NALANDA UNIVERSITY

NALANDA UNIVERSITY Rajgir, Bihar

VASTU SHILPA CONSULTANTS

INTRODUCTION Nalanda was an ancient centre of higher learning in Bihar, India. The site is located about 88 kilometres south east of Patna, in eastern India and was a religious centre of learning from the 5th century AD to 1197 AD. Eight hundred years after the destruction of Nalanda, former President of India Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in March 2006 mooted the idea of reviving the university. Nalanda University launched its Architectural Design Competition in 2012 for the Master Plan of the campus and architectural design of buildings and facilities that will come up in Phase-1 of its development. The total of 79 entries received were examined by a Selection Committee which declared 8 of them as pre-qualified for participation in the main competition.

An international Jury comprising four renowned architects and three members of the Governing Board of the University was constituted to assess the submissions by these eight pre-qualified architects.

Since it is the endeavour of the University to develop a sustainable campus which will have a net zero or near zero environmental impact, the first of its kind in the world; special attention was paid to the manner in which each of the schemes addressed the issues of sustainability. Vastu Shilpa Consultants were selected as the winner of this competition.

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Photograph showing the site

OVERVIEW Positioning through self-referential accretion Nalanda University is envisaged as the campus of the future, positioned at the forefront of global education and the hub of intellectual excellence. Equally, the master plan of the campus must be an iconic beacon that attracts global attention for adopting sustainable methods to achieve social and economic integration with the local community.

The location of the campus, in a predominantly agricultural area, implies a larger impact on the adjacent areas. It is bound to transform the land use pattern of the surroundings through the creation of supporting infrastructure and linkages, resulting in the creation of a large tract of gated islands within the ever-expanding sprawls, disrupting natural connections between surrounding villages. This, in turn, will impact the very survival of the farmers with small land holdings.

The master plan integrates sustainable practices at every phase of the project, from site planning of the campus through the creation of infrastructure, cost-effective ways to both reduce consumption of natural resources and minimize dependency on off-site building materials. The plan allows for incremental growth and flexible expansion and phasing, while preserving the agricultural and environmental basis of the region.

The intent is to create a model campus plan that aims to replicate the spirit of Nalanda that endured in its relevance for 800 years by embracing environmental strategies that are simple, efficient, and appropriate to the place.

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There is a need for the university to engage with inhabitants from surrounding villages by opening its doors. To ensure ecological and economic sustainability of the region, a large part of the campus is reserved for development and dissemination of information about modern practices in agriculture and biotechnology.

The plan reserves a large tract of land within the campus primarily for advancing agriculture as the area’s major economic engine. It proposes setting up a research centre that will focus on ecological research, demonstrating advances in biotechnology and agriculture practices, fulfilling Nalanda University’s outreach objectives.

The whole master plan in itself is transitional, as it demonstrates the integration of the campus into a large eco-system of the site. The plan aims to combine state-of-the art technologies with planning principles of erstwhile Nalanda University to create a carbon-neutral and zero waste campus.

Nalanda Outreach Centre Village

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The soil collected from excavation of the lake and other water features can be used for producing compressed stabilized earth blocks. In addition to these principles, there is a whole palette of ideas operating at different scales, from the scale of individual cluster, to the scale of the campus, to the scale of individual building. The ideas include the cooling as well as cleaning of air through the use of selected native plants and lowered microclimate around the water bodies.

Diagram highlighting generation of energy on site DESSICANT DEHUMIDIFICATION

EVAPORATIVE COOLING

TRIM COOLING COIL

998 million litres water storage

Diagram highlighting land and water management system

EXHAUST FAN RETURN AIR DAMPER

The wastes collected from within the site and from the neighbouring villages are used as biogas to produce electicity with the help of the

CURB/PLENUM

SUPPLY FAN RETURN AIR

SUPPLY AIR

Diagram highlighting interconnectivity of resources 6

Diagram highlighting (D) DEVAP system

Combined Heat and Power Engine (CHP). This, along with the solar panels help to meet the air-conditioning and electrical requirement of the campus throughout the year.

Diagram highlighting net zero strategy 7

PLANNING THEMES Generative principles that define the master plan include ecological integration with the natural setting, diversity of land uses, and permeability through the site, dense and compact character of the built form, visual cohesiveness, and scale compatibility with the surrounding land subdivisions.

A 455-acre campus is planned for an eventual 7000 population. It is composed of three primary land use elements: the academic facilities, student/staff housing, and the campus preserve to advance agriculture as the area’s major economic engine.

Like many historic settlements, a lake forms the epicenter of the campus. After careful analysis of the terrain and the flooding pattern of the site, the creation of a manmade lake that feeds on a network of storm water channels was suggested. By using permeability as the main theme, the plan seeks to accentuate the existing linkages that pass through the site connecting the surrounding villages.

Sketches highlighting the evolution of spatial disposition 8

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LEGEND 1. Main Entry 2. Administration Building 3. Entrance Plaza 4. Academic Building 5. Inter-Relation Office and Controller of Examination 6. Communication Center 7. Museum(Phase 2) 8. Campus Inn 9. International Center 10. Auditorium(Phase 2) 11. Faculty Housing 12. Library 13. Amphitheatre 14. Campus Amenities 15. Student Center 16. Sports Center 17. Central PV Station 18. Multipurpose Hall(Phase 2) 19. Faculty Club 20. Infirmary 21. Commercial Market, Bank and Post Office

22. Sports Field 23. Teaching Block 24. Student Housing 25. Dining 26. Elevated Service Reservoir 27. Kamal Sagar 28. Parking 29. Vice Chancellors Bungalow 30. Other Entries 31. Substation/s 32. Chiller/s 33. Main Receiving Station+Yard 34. DEWAT System 35. Space for Bio Gas Plant 36. Solar Farm 37. Ahars 38. Balancing Tank 39. UG Drinking Water Tank 40. Fire Tank/s 41. Proposed Railway Station 42. Central Receiving Centre 43. Mock Up Gopuram 44. Edge Drain

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The different components of the campus are clearly articulated as interconnected clusters grouped around the lake. All the buildings are positioned along the water networks, thus creating a generative system that can grow in small increments. Each cluster could be developed separately and independently. The balanced public space structure, together with a diverse program and sustainable infrastructure systems, create a high quality environment with a nearzero to positive total energy.

By limiting vehicular access to the perimeter of the site, the plan enables 80% of the campus to be reached by walking within 10 minutes. Combined with pedestrian and bicycle friendly pathways, this network connectivity links academic facilities with residential quarters, recreational facilities, green areas, and cultural amenities. Electrical or bio-fuel vehicles will transport people around the campus.

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buildings along a north-south direction and surrounded by water

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features reminiscent of the Nalanda ruins. The campus grid is

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angled to maximize cooling breezes off the lake. The plan allows for

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infrastructure implementations in phases.

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More than seventy five percent of the land is open, made up of the campus reserve and landscaped public spaces. Collectively, these areas help to recharge the aquifers, in addition to harvesting rainwater from roads and rooftops. The proposal aims to recycle 100 percent of water used on the campus.

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1. diagram showing the water network 2. diagram showing the vehicular network 3. diagram showing the pedestrian network 4. diagram showing the built character and walkability 13

photograph of the masterplan model

Masterplan Model 14

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COMPARISON OF SCALES 1. Existing Nalanda Ruins 2. Proposed Academic and Admin. Complex 3. Proposed Nalanda Walk 4. Proposed Student Housing Clusters 2

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COMPARISON OF SCALES 1. City Palace Complex and Typical Sector Block, Jaipur, India 2. Forbidden City Complex, Beijing, China 3. Srirangam Temple Town, Trichi, India 4. Fatehpur Sikri, India 5. Sarkhej Roza Complex, Ahmedabad, India 6. Proposed Nalanda University 7. City of Venice, Italy 16

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VERANDAH In order to create comfortable spaces, one has to first understand

Imagine, a wall with many large openings, for the breeze to blow

the local climate. This includes understanding the temperature

through on all four sides of a space. Now imagine this space with

changes through the seasons and throughout the day. How do you

a roof on top. Essentially, we now have a verandah. Obviously,

control light and glare? How do you create comfortable conditions

because of the breeze and the shade this space will be cooler than

and yet reduce your energy demand and consumption?

the outside in the hot summers. If you now place buildings within these verandahs, the insides of these would be even cooler, and

These questions made us revisit one of the most beautiful elements

require much less energy to cool them to comfort levels!

of architecture in our country, the verandah. The verandah is a threshold between inside and outside. It is a non-designated

If these thick peripheral walls with large openings were actually

Therefore what started out as an attempt to remind one of the essence

space. It remains cool in the heat as its open nature allows a flow

rooms which contain all our service areas like stairs, lifts, air han-

of Nalanda and possibly connect back to it, also ended up being the

of breeze that enables it to lose heat quickly. In the monsoon, it

dling units, toilets and vestibules, none of, which are permanently

ideal langugage for an architecture that is responsive in terms of both

prevents the rain from coming in, yet it provides a vantage to enjoy

occupied so their comfort levels could be entirely different from

climate and energy efficiency. The serrated edges of ruins inspired

the rain and breeze. To us this space became an inspiration and an

spaces which are more frequently occupied we would save hugely

openings in peripheral service walls and these walls, each like a unique

opportunity for our own interpretation of a verandah in the design!

on energy for cooling.

alphabet in the overall narrative of Nalanda is not only a journey of reminiscence but also a symbol of energy conservation and sustainability.

LANGUAGE

The diagram below illustrates the temperature difference between

The language of ruins manifests itself in many architectural forms.

the outside and inner spaces such as classrooms, owing in part

Service walls and gateways, reminiscent of eroded walls form

to the placement of these services to the peripheri which act as

the periphery of learning and cooling towers. It is as though the

buffers that help keep the inside comfortable.

buildings are ‘wrapped’ in ruins on all sides.

A major challenge we faced as architects was the invention of an architectural language that is contemporary and of today’s times, in technology and convenience and yet, inspires memories of the past, to connect us to our legacy of the ruins of the ancient Nalanda Mahavihara. Something, that works with our aspirations of a carbon neutral footprint, which does not damage our ecosystem

Outside Temp 45degC

CONDITIONED SPACE

CONDITIONED SPACE

TEMP. : 24 deg C

TEMP. : 24 deg C

and is sustainable over time.

On our many visits to the ruins of the Nalanda Mahavihara we observed the serrated edges of the brick walls, the different kinds of corbelled brick openings, the light that fell on these and the

Campus Temp 42degC

shadows cast by this construction. This phenomenon on these silent forms fascinated us. Could we incorporate this memory into our buildings without necessarily replicating the past?

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Temp 35degC (+3)

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One of the most important aspects, and a key sustainability strategy,

Service Wall

Gateway

Climate Tower

Learning Tower

The four elements that make up the academic block are the

is the high-level of programmatic flexibility of the academic complex.

peripheral service walls, the service walls as gates, the climate

The volumes housing various academic programs are linked through

towers and the learning towers where the classrooms of various

verandas and covered streets (i.e. the ‘bazaars of knowledge’),

capacities are stacked up. These four elements make up the

intercepted by rhythmic courts. This system allows the ‘cloisters’

entire academic block like a kit of parts. The idea of diversity

housing different academic disciplines to be built independently and

and plurality is celebrated by the large variety of service walls

incrementally according to the requirements. The ‘cloisters’ can be

and gates we have designed; no two are alike. Although, the

extended, should additional floor areas be required. This building

structural system is the same and will achieve repetition in con-

typology is reminiscent of the basic arrangement of monasteries at

struction, the forms are diverse. Once combined together, they

Nalanda ruins in terms of scale and grouping.

make distinctly unique spaces. The light, air and ventilation are tempered, and the heat and the glare are not directly received, as you walk through these spaces.

What is noteworthy is the fact that the outside of all buildings is made of CSEB whereas the insides is concrete and glass, as if to say that existing archeological remains found on our site have been retrofitted with very contemporary offices within. This again has a very practical reason behind it. Due to the double layering of walls we get thick walls to control the glare. Our eyes focus to the outside views comfortably.

Sketch showing the academic block

Isometric representation of Academic module in part

Initial sketches outlining the ‘heiroglyphic’ kit of parts as an architectural language, drawing inspiration from the corbelled and serrated edges of the ruins of Nalanda.

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From Kamal Sagar, the view towards the academic and administrative buildings is of traditional ghats at the edge of a water body or perhaps, ruins rising out from the water to touch the sky!

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ACADEMIC SPINE

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The academic spine comprises of a series

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of enclosed functional spaces - classrooms,

International Center

Campus Inn

Communication Center

International Relations Office

offices etc. - spatially organized, inturn, to

Entrance Porch

Classroom Blocks

50 Seater 3 Classroom

300 Hundred Seater Classroom

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50 Seater Classroom

Classroom Block

create a series of connected open spaces

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which serve as the central spine.

Due to significant seasonal variations in our

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country this space is constantly changing

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and full of surprises. The porous nature of the space and the ambiguous boundaries between inside and outside mean that you

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perceive the rain, but are not drenched by

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it, you receive tempered sunlight inside,

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yet you are in the shade. This being part

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of the landscape yet being protected from

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the harsh weather conditions is something unique to this university.

LEGEND 1. Faculty Cubicles 2. Laboratory Blocks 3. 50 - Seater Classroom 4. Discussion Rooms 5. Classroom Block 6. 300 - Seater Classroom 7. Entrance Porch 8. International Relations Office 9. 100 - Seater Classroom 10. Entrance Plaza 11. Drop - off Area 12. Campus Inn 13. International Center 14. Substation 15. Vehicular Parking 16. Chiller Block 17. Kamal Sagar 18. Landscape 19. Kamal Sagar Lake Promenade 20. ESR

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Visulaization of the Proposed Campus, Academic Building in the foreground 26

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CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

+12.86M

EXPOSED RCC Lintel JALI

Drawing upon the legacy of the ancient Nalanda, and as

EXPOSED RCC SILL 31 COURSES OF CSEB

FLOOR FINISH WATERPROOFING

a part of its commitments to building a sustainable and

TERRACE

responsible campus, Nalanda University is walking the path

EXPOSED RCC PARDI

of NetZero Energy Buildings (NZEBs). This includes making

230x450mm RCC BEAM (AS PER STRUCTURE DETAIL)

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bricks from the soil excavated from the University site.

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from soil compressed at high pressure. The Nalanda brick

100mm RCC WALL

has a mix of soil and surkhi powder. This mixture is stabilized

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EXPOSED RCC SLAB LIGHTWEIGHT FILLING

OUTSIDE

COMPACTED EARTH FILLING

200mm THK. RCC TIEBAND

600mm THK. PILE CAP 100mm THK. PCC

7 COURSES OF BB 6 COURSES OF BB 10 COURSES OF BB

PCC (M25) FILLING

20 COURSES OF CSEB

100mm EXPOSED RCC SILL

SPACE FOR FCU

+3.25

The residential blocks – faculty bungalows and student housing buildings – are made of thick load bearing brick 70mm EXPOSED RCC LINTEL INSIDE 70mm RCC WALL EXPOSED RCC SILL

There will be approximately 17.3 million CSEB for residential ±0.00

SLOPE

EXPOSED RCC PARDI BRICK FILLING VITRIFIED TILE FLOORING SCREED

residential buldings.

SPACE FOR FCU

100mm EXPOSED RCC LINTEL

PLINTH PROTECTION SLOPE

OUTSIDE

FGL

230x345mm GROUND BEAM

COMPACTED EARTH FILLING

200mm THK. RCC TIEBAND

600mm THK. PILE CAP 100mm THK. PCC

±0.0M FGL

NGL

NGL

12.7m DEEP 600mm DIA. PILES @ 750c/c

12.7m DEEP 600mm DIA. PILES @ 750c/c

Typical Wall Section - Student Hostel 28

+3.62M

+2.06M

walls.

buldings and another 8.3 million for cladding of nonEXPOSED RCC PROJECTION BRICK PAVING

3 COURSES OF BB

ELECTRICAL BAND

climatic insulation to the spaces within.

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INSIDE STUDENT ROOM

100mm RCC WALL SLOPE

system is used. The double walled structure gives better

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FG

BURNT BRICK TILL COURSE 69

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framed concrete structure which support the brick cladding

SCREED VITRIFIED TILE FLOORING

TURNING LEVEL AT COURSE 69

As non-residential blocks have larger spans and volumes,

28 COURSES OF BB

SOFT BOARD WOODEN ELECTRICAL BAND PLY STUDY SURFACE

100mm EXPOSED RCC LINTEL

+7.24M

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INSIDE STUDENT ROOM

FIXED GLASS WINDOW (WOODEN FRAME AND GLASS INFILL)

+5.67

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FIXED GLASS

2 COURSES OF BB

FG

EXPOSED RCC WAFFLE SLAB

CSEB are 13 time less polluting than country fired bricks

PELMET WINDOW

CSEB consume 11 time less energy than country fired bricks

10 COURSES OF BB

PLASTER

SPACE FOR FCU

16 COURSES OF BB

EXPOSED RCC LINTEL

PCC FILLING

+6.55

using eight percent cement and five percent lime.

100mm EXPOSED RCC SILL

7 COURSES OF BB

EXPOSED CSEB

EXPOSED RCC SLAB

2 COURSES OF CSEB 10 COURSES OF CSEB

ALTERNATE HEADER BRICK PROJECTING OUT BY 65MM

WATER PROOFING

SLOPE

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+7.60

KOTA STONE COPING LIGHTWEIGHT FILLING

13 COURSES OF CSEB

100mm EXPOSED RCC LINTEL

Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB) are produced

Typical Wall Section - Faculty Office Block 29

CENTRAL SPINE The central spine runs through the main axis in the Kamal Sagar lake and is envisaged as the most active part of the campus. It forms a connect between the Academic spine, students center and the other amenities. The grand library is proposed at the centre of the lake, as the focus of the central spine.

Key plan

Top : Isometric illustration of the campus amenities and library spanning accross Kamal Sagar Right : Modules of the Central Spine Chattris 30

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LIBRARY

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1. Grand Reading Hall 2. Halls of Knowledge 3. Hall of The People 4. Infinity Gardens 5. Basalt Fibre Mesh Shell

Being at the heart of the campus gives the Library not only functional prominence but also a powerful symbolic meaning – it signifies the receptacle of knowledge as the heart of the University.

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The Library is envisioned as an atrium building with

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skylights .The form of the Stupa provides greater flexibility in the interior layouts, which may be necessary in any case.

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The Basalt Fibre mesh acts as an envelope over the

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mass to filter sunlight passing through its seams; this

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lightweight screen climatically insulates the various

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spaces within.

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1. Grand Reading Hall 2. Lobby 3. Buddhist Studies/ Comparitive religion 4. Economics and Management 5. Linguistics and Literature 6. Toilets 7. Service Basement 8. Kamal Sagar Left Top : Library form illustrating components and shell ;

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Left Bottom : Section through the library showing atrium and spaces within; Right : Axis of the library connecting to the source, ie, Archaelogical site of the Ancient Nalanda Ruins.

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by the spatial organization of the cloisters in the ancient

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The close knit buildings of the student hostels, inspired

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ruins, provide shaded open spaces for public interaction, defining the fine-grained built character of the campus.

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spaces within building to cluster level shared activities in the courtyards such as sports, gardens, shops and amenity blocks.

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gardens, pathways and a meandering swale. The dining

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Left : Student Hostel Ground floor level Masterplan-Phase 1 ; Right : Typical Unit level plans ; ( From top to bottom ) - Common amenities, Double sharing Typology, SIngle Typology, Married Student Typology.

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1. Entrance 2. Married Students Cluster 3. Single Students Cluster 4. Double Sharing Students Clsuter 5. Common Amenities 6. Shops 7. Playing Courts 8. Water Body 9. Pedestrian Pathways 10. Dining Hall 11. Kitchen 12. Substation 13. Underground Fire Tank 14. Underground Drinking Water Tank 15. Bicycle Parking 16. Road 6.5m Wide 17. Fire Access 6.5m Wide 18. Landscape 19. Kamal Sagar Lake Promenade 20. ESR

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The spaces between clusters are landscaped with

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been explored from private rooms, closed gathering

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Ancient Nalanda Cloister

The various degrees of privacy and interactions have

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1. Entry Gate 2. Faculty Bungalow - 3BHK 3. Apartment Type 1 - 3BHK 4. Apartment Type 2 - 3BHK 5. Apartment Type 3 - 2BHK 6. Water Swale 7. Ahaar 8. Underground Drinking Water Tank 9. Parking 10. Chiller Plant Room 11. Central Street / Promenade 12. Sports Field 13. Landscape 14. Vehicular Road

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The low rise bungalows for the faculty are arranged along a central spine, which holds a common space for the community. The bungalows have a view of landscaped mounds providing them with scenic private spaces.

The spine extends further down south and connects all typologies of faculty and staff housing blocks.

The four-storeyed blocks for the faculty apartments are located on the south side, away from the Kamal Sagar, to maintain a low height density around the

Key plan

central area of the campus.

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Left : Faculty Housing Ground floor level Masterplan-Phase 1 ; Right : Visualisation of the Faculty Bungalow Units 9

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PROJECT DETAILS Project

: Nalanda University, Rajgir, Patna

Project Inception

: 2014

Project Realisation

: Phase I - Ongoing

Client

: Nalanda University, Rajgir, Patna

Architect

: Rajeev Kathpalia

Interior Architect

: Sรถnke Hoof

Architect for Faculty

: Khushnu Pathanki Hoof

Club and Medical Centre Project Team

: Piyas, Vijay, Pratik, Nishant, Rahul, Janardhan, Micky, VIkas.M, Rajesh, Bidoura, Divya, Indrajeet, Jacob, Monisha, Pratibha, Ashish, Disha, Vikas.P, Krunal, Anjali, Alex, Ritesh, Vanya, Sinali, Namratha, Pranav, Dhruv, Nilosha, Antorip, Anish, Mohindar, Nitin, Dinesh.T, Dinesh.S, Kirit.B

Support Team

: Ranish, Purushottam, Nattu, Kirit

Structural Consultant

: V. R. Shah Consulting Engineers

MEP Consultant

: dbHMS/PDA/DLE

Net Zero Consultant

: dbHMS

Roads Consultant

: Arhmm Infra Consultants LLP

Landscape Consultant

: Earthscape Consultancy Pvt. Ltd.

Total Built-up Area

: 3,66,811 sq.m

Cost

: 740 Cr. INR

Drawings and illustrations : Vastu Shilpa Studio, Sketches by Rajeev Kathpalia 38

Top : Stories of Nalanda told through a Miniature painting.

Right : Ongoing construction at Rajgir, Bihar 39

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ISBN NO : 978-81-942704-2-3 40