Non Human Design Folio 2024

1

Tau Emerald & Chamelaucium spp. Wax Flower Student’s Own Watercolour, Ink and Graphite Illustration

LACH 5424 STUDIO - FOLIO QUINLAN_19008890

The rivers, waters and undulating dune systems of the Swan Coastal Plan havestrong and ancient story line connections to the Traditional Owners and the Noongar people.

In particular they tell the story of creation (THE WAUGUL – the ancient serpent and creator of our waterways).

According to Noongar culture - The Waugul is present wherever living water is found. Rivers, creeks and wetlands are, ‘spiritual repositories places that draw on the fundamental philosophy of Noongar spiritual believes as places of spirit, birth and spirit rest.

Like the Water Cycle the fundamentals of Noongar belief system is that all living creatures, are a part of the wider spiritual universe and cyclical system. Wetlands and damplands are a crucial part of this cycle, both as breeding grounds for numerous living creatures, repositories of spiritual essence realised generationally by individuals and sources of food, water and protection.

(Source: South West Land & Sea Corporation) A key indicator of a healthy waterway and cycle is the dragonfly Elder Barry McGuire stated at the Opening of Under One Sun that dragonflies are a sign that the rain has stopped for the season as they exit the water and start flying about. Symbols of change, transition and transformation.

While Elder Neville Collard says in his Dragon Fly Story - “The Karlitch – dragonfly – is a beautiful little animal that flies around the water holes. It provides food for birds and animals – maybe possums/mice if they get their teeth on them, They fly so very fast, They are also known as mosquito hawks, devils darning needles and snake doctors.

“Karl” is the fire – got big bright red eyes – “fire in their eyes” is what Karlitch means, when you show spotlight on them at night their eyes glow red and you can see them around.

When they mate the female lays the eggs directly onto the water – eggs (nooroks) drift the edges. May take several months to hatch.. young dragon flies leave the water till they become sexually mature which results in dispersal when they are ready to mate.

Dragonflies people say are one of the most successful creatures on earth – fossils found from dragon flies that lived over 30 million years ago.

Stories of our people using dragon flies in art, painting extravagant and beautiful creatures, At most water holes, most parks, you can sit in shade and you’ll see them. Take a close look at eyes and I believe you’ll see the red or fire in his eyes.

The site selected for this assignment was traditionally inhabited by the Beelier group of the Whadjuk Noongar nation. The adjacent figure shows the chosen site in red and the listed Aboriginal Heritage Sites, 2024. Source: DPLH Heritage Data QGIS

(Source: Whadjuk Trails).

I acknowledge the Whadjuk and Beelier people of the Noongar nation as the Traditional Owners of this place and pay my respects to the elders past and present who have cared for this country and its people, and upon which we have the opportunity to learn and study.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF COUNTRY

Stories, Science and Connections

1

2

Stories & Connections

The Client - Seasons and Cycles

Environmental Mapping & Analysis

Opportunities and Threats

Strategy & Scenario Options

1. Acknowledgement of Country 2. Location Biotopes 3. The Client 2. Site Visit Take Outs 3. Friends of Samson Park 4. Unwelt Perspective 5. Symbols and Transformations

1.. Daily/Annual/Lifecycle 2. Predator or Prey 3. 12 months to Live or Die 4. Umwelt Section

1. What have We Lost?

2. Water Locations and Analysis 3. More than Human Experience 4. Human Uses

1. Non Human Perspective 2. Combined Map

1. Flight - Damplands and Pools 2. Torpor - Rest 3. Flit - Feed - Procreate

3

4

5

6

7

8

Masterplan and Focus Areas

Materiality & Planting

Sources & Science

1.. Broadscale and Typography 2. Masterolan 3. Delivering to clients needs

1. Section Details and Materiality 2. Planting Strategy & Palette

1. Plant Schedule 2. Precedents 3. The Full Story 4. References

1. Flight - Damplands and Pools 2. Torpor - Rest 3. Flit - Feed - Procreate

3. HOME - Perspective

CONTENTS Stories, Science and Connections

Scale: 1:15,000

Image Source: Nearmaps, July 2009 Sir Frederick Samson Parks, wetlands and adjacent parks and public spaces.

Remnant Vegetation

Lawns/Turf Programmed Recreation

Edge

Wetlands

Industrial Wasteland

Homes and Private Gardens

Study Area

2

Figure 2: Dragon Fly Vision Student’s Graphite Illustration

Figure 3: Frog Eye View from Above Student’s Graphite Illustration

THE HEART OF SAMSON

3

Broadscale Map and Perspectives

SCALE 1:1

Stories of Transformation, Change of Season, Resilience Speed and Light

CLIENT - A SYMBOL OF THE SEASON From Sunshine to The Rains

54 mAHD

What do you see?

“Why I see everything that moves in flicks vivid blinks of colour across my compound eye” said the Dragonfly to the Frog.

47m AHD

“Ah” said the Frog to the Dragonfly “My world is a globe of the water and the sky, and your world it seems is the colour between”.

29m AHD

20 m AHD

19m AHD

Truth Water, Water you can hear the Hoopee callwater needs to flow like natural goodness or else we lose our way..

You can hear the frogs a long way under trying to get a message up.

But fancy cannot work as she would wish.

You cannot weigh the moon like so much fish.

Barry Hill & John Wolseley Lines for Bird Song Poems and Paintings

Litoria Moorei - Motorbike Frog (Kwooyar)

PERSPECTIVES - UMWELT Hemicordulia tau - Tau Emerald (Djerakan Noort/Nooranga/Fire Eyes/Devils Needles) Dragonfly

Cycads Zamiaceae Macrozamia fraseri Sandplain zamia Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons AmaranthaceaePtilotus drummo ndii Narrow leaf mulla mulla AmaranthaceaePtilotus polystachyus Bottlewashers Apiaceae Centella asiatica Centella, Pennywort Apiaceae Eryngium pinnatifidumBlue devils Apiaceae Xanthosia huegelii Xanthosia Araliaceae Trachymene pilosa Native parsnip Asteraceae Cotula australis Common cotula Asteraceae Lagenophora huegelii Native gerbera Asteraceae Pithocarpa cordata Tangle daisy Asteraceae Podolepis gracilis Slender podolepis Asteraceae Podotheca gnaphalioidesGolden long heads Asteraceae Senecio condylus Perth groundsel Asteraceae Waitzia suavolens Waitzia Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia preissii Native bluebell Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina fraseriana Common sheoak Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina humilis Dwarf sheoak Chenopodiaceae Rhagodia baccata Berry saltbush Crassulaceae Crassula colorata Dense stonecrop Dilleniaceae Hibbertia cuneiformis Cut leaf buttercup Dilleniaceae Hibbertia hypericoides Yellow buttercup Dilleniaceae Hibbertia racemosa Stalked guinea flower Dilleniacea Hibbertia racemosa Grey leaf form Droseraceae Drosera erythrorhiza Red ink sundew Droseraceae Drosera glanduligera Pimpernel sundew Droseraceae Drosera macrantha Bridal rainbow Droseraceae Drosera pallida Pale rainbow Droseraceae Drosera porrecta Leafy sundew Ericaceae Conostephium pendulum Pearl flower Ericaceae Styphelia pallida Kick bush Ericaceae Styphelia propinqua Beard heath Euphorbiaceae Monotaxis grandiflora Diamond of the desert Fabaceae Acacia cyclops Red eye wattle Fabaceae Acacia glaucoptera Flat wattle Fabaceae Acacia lasiocarpa Dune Moses Fabaceae Acacia pulchella Prickly Moses Fabaceae Acacia saligna Golden wreath wattle Fabaceae Acacia stenoptera Narrow winged wattle Fabaceae Acacia willdenowiana Grass wattle Fabaceae Bossiaea eriocarpa Common brown pea Fabaceae Daviesia divaricata Marno Fabaceae Daviesia nudiflora Bitter pea Fabaceae Daviesia triflora Bitter pea Fabaceae Gastrolobium capitatum Bacon and eggs Fabaceae Gompholobium aristatum Yellow wedge pea Fabaceae Gompholobium tomentosum Hairy yellow pea Fabaceae Hardenbergia comptoniana Native wisteria Fabaceae Hovea trisperma Common hovea Fabaceae Isotropis cuneifolia Granny bonnets Fabaceae Jacksonia furcellata Grey stinkwood Fabaceae Jacksonia sternbergiana Green stinkwood Fabaceae Kennedia prostrata Running postman Fabaceae Sphaerolobium linophyllum Goodeniaceae Dampiera linearis Common dampiera Goodeniaceae Scaevola canescens Grey fan flower Goodeniaceae Scaevola thesioides Blue fan flower Lamiaceae Hemiandra glabra Coastal snakebush Lamiaceae Hemiandra pungens Snakebush Myrtaceae Calothamnus quadrifidusOne sided bottlebrush Myrtaceae Corymbia calophylla Marri Myrtaceae Eucalyptus gomphocephala Tuart Myrtaceae Eucalyptus marginata Jarrah Myrtaceae Hypocalymma angustifoliumWhite myrtle Myrtaceae Hypocalymma robustumSwan River myrtle Myrtaceae Melaleuca sp. Paperbark Myrtaceae Melaleuca viminalis Bottlebrush Phyllanthaceae Lysiandra calycina False boronia Proteaceae Banksia attenuata Candle banksia Proteaceae Banksia dallanneyi Honeypot Proteaceae Banksia grandis Bull banksia Proteaceae Banksia menziesii Firewood banksia Proteacea Banksia nivea Honeypot Proteacea Banksia prionotes Acorn banksia Proteaceae Banksia sessilis Parrot bush Proteaceae Hakea prostrataHarsh hakea Proteaceae Persoonia saccata Snottygobble Proteaceae Petrophile linearis Pixie mops Proteaceae Petrophile macrostachyaPetrophile Proteaceae Synaphea spinulosa Synaphea Rhamnaceae Trymalium ledifolium Coastal trymalium Rubiaceae Opercularia vaginata Dog weed Rutaceae Philotheca spicata Pepper and salt Stylidiaceae Stylidium neurophyllumCoastal plain pink fountain

Stylidiaceae Stylidium schoenoides Cow kicks ThymelaeaceaePimelea rosea Rose banjine Violaceae Pigea calycina Wild violet Flowering Plants: Monocotyledons Asparagaceae Dichopogon capillipes Chocolate lily Asparagaceae Lomandra micrantha Small flowered mat rush Asparagaceae Lomandra nigricans Mat rush Asparagaceae Lomandra preissii Mat rush Asparagaceae Lomandra suavolens Mat rush Asparagaceae Sowerbaea laxiflora Purple tassels Asparagaceae Thysanotus arenarius Sand dune fringe lily Asparagaceae Thysanotus patersonii Climbing fringe lily Asparagaceae Thysanotus sparteus Leafless fringe lily Asparagaceae Thysanotus triandrus Three stamen fringe lily Colchicaceae Burchardia congesta Milkmaids Cyperaceae Ammothryon grandiflorum Large flowered bog rush Cyperaceae Ficinia marginata Coarse club rush Cyperaceae Ficinia nodosa Knotted club rush Cyperaceae Isolepis cernua Nodding club rush Cyperaceae Lepidosperma leptostachyum Cyperaceae Lepidosperma oldhamii Oldham’s sword sedge Cyperaceae Lepidosperma scabrum Scabrid sword sedge Cyperaceae Mesomelaena pseudostygia Semaphore sedge Cyperaceae Morelotia octandra (Tetraria octandra) Cyperaceae Schoenus clandestinus Carpet sedge Dasypogonaceae Dasypogon bromeliifolius Pineapple bush Haemodoraceae Anigozanthos humilis Catspaw Haemodoraceae Anigozanthos manglesii Kangaroo paw Haemodoraceae Conostylis aculeata Prickly cottonheads Haemodoraceae Conostylis candicans Grey cottonheads Haemodoraceae Conostylis setigera Bristly cottonheads Haemodoraceae Haemodorum paniculatum Bloodroot, Mardja Haemodoraceae Haemodorum spicatum Bloodroot, Bohn Hemerocallidaceae Caesia micrantha Pale grass lily Hemerocallidaceae Corynotheca micrantha Zigzag lily Hemerocallidaceae Dianella longifolia Flax lily Hemerocallidaceae Dianella revoluta var divaricata Flax lily Hemerocallidaceae Dianella sp.

Flax lily Hemerocallidaceae Tricoryne elatior Yellow autumn lily Iridaceae Patersonia occidentalis Purple flag Iridaceae Patersonia occidentalis var. angustifolia Juncaceae Juncus pallidus Pale rush Juncaceae Luzula meridionalis Field woodrush Orchidaceae Caladenia arenicola Carousel spider orchid Orchidaceae Caladenia flava Cowslip orchid Orchidaceae Caladenia latifolia Pink fairy orchid Orchidaceae Caladenia longicauda White spider orchid Orchidaceae Diuris corymbosa Common donkey orchid Orchidaceae Diuris magnifica Pansy donkey orchid Orchidaceae Leptoceras menziesii Rabbit orchid Orchidaceae Microtis media Mignonette orchid Orchidaceae Pheladenia deformis Blue fairy orchid Orchidaceae Prasophyllum giganteum Bronze leek orchid Orchidaceae Pterostylis brevisepala Short eared snail orchid Orchidaceae Pterostylis sanguinea Dark banded greenhood Orchidaceae Pterostylis vittata Banded greenhood Orchidaceae Pyrorchis nigricans Elephant ears, Red beaks Orchidaceae Thelymitra vulgaris Slender sun orchid Poaceae Austrostipa elegantissima Feather speargrass 4 Poaceae Austrostipa flavescens Yellow speargrass Poaceae Austrostipa hemipogon Half bearded speargrass Poaceae Austrostipa variabilis Variable speargrass Poaceae Microlaena stipoides Weeping grass Poaceae Poa porphyroclados Purple poa Poaceae Rytidosperma caespitosaCommon wallaby grass Restionaceae Desmocladus fasciculatusWhorled twine rush Restionaceae Desmocladus flexuosusTangled twine rush XanthorrhoeaceaeXanthorrhoea preissiiGrasstree, Balga

6

5

Sir Frederick Samson Park, Samson, City of Fremantle Native plants in Samson Park recorded by Diana Corbyn and Elizabeth King, 2023 151 native plants recorded (1 cycad, 86 dicots, 64 monocots) Recording started 2 Nov 2020 – Dec 2023

Figure 3-5: Flora at Sir Frederick Samson Park Student’s Own Graphite Illustrations

PERSPECTIVES - FRIENDS OF SAMSON PARK Recognition, Restoration, Re-Wild, Recreation

THE CYCLE OF LIFE Tau Emerald & Collaborators

Umwelt Section

Our Tau Emerald warms up in the sun, finds something to eat, somewhere safe to rest, water to cool off or to find a mate, takes to the sky, zips around, rests, eats, cools, slows down, rests those fire eyes.

Sleeps hidden on frond/in foliage up to 4-6 hours per day. Rest State called “Torpor”. Tail to water to cool down.

The Stats: Flies up to 70km per, max distance 1,950m.Eats up to 100 mosquitoes in a day.

Figure 8: Photographs Sir Frederick Samson Park Student’s Own

SCALE 1:2000 @ A2

A DAY ZIPPING ABOUT BUT NO WATER TO BE FOUND

More Than Human Experience of the Site - Length of Tau Emerald Flight Path

1953: Different Natures - Remnant Vegetation Scale: 1:

1965: Different Natures - Remnant Vegetation

LEGEND

Market Garden Industrial Land Use UWA Pine Forest Native Vegetation Sir Frederick Samson Park Zone Sports Oval and POS Housing Wetland Water 1976: Different Natures - Remnant Vegetation

1981: Different Natures - Remnant Vegetation

ENVIRONMENT - WHAT HAVE WE LOST? WHAT HAVE WE GAINED?

Flight Path 1953-1981

Soil Complexes The park sits within the defined Geographical Element of the Spearwood Dune system - a coastal limestone Karst formation with water at shallow depths across the Swan River Coastal Plain.

The division between the Cottesloe Complex (shallow yellow and brand sand overlying aeolicanite) and the Karrakatta Complex (deep yellow brown sand overlying aeolianite) run parallel through the centre of the park., This provides for the Tuart, Jarrah and Marri open forest rather than the Bassendean Complex of Banksia and Sheoak-Prickly Bark low forest in low lying areas to the East of the North Lake.

The extensive pine forests across the north-east of the park across the 20th Century is likely to have introduced high levels of Phosphorus and Zinc to the soils as part of its fertilising regime.

North Lake to the East is home to the swamp or Herdsman Complex a low closed forest of Paperbark, Tee and Reeds and Rushes. Here the black organic sands of peaty loams and black clays sit in the shallows of inundation areas suitable for frogs and dragonflies, and nesting birds. This grey and yellow sand dune with swamps is likely to be the soil type in the low lying wetland areas identified on page 9.

Salinity The ground water salinity in the park sits at 0-500 east, 500-1000 west. Nearby North Lake is experiencing falling pH levels and is at risk of acidification. Its salinity levels are seasonal and vary between 290 and 1060 mg/L, higher levels after evaporation following summer.

The surrounding area of the park has been deemed suitable for garden bores illustrating a relatively high quantity and height of ground water.

DWER Priority Threatened Canopy 2018 Greater than 40%

30- 40%

20-35%

5-10%

0% Buildings

Study Area

Threatended and Priority Flora Canopy Cover

Scale: 1: 10,000

A significant amount of historic Tuart, Marri and Jarrah forest to the west of the Park, and Fringing Flooded Gum Woodlands around the Lakes to the East and Fremantle to the West have been cleared due to suburban sprawl through the 1970s and 80s, Pine Plantation Farming and Industries uses. The presence of Jarrah-Banksia Woodland to the East of North Lake, and the Lake’s perimeter also had historic agricultural/horticultural use through the 1950s and 1960s.

Remaining canopy and priority flora is therefore patchy with the Park providing a significant core as part of this ecological mosaic.

Conc

Datasets: WA Government Data Analysed in QGIS

10-15%

Conc

Grass

Protected Protected

Protected

Conc

Protected

Grass

Grass

Track

Grass

Conc

Conc Supposed Location

Conc

Protected

Protected

Conc

Grass Grass

Grass

Bush

Track

Track

Track

Track Bush Bush Bush

Memorial

WC

Track

Track

Grass

Bush

Fountain

Bush Track

Bush

Conc

Sport

Bush

Track

Grass Sport

Conc

Ø800

Track Track

Bush

Track

Basketball

Bush

Court

Track

Ø900

Sport

Grass

Table

Playground Sand

Ø800 Supposed Location

Grass

Track

Bush

Table

BBQ

Conc

Bush

Ø900

Track

Track

Sport

Conc

Bush

Bush

Grass

Track

Grass

Grass

Ø800

Bush

Grass

Track

Track

Track

Track

Bush Ø900 Sport

Track

Bush

Conc

Grass

Ø900

Track

Grass Bush Bush

Ø900

Track

Track

Sport

Bush

Track

Bush

Grass

Grass

Ø480

No Pipe Visible

Ø480

Grass Ø800

Bush

Bush

Grass

Track

Conc

Conc

Track

Track

Ø800

Bush

Access

Ø610

Watercorp

Bush

Grass Track

Ø610

Track

Bush

Conc

Ø610

Bush Track

Grass

Conc

Grass

Track

Bush

Bush

Grass Conc

Bush

Track

Grass

Conc

Grass

Bush

Track Bush

Track

Bush

Track

Bush

Bush

Supposed Location

Grass

Conc

Track

Conc Grass

Bush

Conc Grass

Conc

Bush

Grass

Conc

Grass

Grass

Grass

Conc

Conc

Conc

The areas within the green boundaries represent 20%-30% remaining canopy at over 3m, while the dark green patches show critical protected canopy at 30%-40%.

ENVIRONMENT - MAPPING

From Ground to Sky

Prior to colonalisation area was inhabitated by the Beelier group of the Whadjuk Noongar nation..

Figure 12: Listed Aboriginal Heritage Sites, 2024

12

1829 - Colonialisation

1870 - Lots allocated to Pensioners Guards and used for piggeries, poultry farms, vineyards and horticulture.

1904-1960 - Surrounded endowed to UWA for pine plantations.

Reduced tree canopy and significant urban heat surrounding park.

1939 - Park established as Melville Australian Army Training Camp

1955 - Army Camp converted to Movie Hall

13 1950-1960 - Hilton, Kardinya, Coolbelup started to be developed

Figure 13: Nearmaps Aerial highlighting programmed green spaces

1971 - Samson developed by TM Burke Pty Ltd

1980s - Suburban development including public playing fields, schools, public transport along North Lake Road, South St and Leach Highway.

1990s Growing industrial area at O’Connor specialising in Food and Beverage production, Transport corridor link to Perth South and Kwinana established

Figure 14: Public Transport Routes Around Site

HUMAN USE - A GREEN ISOLATED HEART Humans in Suburbia

47 .15

STN 1

Ø230

.87

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43

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40 .83 .42 39

.91

Ø380

Ø380

37 .39 36

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36

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34 .46

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34 .64

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Grass Supposed Location

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32

AVENUE

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Ø380

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29 .35 29

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Supp

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Ø61

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Sup

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SEP / DG RL 29.66 Base RL 29.17 ILNW 28.27

STN 18

SEP / DG RL 30.03 Base RL 28.81 ILSW 28.83

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0

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Conc Manhole RL Pit 29.75 Base RL 28.10 ILNE 28.10 ILSE 28.65 ILSW 28.12

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Ø38

Conc Manhole RL Pit 30.10 Base RL 28.46 ILNE 28.47 ILSW 28.77 ILSE 28.69

31

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33

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Conc Manhole RL Pit 31.63 Base RL 30.05 ILNE 30.05 ILSW 30.28 ILSE 30.29

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Ø310

39

Conc Manhole RL Pit 40.744 Base RL 38.65 ILE 38.65 ILS 38.72 ILW 39.56

ROAD

Grass

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Conc Manhole RL Pit 42.44 NO Access

0

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Ø230 Supposed Location

Supposed Location

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29

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43

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Conc Manhole RL Pit 45.78 NO Access

.40

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28

28 .06

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Conc Manhole RL Pit 29.96 Base RL 27.91 .05 ILNE 28.61 29 ILSE 28.69 ILSW 27.90 ILNW 27.91

28

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39

47

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Access

DG Soakwell

SEP / DG RL 28.30 Base RL 25.79 ILNW 25.78 ILSE 27.037

Ø61

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34 .59 .01

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Area

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Conc Manhole RL Pit 45.79 Base RL 44.58 ILN 45.56 ILS 44.65

Conc Manhole RL Pit 36.24 Base RL 34.34 ILNW 34.44 ILE 34.40

28 .09 30 .27 .37 25

.61 24

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Closed

Grass

26

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Track

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Ø230

26 .64

0

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30

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MCKENZIE

Conc Manhole RL Pit 31.13 Base RL 29.82 ILN 29.89 ILE 30.43 ILS 30.21

Bush

.43 24

Bush

SEP / DG RL 25.83 Base RL 23.58 ILNW 23.52 ILSE 24.22 Full of water

Ø80

24 .46

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Grass

Track

25

0

Ø61

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NO Pit Fd

.53

30 Bush

.99

.70

DG RL 24.97 Base RL 23.57 ILNW 23.81 ILSE 23.51 Full of water

Ø80

STN 29

24

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Grass

26 .32 36 .42

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25 .23

27 .04 .50 29 .01 30

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33 .77

34 .56 35

DG RL 24.75 Base RL 23.74 ILSE 23.69 ILW 23.81 Full of water

No Pipe Visible

24

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41 .24

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3 ck

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Ø230

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37

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38 Ø380 .45 .09 38.65

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37 .01

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25 .53

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Ø90

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STN 30 Ø61 0

.76

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Track

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Conc Manhole RL Pit 24.90 Grass Base RL 23.44 ILNW 23.51 ILE 23.60 Full of water

Ø48

Bush

41

Conc

k

0

SIR FREDERICK SAMSON PARK Trac

.87

40

.95

Trac

Ø90

.31

t

.62

24

Conc Manhole RL Pit 25.10 Base RL 23.39 ILNW 25.35 ILSE 23.61 Full of water

.57

Conc Manhole RL Pit 42.62 Base RL 41.52 ILN 41.52 ILW 41.51

45

.75

28

.48

Spor

.04

0

Track

Bush

31

Bush

Track

SELLENGER AVE

.60

33

.96

.88

25

Conc Manhole RL Pit 25.12 Base RL 23.39 ILNW 23.28 ILSE 23.23 Full of water

k

.00

33

Track

SEP / DG RL 36.93 Base RL 35.68 ILSW 35.85

Conc Manhole RL Pit 36.25 Base RL 33.90 ILN 33.98 ILNE 35.24 ILSE 35.17

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Indigenous Heritage and Place The flora, fauna and waters of the Swan Coastal Plan have strong and ancient connections to the people of the Beelier Whadjuk Noongar people. Coolbellup (or North Lake), and the wetlands of this area are highlighted under the State Heritage Act as places of significance. Today, Samson has a neglible population of Aboriginal people, however the adjacent suburb Coolbellup contains 78 Aboriginal or Torres Straight Islander Households (Census 2021), This direct isolation from one of the few remaining pockets of native vegetation within the City of Fremantle is an opportunity that could be considered for this project.

New Wave Suburbia Between colonisation and the 1970s, Samson was an isolated pocket of remnant native bushland. It’s low lying dampland, sandy soils and distance from the major centres of Fremantle and Perth proved to be a blessing in its preservation. It was used as a Military Camp during WWI and the surrounding area was heavily used for pine forestry and the areas close to the wetlands used for market gardens and horticulture. However from 1971 when the City called for tenders to develop the area, it has been surrounded by a new wave of suburbia, low single story residential homes with to 6m set backs of predominately introduced species and lawn define the park’s perimetre.

Programmed Spaces Over this same period, there was significant growth in programed space across the area, from football ovals to recreational centres, primary school playgrounds to pocket playground parks and through to large spaces like Royal Fremantle Golf Club and the Netball Centre.

The City of Fremantle has over 70 parks and recreational spaces. However, only Booyeembara Park and Sir Frederick Samson Reserve are predominately unprogrammed open nature spaces. As such they have become popular areas for dog walkers.

Figure 15: Collage Images Student’s Own

HUMAN USE - HOME TO THE PARK The Human Experience

Aquatechniques swimming pool display centre - opportunity for education and natural pools display,

Chlorinated pools - convert to natural pools

Remnant vegetation to preserve and already of natural service to community and species Stormwater Pits already gather water that maybe suitable for natural collection and sub surface permeability Swale could create natural barrier from dogs and cats to remnant vegetation Stormwater pipes underneath sand and surrounding kerbs could be daylighted Urban heat and climate change significant barrier

LEGEND Extremely high urban heat pocket High urban heat pockets AST Drainage - stormwater trapped underground in pipes Stormwater traps unaccessible Wasteland egde and perimetre barrier to park Highly chlorinated water in surrounding swimming pools Stormwater collection points that could be daylighted

SCALE 1:10000 @ A2 Topography creates natural area low point within park Permeability sand edges in place around park that can be used for swales and improved protection for native renmant vegetation in park.

Significant hard and paved surfaces throughout surrounds of park.

COMBINED OPPORTUNITIES & THREATS Combined Opportunities & Threats Diagram

Shade and protection from predators

Undderstory and leaf litter for frogs and adolescent dragonflies

Rocks to enable nymphs to exit water

Removal of grated stormwater pits and convert to dampland

Water from April to August to lay eggs and allow nymphs to remain in water through metamorphis stages

FLIGHT

THE PROBLEM: Flight Path 1.2 km Required With Fresh Water Pit Stops THE SOLUTION: Damplands and Pools

TORPOR (REST)

THE PROBLEM - Hard Perimeters and No Place to Rest THE SOLUTION - Daylight Drains & Pipes to Perimetre to Create Swale in Wasteland

The City and Friends of Samson Park to work with commercial provider Aquatechniques to lead of program of change through Samson to convert chlorinated pools to natural pools without chemicals, and verges into a netwrok of damplands. This would provide a number of pit stops for our client, but also develop a cool micro-climate throughout the suburb and into Sir Federick Samson Park.

The sloping typography to the low point in the cente of the park provides the ideal conditions to daylight stormwater drains and pipes to upgrade the perimetre of the park to create a surrounding protective swale in the current sand wasteland around the perimetre of the park. Protecting the native vegetation on the park edge requires a better transition from the European style home gardens into the park to prevent weed and pest invasion.

Education & Display Centre to showcase best practice in DIY and professional conversion of swimming pools to native pools and encourage education on biodiversity and the Tau Emerald’s role as a symbol of water and environmental health.

This Torpor (Rest) site surrounding the park also provides a number of opportunities for female Tau Emeralds to seek shelter from aggressive male Emeralds guarding a single water source within their flight path, as well as seeking shelter from predators.

FLIT, FEED & PROCREATE

THE PROBLEM - Females Need a Place to Flit and Hide from Males Lurking Ready to Mate, Feeds Off Moisquitos and Water Bugs, Mate Above Water and Nymphs Need to Stay in Water Over Rain Season THE SOLUTION- Remove grated stormwater pits to Create Series of Damplands through Grassed Centre.

In the heart of the park, a designed wetland at the lowest point in the Topography elimates the need for the current stormwater pits and drainage, prevents seasonal flooding across the turf in the park.

The design with surrounding rockery, sedges and reeds also allows for better procreation conditions, nymph protection and a controlled place to develop from Ondata egg through a series of shedding to emerge from the water to take flight.

THE STRATEGY Somewhere to fly, Somewhere to rest, Somewhere to procreate

Lowest Typography Point Current Wetland or Point of Water Daylight Opportunity

Water Pipe Flow Direction from High Point to Low

SCALE 1:15000 @ A2

BROADSCALE PLAN WITH CONTOURS & BUILT FORM Sense of Place

Protect Native Bushland

Urban ReWilding Integration

Micro-wetland Verges

Natural Pool Conversions and Daylighting Drainage

Stormwater Capture

Scale 1:4500 @ A2

Micro-climate established

MASTER PLAN

An Integrated Approach

Native vegetation that attracts collaborators preserved

Low lying vegetation near waterways

Low PH Water Sources allowing for disperal

Visible water capture

Heathy waterways and vegetation

DELIVERING TO CLIENT NEEDS

Layering Water and Natural Systems, Reducing Introduced Chemicals and increasing Biodiversity

Proposed Conversion Aquatechnics Pools Stock Road to Heart of Samson Education Centre Section: 1: 100 @ A2

Inside the Natural Pool & Dampland Education Centre Section 3 Ilustration: 200 @ A2

Tau Emerald and Collaborators Section: 1: 100 @ A2

WATER CAPTURE - NATURAL POOLS FLIGHT

Verge - Human Perspective Section: 1:200@A2

Redefining the opportunity of a 6m set back Section: Ilustration: 200 @ A2

Verge - A New Perspective on Local Verges Section: 1:200@A2

MICRO-WETLANDS - VERGES TOPHOR (REST)

Edge Human Perspective Section: 1:200@A2

Human and Non-Human Occupying the Edge Sir Frederick Samson Park Section 3 Ilustration: 200 @ A2

Tau Emerald and Collaborators Section: 1: 100 @ A2

RESHAPING THE EDGE TOPHOR (REST)

Open area for sunlight and warmth

Sedges and reeds for protection and rest

Rocks to assist nymphs to exit the water

Mud for frogs and therefore tadpoles for Nymphs prey

Shade and protection from predators

Stormwater pit daylighted to create indudated dampland

Undderstory and leaf litter for frogs and adolescent dragonflies

COLLABORATORS Rocks to enable nymphs to exit water

Removal of grated stormwater pits and convert to dampland

Water from April to August to lay eggs and allow nymphs to remain in water through metamorphis stages

WATER ALWAYS FINDS ITS WAY HOME FLIT, FEED, PROCREATE

Permeable driveway and culde-sac paving

Use of permeable pavers and subgrade infiltrate provides a cost effective way to reduce Samson’s considerable urban heat and in large wide cul-de-sacs provides additional opportunities for native gound covers and filtering.

Gaps to promote grass or native ground cover growth to reduce heat

Subgrade infiltrates via crushed stone base

Existing soil

CURRENT STATE

FUTURE STATE

Perferated pipe to channel water to micro-wetland

A micro-wetland edge to the park and kerb serves an appropriate resting place for invertebrates and there collaborators, but also provides natural biofiltration from the road runoff and pollutants that surround the park. In addition, by creating a biofiltering edge a micro-climate is created that protects the inner remnant vegetation.

Sedges and reeds planted for biofiltering

Rocks to hold micro wetland in during months, provide basking rocks, steppers across and exit assistance

Sedges and reeds create a natural layer of bio-filtering, Rocks and boulders are to be placed in situ as retaining, but also providing stepping stones for play and basking rocks for invertebrates and amphibians.

Controlled draining to permeable surface to return water to acquifer and provide sub soil moistore for plant growth

A coconut coil underlay and liner assist with appropriate drainage, with natural typography ensuring water captured flows into the park.

Liner and underlay to assist with water capture,

Swimming Zone with bottom drain

Regeneration and biofilteing vegetation

Circulation Pump, Valve, Drain and Skimmer

Delivery Pipe Perforated Pipe to Regeneration Zone

CURRENT STATE

FUTURE STATE

CURRENT STATE

FUTURE STATE

CURRENT STATE

FUTURE STATE

A natural swimming pool is defined by its ability to provide clean natural water that is safe to swim in without the addition of chemicals such as chlorine or salt. The latter pushes the particles and pH levels in the water above what is safe for native invertebrates, particular dragonflies, bees and butterflies.

It uses a circulation system that operates automatically for a set period of time each day to ensure the natural filtration process is maintained and surrounding biofilters that enable biology to clean the pool/pond not chemicals.

The proposed design to be promoted to the Samon community draws on both the texture and colours of the park, as well as the brick and terracotta style homes in the heart of Samon.

Gravel and porous ground cover for overflow and water return to acquifer Rocks for basking and providing means of exiting water for frogs, turtles and nymphs

Canopy for shade

Native shrublands for shelter, pollen attractants and tophor

Sedges and reeds planted for biofiltering

A reed bed system biofilters and purifies the water. They also provide shade and keep the pH neutral.

Creating a natural lake style shoreline creates a natural regeneration zone, and together with coconut fibre or coils, and gravel enable a strong subtrate that also serves to naturally filter the water.

See planting palette for appropriate groupings.

Daylight current stormwater pit

SECTION DETAILS & MATERIALITY FEELS LIKE HOME

Plant Zone 1: Reedbeds Pools/Dampland

Triglochin procerum

Salicornia quinqueflora

Marsilea drummondii

Schoenoplectus validus

Schoenoplectus litoralis

Chorizandra enodis

Plant Zone 2: Sedges Microwetlands/ Bank

Carex appressa

Baumea juncea

Mesomelaena pseudostygia

Lomandra longifolia

Ficinia nodosa

Melaleuca rhaphiophylla

Plant Zone 3: Herbaceous Border - Rockery/Edge

Scaevola crassifolia

Chorizema cordatum

Boassiaea preissii

Daviesia ulicifolia

Kennedia prostrata

Clematis linearifolia

Plant Zone 4: Understory 1 Samson Shubbery (native)

Templetonia retusa

Melaleuca incana

Olearia-axillaris

Macrozamia fraseri

Hardenbergia ‘white-out’

Babingtonia camphorosmae

Plant Zone 5: Understory 2 Samson Shubbery (native)

Melaleuca fulgens

Grevillea ‘Moonlight’

Xanthorrhoea preissii

Diploleana angustifolia

Grevillea ‘honey gem;

Banksia menziesii

Plant Zone 6: Tree Canopy

Eucalyptus foecunda

Corymbia calophylla (Marri)

Eucalyptus marginata (Jarrah)

Eucalyptus gomphocephala (Tuart)

Allocasuarina fraseriana (Sheoak)

Corymbia ficifolia

Ecological Services = filtration, egg disperal, habitat protection fo nymphs/tadpoles, Noongar bush tucker

Ecological Services = filtration, protection for juveniles, home to frog collaborators, Noongar bush tucker

Ecological Services = insect and bird attractant, Noongar bush tucker, sunbaking/warming

Ecological Services = insect and bird attractant, cover protection, tophor (rest)

Ecological Services = insect and bird attractant, higher level of cover, cool and shade

Ecological Service Ecological Services = bird collaborators, higher level of cover, cool and shade

Full plant descriptions are provided in the appended schedule on page 24 and 25. Each plant notes its non human attractants (i.e Tau emeral and collaborators - birds, frogs), its historic use in Noongar bush medicine or as a food source and soil or known maintenance notes.

Planting Density per m2 • Plant Zone 1: 7-10 species • Plant Zone 2: 5-7 species • Plant Zone 3: 3-5 species • Plant Zone 4: 1-2 species • Plant Zone 5: 1 species

6 6

6 5 6

6

6

6

Plant Zone 2

3

4 3

5

5

6

6 3 3

5 6

4

Plant Zone 2

5

5

5 3

Plant Zone 2

4

5

5

4 3

6

4 3

6

5

5

3

5

Zone 1: Reedbeds/ Pools/Damplands

5

PLANTING STRATEGY & PALETTE TOPHOR (REST)

6

6 6

START CLOSE IN Start close in, don’t take the second step or the third, start with the first thing close in, the step you don’t want to take.

Start with the ground you know, the pale ground beneath your feet, your own way to begin the conversation.

Start with your own question, give up on other people’s questions, don’t let them smother something simple.

To find another’s voice, follow your own voice, wait until that voice becomes a private ear listening to another.

Start right now take a small step you can call your own don’t follow someone else’s heroics, be humble and focused, start close in, don’t mistake that other for your own.

-excerpt from START CLOSE IN from David Whyte: Essentials.

HOME TEACHINGS & LEARNINGS

PLANT SCHEDULE Designing on Country and Creating Sense of Place

PLANT SCHEDULE Designing on Country and Creating Sense of Place

Image References (Left to Right) 1. Imae, S; Dikhanov N, Desert 2020 Rain Frog LA+ Creature 2. Federica Fragapane 2021 Thesis Instagram 3. Larch C. 2023 Intersection Cologne Germany - The Art of Mapping, Instagram 4. Gabrielian, A 2020 Shiitake Mushroom LA+ Creature 5. del Águila S, 2019 Carton Printed Topography, Pinterest 6. Munchton, P, 2013 The Patchwork Connection, Issu 7. Hill B and Woodley, J, 2001 Lines for Birds Hoopee Preening, Taman Negara, 8 Lerner, D, Saachti Art, Pinterest 9. Cobe, 2023, The Opera Park

Image References (Left to Right) 1. TRACT Achitects 2. Layout Jocelyn Taruna, University of Melbourne as per LACH5425 Studo References 3. Turtle’s World Jocelyn Taruna, University of Melbourne as per LACH5425 Studo References 4. Cycles Drawing as per LACH 5425 Studio References 5. LOLA Rohan and Liben Island Project - https///lola.land/project/rohan-and-liben-island/ as per LACH5425 Studo References 6. LOLA Wartz-Spoorzone-zwolle - https://lola.land/project/wartz-spoorzone-zwolle/

Image References (Left to Right) 1. Seattle SEA Street Masterplan Examples - https://www.seattle.gov/utilities/about/plans/drainage-and-sewer/stormwater-management-plan 2. As above 3, - Students Own 4. Habib Amanda. “Sustainable House Melbourne.” Homes to Love, 6 Sept. 2016, www. homestolove.com.au/home-tours/sustainable-house-melbourne-4020/.

5-10 - Student’s Own

Image References (Left to Right) 1. Water By Design 2021, Sydney Park Water 2. MDGLA, Riverwalk Werribee Victoria 3. Issuu Convert your Pool into a Natural System 4. Brooklyn Greenway Navy Cemetery 5. Natural Swimming Pools - Girl in Water 6. Blumer D, Northern-Sandplains-Garden-Roe-Gardens-WA-Kings Park Botanic-Garden 7. Cheonggyecheon-2008 Korea-Seoul

PRECEDENTS Graphic + Projects

Habitat Requirements Adults showed some degree of preference for patches of certain habitat types. Different distributions of individuals among transects was likely a result of the different representation of individual habitat types within the landscape matrix. The most parsimonious model revealed significant differences in preference for certain types of habitat patches. Individuals of both sexes preferred small ruderal patches or abandoned fields over meadows. There was a significant decrease in the number of individuals observed on transects between the second and third periods, which may have occurred because the flight period ended, or because the majority of individuals had returned to the natal site or relocated to other water bodies for reproduction.

Researchers have found dragonflies to be indicators of freshwater habitat quality and changes in habitat quality. Positive relationships between vegetation-based landscape/habitat heterogeneity and species richness of insects are also well documented on regional scales, and also on micro- and meso-scales. For instance, landscape heterogeneity (e.g. within-habitat heterogeneity of vegetation) is a principal factor determining butterfly species richness and habitat heterogeneity is positively associated with stability of butterfly populations and lower risk of extinction (Dolny, A, Harabis, F and Mizicova H 2014).

Similarly, land use and the structure of vegetation adjacent to aquatic habitats (especially important as nocturnal roosts) have a dominant influence on odonate diversity and abundance of adults, and on fine-scale movement behaviours of damselflies. The structure of habitat patches outside of freshwater habitats can be important for major life events, especially juvenile development, and routine movements of imagoes at sexual maturity. The use of terrestrial habitats in adults of this species was long term – even exceeding 3 months, which is at least as long as the period of the larval development. In most dragonfly species, territoriality manifests in the behaviours of males attempting to guard an appropriate territory. Males with established territories have a lower tendency to disperse, but their density is limited by the number of territories available (Dolny, A, Harabis, F and Mizicova H 2014).

Hemicordulia tau - Tau Emerald (Djerakan Noort/Nooranga/Fire Eyes/Devils Needles) A symbol for the season Djeran season sees a break in the hot weather. A key indicator of the change of season is the cool nights that bring a dewy presence in the early mornings. The winds will also change, especially in their intensity, with light breezes generally swinging from southerly directions (ECU 2024). This is the time the Tau Emerald female enters close to the water and the territorial males, she joins up in a heart shape, mates and lays her eggs by the reeds in the low water waiting the rains.

The Noongar Season ‘Bunuru’ is represented by the colour orange and is the hottest time of the year.

Bunuru is the hottest time of the year with little to no rain. Hot easterly winds continue with a cooling sea breeze most afternoons – if you’re close to the coast. Traditionally this was, and still is, a great time for living and fishing by the coast, rivers, and estuaries. Because of this, freshwater foods and seafood made up major parts of the Noongar people’s diet during Bunuru. Bunuru is also a time of the white flowers with lots of white flowering gums in full bloom, including jarrah, marri, and ghost gums. This is the time the Tau Emerald zips about feasting on mosquitoes and living its best life dawn to dusk.

In the park this is the time the striking flower emerges of the female zamia (Macrozamia riedlei). Being much larger than its male counterpart, the huge cones emerge from the centre of the plant with masses of a cotton wool like substance. As the hot and dry weather continues, the seed cones change from green to bright red, indicating they’re ripening and becoming more attractive to animals and vertebrates.

During the season of Djeran - kwiyar (frogs) would be included in the Noongar diet. Not only a source of meat for the Noongar people, but they also provide a significant link in the food chain by contributing to the diet of birds and other animals. Frog numbers are now considered to be an indicator of the health of wetlands.

Seven different species of frogs are commonly found in lakes and swamps on the Swan Coastal Plain motorbike frog, litoria moorei slender tree frog, litoria adelaidensis western banjo frog, limnodynastes dorsalis quacking frog, crinia georgiana clicking froglet, crinia glauerti squelching froglet, crinia insignifera moaning frog, heleioporus eyre”.

Some species inhabit permanent wetlands and others seasonal wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain.

The breeding season for frogs coincide with wetland flooding and maximum water levels. The species geocrinia leai lay their eggs in litter and vegetation beside a wetland, without water, but their tadpoles need water. Heleoporus eyrie and pseudophryne guentheri lay eggs in burrows in or near swamps that become flooded by early winter rain to release the tadpoles. It is then that the Tau Emerald Nymphs emerge for their first metamorphosis and the baby tadpoles become their prey.

A few metamorphosis later and the tables turn, and the emerging dragonflies become the prey of the Frog, as the water subsides and the Frogs multiply in number in the low-lying mud.

As the dragonflies turn into adults they rely on their sight and speed to both prey mosquitoes and insects, but also avoid being the prey and frogs and native birds.

All dragonfly species have excellent vision. They have two large compound eyes, each with thousands of lenses, and three eyes with simple lenses. Each retina contains several thousand photo receptors that collect light and send information about the visual scene to inter-neurons, which further process the information.

Figure 16: Word Art of AI Generated Top 50 Words in Scientific Journals Featuring Dragonflies

Each compound eye is comprised of several thousand elements known as facets or ommatidia. These ommatidia contain light sensitive opsin proteins, thereby functioning as the visual sensing element in the compound eye. But unlike humans, day-flying dragonfly species have four or five different opsins, allowing them to see colours that are beyond human visual capabilities, such as ultraviolet (UV) light.

Together, these thousands of ommatidia produce a mosaic of “pictures” but how this visual mosaic is integrated in the insect brain is still not known.

This patterned concentration of opsin types, particularly those sensitive to blue and UV light, gives special advantages to hunting dragonflies. For example, it is thought that the sky appears to be very bright to a dragonfly, thereby providing a clear background against which small moving prey can be easily detected, according to Dennis Paulson, dragonfly expert and director emeritus of the Slater Museum of Natural History at the University of Puget Sound, in Tacoma (Grrl Scientist 2018).

Dragonflies can also detect the plane of polarization of light, which humans cannot do without the aid of sunglasses. The advantages of this capability are unknown for dragonflies, but other insects are known to use polarized light as a sort of “sky compass” by which they navigate. Another visual advantage of the multifaceted eye is a dragonfly’s acute sensitivity to movement. Dragonflies can see in all directions at the same time.

Dragonflies are the strongest flyers in the insect world. Compared to most other insects, dragonflies can fly further and higher than other insects. Their maximum flight speeds are 22 to 34 miles per hour (36 to 54 km/hour), depending upon the species, with an average cruising speed of about 10 miles per hour or (16 km/hour). This is due to the magnificent construction of their two sets of wings. Each wing can move independently of each other, allowing dragonflies to fly in all directions. Their wings are both strong and flexible, giving them the ability to curve, cut through the air and hover even in the strongest headwind.”

Dragonflies can judge the speed and trajectory of a prey target and adjust their flight to intercept prey (Obispo 2022) They have up to a 97% success rate when hunting. They can catch prey mid-air. A single dragonfly can eat anywhere between 30 and hundreds of mosquitoes per day (Obispo 2022).

The maximum recorded distance from the natal site was 1196 m, while the maximum distance traveled between segments was 1128 m, both of which distances were recorded for males. The average distance of females from the natal site was significantly greater than that of males (481 and 446 m, respectively).

Movements directed from the natal site towards terrestrial environments were recorded throughout most of the adult flight period. In contrast, ‘return’ flights (i.e. movements towards the natal site) were recorded only in the second half of summer. The longest time interval between detection of an individual at a terrestrial habitat and its recapture at the natal site was 57d. The appearance of marked individuals at other permanent water bodies occurred only during the last third of the flight period.

In addition to being a symbol of the cycle of the natural seasons, and the end of the rains, dragonflies have inspired creation of new human technology—from drones to artificial visual systems—because of their incredible flight skills and vision. They also serve an important ecosystem role to humans by keeping those pesky insects, such as mosquitoes, that could carry diseases in check.

THE FULL STORY SCIENCE & INVESTIGATION

A high density of males at a breeding site influences the routine movements of females, who leave the natal site immediately after emergence and return only very briefly for reproduction. Although females moved away from the water body and the recapture rates for females were relatively low, none of our data indicated that females passed the distance that marks a departure from the natal site. Rather, it can be assumed that female behaviour was a reaction to a lack of resources and/or harassment by males. As winged insects, dragonflies have a relatively large radius of action, and the aquatic habitat and immediate surroundings represent a small fraction of the area utilized by these species.

Terrestrial habitats, while not suitable for larval development, provide forage and shelter and so are essential to survival.

Macrophytes as keystone structures influencing dragonfly diversity ((Dolny, A, Harabis, F and Mizicova H 2014). The important factor is the absence of continual disturbance during the adult flight period.

The distances of individuals marked in the study points farthest from the natal site were very similar (approximately 1 km) in all directions and on all transects, and did not cross the critical distance, the external borders of the home range were diminished during the flight season, and the numbers of emerged individuals and adults returning to the natal site were comparable, based on exuviae collection and capture–mark–recapture.

It is thought that the ability to perceive polarized light plays an important role in spatial orientation over longer distances and that the overall character of (aquatic) vegetation is important at shorter distances.

Based on field observations articulated in the research, it can be assumed that even less ideal aquatic habitats, such as temporary pools and fishponds, have an important function and can be used as stepping stones for subsequent dispersal ((Dolny, A, Harabis, F and Mizicova H 2014). In addition, the structure of terrestrial habitats appears to have a considerable effect on dragonflies and other water-breeding invertebrates, and thus should be considered and included in the master planning.

Daily life Odonates do need heat to function and start their day, they warm up by exposing their body to the sun. In the mornings, they rest on various plants while basking in the sun to absorb heat or make their own heat by shaking their wings. Once their body is warm, dragonflies and damselflies spend most of the rest of their day flying around to catch food. In fact, they are almost always moving. If they stop zipping around, they could end up as a snack for some other animal.

Being a good-sized insect, odonates have predators. These include fish, frogs, water beetles, and birds, though many birds are not agile or quick enough to catch the dragonflies.

Odonates are carnivores, i.e. they prey on smaller flying insects like mosquitoes and gnats. It usually eats it in midair, unless the prey is a larger insect, then it lands on the nearest branch to consume it.

The courtship of dragonflies and damselflies often requires aerial contests, as males fight over territory. Females only mate with males that have a territory to defend that is close to a body of water. In both damselflies and dragonflies, the male often guards the female after mating while she lays her eggs in the water. The Tau Emperor dragonfly lay their eggs onto the stems of pondweeds to protect them from being eaten by fish.

The larva that hatches out of the egg is called a nymph. It has wing pads but no functional wings and breathes underwater with gills.

The nymph feeds on other insect larvae, tadpoles, and small fish. It is stocky and shorter than the adult and is usually a green-brown colour to help blend in with its watery habitat. Water temperature can determine what time of year the eggs hatch and how quickly the nymph grows and moults.

Like its parents, the nymph is a carnivore. It grabs prey with a unique mouthpart called a mask, which can shoot out and snatch prey in its pincers. All nymphs go through a moulting sequence that can last between a few weeks to several years, depending on the species. Moulting is how insects grow. During a moult, the old exoskeleton sheds to reveal the body that has grown larger underneath it.

Nymphs moult 10 to 20 times, and the time between moults is called an instar. Eventually, the nymph sheds for the last time and emerges as a full-grown adult dragonfly. The new adult needs to allow time for its new, soft exoskeleton to dry and harden before it can fly. During this time, it is vulnerable to predators and tends to stay to close to reeds and vegetation for protection.

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