of agricultural land due to its importance, especially in the case of Albania due to the limited area of agricultural land and its importance for the country’s economy.

Over the years after the change of the economicpolitical system, there was a significant decrease in agricultural production in the area as well as shrinkage of the agricultural land, mainly as a result of informal constructions. The Administrative Unit Rrethina within its territory has an area of 15. 2 km2 informal areas approved by ALUIZNI with decision no. 2 dated 7.12.2015.

Within this territory there are 4678 buildings, most of which are in the process of legalization. The current state of parcelization of agricultural land in Rrethina is quite severe. Currently within the territory of the Administrative Unit Rrethina according to the data of the State Cadastre Agency are 9324 plots.

The average area of parcels in this unit is 2000-4000 m2. It is frightening how in a very short period of time a space of high agricultural values, only as a result of uncontrolled development has turned into an unmanageable territory. From 1990 to 2020 in Rrethina the number of plots has increased ninefold.

A very large part of this space has lost its agricultural character. To date, it has not been calculated by the responsible institutions or by various researchers the lost area only as a result of parcelization over the years.

An important part of this work is the cartographic material which has been processed with the help of GIS and CAD software. At the end of the paper, alternatives are given to improve the situation where the focus is on increasing the area of agricultural land.

Keywords: Administrative Unit Rrethina, Agricultural land, Fragmentation, Informal Construction, Urbanization

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MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION FROM TPP ACTIVITY KOSOVO A AND KOSOVO B IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF OBILIQ, KOSOVO. Student: Supervisor:

Flaka DEDA

Prof. Assoc. Dr. Elizabeta SUSAJ

Abstract: Environmental pollution is one of the most worrying problems facing humankind globally today, despite climate change, given the rapid development of technology. Human activities have been associated with the pollution of air, water, soil, food, flora, fauna, infrastructure, etc., as a result of the emission of various pollutants that are directly related to human health.

Among other things, the production of electricity from fossil fuels (coal, hydrocarbons, etc.) constitutes one of the potential stationary pollutants globally. Obiliq Municipality lies in the central part of Kosovo, with an area of 105 km2, which borders the Municipality of Prishtina, Fushe Kosova, Drenas, Vushtrri and Podujeva. Obiliq Municipality is classified as an area with large lignite reserves and as one of the most polluted municipalities in Kosovo, because an area of it lies near the industrial center. Environmental pollution in the Municipality of Obiliq is related to the most important energy potentials of Kosovo Electricity Corporation (KEK), TPP “Kosova A”, with 800 MW power, and TPP “Kosova B”, with a capacity of 678 MW, the superficial coal mines Bardh and Mirash, the ash dumps of TPP Kosova-A and Kosova-B, the electricity transmission infrastructure, etc. These sources derive the largest amounts of solid particles in the form of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), sulfur (SOx) and nitrogen (NOx) oxides, and a series of other organic and inorganic pollutants.

The aim of the study was to identify, monitor and evaluate environmental pollution as a result of the activity of the Kosovo A and Kosovo B power plants in the Municipality of Obiliq, and to recommend alternative measures to minimize the negative effects

of environmental pollution. The study was conducted during the period October 2019-May 2020.

During this study it was possible to assess the air quality in the Obiliq Municipality, mainly in the areas surrounding the Kosovo A and Kosovo B TPPs, through assessment and analysis of the multi-year data from the Agency for Environmental Protection of Kosovo (AEPK), as well as the comparison and assessment with Kosovo and EU standards. Average 5-year data show that air quality in the Municipality of Obiliq and, especially in the areas around TPPs “Kosova A” and “Kosova B”, exceeds the allowable limit values (ALV) for primary air pollutants, such as PM10 , PM2.5.

The level of knowledge and awareness of citizens about the impact of the activity of TPPs and air quality on the environment and human health is at low levels. Most of the interviewed citizens, regardless of their educational level, do not have information on air quality in the Municipality of Obiliq. It is recommended continuous monitoring of TEC A and TEC B smokers and monitoring of air quality in the Municipality of Obiliq, feasibility study for the installation of new electrostatic protectors and new technologies for desulphurization, denitrification and elimination of dust, developing a comprehensive program to replace traditional stoves with more efficient ones to reduce emissions from domestic heating, investment in renewable energy, and greater access to information on the effect of air and environmental pollution in general.

Keywords: electricity, environment, impact, Kosovo A, Kosovo B, Obiliq, TPP (Thermo Power Plant).

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ASBESTOS AND ITS USE IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH, IN MJEDA, MUNICIPALITY VAU I DEJES. Student: Supervisor:

Juela MËHALLA

Prof. Assoc. Dr. Elizabeta SUSAJ

Abstract: Abestos is an extremely widely used building material in our country and in the world. The first uses of asbestos in Albania date back to 1930.

Due to its properties, asbestos, until the time it entered the group of hazardous materials, has been used as an ingredient in more than 3000 different products, in trade and industry. Familiarity with the forms of its appearance helps prevent exposure to it. Asbestos is found in the form of corrugated tiles (eternit) that usually covers the roofs of many industrial plants or other buildings built after 1960, with a fairly wide range throughout the territory of our country, as well as in urban areas, in remote rural areas, as well as in tourist areas such as Voskopoja, Thethi, Llogaraja, etc. Asbestos is also found inside our homes and in school, administrative, and public buildings in the form of facade panels, suspended ceilings and walls, prefabricated toilet and office partitions, water pipes, ventilation and air conditoning pipes and chimneys, or in other forms, such as in working tools in some laboratories, as pure material (100% asbestos) or used as fillers for fire and noise insulation in steam or hot water pipes, fire doors and firefighters clothes, etc.

In the Laç-Vau i Dejës-Mjedë area, asbestos has been used in built facilities (dormitories, canteens,

etc.) for workers who have worked on the construction of the Vau i Dejës HPP, during the period 1968-1973, and continue to exist today, as well. The aim of the study was to identify objects covered with asbestos material in the area, assess the impact on the environment and health, and recommend measures to protect the environment and health of residents during the demolition and disposal of this material. The study was conducted during the period October 2019-May 2020. After collecting, analyzing and evaluating data from local institutions, field visits and interviews, there was showed that in the area Laç-Vau i DejësMjedë 90 objects are covered with asbestos material eternit, 30 facilities have been reconstructed by projects of the Municipality and various donors. From the interviews with citizens of different ages and professions and with representatives of local institutions, it results that the level of knowledge and awareness of citizens about the impact on the environment and human health of asbestos-based materials is at low levels. Most of the interviewed citizens (73.5%), despite their educational level, do not have or have very little information about the environmental impact and health of asbestosbased materials.

Keywords: asbestos, awareness, environment, impact, health, Vau i Dejës.

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MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRONIC WASTE IN VORA ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT. VIABILITY AND OBSTACLES Student: Supervisor:

Marinela META Dr. Enkelejda KUCAJ

Abstract: Electronic waste is a worldwide problem, inter-regional and in our country. Electronic waste management is a challenging task not only because of their rapid volume growth volume, but also because of their dangerous nature. This study shows the methods of administration and storage of electronic waste in the area of Vora, their production and management sites. To this reason, the study uses descriptive and explanatory research as a model. Moreover, administrative, economic, and socio-cultural challenges caused poor urban waste management. Based on the findings, the study proposed a manageable e-waste model, which requires stakeholders to work together to ensure proper e-waste management. Electronic wastes contain hazardous compounds such as heavy metals (Pb, Sb, Si, Cd, Ni, Hg, and Cr), plastics, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

When these ingredients are present beyond the permitted amounts, they are classified as dangerous.

The oldest form of waste treatment is dumping in landfills, and it is dumping in landfills that has many negative environmental impacts. Based of these wastes, the most dangerous problem is the production and release into the air of methane gas, a powerful greenhouse gas 25 times more powerful than carbon

dioxide. Methane can build up in the landfill and cause explosions. Heavy metals are very stable, toxic in trace amounts, and can potentially cause strong oxidative stress in aquatic organisms. Nowadays, electrical and electronic waste (which grows by about 4 percent per year) is the fastest growing solid waste stream. The collected data consist of comparisons during the years 2013-2018 (Source: INSTAT), the data are on urban waste, and electronic ones at the national level and the Vora Administrative Unit, it has also been worked on cases in the region (Tirana Region) for due to lack of data on the Vora administrative unit. Creating maps for entities located in the Vora Administrative Unit, which have electronic waste based on the activity they exercise. Subjects are, celery and car service (car batteries), shops that market electronic devices. In recent years, there has been significant progress in Albania regarding the drafting of the regulatory framework in line with the European Union (EU) policies in the waste management sector. However, implementation at the regional or local level and achieving the agreed objectives has lagged behind.

Keywords: Electronic Equipment, E-Waste management, electronic market, EU legislation, health effects

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RECOVERY OF THE POPULATION OF THE FIELD QUAIL (PREDIX PREDIX) IN THE FOREST OF HAJLER, LEVAN(FIER).

Student: Supervisor:

Neki MIFRARAJ Prof. Dr. Taulant BINO

Abstract: The overall aim of this paper is to enhance biological diversity through new methods of fauna breeding, including the re-introduction of species once present but now extinct due to bracket pressure (illegal hunting), change of agricultural land management , changing the rural landscape etc. At the same time, the study tends to promote the establishment of solid foundations for the integrated management of wild fauna, namely the re-introduction of the Field Partridge (Predix predix).

The partridge of the field is exactly one of the most damaged birds by the above factors. Its distribution in Albania has been significantly reduced.

Today it is present only in the mountain plains / plateaus while once it was quite widespread in the Coastal Lowlands as well as all the plain areas of the country.

Seen in this light, the recovery of this bird needs proper management programs and interventions. Given that

its prevalence is already very reduced, taking into account the fact that it has disappeared in the Coastal Lowlands, its recovery in this territory can be achieved only through re-introduction programs.

The study provides precisely a plan for the re introduction and breeding of field quail in the Hailer Forest (Levan). The re-introduction relies on the characteristics of the habitat and the biology of bird reproduction, as characteristics that will be used in setting up a concrete model of breeding of the species in the area and beyond.

Finally, the study highlights the values of the field Partridge as a bird of prey. In this sense, its breeding is not only a matter of nature protection but also a concrete help in strengthening the economy based on the sustainable use of our natural resources.

Keywords: predix predix, re-introduction, integrated management, biological diversity, etc.

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CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE EGYPTIAN VULTURE (NEOPHRON PERCNOPTERUS) IN ALBANIA - POISINING AND ELECTROCUTION AS IMPACT FACTOR Student: Supervisor:

Ramis XHURXHI Dr. Taulant BINO

Abstract: Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) is the last breeding vulture in Albania.

This bird is part of the Red List of endangered species.

It used to breed all over the territory of Albania, now, it is found only in the southern part of the country.

This study aims to identify the current situation of the Egyptian Vulture population and compare it with previous years. It also identifies the main causes that threat the continuity of this endangered species.

The main threats that will be studied are poisoning, electrocution, collision with power lines, etc. Each of these threats is verified through field visits by collecting data through questionnaires, interviews, and various necessary materials.

In order to identify the current number of the Egyptian Vulture in Albania, there were made 3 field visits in 12 of the breeding territories in Gjirokastër, Përmet, and Sarandë. Based on the data obtained from the monitoring of the Egyptian Vulture breeding territories, at a national level, there were 15 individuals of the Egyptian Vulture breeding in Albania in 2019, from which 6 breeding pairs and 3 single individuals.

Regarding the impact of poisoning on the reduction of the Egyptian Vulture population and wildlife in general, several interviews were conducted in 7 regions in south of the country:

Pogradec, Korçë, Kolonjë, Gjirokastër, Përmet, Tepelenë, and Sarandë. A total of 158 questionnaires were completed during the interviews with shepherds, farmers, locals, as well as agricultural and veterinary pharmacies, from which circa 10% of the interviewees confirmed the use of poison baits, while another 10% are seen as potential users.

Moreover, in the frame of this microthesis was conducted also the monitoring of the power lines close to the Egyptian Vulture territories in order to identify the most dangerous ones. A total of 11 transects along the power lines in the Egyptian Vulture territories were monitored, from which the “Glinë-Drino valley” transect resulted as the most problematic.

The limited number of the Egyptian Vulture in Albania shows the critical situation of this population, at the same time emphasizes the necessity of taking concrete actions in the protection of the last breeding vulture in our country. These actions should be focused mainly on preventing the use of poison baits, isolating poles and power lines to prevent collision and electrocution, etc.

Keywords: Egyptian Vulture, Endangered species, Poisoning, Electrocution, Abundance, Reproduction success.

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROSS-BORDER TOURISM ALBANIA-KOSOVO, IN THE REGION OF KUKËS – HAS – GJAKOVA - PEJA. Student: Supervisor:

Ruke QAUSHI

Prof. Assoc. Dr. Elizabeta SUSAJ

Abstract: The tourism industry occupies an important place in the economy and is a major and important source for the country’s development.

Tourism can make a significant contribution to three dimensions of development: create jobs, generate trade opportunities to recognize needs and support tourism activities, create important capacities that promote environmental protection priorities and cultural diversity. According to INSTAT (2019) data, during 2018, over 5.9 million foreign nationals entered Albania, or 61% more than in 2014. About 83.1% of foreign nationals enter through land routes and 35% of they enter from the Morina border crossing.

Tourism is one of the priority sectors of economic and social development for the economy of Albania and Kosovo, in general, and especially for the Kukës-Has-Gjakova-Peja region, where employment opportunities in other sectors are limited. The aim of the study was: “Assessment of tourism potentials of the Albania-Kosovo cross-border region, proposal of three 5-7 day tourism development guides in KukësHas-Gjakova-Peja region, and return of this region to an attractive region for domestic and foreign tourists”.

This region has an extraordinary tourist potential and is characterized by special natural, historical and cultural heritage assets. Due to development policies, before the 1990s until the beginning of the century. 21, cross-border and regional co-operation has been very limited. The Albanian region Kukës Has is connected with the kosovar region GjakovaPeja in the tourist spots of Pashtrik and Maja e Kunora, which are located at altitudes of 1400-1900 meters above sea level. According to the Institute for

the Protection of Monuments in Peja, there are 129 cultural structures in both public and private ownership, which are recognized and systematized, where 48 are in category 1 of the Archaeological Heritage and 181 are of the second category of “Architectural Heritage”. According to the study of this program, the ownership of buildings - cultural monuments - in the western region is about 35% public with 42 buildings, 41% private with 49 buildings and about 21% of religious communities with 26 buildings and the remaining 3% are monuments. natural belonging to the public. The municipalities of Kukës and Has as well as the municipalities of Gjakova and Peja constitute a destination required by local and foreign tourists and an important tourist hub of our country. Strengthening cooperation in the field of tourism between the two municipalities and communes, but also with neighboring municipalities, is the best opportunity to attract foreign tourists.

The development of joint cross-border tourist guides for the Kukës-Has-GjakovaPeja region would be a new, important alternative for local and foreign tourists visiting both our countries. The Albanian economy can and should rely more on tourism and the sectors directly related to it, such as transport, telecommunications, agro-industry, etc., in conditions of increasing competition. The main challenge remains the radical improvement of the quality and costs of the Albanian-Albanian tourist offer, on both sides of the border.

Keywords: cross-border region, Gjakova, Has, Kukës, Peja, tourist guides, tourism.

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SOLID URBAN WASTE POLLUTION IN THE SEGMENT URA MBROSTARIT UP TO THE ESTUARY OF SEMAN RIVER. Student: Supervisor:

Saliston DELIJA

Prof. Assoc. Dr. Elizabeta SUSAJ

Abstract: Pollution of rivers from solid urban waste is one of the biggest problems in Albania and everywhere in the world. Solid urban waste is of two types: biodegradable and nonbiodegradable. It takes thousands of years for non-biodegradable waste to disintegrate, affecting aquatic ecosystems and disrupting natural balances. The Seman River is one of the most polluted rivers in Albania. This river has a length of 281 km and is formed by the confluence of two rivers, Devoll and Osum. The Seman River flows through two cities, Berat and Fier, and then discharges into the Adriatic Sea. Before being discharged into the sea, the river Gjanica joins this river, which passes through the city of Fier. Urban waste discharged into the Seman and Gjanica rivers is deposited on the Seman coast, causing pollution of the coastline. This has led to a decrease in the number of vacationers who frequent the coast of Seman during the beach season. Residues affect the quality of water and all living things in and around it. More than 1.5 million tons of solid urban waste (2016) are produced in Albania, of which a considerable amount is uncontrollably discharged into the country’s rivers. Solid urban waste can contain toxic substances, which can pass into the food pyramid, of animals and humans, causing various diseases.

The study was conducted during the period December 2019-June 2020 and focused on identifying and assessing the amount and types of urban solid waste that accumulate in the Seman River, in the segment Mbrostari Bridge - estuary. Also the recommendation of some measures to reduce the impact of pollution and rehabilitation of the river and the Seman estuary. During this study it became possible to assess the current state of the Seman River and its estuary from pollution and solid urban waste. This study was conducted at a different time, as originally proposed. Monitoring was conducted

during the period 27-29 February 2020. During this period two types of monitoring were performed.

The first monitoring was carried out by means of a basketshaped net which by means of a rope will be mounted on two points (Mbrostar Bridge and Seman estuary) which will be immersed in the depth of the river, while the second monitoring was carried out, through the collection/weighing of urban solid waste deposited on both sides of the Seman River estuary.

The monitored area on the south side has an area of 0.39 km2 while the north side with an area of 0.31 km2. During the network monitoring, 0.374 kg of urban solid waste was collected at the first point Mbrostari Bridge, while the second monitoring point at the mouth of the Seman River from the 2-hour monitoring collected a quantity of 0.2 kg of solid urban waste.

Another monitoring that was done in this study was the counting, collection and weighing of urban solid waste on both sides of the Seman River estuary.

In the southern part of the Seman River, the area under surveillance was of 0.39 km2 and the total collected solid urban waste was of 42,05 kg. While on the northern side of the river Seman with an area of 0.31 km2 the quantity of collected solid urban waste was of 112,9 kg. Awareness and knowledge of citizens about the impact of solid urban waste on water quality of surface water in this case the river is at low levels. Despite their educational level, citizens have no information on the water quality of the Seman River and the impact of urban waste on this river. It was recommended to monitor and set up a Task Force to identify and punish river pollutants, develop information campaigns for anglers and citizens of the area on environmental issues of the Seman River and the impact of solid urban waste by relevant institutions.

Keywords: assessment, quantity, Seman river, urban solid waste, waste types.

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COASTAL EROSION IN THE LALËZI BAY SEGMENT TO RODON CAPE. Student: Supervisor:

Sonila BASHA Dr. Enkelejda KUCAJ

Abstract: A Coastal erosion is the loss of land or the displacement of land or the long-term removal of sediments and of the rocks along the coastal line due to the wave’s interaction, tides, streams, water lead by wind, water that comes from ice melt and other indications from storms. Coastal erosion can be caused by the hydraulic interaction, erosion , and other influences of wind and water , other forces , natural or non-natural. Coastal erosion is the removal of land from the sea, often it includes destructive waves that keep the shore (even though constructive waves contribute in Coastal erosion) Erosion is a natural phenomenon that puts land in danger by removing the hard materials under the force of water , ice and wind . The Albanian cost has a length of 418 km that lies from the Gulf of Ftelias and finishes to the delta of Buna . From 268 km of cost are in the Adriatic Sea and 150 in the Jonian Sea . The coast is the most dynamic part of our country, it is always in constant change, especially in the rivers’ delta. There have been a lot of studies from the SHGJSH for this phenomenon. Climatic factors which influence the wind and wave regime on the coast and affect the shape of the coastline, weather factors which decompose and disintegrate rocks differently in wet areas and differently in drought-prone areas.

Climatic factors also influence or condition

the type of vegetation that grows in coastal areas.

The effects caused by tides and ebbs also influence the shape of the shoreline but in themselves they are affected by water temperature and salinity. Human activity plays a very important role in changing the coastline. The coastal space requires a stable management and with the right accuracy of the factors and processes that affect.

As a result of improper management, incorrect interventions have occurred which have caused largescale damage. If the importance of the processes and factors that influence the change of the coastline is understood, many situations can be avoided in time.

The segment from Lalzi Gulf to Kepi i Rodonit are under the force of erosion and accumulation especially in the delta of river Erzeni. This segment is also under the influence of outer geodynamic process and the active tectonic activity. The coastal form and shape is directly connected with the nature and the amplitude of wave warp which have the key role in erosion and deposit along the coast. Lalzi Gulf segment to kepi Rodonit is characterized by the fine sand and regular size sand that advances 20-40m , influencing directly in the dynamic that characterizes the low coastal zone .

Keywords: accumulation, sea, erosion effect, Lalzi Gulf , Kepi Rodonit.

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STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL OF REUSE OF RAINWATER BY MEANS OF THEIR COLLECTION SYSTEMS IN THREE DIFFERENT OBJECTS IN TIRANA. Student: Supervisor:

Xhilda SHEHU Dr. Eriona Canga

Abstract: This study was conducted to present an innovative project-idea regarding new investments in the construction sector that will be developed in Albania, or even existing ones, which can invest in the implementation of a rainwater collection system for its reuse in apartments, schools, shopping malls, airports and wherever there is a demand and interest in the development of the system. In this way, income is saved, the land is saved from saturation with excess water in cases of storms and above all water is not lacking at any moment.

The study has in-depth information about the components of the rainwater collection system, this system in a more primitive way, was used around the seventeenth century in our country. The study describes the various methodologies of rainwater collection systems, the materials needed for its realization described in technical detail, the analysis

of consumption costs in the facilities under study and the development of the economic analysis of the effectiveness for the proposed investment. Step by step are explained all the criteria that must be considered before implementing these systems, it is analysed how much rainwater is collected in the city under study (Tirana), then the capacity of the deposits is calculated based on the demand for water consumption, cost calculations have also been made, what would be the value in Lek that would be saved if a rainwater collection system was implemented, as well as other analyses that we need to achieve a final result with the data collected for the facilities taken in the study. This paper is organized in 5 chapters with their specific sub-topics: 1. Introduction, 2. Theoretical aspects, 3. Methodology used, 4. Data analysis interpretation and discussion, 5.

Conclusions and recommendations.

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SURFACE WATER QUALITY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GROUNDWATER IN THE KAFARAJ - NOVOSELA SEGMENT OF VJOSA RIVER. Student: Supervisor:

Bleona SILAJ Dr. Eriona Canga

Abstract: The ever-evolving human society is associated with the increasing demand of the population for products and services, especially for water for use as drinking water for humans, water for agriculture and livestock, industrial water, etc.

Numerous studies have shown that the quality and pollution of surface water is directly related to the quality and pollution of groundwater. The purpose of the study was to identify the condition and quality of surface and groundwater of the quaternary aquifer of the Vjosa River Basin and to assess the relationship that exists between them. The study was conducted during the period October 2019-July 2020 in the area Kafaraj-Novoselë, Municipality of Vlora, based on the analysis and evaluation of perennial data of surface water (Vjosa River) and groundwater (quaternary aquifer of the Vjosa River Basin) by the Service Albanian Geological Survey (2009-2019) and Environmental Status Reports published by the National Environmental Agency (2014-2019).

Albania’s surface water quality monitoring is performed for the seven river basins Drin, Buna, Mat, Erzen, Ishëm, Shkumbin, Seman and Vjosa, currently at 36 stations (2019). River water quality assessment is based on the eight most important physico-chemical parameters of chemical pollution, such as temperature, pH, alkalinity, salinity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, NKO, BO5, nitrites, nitrates, ammonia, Ptotal, PO4 and pending matter, set out in the EU Water Framework Directive. For the Vjosa River, surface water monitoring is carried out at 5 monitoring stations: Three Charshova Bridges (Vj1), City Bridge (Vj2), Lekli Bridge (Vj3), Memaliaj Bridge (Vj4) and Old Mifol Bridge (Vj5). The results obtained for all indicators in general, according to the EU Water Framework Directive, define the waters of the Vjosa River as “good to moderate condition waters”.

Groundwater quality monitoring (aquifers) in Albania is also performed for the seven aquifer basins for Quaternary gravel aquifers, such as: Shkodër, Lezhë-Fushë Kuqe, Tirana- Fushë Krujë, ElbasanLushnje, Korçë, Gjirokastër-Kafaraj Velos -Mursi and

Orikum. Groundwater quality assessment is based on indicators, such as water temperature, pH, total hardness - Fp, total mineralization - Mp, dissolved oxygen content - O2, Sodium – Na content, Calcium Ca content, Magnesium – Mg content, Iron – Fe content, Ammonia - NH4 content, Chlorine – Cl content, Sulfate content - SO4, Nitrates - NO3 content, Nitrites - NO2 content, as well as the content of trace elements (Ni, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Co, Cr), based on Albanian standards for recommended content (STASH-R) and maximum allowed content (STASH PML) and in European Union standards for recommended content (EU-R) and maximum allowed content (EU-PML). For the period 2013-2019, for the quaternary aquifer of the Vjosa basin, 5 drillings were monitored: Buduk, Budrishta, Novoselë, Kafaraj, and Pish-Poro. In Kafaraj drilling, all groundwater quality indicators have higher values compared to Novosela drilling, which shows that groundwater pollution in Kafaraj is higher.

Comparing the quality data of the surface water of the Vjosa River and the groundwater of the quaternary aquifer of the Vjosa River shows that there is a tendency of decreasing temperature and pH from surface water to groundwater, as well as an increasing tendency of dissolved oxygen and total hardness, nitrates and nitrites from surface water to groundwater.

The ammonium content is estimated at slightly higher levels in the groundwater of the quaternary aquifer of the Vjosa River.

It is recommended to continue UN monitoring of all parameters set out in the legislation, preferably at a higher frequency, at least 4 times a year, in each season. Monitor and evaluate periodically by relevant institutions (NEA, REA, local inspectorates, etc.) discharges of urban waste and urban and industrial wastewater and take administrative measures for violators. Review and prohibit the use of aggregates (sand, stones and gravel) in river beds to protect exploitation drillings in river terraces and maintain the hydro-dynamic and hydro-chemical equilibrium feed of aquifers.

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FLOOD IN THE CITY OF GJIROKASTRA Student: Supervisor:

Luis BUZHERI

Dr. Arben Pambuku

Abstract: Floods are global natural phenomena that directly affect the agrarian, human and urban environment, but also the enrichment or impoverishment of the land. Floods also pose a serious environmental and social risk because they cause great damage to agricultural land, human settlements, people and animals, highways, railways, irrigation and drainage network, etc. This is due to the wide geographical spread of floodplains and low seashores, as well as the movement of people and the construction of settlements near them. Floods are a natural and uncommon process associated with river dynamics, but throughout Europe and throughout the ages, floods have affected human health, the environment, cultural heritage and economic activities. In Albania, during the last 150 years there have been dozens of major floods, with very serious consequences for the country. Only in the period 1992-2013, Albania was endangered by floods 13 times, once in 1992, 4 times in 1995, once in 1996, once in 1997, once in 2002, once in 2004, once in 2005, twice in 2010, once in 2013, etc., lasting from 1-19 days, with moderate to very high severity. The city of Gjirokastra lies in the southern part of Albania, bordered by the river Drino in the east, in the west by Mali i Gjerë,

in the north by Lake Viroi and the administrative unit Cepo, in the south by the village of Lazarat and the stream of Gjokana. For years, the city of Gjirokastra has not found a solution to manage the gray waters which flood a large part of agricultural fields and block some roads, depreciating many urban roads in the city. The study was conducted during the period October 2019-May 2020 in the City of Gjirokastra and its surroundings, where the water flows that flow through the City of Gjirokastra were determined, based on the identification, analysis and evaluation of perennial flood data, through data provided by various local institutions and field visits and interviews.

The study of the history of floods in Albania and in the city of Gjirokastra has been done, the areas most affected by floods have been determined, the streams that flow through the city of Gjirokastra have been identified and defined on the map, the inflows and catchments of the Stream of Çulla and the Stream of Dunavat, as well as measures have been defined and recommended for the management of the gray waters of the city and the prevention of floods in this city.

Keywords: environment, erosion, flood, Gjirokastra, Stream of Çulla, Stream of Dunavat.

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ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF POLLUTION BY SALIX ALBA PLANT, SEDIMENT AND WATER. CASE STUDY ERZENI RIVER Student: Supervisor:

Sami KOTORRI

Dr. Enkelejda KUCAJ

Abstract: Heavy metal pollution has been a serious problem due to the discharge and distribution of waste materials into the ecosystem. These heavy metals also have the potential to contaminate the water or vegetation that grows in these ecosystems. Surface water is polluted because it mixes with sewage, water runoff and runoff. The main sources of water pollution in Albania in the last decade are urban discharges. The Erzen River is heavily polluted by heavy metals, due to many human activities and factories dumping waste into the river without treating them. Water pollution from trace metals is an important factor on both sides the geochemical cycle of metals and environmental health. The topic of the study took place along the Erzen Riverbed. The riverbed is composed of gravel and pebble layers but have more native riparian plant community. The purpose of this work was to estimate the accumulation of heavy metals in sediment and willow (Salix Alba) as well as the evaluation of physico-chemical parameters in the water of the Erzen River. Our study is generally focused on the current situation, the problems of pollution of the Erzen River.

But the presence of organic matter in sediments -

willow plant will also be analyzed. The use of plants in the recovery of contaminated soil is low cost, sustainable and environmentally friendly. In this area 5 water samples were taken, 5 sediment samples and 5 willow samples (in the same study site) which are almost 5-10 m apart. The study of the Erzen River at the Ndroq location was conducted in July 2020. The geographical coordinates of our study area were X = 4 389 367 (N) and Y = 4 470 716 (E0). The Erzen River in this place was 15.5 m wide and the depth of the river reached 0.45 m. The surface area S (m2) of the river at this point calculated as the product of the river length and average depth was 6,975 m2. The assessment of river water quality is done using the limit values set out in the European Commission Directive (1989) and FAO. The average temperature value in the period July 2020 is 26.08 ° C. The pH value resulted within the limits recommended by the EU Directive [1989] <8.5 being ranked in good condition, with small deviations demonstrating an alkaline environment.

Keywords: Erzen river, sediments, Salix alba plant, physico-chemical parameters, heavy metal pollution.

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IMPACT OF THE FORMER COPPER ENRICHMENT FACTORY ON WATER QUALITY AT SOME MONITORING POINTS ON THE SMALL FAN RIVER IN THE RUBIK-REPS REGION Student: Supervisor:

Xhensila GJOKEJA Dr. Eriona Canga

Abstract: Albania is a rich country in mineral resources, such as chromium, copper and iron-nickel, which have been exploited without criteria and without any care for the environment before 1990.

Many mines built for the extraction and exploitation of minerals have been pursued by industry and smelting and enrichment plants. Indiscriminate use of mineral resources and uncontrolled disposal of sterile mineral waste and industrial and technological waste, have made the city of Rrëshen and the town of Rubik to be considered as hot spots in terms of environmental issues in Albania. The Rubik Copper Processing Plant was built in the late 1930s to produce processed copper products, and was closed in 1998, generating over 30,000 tons of mineral waste per year, which are deposited in the surrounding areas. The study was conducted during the period October 2019June 2020 in the industrial zone in Rubik and in a segment with a length of about 400 m in the river Fan i Vogël. In this segment are defined two monitoring points where water and sediment samples were taken.

River water samples were subjected to direct field analysis for parameters such as temperature (oC), pH and electrical conductivity (EC), as well as laboratory analysis for copper (Cu) content in water, analyzed at the ECM Laboratory, Shkodër, then were compared with the allowed norms of liquid discharges according to DCM no. 177, dated 31.03.2005, and with data previously published by various authors. The results showed that the Small Fan River, as a result of the impact of the copper mining industry in the segment RubikReps-Rrëshen and various economic activities, turns out to be polluted by heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Fe, sulfate, etc., which have affected the deterioration of all environmental indicators. Data obtained for water samples from field analyzes and at the ECM Studio Laboratory showed that the average temperature value was 10.18oC and ranged from 10oC (M1 / 2) to 10.4oC (M2/1), the average pH value was 8.5 and ranged from 8.3 (M1/2) to 8.8 (M2/2), the average value of electrical conductivity was 193,325 μs/cm

and ranged from 189.3 μs/cm (M2/2) to 197.3 μs/ cm (M1/2), and the average copper content was 111.225 mg/L and ranged from 109.5 mg/L (M1/2) to 113.5 mg/L (M2/1). The ecosystem of the Fan valley in the Reps - Rubik region, is severely damaged by the copper mining and processing industry, turning from a natural to an industrial environment, with a violent anthropogenic impact. In the former industrial zone Rubik - Reps - Rrëshen, a serious intervention is needed to prevent and reduce further contamination, as well as the rehabilitation of the soil and the bed of the Small Fan River. Basic importance should be paid to the disposal of abandoned buildings of the copper enrichment plant, from where waste with heavy metal composition continues to be generated, which are transported to the river by natural leaching.

It is recommended to demolish, transport and deposit the ruins and abandoned buildings, as well as other contaminated materials in a special landfill for the disposal of hazardous waste according to EU directives, to clean the area of the enrichment plant copper and cultivation with autochthonous, tolerant and accumulating vegetation of heavy metals, in order to revitalize the area, to deposit sterile dump waste in closed and abandoned mines and to protect sterile deposits from floods. Planting of the slopes of the hill where the former factory is located, of the dams and the bare and eroded area and of the banks of the Fan River with indigenous, stable and bioaccumulative vegetation of heavy metals. The main plants recommended for protection of the Fan River banks from erosion and river erosion, as well as for the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and decontamination of the soil of the former copper enrichment plant are: reeds (Phragmites australis), white willow (Salix alba L.), purple willow (Salix purpurea), red sage (Tamarix paviflora L.), water lily (Eichhornia crasspies), mustard flower (Brassica juncea), species Etysimum repandum L. and Hesperis laciniata, etc.

Keywords: copper (Cu), enrichment plant, environment, pollution, rehabilitation, Rubik, the Small Fan River.

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NATURAL BASED SOLUTIONS IN TIRANA- GREEN WALLS AND GREEN TERRACES. Student: Supervisor:

Eligert Uzuni Dr. Eriona Canga

Abstract: Ky dizertacion për gradën Master Shkencor në Menaxhim Mjedisor Urban, merr në shqyrtim potencialin që kanë Nature Based Solutions për qytetin e Tiranës, ose sic mund te pershtaten në shqip me termin “zgidhjet me bazë natyrën”. Muret, fasadat dhe taracat e gjelbërta janë një ndër shëmbujt e përfshirjes së NBS në qytetet tona. Qëllimi i këtij studimi ishte: “Studimi i mureve dhe taracave të gjelbra si dhe implementimet e tjera me bazë natyrën, duke monitoruar me aparatura të ndryshme laboratorike rastet e aplikuara në Tiranë dhe duke u bazuar në aspektin teknik, mjedisor, uljen e temperaturës që këto fasada sjellin”. Ky studim konsiston në realizimin e matjeve në tre fasada të gjelbra dhe në tre fasada pa vegjetacion, në tre zona të ndryshme në qytetin e Tiranës duke matur komponentë të tillë si: temperatura (°C), lagështia e ajrit (%), diokisidin e karbonit CO₂ (ppm), intensitetin e dritës (Lux), fotografim me kamerën termike të sipërfaqeve në studim. Realizimi i matjeve në tri replika, dhe në sipërfaqet e mureve me vegjetacion dhe sipërfaqet e mureve pa vegjetacion, mundësoi krahasimin e rezultateve dhe analizimin e tyre për të kuptuar vetëm një nga avantazhet që sjellin fasadat e gjelbërta (uljen e temperatures, intensitetit te drites).

Ky studim u realizuar për të kuptuar impaktin që kanë sistemet më bazë natyrën (NBS) në eficencën termike që kanë muret e gjelbra, ndryshimet e temperaturave, si dhe për tju pëgjigjur pyetjeve, cilat janë benefitet që mund të marrim nga implementimi i këtyre metodikave dhe sa do të shërbenin këto implementime për qytetin e Tiranës.

Studimi në brendësi të tij parqet pjësën teorike të mureve të gjelbra, taracave të gjelbra, klasifikimi e tyre, llojin e bimësisë që përdoret si dhe avantazhet, disavantazhe që kanë. Paraqet teknikat e implementimit të këtyre metodologjive nga faza fillestare deri tek faza përfundimtare. Pjesa studimore praktike bën matje në terren në tre zona, në mur pa vegjetacion dhe me vegjetacion. Rezultatet treguan që temperatura ulet me 6 gradë Celcius në fasadat e gjelbërta krahasuar me fasadën pa vegjetacion për secilën zonë studimi, gjithasthu intensiteti i drites ndryshonte drastikisht, ndersa nivelet e CO2 nuk shafqen ndryshime te medha mes murit me dhe pa vegjetacion.

Fjalë kyce: Nature Based Solutions, fasadat e gjelbra, tarracat e gjelbra, dioksid karboni, eficence termike, karakteristika, metodologji.

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