Pine Barrens Tribune 2020 Cancer Awareness and Prevention Guide

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CANCER Awareness &

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What Causes Cancer?

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ancer affects millions of people across the globe, changing the lives not only of those diagnosed with the disease, but also those of their friends and families.

Questions often arise when individuals or loved ones are diagnosed with cancer, and one of the more common questions is, “How did this happen?” Many people who feel perfectly healthy are diagnosed with cancer every day, and that can create a sense of hopelessness among patients while also prompting them to wonder what they might have been able to do differently to avoid their disease.

The World Health Organization notes that cancer arises from the transformation of normal cells into tumor cells. That transformation is a multi-stage process that typically progresses from a precancerous lesion to a malignant tumor. Cancer researchers have long since determined that genetic factors play a role in the development of cancer. For example, the nonprofit organization BreastCancer.org notes that women with one first-degree relative, which includes sisters, mothers and daughters, who has had breast cancer are at twice the risk of developing breast cancer as women with no such connection. The risk for women with two first-degree relatives who have had breast cancer is five times higher than those with no such family history.

But the WHO notes that genetics are not the only contributing factor to cancer. In fact, the WHO says the interaction between

genetic factors and these three categories of external agents can pave the way for the transformation of normal cells into tumorous ones.

• Physical Carcinogens: Physical carcinogens include ultraviolet and ionizing radiation. The WHO notes that many people are exposed to natural sources of ionizing radiation such as soil, water and vegetation.

But there are human-made sources, such as X-rays and medical devices, of ionizing radiation as well.

• Chemical Carcinogens: Chemical carcinogens include asbestos, certain components of tobacco smoke, the food contaminant aflatoxin, and arsenic. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that arsenic can enter the water supply from natural deposits in the earth or from industrial or agricultural pollution. The CDC urges people who get their water from a private well and suspect it might be tainted by arsenic to contact their local government to have their water tested.

• Biological Carcinogens: Biological carcinogens include infections from certain viruses, bacteria or parasites. The virus hepatitis B, for example, has been shown to cause liver cancer.

Doctors may not be able to point to a single factor to determine the specific cause of an individual case of cancer. However, they are aware of various cancer-causing agents that greatly increase a person’s risk of being diagnosed with this disease.

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Cancer Warning Signs

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o one is immune to cancer, which the World Health Organization notes is the second leading cause of death across the globe. Though cancer is responsible for more than nine million deaths per year, the WHO notes that many cases of cancer are preventable.

The WHO estimates that one-third of deaths from cancer are due to five behavioral and dietary risks: high body mass index, low fruit and vegetable intake, lack of physical activity, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption. People who smoke, drink to excess and/or eat unhealthy diets can greatly reduce their risk for cancer and the likelihood that they will join the millions of cancer patients who die from the disease each year.

Learning the warning signs for cancer is another way people can reduce the likelihood that they will die from cancer. Cancer Research US notes that cancers diagnosed at early stages are more likely to be treated successfully than those that are in the later stages.

Late-stage cancers have typically spread beyond their origination point, making treatment more difficult and survival less likely.

Early detection of cancer is vital to survival. For instance, Cancer Research US notes that more than nine in 10 bowel cancer patients will survive their disease for more than five years if diagnosed at the earliest stage. The five-year survival rates are similar for breast cancer and ovarian cancer patients whose diseases are diagnosed in their earliest stages.

By learning some of the common

warning signs of cancer, people can increase the likelihood of early detection, greatly improving their chances of surviving this potentially deadly disease. Each type of cancer has its own unique symptoms, and people with family histories of cancer are urged to discuss those histories with their physicians so they can learn the warning signs of the specific cancers that may run in their families. In addition to such discussions, men and women can keep an eye out for these symptoms, which the Cleveland Clinic notes are some of the more general indicators of cancer.

• Change in bowel or bladder habits • A sore that does not heal • Unusual bleeding or discharge • Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere • Indigestion or difficulty swallowing • Obvious change in a wart or mole • Nagging cough or hoarseness More information about cancer is available at www.who.int.

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What are Second Cancers?

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urvival rates among cancer patients have improved dramatically over the last several decades, thanks in large part to the tireless efforts of researchers.

Many people who survive cancer live cancer-free for the rest of their lives, while others experience cancer recurrence.

According to the American Society of Clinical Oncology, a recurrence occurs when cancer comes back after treatment. That can occur weeks, months or even years after the primary or original cancer was treated. But recurrence is not the only way cancer can creep back into the lives of people whose original cancer was successfully treated.

The American Cancer Society notes that some people experience second cancers, which are new cancers that appear even after an original cancer was successfully treated. Some second cancers occur in the same organ or area of the body as the first

cancer, while others develop in organs and tissues that were not affected by the original cancer. Second cancers also have been linked to radiation therapy, though it’s important that cancer patients not discount the potential benefits of radiation therapy out of the fear of a second cancer developing.

In addition, the ACS notes that radiation therapy is not the only treatment option that has been linked to second cancers.

For example, chemotherapy is known to be a greater risk factor than radiation therapy in causing leukemia. Patients who want to reduce their risk for second cancers should know that many of the same measures to reduce risk for original cancers can be equally effective at lowering risk for second cancers. These measures include healthy lifestyle choices, such as avoiding or quitting tobacco, reducing alcohol consumption, and eating a healthy diet.

Learning About Common Types of Breast Cancer

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ctober is Breast Cancer Awareness Month, and an ideal opportunity to learn more about a disease that affects one in eight American women. In an effort to raise awareness, here is a bit of information about the two most common types of breast cancer and their main characteristics.

1. Ductal Carcinoma This type of cancer, which originates in the milk ducts of the breasts, can be divided into two categories. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive variety that remains within the duct tissues. Invasive (or infiltrating) ductal carcinoma is more aggressive and involves cancerous cells that have traversed the duct walls and invaded the surrounding breast tissue.

Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer, accounting

for about 80 percent of all invasive cases.

2. Lobular Carcinoma This type of breast cancer develops in the lobules, which are the milk-producing glands at the end of the ducts. As with the ductal type, lobular carcinoma can be in situ or invasive. The latter is the second most common type of breast cancer, accounting for about 10 percent of all invasive cases.

The non-invasive variety is sometimes referred to as lobular neoplasia because it’s not a true cancer. Rather, someone with this diagnosis is simply at a higher risk of developing breast cancer due to abnormal cell growth.

For more information about the characteristics, prevention and treatment of various types of breast cancer, visit the American Cancer Society web­ s ite at cancer.org.

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Breast Cancer: How is a Treatment Plan Developed?

4 Ways to Support Breast Cancer Research

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ccording to the American Cancer Society, one in eight women will develop breast cancer at some point in their life, and one in 33 will die from it. Additionally, an estimated 240 American men will be diagnosed with breast cancer this year, and about 55 of them will die from it. Since October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month, here are four ways you can get involved in the cause to eradicate this disease.

1. Make a Donation You can make a one-time donation or a monthly contribution to the American Cancer Society to help fund breast cancer research and initiatives that provide resources to people living with breast cancer.

2. Raise Money You can organize or participate in a

fundraising event such as a run or charity dinner. Alternatively, you can support a person or team taking part in a fundraiser by sponsoring them.

3. Shop Pink You can purchase pink clothing, notebooks, luggage and more from companies that have partnered with the American Cancer Society and pledged to donate part of the proceeds to breast cancer initiatives.

4. Volunteer You can sell pink ribbons, join an event committee, become a community ambassador or otherwise donate your time to support the cause.

For more information about breast cancer and how you can get invol­ved in the fight against it, visit the American Cancer Society website at www.cancer.org.

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ne in eight women will receive a breast cancer diagnosis in their lifetime. In such cases, a personalized treatment plan is created by a team of health-care specialists that typically includes oncologists, nurses, psychologists, social workers and nutritionists. Here’s a look at how each individualized plan is developed.

Reviewing the Options A treatment plan is typically based on the type and stage of breast cancer. It might consist of a systemic treatment, such as chemotherapy or hormone therapy, or a local treatment that directly targets a tumour, such as surgery or radiation therapy. A treatment plan might also use a combination of these approaches and be complemented

by alternative therapies like acupuncture and massage.

Assessing All Factors Another key in determining a breast cancer treatment plan is the patient’s preferences. Following their diagnosis, a patient will be presented with several options to carefully consider or get a second opinion about if time permits. These options take into consideration va­rious factors about the patient, including: • Their overall health • Whether they’ve reached menopause • The status of their hormone receptors • The cancer’s likelihood of recurrence For more information about breast cancer treatments, visit the American Cancer Society website at www.cancer.org.

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Test Your Knowledge: The Stages of Breast Cancer

Saturday, September 26, 2020

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ost people are familiar with the concept that cancers are diagnosed in “stages.” But do you know what this really means? In re­ co­ gnition of Breast Cancer Awareness Month, test your knowledge with these three true or false statements.

1. True or false: There are four stages of breast cancer.

False. The staging system for breast cancer has five stages (zero to four).

Stage zero is assigned to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) breast cancer, which means the cancer cells are confined to a duct or lobule. Stage four is assigned to metastatic breast cancer, which means the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

In general, the higher the stage, the more the cancer has spread through the breasts and to nearby organs.

2. True or false: The stage changes as the cancer evolves.

False. A stage describes the location and amount of cancer present in the body when it’s first diagnosed.

Since the stage is based on the initial diagnosis, it doesn’t change even if the cancer grows, spreads or comes back following remission. For example, a stage two breast cancer that eventually spreads to the liver will be referred to as metastatic, but it remains a stage two cancer.

3. True or false: The staging system helps determine a prognosis.

True. Doctors use the stage of cancer to predict the course of the disease and the patient’s likelihood of recovery. This is possible because cancers that appear in the same part of the body with the same stage tend to have a similar prognosis. The stage is also used to develop a treatment plan and assign patients to appropriate clinical trials if they wish to participate.

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How to Support a Loved One with Cancer

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upport networks are vital for cancer patients. The experts at Weill Cornell Medicine note that the support of family friends, both in the immediate aftermath of a diagnosis and throughout treatment, can help patients regain a sense of normalcy and maintain their emotional stability, each of which improves their chances at ensuring a positive clinical outcome.

The role of cancer caregiver is often unlike any other people have played or will play. In recognition of that, the American Society of Clinical Oncology offers the following tips to cancer caregivers as they transition into their new roles.

• Prepare yourself. Caregivers may be so busy looking into what they can do to help a loved one diagnosed with cancer that they overlook or forget the need to prepare themselves. The ASCO recommends that caregivers process their own feelings about a loved one’s diagnosis before they begin caring for that person. This can ensure their focus is where it needs to be when their loved needs help. In addition, caregivers can do everything to learn about their loved one’s disease ahead of time. Many patients are not forthcoming about their disease, and even those that are may find it physically and emotionally exhausting to repeatedly share the details of their disease with friends and family. Learning the basics on your own can save the patients from these feelings of exhaustion.

• Let your loved one know it’s alright to

say, “No.” Caregivers may want to give their loved one advice, but it’s important that they recognize recommendations, however well-intentioned they may be, may not always be welcome. That can create unnecessary tension between caregiver and patient. Let your loved one know they can decline suggestions, and always ask permission before giving advice.

• Don’t forget to have fun. A cancer diagnosis is serious business, but caregivers and patients must make room for levity throughout the treatment process. The ASCO recommends caregivers make time for light conversation and humorous stories. This can be beneficial to both patients and caregivers, providing a routine respite from discussions about how patients are feeling. Discussions about topics other than cancer, such as sports, movies or hobbies, also can be a respite from the rigors of treatment and caregiving.

• Treat your loved one just as you ordinarily do. The ASCO notes the importance of treating a loved one during treatment just as you normally would. While that may not always be possible, it can help patients feel like they’re still a friend or family member first and a cancer patient second.

• Pay attention to your loved one’s feelings. Some doctors encourage cancer patients to keep a journal or blog during their treatments. If possible, read their journal or blog entries. Many people are more comfortable sharing feelings in this way than directly with their caregivers,

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