Amsterdam Hyperloop Station

A M S T E R D A M HYPERLOOP HUB A P a r t o f C o n n e c t e d E u ro p e

PS3 Group Peyman Baktash, Stijn Graat, Sara Khabbazan, Salar Bagheri

Index

1st

2nd

3rd

Problematization

Railway System

Hyperloop

I

Introduction

I

5

I

Imagination

I

6

I

Transportation problems

I

11

I

Transportation Modes

I

14

I

Conclusion

I

16

I

Introduction

I

19

I

Pluses of Train ( in Europe )

I

20

I

Train in history

I

21

I

Train Types

I

24

I

Train Station Typology

I

26

I

Introduction

I

35

I

Timeline

I

38

I

Comparison

I

40

I

System Overview

I

42

I

Technical Information of Hyperloop

I

44

I

Pluses of designing Hyperloop Station

I

48

4th

5th

6th

Master Plan

City & Site

Final Design

I

Introduction

I

51

I

The first proposal

I

52

I

The second proposal

I

56

I

Hyperloop Station in the Netherland

I

60

I

Introduction

I

63

I

Choosing city

I

64

I

Amsterdam Station Development

I

66

I

Site and its Potential(s)

I

68

I

Added value to Amsterdam

I

69

I

Introduction

I

75

I

Finding “Tube System” for the station

I

76

I

Form Finding for Final Design

I

82

I

Site Potential

I

83

I

Added Value in Site

I

84

I

Sun Analyse

I

85

I

Final Design

I

88

I

Routins of the station ( connection )

I

92

I

Suggested Facade

I

95

I

Plans & Sections

I

98

I

Visualization(s)

I

105

C

hapter one

C

Problematization

Nowadays transportation gives us a wide selection to go from one city to another or even one country to another. Traveling from A to B is possible with all the transportation modes, but each of them has some problems, for instance, the travel time is different for all of them and passengers always prefer to choose the fastest one to save time. In this chapter, we will come up with this issue and explain the problem of transportation nowadays. Our story will start with imagination for one travel which is familiar for all of us.

B

A

Imagination Imagine a person wants to go to from Amsterdam to Paris. It looks like a simple journey, but transportation nowadays is more than simply moving from A to B. We are looking for the most comfortable and fastest possible transportation mode there is.

Amesterdam

Paris

6

Problematization

Connected Europe

Travel by car 540 km is the distance from Amsterdam to Paris, and on this trip, you will pass Belgium in between. However, traveling by car could be an appropriate way, even though it is not rapid as a flight. On average, it takes 7.0 hours, with stops for gas and food worked in. However, if you drive there without stops, it would take you 5.5 hours.

in Amsterdam Home

in Belgium

in Paris

Hotel

Total time for traveling by car is around 5.5 hours Hyperloop Station

Problematization

7

Travel by high-speed train On the other hand, we can use public transportation (Train). Despite having many stops to reach Paris, it is the fastest way with the current technology.

On average, we should spend over 70 minutes to pass the border and skip Belgium and part of France by two and half hours to arrive in Paris; moreover, we should look for other options to carry us to the final destination, which takes about half an hour.

in Amsterdam Home 20 m

tax i-b ike by walk

24 min

in

Schipol Roterdam

Amsterdam Central

in Belgium

35

mi

n

45 min

Antwerpen

Brussel-Zuid

in Paris

tax i

Hotel

- bik e o

r b y w alk

7 0 - 80 m in

Metro Station

Total time for traveling by Train is around 4 hours 8

Problematization

Connected Europe

Travel by plane Nevertheless, traveling by airplane has a different story. Traveling for a person who wants to go from Amsterdam to Paris by airplane could be time-consuming. We imagine that we have to take a taxi or use public transportation to reach out the airport, which could be up to one hour and therefore because of the security checking system, we should wait even over two hours to get on the airplane; furthermore, the flight needs approximately half an hour to take off. On the other hand, we have to wait until the airplane gets ready to drop passengers out and look for further options to get out of the airport to reach our final destination. Even though we have passed less than an hour on the flight, the time we spent was over six hours, which means that it was almost equal to the personal vehicle and slower than trains. in Amsterdam Home 15

tax i-b ike by walk

m -30

in tr

a ve l ti

m e w ith trai n

to a

ir p

ort

Train/Metro Station

4-

5

H

ou

Schipol

rs

v Tra el t

im e

- I ncl u d ing w

in Paris

a it

up

co

e

Metro Station

tim

o

g

le

n

in

Taxi

i fm

25 -35 min travel time

Luchthaven Parijs Hotel

Total time for traveling by airplain is around 6 hours Hyperloop Station

Problematization

9

Comparison options The complexities of each mode of transportation are evident, so we put them in a straightforward graph to compare them with each other. What is striking is that traveling by plane has much waiting time. The waiting time is even longer than the actual traveling time. The high-speed train is the fastest option, but that is only the case if you live nearby Amsterdam or Rotterdam. If you live in the countryside, you could easily add 1 or 2 hours to your total traveling time to get to the station. The car then becomes the most exciting option. It is just as fast as the other two options, but it gives you a lot more freedom. That may be one of the reasons that people choose to drive rather than use public transit.

Nevertheless, it is too early to jump to conclusions right now. We can deduce from this example that traveling by high-speed train is the best option, but only if it is accessible to everyone. At the moment, this is not the case, but there is certainly some potential here.

9 7

Car 5.5 - 7

hrs

Flight 5 - 5.5 hrs

5

Train 4 hrs

Hours

3 1 Amesterdam

Paris

Travel time between Amsterdam and Paris by different modes of transportation

10

Problematization

Connected Europe

Transportation problems Most people are aware of the current issues with the existing transport infrastructure. People face high levels of traffic congestion and long commutes daily. Sitting in traffic and long journey times both use up valuable time and lower productivity. With rapid population growth, the problems will only get worse.

Limited affordable housing in city centers has forced residents to move further away, effectively increasing commuting times further. Public transportation should solve this problem, but they are often inadequate and either over or underused. Overused services even suffer from breakdowns, delays, and cancellations.

in 2100 !

in 2100 : 10.9 Billion

in 2050 : 9.7 Billion

in 2020 : 7.7 Billion

in 1987 : 5 Billion

in 1950 : 2.5 Billion

in 1928 : 2 Billion

will be around 11 billion

in 1803 : 1 Billion

The world population

in 1700 : 600 Million

Furthermore, it is recognized that transportation negatively influences the atmosphere and contributes to global warming. When you glance at the chart, it immediately becomes clear how vital the role of the population will be in the upcoming years...

World population graph 17 00

Hyperloop Station

17 50

18 00

Problematization

18 50

19 00

19 50

20 00

20 50

21 00

11

The significant growth in the next 100 years will have following side effects :

Number of Passanger

The need for mobility

Increasing

Increasing

CO2

Fossil Fuels Sources

Decreasing

CO2 Emission

Increasing

We also looked at the CO2 emissions data; agriculture, industry, and other sectors were heading down in the last three decades. Transportation is the only sector that has increased its emissions. Of course, this is not the right way.

CO2 emission 130 120 110 90

Transportation

100 80

Industry

70

Others

60

Agriculture

50

Year

12

19 90

19 95

20 00

20 05

20 10

Problematization

20 15

Connected Europe

If we look at the total CO2 emission, 32% of carbon dioxide is produced by the transportation sector. Road transportation is responsible for 73% of that emission and thereby the biggest polluter. Railway transport is the most sustainable sector. In the following pages, we will take a closer look at the main transportation modes.

73.2%

Road Transport

13.4%

Air Transport

Others 68%

Transport 32%

12.9%

Water Transport

00.5%

Railway Transport

Hyperloop Station

Problematization

13

Transportation Modes

14

Road transport

Road transport exists in all parts of the world; this involves motor vehicles (cars, lorries, buses, bicycles, and trucks). There are various roads according to size and functions. Some roads are tarred while others are not.

The best of these roads are the modern roads which link significant towns. Road transport, when compared with other modes of transportation, is more flexible. It is relatively cheaper and faster. Road transport has a high capacity for carrying goods over short distances.

Maintenance is one of the significant disadvantages of this mode of transport.

Railway transport

Railways were developed during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century; these were partly political reasons and economic reasons. In many countries, they were built primarily to penetrate isolated regions and help promote political unity. The significant advantage of railway transport includes the provision of reliable services. It can convey heavy and bulky goods; it is also very cheap, safe, and also comfortable for passengers over a long distance.

Problematization

Connected Europe

Water transport

Water transport is very important because it is the cheapest way of transporting bulky goods over a long distance. In the world, there are two major types of water transport namely: Inland water transport and ocean water transport.

Inland water transport This is the system of transport through all navigable rivers, lakes, and man-made canals. Many large rivers in different parts of the world are used by ships and barges for transportation; the main rivers where inland water transport are important are the Rhine and Dambe in Europe, Zaire in Africa, the Nile in Africa, the Mississippi in the USA, etc.

Ocean Waterways However, Ocean waterways carry a lot of the world’s trade, the majority of the bulky goods, materials, and passengers pass through ocean waterways from one country to another at the cheapest cost.

Air transport

Air transport is the newest means of transport; it was introduced in 1903 but developed into full means of transporting people and goods in the 1930s. The greatest air transportation started after the Second World War (WWII). This mode of transportation can be used for both domestic and international flights.

Hyperloop Station

Problematization

15

Conclusion Now that we know more about each modes of transport, it is time to compare them, based on speed versus the efficiency.

First of all we have the airplane, even though the airplane is fast, it is also inefficient. Then we have the train which is reasonable fast but either inefficient. The car is inefficient and slow. Walking is actually efficient but really slow. Last of all, we have cycling, which is efficient but still slow over a longer distance.

To conclude, we saw that the railway was the most sustainable and most efficient mode of transport. Nevertheless, in general, people in the Netherlands rather take the car over the train. Looking at its benefits, far more passenegers should actually use the train. Why isn’t that the case? We will take a closer look at the railway system in the next chapter.

Efficient

Slow

Fast

Inefficient

16

Problematization

Connected Europe

C

hapter two

C

Railway Transport

In the first chapter, we came up with the problems. In this chapter, pluses of the railway system will be explored. Moreover, analyzing the railway system in detail, looking at the railway system’s history, and introducing all kinds of railway systems are parts of this chapter.

A

B

The railway was and is one of the major connections between two cities in history.

Pluses of Train ( in Europe ) Regarding the CO2 emission graph on page 13, only 0.05% of CO2 in Europe was produced by Railway transport. Moreover, these modes of transportation have some other pluses in this continent: 1 - Easy access: nearly every city has a station, and most of them are served by trains multiple times per day. On domestic routes, many trains run hourly, if not more often.

2 - Environmentally friendly: when you choose to travel by train through Europe, you pick a transportation mode that pollutes far less than most others.

3 - Centrally located: one of the best things about European rail travel is the train stations’ great location. Central stations are usually right in the center of the city, with shops, restaurants, and hotels just a couple of steps away.

4 - Great views: passengers see more than just clouds or the dirty back of a semi-truck. You experience the beauty of Europe first hand. You see the lush green hills, the colorful cities, and the quaint countryside from the train.

Advantages

00.5%

E

asy Access

20

Railway Transport

E

nvironmentally friendly

C

entrally located stops

Railway Transport

G

reat views

Connected Europe

Develpmnet of train in history From the day that the first train lane was established for people, the number of passengers grew. Furthermore, in recent years, this increasing trend continued faster and faster. For instance, the number of passengers has risen up to 410 billion people in 2019 from 365 billion in 2013. By taking a look at this growth (number of passengers) and development of train, we can see that the railway transportation answered to this increasing number of passengers and also it has potential to develop more and more to answer to the higher number of passengers.

416 Billion

Tracking this development from the beginning is summarized in one timeline on the next page.

420 410 400

3.4% 390

Billion passenger-kilometres

380 370 360 350 340

20 13

20 14

20 15

20 16

20 17

20 18

20 19

Increasing the number of railway passenger in Europe in recent years Hyperloop Station

Railway Transport

21

Train

HUND and Minecart Railways German miners utilized tubrailways to transport ore within the mines

22

18 03

18 04

Railway Transport

18 13

First public Inter-city

17 98

The first railroad in America

17 74

The Mumbles railway - 1st passenger train in history

17 20

Scotsman James Watt built first useful stationary steam engine.

First public railway created in London

16 03

JAMES WATT STEAM ENGINE

The first ever above ground railway.

The Tanfield Waggonway - England

16 th

First recorded wagonway in England.

Timeline

18 26

18 29

PUFFING BILLY The railway steam locomotives were built to replace the horses used to pull wagons on the tramway.

Connected Europe

18 69

18 72

18 87

First transcontinental railroad

18 36

AUTOMATIC RAILROAD AIR BRAKE They made braking safer and more precise and allowed railroads to operate at higher speeds, now that trains could be reliably stopped.

Hyperloop Station

Railway Transport

19 37

19 64

19 79

20 10 Shanghai Metro becomes world’s largest urban transit system

Richmond - Virigina - US

France begun using their high speed train – TGV.

The first to be built specifically for passengers, and the first entirely elevated railway.

The first bullet train was introduced in Japan

FIRST LARGE-SCALE ELECTRIC TROLLEY LINE IN THE WORLD

Maglev, Magnetic levitation

Strasburg Rail Road™ is America’s oldest operating railroad

18 32

FIRST ELEVATED TRAIN

23

Types of train The type of train is dependent primarily on the primary purpose of the train. For example, if the train is meant for a short-distance commute, it will not have sleeper or dining cars built-in. There are many different types of trains that form an integral part of the world’s transport system. There are many different types of trains; on this and next page, the most critical types of trains are mentioned.

24

Long-Distance Trains

Tram

- Travels between different cities - Have a restaurant or dining car - Have sleeping cars - Distances over 500 miles

- A rail vehicle that runs on tramway tracks - Along public urban streets

Freight Trains

Maglev

- Freight Trains or Goods trains - They are essential to the industry. They transport materials or cargo - Energy-efficient option than by road - They can carry a lot of bulk over large distances quicker than trucks

magnetic levitation They don’t travel too far high-speed rails They can also decelerate and accelerate much quicker than normal trains.

Railway Transport

Connected Europe

Inter-City Trains

Monorail

Long-distance trains This is really popular in Europe

It has a single track of a beam or rail They were developed to meet the medium demands of traffic in urban areas They run on elevated rail tracks

Light Rail

High-Speed Rail

Modern tram systems They are a mixture of a tram and a train

For long-distance travel High-speed trains run at speeds above 200 km/h Environmentally friendly

Rapid Transit Trains

Short-Distance Trains

Large cities Metro system, tubes, subway, or underground rails They are powered by electricity The railroads are separate from other traffic

Mass-transport people over short distances. Their seating systems are often more packed Seating and standing travel eco-friendly than cars

Hyperloop Station

Railway Transport

25

Train Station Typology On the railway, stations play an essential role where all the trains arrive at one place for loading and unloading the passengers. Thus, it is vital to investigate the train stations’ typology, and we need to become more profound.

Generally, the station typology is considered base on two different issues; Operation and function.

Entirely, the typology base on Operation will be divided into four parts, which consider them separately in A, B, C, and D class; on the other hand, functional consideration works in five parts.

Operational considerations

Block stations A Class B Class C Class

Non-block stations D Class

Functional considerations

26

Halts Flag Station Crossing Stations Junction Stations Terminal Stations

Railway Transport

Connected Europe

Operational

I

Block Station

I

A class

A class station is generally provided in double-line sections. A ‘line clear’ signal cannot be granted at such stations at the rear of a station unless the line on which a train is received is clear and the facing points set and locked. No shunting can be done after a line clear has been granted.

Home

Starter

Warner

Operational

Starter

I

Block Station

I

Advance

Starter

B class

It is the most common type of station and is provided on single-line as well as double-line sections. At a B class station, the line has to be clear up to an adequate distance beyond the outer signal before ‘permission to approach’ can be given to a train. The minimum signals required at a B class station are as follows. However, The B class station is the most common in Indian Railways because it offers greater flexibility of working. By providing a warner on the outer arm post, this station can also cater to fast traffic while permitting shunting of vehicles even when a clear signal has been given.

Hyperloop Station

Railway Transport

27

Home Outer Warner

Starter

Home

Advance

Starter

Advance

Starter

Starter

Starter

Home

Starter

Operational

I

Block Station

Home

I

Outer Warner

C class

The C class station is only a block hut where no booking of passengers is done. It is basically provided to split a long block section to reduce the interval between successive trains. No train stops typically at these stations.

The minimum signals required are as follows. Generally, they are divided into two parts: 1-Warner A warner signal placed at an adequate warning distance from the home signal to indicate whether the section ahead is clear or not.

2- Home A home signal, which is the first stop signal.

Warner

Home

Home

28

Railway Transport

Warner

Connected Europe

Operational

I

Non-Block Station

I

D class

D class or non-block stations are located between two block stations and do not form any block section boundary. No signals are provided at D class stations. A D class station that serves an outlying siding is called a DK station.

At such a station, the siding takes off through a crossover, which can be operated only with a key’s help, which in turn is released with the help of a ball token. A D class station that serves no siding is called a flag station.

Functional

I

Halts and Flag Station

A halt is the simplest station where trains can stop on a railway line. A halt usually has only a rail-level platform with a name board at either end.

Sometimes a tiny waiting shed is also provided, which also serves as a booking office. There is no yard or station building or staff provided for such types of stations. Some selected trains are allotted a stoppage line of a minute or two at such stations to enable passengers to entrain or detrain.

The booking of passengers is done by traveling ticket examiners or booking clerks.

Name of board

Hyperloop Station

Rail Level Platform

Railway Transport

Name of board

29

Functional

I

Crossing Station

The crossing station has arrangements in place to monitor train movement on block pieces. The concept of a crossing station was originally conceived for single-line sections to enable the crossing of trains traveling in opposite directions, allowing for faster train movement.

Station Building Latrine Block

Rail Level Platform

Name of board

Functional

I

Name of board

Junction Station

A junction station joins three or four lines that originate from various directions. Trains often arrive on branch lines at junctions and then return to the same station from which they originated or continue to other stations from which they return to their originating stations.

1 - There are two platforms: one mainline platform and one island platform.

If the timings of two trains overlap, all trains can be received and guided to either side of the island platform.

30

Railway Transport

Connected Europe

It helps in the easy trans-shipment of passengers and luggage. Also, mainline as well as branch line trains can be received on the central platform.

2 - A foot over bridge is provided for passengers to move between the station platform and the island platform.

3 - It is provided with a small goods siding and a goods platform to deal with goods traffic.

4 - A turntable is provided for reversing the direction of an engine if required.

5 - The emergency crossover provided on either side of the station helps switch to a single-line set-up in the case of an emergency.

Platform Foot Over Bridge line

shif

ter

Main Line

Platform Branch Line Loop Line

Hyperloop Station

Railway Transport

31

Functional

I

Terminal Station

The station at which a railway line or one of its branches terminates is known as a terminal station or a terminal junction. The reception line terminates in a dead end and there is provision for the engine of an incoming train to turn around and move from the front to the rear of the train at such a station. In addition, a terminal station may need to be equipped with facilities for watering, cleaning, coaling, fueling, and stabling the engines; storing, inspecting, washing and charging the carriages; and such other works.

Nevertheless, on unimportant branch lines, the terminal station will have only one platform, but there are big terminal stations such as the Howrah and Mumbai stations, which are provided with elaborate facilities.

Road

Platform 1 Track 1 Track 2

Track 3

Checking Space

Circulating Area

Entrance

Platform 2 & 3

Track 4

Platform 4

Road

32

Railway Transport

Connected Europe

C

hapter three

C

Hyperloop

Earlier in the 1st chapter, we talked about the transportation modes base on efficiency and speed. We are finding a mode of transportation to answer both aspects worth investigating. That is why a large group of companies and investors studied that. The Hyperloop is one of the pioneers in this case and could be the future of transportation.

Efficient

Fast

Introducion The hyperloop is a new mode of transportation for large volumes of passengers and cargo. The infrastructure consists of tubes that can be built both above and below ground. A pod will move with aviation speed along the tubes.

Pod

Tube

Hyperloop

36

Hyperloop

Connected Europe

Several companies are working on this system globally, but the main idea of this concept was back in the 18th century. On the next page, we took a look at this idea during history by showing the main achievement. And here you can see a couple of companies that work on Hyperloop development, and all of them are reached to multiple achievements. So that is why we think the Hyperloop could be the future of transportation.

Virgin Hyperloop LAHQ Los Angeles, United States

TU Delft Hyperloop Delft, The Netherlands

Hardt Hyperloop Delft, The Netherlands

Hyperloop Station

Hyperloop

37

38

Hyperloop

Transport mail & other messages

18 70

subway predecessor.

18 60s

to 1873, was New York City’s earliest

Cerstal Palace Atmospheric railway

18 50s

operated in Manhattan from 1870

The Beach Pneumatic Transit, which

The London pneumatic despatch system

18 till 47 18 till 73 19 th MIT Designed a Vacuum-Tube

19 10 Vactubes - like Hyperloop

an idea to move goods through castiro pipes using air pressure.

17 99 inventor George Medhurst proposed

Air Pressure

Hyperloop

Timeline

19 56 19 90

BOSTON TO NEW YORK IN JUST 12 MIN

American rocket pioneer

Robert Goddard designed

a train would’ve floated on

magnets inside a vacu-

um-sealed tunnel.

Boston

NY

Connected Europe

ELON MUSK HYPERLOOP ET3: pneumatic-and-maglev train

The Foodtubes projects

Elon Musk published his pro-

20 00

20 10

posal for the Hyperloop in a

Hyperloop Station

20 16

20 17 Hyperloop One In July 2017, a startup called Hyperloop One successfully tested

20 13

First Hyperloop Test in Quay Valley, California

57-page white paper.

Hyperloop

20 20

VIRGIN HYPERLOOP COMPLETES WORLD’S FIRST HUMAN TEST

39

Comparison When we compare Hyperloop with other modes of transport, one of the significant points is that the impact of Hyperloop on climate is many times less than current transports. The Hyperloop operates entirely on electric­ ity, so it works without fossil fuels and CO2 emissions. In comparison with other transportation systems, Hyperloop uses 30 times less energy so pas­ sengers can reach any destination comfortably, cleanly, and lightning-fast, without long queues.

Airplaine

Car

Electric car

High-speed train

Cruise speed Kilometers per hour

Hypeloop

Energy Consumption Watt hour per passenger per Kilometers

CO2 Emissions

Grams per passenger per Kilometers

40

Hyperloop

Connected Europe

If we look closer at the speed, the Hyperloop is at least as fast as the airplane and even tree times faster than the train. It’s also worth taking a look at the daily passengers capacity. The Hyperloop surpasses the high-speed train by some distance. The differences are minimal compared to air travel.

Due of its longer operating hours, the Hyperloop is competitive with the airplane and is able to outperform other forms of transport.

CO2

Hyperloop Station

7,650

15,920

15,903

55

12

215

grams per passenger per kilometre

360

>1000

900

kilometre per hour

177

20

680

watt hour per passenger per kilometre

Hyperloop

passengers per day

41

System Overview Sustainability Energy would be provided by solar, wind and other renewable sources

Open-source Hyperloop is an open sourced technology. Elon Musk gave his idea away and encouraged others to develop it.

By using magnetic levitation technology, track friction is removed

Augmented windows could project scenes of natural beauty and entertainment. Ads could keep tickets cheap or even free

Speed Between 1000 - 1200 km/h

42

Hyperloop

Connected Europe

Propulsion

Route Local topographical requirements, including the area of urban regions, mountain ranges, supplies, national parks, streets, railways, airplane terminals, and so forth. For designing, we consider standing structures.

Linear accelerators are constructed along the length of the tube at various locations to accelerate the capsules.

Rotors are located on the capsules to transfer momentum to the capsules via the linear accelerators.

Tube The capsule used for travelling moves inside the tube and low air pressure inside the tube is maintained which increases the speed of transportation.

Capsule Capsule is the part in which will travel inside the tube.

Hyperloop Station

Hyperloop

43

Technical Information of Hyperloop Hyperloop Capsule The passenger capsule will carry a maximum of 28 passengers.; furthermore, there are 2 minutes for departure. In further, we can increase the Hyperloop capacity by reducing the departure time.

The Hyperloop interior is designed with passenger safety and comfort in mind. We do not precisely know what the experience will physically feel like traveling at such high speeds, but we can make comfortable travel for passengers by designing suitable seats and digital screens.

Base on the Virgin Hyperloop: “While flying through a tube at more than 1000km/h might seem like a thrill ride, the truth is we are able to mitigate any uncomfortable acceleration forces within our controlled environment. The journey will be so smooth, you could sip a coffee the whole time without spilling a single drop.”

Initial proposal for Hyperloop POD

44

Hyperloop

Connected Europe

Propulsion At its core, the Hyperloop is all about removing the two things that slow down regular vehicles: friction and air resistance.

To do away with the former, you make the pod hover above its track, like a magnetic levitation train.

Tube Tubes are the central part of the Hyperloop infrastructure. The geometry of tubes depends on the capsule size.

The tubes need to be strong, stiff, durable, and airtight. Besides, they should be immune to weather, rain, and heat. Since the tubes make up such a big part of the Hyperloop, minimizing the construction cost is substantial. Most - but not all - of the air is removed from the tubes by pumps to reduce friction. Overcoming air resistance is one of the most significant uses of energy in high-speed travel

Hyperloop pillar and Tube system

Hyperloop Station

Hyperloop

45

Station Construction In Hyperloop station, the process of check-in and check-out is intended to be simple. We need a security check like an airport, but the boarding process and layout are much more straightforward than an airport.

Due to passengers’ continual flow, all ticketing and baggage tracking for the Hyperloop will be handled electronically.

Tube system and Station proposal base on Virgin hyperlopp design 46

Hyperloop

Connected Europe

Control Room - Bjarke Ingels Group proposal for Dubai Hyperloop

Pluses of Hyperloop system

+ + + + + +

Hyperloop Station

Hyperloop will go to the city Center Sustainibility Aviation Speed 100% CO2 emission free Safety Immune to weather

Hyperloop

47

Pluses of designing Hyperloop Station in Europe We are convinced to build and provide better alternatives after discovering the issue of modern transportation and researching railway transportation (with an emphasis on European countries). The Hyperloop may be the perfect solution to this dilemma, but as with any advanced technology, we face many obstacles to ensure that its possible benefits are realized.

After learning Hyperloop, it is critical to compare it to other modes of transportation to see how quick and reliable it is for the same trip from Amsterdam to Paris.

European Hyperloop path

in Amsterdam Home Hy perloo p p

taxi - bike

ath from Amsterdam to Eu

ropean

pa

th

Amsterdam Hyperloop Station

in Belgium Hyp erloo

p path from Brussel to European p

ath

Antwerpen

Brussel Hyperloop Station

in Paris

tax i

Hotel

- bik e o

r b y w alk

Hyperloop path from Paris to European path

Paris Hyperloop Station

Total time for traveling by Hyperloop is around 65 minutes 48

Hyperloop

Connected Europe

Base on the “Virgin Hyperloop Route Estimator,” from Amsterdam to Paris will be 35 minutes; if we also consider 25-35 minutes from home to station and from station to Hotel, the total time for this new mode of transportation is around 1 hour which is much faster than other transportation modes.

To clarify this issue, we can compare it again in the same graph as the first chapter of the booklet.

9 7

Car 5.5 - 6

hrs

Flight 5 - 5.5 hrs

5

Train 4 hrs

Hours

3 1

Hyperloop 1 hr Amesterdam

Paris

Travel time between Amsterdam and Paris by different modes of transportation

Design challenges and proposal According to the technical details of Hyperloop, we have a lot of limitations in station designing; for example, the tube typology plays a significant role in the station, and it can change the station layout. Our concepts include two parts, the routes system and station design. The master plan and concept will be explained in further chapters.

Hyperloop Station

Hyperloop

49

C

hapter four

C

Master Plan

How hyperloop will connect all European countries?

This is the main question in this chapter; there are two proposals for this connection, one of them propose base on an endless station, and the other is base on an ending station.

In this chapter, both proposals for European countries will be explained, and in the further chapter, we will choose one city and explain our design.

B

C

A

A

Endless Station

Ending Station

The first proposal for “Connected Europe” In our first proposal, we wanted to create one or two central Hyperloop station(s) in each country as the central station in Europe and connect them.

In this proposal, each country has one station which connects to the rest of Europe with a maximum speed of the Hyperloop.

This system will be the same as the traditional train system but with a higher speed. It means, for moving from Amsterdam to Paris, we still have Belgium in between.

52

Master Plan

Connected Europe

For this connection, we considered three different types of stations. A “high-speed” Station is a central station in each country. The Hyperloop speed between “high-speed” stations will be around 1220 km/h, and the capacity of each POD will be around 80 passengers.

Nevertheless, Hyperloop POD can only move through a straight tube because of high speed; therefore, we have to consider the straight line in this proposal from A to B.

1,223 Km/h

Hyperloop Station

84 Passengers

Master Plan

Straight

53

In this proposal’s next level of connection, each province has one “Midspeed” station, and the speed between this station and the “High-speed” station would be up to 600 km/h with the same number of passengers.

Thanks to the lower speed, PODs can move in curved tubes, and the connection between these two stations will be much easier.

560 Km/h

84 Passengers

Curve

Netherlands Germany Belgium

France

54

Master Plan

Connected Europe

The last station in this proposal is the “low-speed” station which connects each city to the European countries through “Mid-speed” and “Highspeed” stations.

The smaller size of the PODs and lower speed - 220 km/h - gives this opportunity to have a sharp turn.

220 Km/h

28 Passengers

Sharp Curve

Netherlands

Hyperloop Station

Master Plan

55

The second proposal for “Connected Europe” In the second proposal, we were looking to create a system, where the pods could travel at maximum speed as much as possible. We wanted to prevent that a pod from Madrid, with his destination in Oslo, would have to travel through several stations, which would make them loose valuable time and speed. That’s why in this proposal we consider three lines in the whole of the Europe.

International Line

56

Master Plan

Connected Europe

On the first two levels we have created a system which is formed by an endless circle. At first, you have the international line. This line is going through each country in Europe. Secondly, you will have the national line.

This line can connect to the international line.

International Line

National Line

Hyperloop Station

Master Plan

57

As seen from a national point of view, the international and national line could look like this. On a third level, we made a local line, which connects the city, and his station, to the infinite tube system.

With this proposal we have made a system where each pod could be programmed to move directly to a destination, without making any stops.

The Netherlands

International Line National Line

Local Line

58

Master Plan

Connected Europe

Analysing Netherland Connection Routes To make an informed decision about the route of the national line, we have analyzed the existing railnetwork. In the left you can see the existing stations and routes in the Netherlands. On the right we can see the intensity based on the number of passengers of that same network. This number will grow by 40% in the next 20 years, so our national line must be able to withstand that growth.

Hyperloop Station

Master Plan

59

Hyperloop Station (proposal) in the Netherland On this page, you can see our suggested hub stations connected to the national line. In the north, we have made a maintenance hub. It is based on the Virgin Hyperloop system. A standalone centre helps the network work 24/7, because every pod that needs maintenance will go to this centre.

Netherlands

Maintanence HUB Base on Virgin Hyperloop, a maintenance station help the

Groningen HUB Groningen

system to work 24/7

Noord-Holland HUB Amsterdam Gelderland HUB Arnhem

Utrecht HUB

Utrecht Zuid-Holland HUB Rotterdam

Noord-Brabant HUB

Map of the Hyperloop HUB in the Netherlands

60

Master Plan

Connected Europe

C

hapter five

C

City & Site

Because of the higher speed and direct connection between different cities in Europe, we chose our second proposal. The next step in this booklet is introducing one city in the Netherlands and choosing a location based on Hyperloop characteristics.

We already know that Hyperloop can go directly to the city center and connect to the existing public transportation; so, this unique potential encouraged us to choose the best city and site as the first Hyperloop station in Europe to show all the potential and pluses of the Hyperloop and show how Hyperloop can adopt with cities.

This chapter will introduce the city and existing public transportation station history; then, by considering the city’s current problem, the Hyperloop station site will be introduced.

Choosing city For our HUB location, we looked at the two most important cities in the network, Amsterdam & Rotterdam, and we compared them with each other.

Amsterdam - International reputation - Schiphol : passenger flow - Historical architecture - Culture - Tourism - Hardest growing economy - Large international expat community

Rotterdam - Gateway to Europe - Harbour : cargo flow - Modern architecture - Multicultural city - Quite for a city - Fast growing economy - Traditionally working-class

64

City & Site

Connected Europe

Amsterdam We finally choose to make our station in Amsterdam. By choosing Amsterdam, the station will get a symbolic value. History and culture merge with a revolutionary way of traveling. The station will symbolize progress against the old ways. People need to think and behave differently if we want to defeat global warming. This way, the station could be an example for Europe or even the world.

For our site, we first looked at Amsterdam’s central station’s development because of its historical value.

Netherlands

Maintanence HUB Base on Virgin Hyperloop, a main-

Groningen HUB Groningen

Noord-Holland HUB Amsterdam

tenance station help the system to work 24/7

Gelderland HUB Arnhem

Utrecht HUB

Utrecht Zuid-Holland HUB Rotterdam

Noord-Brabant HUB

Hyperloop Station

City & Site

65

Amsterdam Central Station Development The station was build in 1889 on three islands.

In 1889 cypers one was built with the big hall, outerwings, pavilions, cargo wings, the first three platforms and the south tunnelroof.

In 1924 the east building replaced the east cargo wing.

The “IJ” building was build with the extension of the platforms and the North tunnel roof was build. In this year also the historical main structure was completed.

66

City & Site

Connected Europe

In 1950 the routing of the station was improved on the groundfloor. Als the first floor was renovated majorly.

In 1980 the wings became a transfer area. The entire groundfloor got traverler related functions and became part of the pavilions. The midtunnel wing was widened with shops underneath. They also made a exit in the west wing on the “IJ“ side

From 1985 till 2016 they started with the expansion of the main structure. A low traffic passage was made, a gate free “IJ” and amstel passage was made. Last of all the canop of the “IJ” was made.

Hyperloop Station

City & Site

67

Site and its Potential(s) We choose a site close to Amsterdam Rail Station because of the high proportion of commuters who use it.

We are considering a new location in the heart of Amsterdam because the Hyperloop allows us to build a new station in the city center and link it to current public transit. Simultaneously, as an added benefit to the community, we considered resolving one of Amsterdam’s current issues (which is explained in detail on the next page).

As a result of our research into Amsterdam Central Station’s past and added value, we chose this location.

Site

Amsterdam Central Station 68

City & Site

Connected Europe

Added value to Amsterdam Nonetheless, one of the most notable challenges that Amsterdam has is connecting north to the south. By creating a fastening across the river, we would be able to link both sides.

The Hyperloop HUB could be a game-changer in this location. The new station is a connection to the other cities and countries in Europe and a connection between these two parts of the city by a bridge for both pedestrians and bikes.

Site

Amsterdam Central Station Hyperloop Station

City & Site

69

Due to the connection shortage between both sides and locating the central station in the south part, there is a population explosion happening.

However, by considering the new location, we could spread the population to both parts; furthermore, local people and foreigners would be able to carry quickly.

The picture below showing the distance to the station from different regions before designing the bridge/tunnel.

Hyperloop Station

Walking time

<10 min

10 - 30 min

>30 min

Cycling time

<4 min

4 - 10 min

>10 min

Distance from Hyperloop station to different region in Amsterdam before designing bridge

70

City & Site

Connected Europe

There were two ways for connecting the south and north: one was to use a tunnel, while the other was to use a bridge.

Since pillars support the Hyperloop, we were looking to build this connection using the Hyperloop principle. The Hyperloop station would be connected to the Amsterdam station by a pedestrian and bicycle bridge.

Connection between stations

Existing Station

Amsterdam Central station

Water

Underwater Tunnel Or Bridge ?

Water Transportation

New Hyperloop Station

Hyperloop Station

Hyperloop Tubes

Possible ways for connection and different parts of the north and south

Hyperloop Station

City & Site

71

So, instead of moving around the city to go over the river, both sides will be connected with 15 minutes by bike, approximately; also train passengers could easily access the Hyperloop location.

The picture below showing the distance to the station from different regions after designing the bridge.

Hyperloop Station

Walking time

<10 min

10 - 30 min

>30 min

Cycling time

<4 min

4 - 10 min

>10 min

Distance from Hyperloop station to different region in Amsterdam after designing bridge

72

City & Site

Connected Europe

A bridge for Pedestrians and Bikes Since the river’s width is less than 350 meters, the new bridge will be built for pedestrians, motorcycles, and riders who can cross the river in less than 10 minutes by a stroll and 3 or 4 minutes by bike.

Through building this bridge, nearly 16000 travelers and people would be able to walk and cycle from the north to the south of Amsterdam.

Bike Lane

Side Walk

7,500

9,000

People/Hour

People/Hour

Capacity of bridge for Bikes, Pedestrian ( around 16,500 People per hour )

Hyperloop Station

City & Site

73

C

hapter six

C

Design

All is in place to begin the design process; nonetheless, Our task now is to plan a Hyperloop station in a specific position that connects to the Amsterdam Central Station. However, The most critical aspect of building a Hyperloop station is Tube Typology and understanding how PODs can arrive and depart from the station. Thus, we were engaged with a couple of different typologies for the hyperloop system to understand which one will work more efficient and faster. A couple of prototypes for different “Tube typology” and Hyperloop stations are seen in this segment. Finally, our final design for the “Amsterdam Hyperloop HUB” and its facade is comprehensive.

Finding the most efficient “Tube System” for the station As mentioned, finding the suitable tube typology for the station was an essential part of the design; however, we continued a step further for each suggestion and proposed one or multiple designs based on new typology or even a new site. To find the best way of design and show all advantages of the Hyperloop system for the city.

That is why all concepts are explained and the last one is shown in detail because our final design is base on that.

1 - Parallel Platform (Type 1): In this typology, PODs are entered into the station from one “in-tube” and will divide into different platforms. After passenger loading, PODs will continue to go to the “out-tube” and connect to Hyperloop national line, and then connect to the European line.

This typology is more like a standard train typology with a parallel platform organized based on the Hyperloop system.

first suggestion for tube path and platforms 76

Design

Connected Europe

Base on this tube path, we offered one station precisely on top of the Amsterdam train station.

Hyperloop

It’s intriguing to think of building a station on top of an existing station to link Hyperloop to other modes of transportation.

Historical Building

1 - A : First concept to design on top of the Amsterdam central station Hyperloop Station

Design

77

2 - Parallel Platform (Type 2): In this one, space between tubes becomes more extensive, and by the parallel connection between “in-tube” and “out-tube,” the station platform will be defined.

This typology also works like a standard train typology with a parallel platform organized based on the Hyperloop system.

However, our projects are seen on the following pages based on this typology.

Second suggestion for tube path and platforms

78

Design

Connected Europe

2 - A : First concept of Station and Bridge

2 - B : Second concept of Station and Bridge

Hyperloop Station

Design

79

3 - Loop platform (Type 3) Our most recent attempt resulted in the creation of a new route and network and trains and all other modes of transportation.

The third typology creates a great space in the center of all platforms, which can work as a public space for passengers and all citizens. However, because of the unique potential it has, this typology was chosen for the final design, and all the information of this system is explained in detail.

Final suggestion for tube path and platforms (loop station)

80

Design

Connected Europe

The typology is designed base on the following size of the PODs and Tubes. Each POD has 18 seats of this size, and because of the size, it could have a sharper turn-in loop (Station platform).

Air storage

Luggage rack 18 Seats

Batteries

Firewall

4.5 m

Compressor motor

Entrance 11 - 15 m

Parts of the PODs

11 - 15 m

11 - 15 m 5m

30 m

Dimension of Tube and POD

Hyperloop Station

Design

81

Form Finding for Final Design The selected tube path in the Hyperloop station was designed base on “Loop”; so, to start our design, we looked for different kinds of the loop to find a form.

82

Design

Connected Europe

Site Potential The selected site also has some unique potential to consider to design spaces with high quality. Thus, these potentials are shown in the visualizations images.

First of all, the water view and water access are unique, and also keeping the boat parking as much as possible is vital.

Boat Parking

View & Water side

Hyperloop Station

Design

83

Added Value in Site Earlier in chapter 5, we talked about the city’s added value and designing a bridge for bikes and pedestrians. So, it is essential to know how this bridge will connect to the station and the north part of the city’s design process.

The problem of designing a bridge for bikes is the slopped path. Since river width is a way for ships and boats, the bridge’s height will be around 20-25 meters; so, it is essential to reach the building’s land level and ground floor. To solve this problem, we also consider another loop for the bike path that could integrate with the station loop in the final design (as a concept of design).

So the connection between two part of the city and loop for the bike path will look like this:

Bike & Pedestrians path

84

Design

Slopped loop for bike(s)

Connected Europe

Sun Analyse The selected site looks like an Island so that we will have enough sunlight during the day. By analyzing the sun, we can use solar panels as much as possible to supply the energy for the Hyperloop system and station itself.

However, in the first step, we analyzed the sunlight during the day, month, and season (shown on this page). The sun on the volume was also examined to check which part of the design will have more sun during the day.

18

Su

mmer

ss

s

16 16

Autumn

14

14 14

r Winte

12 12

06

10

12

08

10 10

Hyperloop Station

06

08 08

Design

85

One of our idea for the facade is to use a solar panel to supply energy for the Hyperloop system and the station itself. Thus, sun analysis will help us to work on the form wisely.

To do that, we start the analysis by the different geometry.

86

Design

Connected Europe

The sun analysis was carried out in Grasshopper in the following manner:

Hyperloop Station

Design

87

Final Design Our final design is based on a loop for bikes and an Hyperloop station.

The described loop’s combination to extend from 20m height (connection bridge) to the station’s ground floor creates a beautiful loop with a significant public area in the middle where our station reaches the sea.

Gatherings, events, and even concerts may take place in the central public location!

Amsterdam Central Station

88

Design

Connected Europe

Hyperloop Tube Bike path Pedstrian path

Public area Water connection Boat Parking

Hyperloop Station

Design

89

The volume contains various parts that have been well discussed in previous chapters, such as added value, loops, and so on.

In the following pages, we will analyze the station by drawing diagrams to illustrate “how different pieces are related to each other.”

Nevertheless, the building’s adaptive facade that design based on the sun analysis is shown in detail.

90

Design

Connected Europe

Hyperloop Station

Design

91

Routins of the station ( connection ) How different parts are connected:

Final form

Tube system ( loop 1 )

Bike path ( loop 2 )

Pedestrian path Vertical Connection

Entrance Security check Public area

92

Platforms

Design

Connected Europe

Many of the entry points for bicycles, hyperloop, pedestrians, and so on will be combined into a loop volume as the final form for Design. All of them are depicted in this image to demonstrate where they are and how the loop was created.

This part is open and it has a great view of the city

Hyperloop Station

Design

93

Closer look...

94

Design

Connected Europe

Suggested Facade In the future, Hyperloop will be launched as self-powered transportation; to do this, solar panels will be placed on the tops of the tubes and stations.

We studied our form in Grasshopper after we finished our idea and final design, and we discovered the surfaces that are more effective for solar panels. According to sun research, the yellow parts gain more solar energy, so they are the better parts for mounting solar panels, and the orange and red parts are ideal for solar panels in the following.

Hyperloop Station

Design

95

We used a dynamic façade for our station; nonetheless, in our design, the top of the station is outfitted with rotatable solar panel skin modules. On the other hand, on each surface, we have a triangular mesh, and each triangle is divided into three parts; each part rotates on the leading edges of the triangle. This system works according to the sun’s path, and the panels turn to receive the most energy at the time. As an example, we can see that we have three modes of panels(Open, semi-open, close) at the same time in our station

Closed

Open

Closed

Open

Semi-Open

96

Design

Connected Europe

Closed

Semi-open

open

The affect of the sun on panels

Sun

Hyperloop Station

Design

97

Plans & Sections In this page and next one, all the mentioned connection and space qualities are show in the sections and plans:

A

B

B

Boat Parking

A

Boat Parking Bicycle Parking Entrance Plaza Pedestrian Path Bicycle Path Market

98

Design

Connected Europe

A

B

B

Boat Parking

A

Boat Parking Bicycle Parking Entrance Plaza Pedestrian Path Bicycle Path Market

Hyperloop Station

Design

99

Sections

A-A

Bike Parking

Public area (Water Side)

Bike Parking

Platforms

Hyperloop Tube Bike path ( main bike route of the city )

B-B

100

Design

Connected Europe

Bike loop

Main entrance of the Station

Bike and Pedestrians bridge

20m Height

Hyperloop loop

Bike parking entrance

Hyperloop Station

Design

101

Working on Grasshopper (and Rhino) All of the architecture is done in Rhino and Grasshopper, and each component has its own coding in Grasshopper. Each part’s code can be found here...

Turning the form

Facade part ...

102

Design

Connected Europe

Hyperloop Station

Design

103

Visualization(s)

104

Design

Connected Europe

Hyperloop Station

Design

105

Visualization(s) View from Amsterdam central station

106

Design

Connected Europe

Hyperloop Station

Design

107

Visualization(s) View to the public area :

To illustrate the relation of the water and the opening of the loop to the sky.

From here, you can also see the Amsterdam Central Station on the other side of the water.

Enjoy your wait here, or hang out with your friend and have a nice time together just a few minutes after he/she arrived.

Amsterdam Hyperloop Station

108

Design

Connected Europe

Hyperloop Station

Design

109

Sources Chandra, A. S. M. M. (2020). Classification of Railway Stations. BrainKart. https://www.brainkart.com/article/Classification-of-Railway-Stations_4346/

CO2 emissions. (2015a). Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions

CO2 emissions. (2015b). Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions

Foster + Partners / www.fosterandpartners.com. (2020). Foster + Partners video for DP World Cargospeed premieres in Dubai, UAE | Foster + Partners. Hyperloop. https://www.fosterandpartners.com/news/archive/2018/04/foster-partners-video-for-dp-world-cargospeed-premieres-in-dubai-uae/

Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data. (2021, March 25). US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/ ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data

History of railways - planete-tp : All about public works. (2012). Railway. http://www.planete-tp. com/en/history-of-railways-r134.html

Railroad - Early American railroads. (2012). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica. com/technology/railroad/Early-American-railroads

Roser, M. (2013, May 9). World Population Growth. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata. org/world-population-growth

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Stations and Depots [Transport Fever 2 Wiki]. (2015). Station. https://www.transportfever2. com/wiki/doku.php?id=gamemanual:stationsdepots The Geography of Transport Systems. (2009). 6.4 – Rail Terminals. https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter6/rail-terminals/

Virgin Hyperloop makes transportation history | Virgin. (2020, November 9). Virgin.Com. https://www.virgin.com/branson-family/richard-branson-blog/virgin-hyperloop-makes-transportation-history

And websites of the companies who work on Hyperloop in the world:

Virgin Company. “Virgin Hyperloop.” Virgin Hyperloop, www.virginhyperloop.com Musk, Elon. “Hyperloop Alpha.” Tesla.Com, www.tesla.com/sites/default/files/blog_images/ hyperloop-alpha.pdf.

“Hardt Hyperloop.” Hardt Hyperloop, www.hardt.global .

“TU Delf Hyperloop Project.” Delft Hyperloop, www.delfthyperloop.nl/en

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Mentors: Raul Forsoni, Alexander Kalachev MA+U 2021, Fontys University of Applied Science