Blueprint for the Mind: Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

Blueprint for the Mind Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

Note: This document is a general guide, applicable to a broad range of settings and populations. It lays the groundwork for inclusive design principles and operational strategies with the aim of supporting neurodivergent individuals. It is important to recognize, however, that each setting is unique and populated with individuals of varying needs and preferences. A K-12 project will require a substantially different approach than an airport, for example. A truly comprehensive approach requires tailoring these guidelines to the specific nuances of your project. Engagement with the local community, stakeholders, and experts is essential to ensure that the strategies implemented are not only theoretically sound but also effective in meeting real-world needs.

Cover image: Whitman-Walker Health at LIZ

Contents

Introduction to Neuroinclusivity

5

Why Do Designers Need Neuroinclusivity

7

How Do We Talk About Neuroinclusion?

8

Neurodiversity

8

Neurodivergence

8

Neurospicy

8

Key Differences

9

Embracing a New Paradigm: Beyond Psychopathology

10

Identity-first vs. Person-first Language

11

The Impact of the Built Environment

13

Evidence-based Design for Neuroinclusion

21

A Holistic Approach: Design Strategies and Operational Policies

23

A Rigorous Approach: Scholarly Literature Review

23

01 ― Prioritize Sensory Wellness

25

Acoustic Stimulation

27

Visual Stimulation

28

Tactile Stimulation

30

02 ― Provide Predictability and Clarity

37

03 ― Allow for Flexibility and Adaptability

43

04 ― Facilitate Social Balance

49

05 ― Ensure Safety and Security

55

What’s Next?

61

Gaps in Research

62

Linking Design to Outcomes

63

References 65

Introduction to Neuroinclusivity

In architecture and interior design, neuroinclusive spaces support and embrace the diverse neurological variation in the human population.

This guide introduces the concept of neuroinclusive design, highlighting the role architects and interior designers have in crafting environments to meet a range of sensory, cognitive, and emotional needs.

To understand neuroinclusive design, we’ll start with the neurodiversity framework—the understanding that variations in the human brain regarding sociability, learning, attention, mood, and other mental functions are natural, normal variations of the human genome. Neurodiversity is the spectrum of all kinds of minds, just like we all have unique fingerprints!

← New Castle County Route 9 Library and Innovation Center

6

Blueprint for the Mind: Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

Why Do Designers Need Neuroinclusivity?

Neuroinclusivity extends the principles of universal design, encouraging designers to create spaces that recognize and honor individual differences—environments where everyone can flourish.

This requires consideration for concepts like environmental stimulation, social interaction, cognitive load, refuge, and autonomy. By doing this, designers not only improve the usability and accessibility of spaces for neurodivergent individuals, but also contribute to the development of more compassionate, inclusive, and human-centered environments for all.

As we journey into neuroinclusive design, it's crucial to see our actions as part of a broader movement toward inclusivity and diversity.1,2 By placing importance on the principles of neurodiversity, we are not just accommodating an array of human experiences but also enhancing the social, emotional, and cognitive well-being of everyone who uses these spaces. The real challenge lies in not designing for diversity but in embracing it wholeheartedly as an opportunity for innovation, imagination, and community.

← Medical University of South Carolina, Shawn Jenkins Children’s Hospital

7

How Do We Talk About Neuroinclusion?

The terms “neurodivergence” and “neurodiversity” are closely related but refer to different aspects of neurological variation within the human population. Understanding the distinction between them is crucial for accurately discussing and advocating for inclusivity and diversity in various contexts, including education, the workplace, and community life.

Neurodiversity

Neurodivergence

Neurospicy

Neurodiversity is a concept and social movement that recognizes neurological differences as natural, normal variations in the human genome. It emphasizes that just as there is diversity in race, gender, and sexuality, there is also diversity in the human brain and how individuals think, learn, and process information.

The essence of neurodiversity lies in recognizing this spectrum of functioning as a form of human diversity rather than a deficiency. The neurodiversity paradigm shifts the focus from pathology to acceptance, advocating for societal changes that accommodate and celebrate all kinds of neurocognitive functioning. While some folks attribute the word “neurodiversity” to different individual sources, like Harvey Blume or Judy Singer,3 it was truly a collective effort by neurodivergent people.4

Neurodivergence refers to individuals whose brain development and function differ from what’s considered typical (or “neurotypical.”) This includes people with autism, ADHD, dyslexia, tic disorders, and other neurodevelopmental conditions.

Importantly, however, a formal diagnosis is not required to be neurodivergent because it is not a disorder. Neurodivergent individuals may experience and engage with the world in ways that are distinct from neurotypical norms, often facing challenges in environments designed around those norms. The term emphasizes the individual's differences rather than deficiencies, advocating for recognition, respect, and support for our unique needs and potentials.

Neurospicy is a term coined within the neurodivergent community as a lighthearted, informal way to describe the experience of being neurodivergent—an experience that can often be intense, flavorful, or "spicy.” It's important to note that "neurospicy" is a term used by the neurodivergent community for us to create a sense of community and identity. It is not intended for use by the general public or in formal discussions about neurodivergence.

8

Key Differences

Scope

Application

Neurodiversity is a broad concept that refers to the range of differences in human brain function and behavioral traits as a part of normal variation in the human population.

Neurodivergence, on the other hand, specifically refers to individuals whose neurocognitive functioning diverges significantly from societal norms. Neurospicy is an informal, community term that celebrates the vibrancy and spice of being neurodivergent.

The concept of neurodiversity supports the idea that society should accommodate and embrace various neurological conditions as natural diversity.

The identification of someone as neurodivergent acknowledges our unique challenges and strengths, highlighting the need for specific supports and accommodations.

Neurospicy is specifically a term reserved only for use within the neurodivergent community.

9

Embracing a New Paradigm: Beyond Psychopathology

While we often reference specific conditions representing neurodivergence (ADHD, autism, dyslexia, tic disorders, etc.), the paradigm of neurodivergence is fundamentally not about psychopathology, or the study of psychological disorders.

Instead, it offers a perspective that values neurological differences as part of human diversity, moving away from viewing these differences through a lens of deficit or disorder. This shift in understanding is crucial for architecture and design, as it reframes the goal from correcting or mitigating “problems” to enhancing and celebrating the unique ways in which people engage with our environments.

10

Blueprint for the Mind: Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

Identity-first vs.

Person-first Language Person-first language emphasizes the person before their condition or disability. It aims to prioritize the individual's humanity and avoid defining them solely by their challenges. Examples include: “person with autism,” “individual with a disability,” or “woman with neurodivergence.” Advocates of person-first language argue that it helps reduce stigma and promotes the idea that a person's condition is just one aspect of their identity, not the defining characteristic.

Identity-first language, on the other hand, places the condition or disability before the person. Supporters of this approach argue that their divergence is an integral part of their identity and should be embraced with pride rather than separated from their personhood. Examples include: "autistic person,” “disabled individual,” “neurodivergent woman.”

Some individuals may prefer person-first language, while others may embrace identity-first language.

Designers should ask stakeholders and users about their preferred language and respect their choices.

Clockwise from Top: Confidential Project; Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford; Indeed.com Stamford

The Impact of the Built Environment

Sensory Wellness

↑ Aspen Dental Chicago Headquarters

Neurodivergent individuals may experience heightened or diminished sensory sensitivity. The design elements of a space, such as lighting, color, textures, and acoustics, can greatly affect our comfort and ability to function.

Overstimulating environments can lead to sensory overload,5 while understimulating spaces can lead to sensory-seeking behaviors.6 Environments that are cluttered or visually complex can increase cognitive load, making it more difficult for individuals, particularly those with attention deficits, to focus and process information.7,8 14

The Impact of the Built Environment

Predictability and Clarity Unpredictable or chaotic environments can be particularly challenging.9 Spaces that allow for control over one's environment (such as adjustable lighting and temperature) and that are predictable in layout and function can provide a sense of calm and autonomy.

Complex layouts with poor signage can cause confusion and anxiety, while clear, logical, and wellsignposted spaces can promote a sense of security and independence.10

Flexibility and Adaptability The ability to personalize a space or change it to suit different needs at different times can help individuals feel more comfortable and supported. Flexible spaces can accommodate a wide range of activities and sensory needs.11

↑ Newell Brands Design Center

← 4 Cambridge Center

15

Right: Frito Lay Headquarters Below: Roger Williams University, North Campus Residence Hall

Social Balance Design can influence social dynamics,12 which can be particularly impactful for neurodivergent individuals who may struggle with social cues and interactions.

Spaces that provide opportunities for both social interaction and solitude allow individuals to engage on their own terms.13

16

Safety and Security Neurodivergent individuals may have different perceptions of safety14,15 and experience challenges during emergency situations.16 Secure entryways, clear exits, and comprehensive safety plans can help create a sense of security.

↑ Oak Park Community Recreation Center

→ University of Virginia University Hospital Expansion

17

The Impact of the Built Environment

Designing with these considerations in mind can lead to environments that not only support neurodivergent individuals but also promote the health and wellbeing of all occupants.

Sensory Wellness

Flexibility and Adaptability

Social Balance

Safety and Security

Predictability and Clarity

→ Medical University of South Carolina, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital

18

→ International Insurance Company

↑ Medical University of South Carolina, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital

← Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford

Evidence-based Design for Neuroinclusion

22

Blueprint for the Mind: Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

Evidence-based Design for Neuroinclusion

A Holistic Approach: Design Strategies and Operational Policies

A Rigorous Approach: Scholarly Literature Review

A truly comprehensive neurodiversity guide does more than offer a blueprint for physical spaces—it provides a framework for both design and operational strategies to support neurodivergent individuals. This guide is not just about creating environments. It is about fostering ecosystems that adapt to a variety of social, behavioral, and cognitive experiences.

Ensuring our strategies are grounded in scientific research, we summarized findings from nearly 100 publications in the past three decades that have explored the interaction between neurodivergent individuals and their environments. Because neuroinclusive design encompasses a range of disciplines including architecture, psychology, neuroscience, and occupational therapy, our review integrates studies from many different academic perspectives. While many existing design reviews focus on one segment of the neurodivergent population (typically individuals with a professional diagnosis of autism or ADHD), 2,17–22 this publication aims to provide design strategies for a broader neurodiverse population. Similarly, many existing guides focus specifically on sensory accommodations. Sensory wellness makes up a large portion of this guide, but barriers in the neurodivergent experience include far more than just sensory challenges.

Buildings are more than structures—they are dynamic sites where the environment facilitates the experience. In environmental psychology, we call these behavior settings. Design strategies outlined in this guide address the sensory, spatial, and social dimensions, ensuring that the built environment caters to the diversity of human minds. Corresponding operational policies ensure that these design elements are activated, maintained, and integrated into everyday use, translating inclusive design into inclusive experience.

This guide is intended to equip design teams not only with the what of physical design but also the how of implementation. It ensures that neurodiversity considerations are not just present in the architecture but are also present in the policies that govern the spaces we inhabit.

A literature review not only provides the empirical evidence necessary to build an effective toolkit but also ensures that the following strategies are relevant, credible, and capable of driving real change towards more inclusive environments.

← National Center for Civil and Human Rights

23

01 ― Prioritize Sensory Wellness

01 ― Prioritize Sensory Wellness

Neurodivergent individuals often experience sensory processing differences, which leads to sensory overload (hypersensitivity) or under-responsiveness (hyposensitivity).5 This can include sensitivity to noise, light, colors, textures, and smells. Designers should aim to create spaces with adjustable lighting, acoustic controls, and minimal sensory distractions.

Natural environments and biophilic design elements can provide a multisensory experience that can help regulate sensory input, improving emotional outcomes.

Much of the research surrounding sensory intensity and quality has been conducted with autistic individuals and addresses hypersensitivity specifically.

More research is needed to understand the role of environmental stimulation for hyposensitive individuals, as neurodiversity is, of course, a spectrum.

Blueprint for the Mind: Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

Acoustic Stimulation Many neurodivergent individuals report experiencing discomfort or difficulty concentrating in environments with high noise levels or sudden, unexpected sounds.23–25 Research suggests these individuals may have a lower tolerance for noise and a harder time filtering out background sounds.26 Studies of autistic behavior and preferences suggests autistic individuals prefer lower sound levels27 and recommends sound levels be kept below 50 dB.28 Open plan workspaces and classrooms can be particularly challenging, as these facilities have fewer buffers to ameliorate noise levels and distractions.27 Neurodivergent individuals report sounds from HVAC systems, fans, passing cars, plumbing, and fluorescent lights as disruptive.20,29 Some researchers recommend underfloor HVAC to address noise issues.30 Biophilic sounds may also mask disruptive noise with added positive benefit. Even brief exposure to the sounds of running water or birdsong, for example, can reduce stress, anxiety, and muscle tension among many different populations.31–36

↑ Pattern Energy - Houston

← RBC Borealis

27

01 ― Prioritize Sensory Wellness

Visual Stimulation Lighting has been explored in many studies involving participants with autism and ADHD, as visual intensity can impact mood, comfort, and arousal.17 Neurodivergent individuals may have heightened sensitivity to certain wavelengths of light, particularly blue light as it further disrupts our often-compromised circadian rhythms.37,38 Though not entirely conclusive, the flickering of low-quality, low-frequency fluorescent lights may cause visual and auditory discomfort, leading to increased stress, anxiety, and difficulty concentrating.39–42 LED lights have emerged as a promising alternative to fluorescent lights for individuals with sensory issues. LED lights do not flicker or hum like fluorescent lights and can be easily adjusted in terms of brightness and color temperature.

Above: Financial Conduct Authority Below: Liberty Mutual Headquarters

Related to lighting selection, glare and shadows are often more disturbing for neurodivergent individuals than neurotypical folks.22,30,43 Indirect and diffused lighting techniques, such as using uplights, hidden or pelmet lighting, or light-diffusing materials, can help reduce glare and create a more even distribution of light in a space.

This can be particularly beneficial for individuals with visual sensitivities.

Blueprint for the Mind: Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

Visual exposure to nature is also well-studied, indeed the earliest environmental psychology studies were observations of individuals and their interactions with nature. Beginning in the late 1980s with Kaplan & Kaplan’s The Experience of Nature,44 and corroborated by the extensive work of Faber Taylor and Kuo, Attention Restoration Theory guided much of the research on nature exposure and ADD/ADHD. Demonstrated across numerous studies and using various experimental measures of attention, our ability to concentrate is significantly improved after exposure to green or natural settings.45–51 This applies to children, adolescents, and adults—it is a nearuniversal finding across the lifespan.

Even without a direct view to nature, windows providing exposure to daylight are valuable for general well-being, stress reduction, and even reduction of ADHD symptoms,52–55 but views of traffic, weather, and even falling leaves may be distracting.43 Balancing positive visual input with potential distraction is key for successful nature integration.

↑ Oscar Ibirapuera Photo credit: Leonardo Finotti

29

↑ BP Washington D.C.

→ University of Virginia University Hospital Expansion

Tactile Stimulation Just like acoustic and visual sensitivity, neurodivergent occupants often have heightened emotional sensitivity to tactile stimuli, which can manifest as a preference for or aversion to certain textures, materials, or sensations.56,57 Some may find specific textures calming or comforting, while others may experience discomfort or distress.2 For many folks, soft, plush textures, such as those found in upholstered furniture or thick curtains, can provide a comforting and calming tactile experience.58 Proprioceptive input, which relates to the sense of body position and movement, can be influenced by the tactile qualities of the environment. Deep pressure sensations, such as those provided by weighted blankets or snug seating, can have a calming effect on some individuals with attention and sleep concerns.59,60 As an example of the challenges of designing for the full neurodiversity spectrum, individuals diagnosed with autism often have more sensitivity to proprioceptive input than those with ADHD, highlighting differences even between neurodivergent folks.61 30

Blueprint for the Mind: Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

31

01 ― Prioritize Sensory Wellness

Design Strategies Acoustic Control ‒ Use sound-absorbing materials, such as acoustic panels, carpeting, or soft furnishings, to reduce noise levels and control reverberation. ‒ Implement underfloor HVAC systems to minimize disruptive mechanical noise. ‒ Incorporate biophilic sounds, such as running water or birdsong, to mask unwanted noise and promote relaxation.

Above: Whitman-Walker Health at LIZ Below: DC Public Library, Southwest Library

Lighting Design ‒ Provide adjustable LED lighting systems that allow users to modify brightness and color temperature to suit individual preferences. ‒ Use indirect and diffused lighting techniques, such as uplights or lightdiffusing materials, to reduce glare and create even light distribution. ‒ Incorporate natural daylight through windows, while considering potential distractions from outside views.

32

Blueprint for the Mind: Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

Tactile Experiences ‒ Use a variety of textures and materials to accommodate different sensory preferences, including soft, plush textures for comfort and calming effects. ‒ Incorporate furniture and interior elements that provide proprioceptive input, such as oversized bean bags, padded wall panels, or deep-pile carpets. ‒ Create tactile zoning by using different flooring materials or incorporating various textures within a single room to define functional areas.

Biophilic Design ‒ Integrate natural elements, such as plants, water features, and natural materials, to provide a multisensory experience that can help regulate sensory input and improve emotional outcomes. ‒ Provide visual access to nature through windows, green walls, or nature-inspired artwork to promote attention restoration and stress reduction.

↑ 1700 Webster (ZO)

← Waste Management Headquarters

33

01 ― Prioritize Sensory Wellness

Operational Strategies Sensory Mapping ‒ Conduct sensory mapping exercises to identify areas of sensory comfort and discomfort within the built environment. ‒ Use this information to guide design interventions and create sensory-friendly spaces.

User Engagement ‒ Involve neurodivergent individuals in the design process to better understand their sensory needs and preferences. ‒ Conduct post-occupancy evaluations to assess the effectiveness of sensory design strategies and make necessary adjustments.

Staff Training ‒ Provide training for staff members on sensory processing differences and how to create a sensory-friendly environment. ‒ Develop protocols for addressing sensory overload and supporting individuals with sensory sensitivities.

This page: BP Washington D.C. Facing page: Rush University Campus Transformation Project

Sensory Kits ‒ Offer sensory kits containing items such as noise-canceling headphones, fidget toys, or weighted blankets to help individuals regulate their sensory experiences.

Quiet Hours or Sensory-friendly Events ‒ Implement designated quiet hours or sensory-friendly events to create a more inclusive and accommodating environment for neurodivergent individuals.

Blueprint for the Mind: Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

35

02 ― Provide Predictability and Clarity

02 ― Provide Predictability and Clarity

Research has consistently shown that predictability and routine are crucial in supporting neurodivergent individuals.62–65 When spaces are designed with consistent layouts, intuitive wayfinding, and clear visual cues, individuals can more easily navigate and understand their surroundings, leading to a greater sense of control and comfort.66–69 Unpredictable or chaotic environments, on the other hand, can cause heightened anxiety, distress, and cognitive load.7,8

← Medical University of South Carolina, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital

Some neurodivergent individuals, particularly those with symptoms of ADHD, may experience challenges with executive functioning skills like planning, organization, and decision-making.70 Predictable and clear environments can support executive function by providing structure and reducing the cognitive load required to process and navigate the space.71

02 ― Provide Predictability and Clarity

Design Strategies Consistent Layout and Zoning ‒ Create clear and distinct zones for different activities or functions within a space. ‒ Use consistent layouts across similar spaces (e.g., classrooms, offices) to promote familiarity and ease of navigation.

Intuitive Wayfinding ‒ Incorporate clear and consistent signage, using easily understandable symbols or pictograms. ‒ Use color-coding or visual cues to differentiate areas or guide individuals through the space.

Above: Paramount (Viacom CBS) Multi-floor Buildout Below: Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford

‒ Provide visual directories or maps to help individuals orient themselves and locate specific areas.

Clearly Defined Spaces ‒ Use physical barriers, such as walls or partitions, to create distinct areas for different activities. ‒ Incorporate visual boundaries, such as area rugs or floor markings, to define spaces within an open floor plan. ‒ Use furniture arrangement to create clear pathways and delineate different functional areas.

Blueprint for the Mind: Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

Operational Strategies Consistent Routines and Schedules ‒ Establish and maintain consistent daily routines and schedules. ‒ Use visual schedules or timetables to communicate the sequence of activities or events. ‒ Provide advance notice of any changes to routines or schedules.

Clear Communication and Expectations ‒ Use clear and concise language when communicating rules, expectations, or instructions. ‒ Provide written or visual guidelines for tasks or activities. ‒ Use social stories or role-play to help individuals understand and prepare for different situations.

Environmental Maintenance ‒ Regularly maintain and update visual supports, signage, or other environmental cues. ‒ Ensure that the physical environment remains consistent and predictable, with minimal unexpected changes.

Above: Our Seattle Studio Below: KPMG Denver Ignition

41

03 ― Allow for Flexibility and Adaptability

03 ― Allow for Flexibility and Adaptability

← UVA Human Resources

Neurodivergent individuals have a wide range of requirements and preferences, which can vary greatly from person to person.61,72,73 With such a range of space typologies, it would be impossible to predict the needs of every population in every space.

Flexible and adaptable environments allow for the accommodation of these diverse needs by providing options and the ability to customize spaces—a “choose your own adventure” approach.

When neurodivergent occupants have choice in their activities and can adjust our surroundings to meet their needs, research suggests they feel more empowered, engaged, and comfortable in the space.74–76

03 ― Allow for Flexibility and Adaptability

Design Strategies Modular and Reconfigurable Furniture ‒ Use modular furniture systems that can be easily rearranged or reconfigured to suit different needs and preferences. ‒ Incorporate furniture with adjustable heights, such as desks or tables, to accommodate different body types, movement, and postures. ‒ Provide a variety of seating options, including chairs with different levels of support, cushioning, or sensory input.

Adaptable Partitions and Room Dividers

Above: Spreetail Austin Below: Microsoft Edina Advanced Maker Space

‒ Use movable partitions or room dividers to create flexible spaces that can be easily modified for different activities or group sizes. ‒ Incorporate sliding doors, curtains, or screens to provide visual and acoustic separation when needed.

Variety of Work and Learning Spaces ‒ Create a range of spaces that cater to different learning and working styles, such as quiet individual workstations, collaborative areas, or sensory-friendly retreat rooms. ‒ Provide spaces with different levels of sensory stimulation, such as low-distraction areas or multisensory environments.

46

Blueprint for the Mind: Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

Operational Strategies Personalized Accommodations and Support ‒ Work with neurodivergent individuals to identify and provide specific accommodations or support based on their individual needs. ‒ Allow individuals to request modifications to their environment or work setup as needed.

Above: ShareNow (Car2Go) Below: Galvanize

Flexible Scheduling and Breaks ‒ Offer flexible scheduling options, such as alternative start and end times or the ability to take breaks when needed. ‒ Provide designated quiet spaces or sensory retreat areas for individuals to take breaks or regulate their sensory experiences.

Choice and Autonomy in Activities ‒ Give neurodivergent individuals choices in how they complete tasks or participate in activities. ‒ Allow individuals to work or learn at their own pace and provide options for alternative methods of engagement or assessment.

47

04 ― Facilitate Social Balance

50

04 ― Facilitate Social Balance

Finding the right balance between social interaction and privacy is crucial for the well-being of neurodivergent folks.

Just like sensory and cognitive needs, however, social needs and preferences vary greatly among neurodivergent individuals. An extension of introversionextroversion traits, some occupants may seek out social interaction and benefit from opportunities to engage with others, while others find social situations overwhelming and require more solitude.

← Unilever North American Headquarters

Striking this balance is made more challenging among the neurodivergent population, as many neurodivergent people experience social anxiety and difficulty navigating social situations.77–81 Social interaction can also increase environmental stimulation, adding more auditory, visual, and even tactile input to the environment.

04 ― Facilitate Social Balance

Design Strategies Variety of Social Spaces ‒ Provide a range of social spaces that cater to different levels of social engagement, such as small group seating areas, collaborative workspaces, or larger gathering spaces. ‒ Create spaces with clear boundaries and visual cues to support appropriate social behavior and interactions. ‒ Use movable furniture and adjustable partitions to allow for easy reconfiguration of social spaces based on individual preferences or group dynamics. ‒ Incorporate furniture with different levels of social engagement, such as individual armchairs, small group seating, or larger communal tables.

Private Retreat Spaces ‒ Incorporate quiet nooks, sensory retreat rooms, or individual workstations that provide opportunities for privacy and solitude.

Above: Optiver

‒ Ensure that these spaces are easily accessible and offer a sense of enclosure and safety.

Below: Dropbox Austin

Clear Social Cues and Expectations ‒ Use visual supports, such as social scripts, behavior maps, or signage, to communicate social norms and expectations within a space. ‒ Incorporate visual cues, such as colorcoding or floor markings, to define different social zones or appropriate behaviors.

52

Blueprint for the Mind: Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

Operational Strategies Neurodivergent-friendly Events ‒ Designate specific hours or sensory-friendly events where social interactions are more structured and sensory stimulation is reduced. ‒ Provide advance notice and clear expectations for these events to help neurodivergent individuals prepare and participate comfortably.

Left: Modist Brewing Company Event Space Right: Community Partners of Dallas

Social Accommodations and Modifications ‒ Offer accommodations or modifications to social activities or events based on individual needs and preferences. ‒ Allow neurodivergent individuals to take breaks, use sensory tools, or have a support person present during social situations.

53

05 ― Ensure Safety and Security

05 ― Ensure Safety and Security

Risk perception may be altered in neurodivergent individuals, especially among individuals with anxiety or intrusive thoughts. Aligned with heightened sensory sensitivity, some neurodivergent folks are risk-averse and report feeling intense anxiety over potential safety risks,82–84 while others are more likely to engage in risky behavior.85,86 In the built environment, neuroinclusive design should address concerns about physical hazards, such as sharp edges or unstable furniture, as well as perceived threats to personal security and emergency preparedness.14

← Land O'Lakes Headquarters Expansion

A sense of safety and security is often tied to predictability and control over the environment. Many of the recommendations for Predictability and Clarity may also support psychological safety, especially reducing unexpected stimuli and social interactions.15 Unexpected circumstances may be inevitable, however, and neurodivergent individuals often experience challenges in responding to and recovering from emergency situations.16,87,88

05 ― Ensure Safety and Security

Design Strategies Minimizing Physical Hazards ‒ Use rounded corners and edges on furniture and fixtures to reduce the risk of injury. ‒ Secure loose items, such as bookcases or shelves, to prevent them from tipping over during an emergency. ‒ Ensure that flooring materials are slipresistant and free from tripping hazards.

Clear and Consistent Layouts

Secure Boundaries and Access Points

‒ Provide clear and unobstructed pathways for easy evacuation during emergencies.

‒ Incorporate secure entrances and exits to prevent unauthorized access or wandering where warranted.

‒ Use color-coding or other visual markers to highlight important safety features, such as fire extinguishers or emergency exits.

‒ Use visual barriers or partitions to define safe spaces and limit access to potentially hazardous areas.

Above: Holy Innocents' Episcopal School, Lower School Below: Penn Medicine 3600 Civic Center Boulevard

Visual Supports for Emergency Information ‒ Use pictograms, social stories, or other visual aids to communicate emergency procedures and expectations. ‒ Display visual emergency information, such as evacuation maps or emergency contact numbers, in prominent locations. ‒ Incorporate visual fire alarms or emergency notification systems to alert individuals with auditory processing difficulties.

58

Blueprint for the Mind: Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

Operational Strategies Comprehensive Emergency Planning ‒ Develop inclusive emergency plans that specifically address the needs of neurodivergent individuals across all phases of an emergency (anticipatory, acute, recovery). ‒ Involve neurodivergent individuals, their families, and caregivers in the emergency planning process to ensure their unique needs are met.

Collaboration with Local Emergency Services

Staff Training and Emergency Drills

‒ Establish partnerships with local emergency services to ensure they are aware of the school's emergency plans and the specific needs of neurodivergent students.

‒ Provide regular staff training on emergency procedures and the specific needs of neurodivergent individuals during emergencies. ‒ Conduct frequent emergency drills that include accommodations for neurodivergent individuals, such as pre-drill preparation, sensory supports, or individualized assistance.

‒ Invite emergency service personnel to participate in school emergency drills and provide feedback on procedures. ‒ Ensure that the school is represented at local Disaster Management Group meetings to facilitate coordination and communication during emergencies.

Above: Fire Station 27 Below: Lisle Elementary School

Individual Safety Plans and Supports ‒ Develop individual safety plans for neurodivergent students that outline their specific needs, triggers, and calming strategies during emergencies. ‒ Provide personalized safety supports, such as sensory tools, communication devices, or designated support staff, to assist neurodivergent individuals during emergencies.

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What’s Next?

What’s Next?

“Engagement with neurodivergent individuals should always supplement peerreviewed research”

Gaps in Research While existing research gives us a comprehensive understanding of the impact of nature on attention, for example, much of the scientific literature focuses on specific populations with formally diagnosed conditions (usually ADHD and autism). Very few, if any studies, address design for conditions like schizophrenia or mood disorders.

As you may recall, however, the neurodiversity framework is not related to psychopathology or professional diagnoses. When we are limited to studies on specific diagnoses, we are left with gaps in understanding the full spectrum of neurodivergence, the challenges experienced by undiagnosed individuals, and how their experiences may be shaped by the environment. Because of these gaps in literature, engagement with neurodivergent individuals should always supplement peer-reviewed research, particularly with unique project typologies where occupants may have unique needs and preferences.

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Blueprint for the Mind: Creating Neuroinclusive Architectural Spaces

“We have yet to understand the full impact of a neuroinclusive space on human outcomes”

Linking Design to Outcomes In the forthcoming design toolkit that will accompany this guide, we build on the foundational work of Georgia Metz and Jesce Walz who created the Neurodiversity Toolkit through an Innovation Incubator grant from Perkins&Will.

Neurodiversity Toolkit 2.0 will emphasize the link between design strategies and outcomes. While the design strategies and operational policies recommended in this guide are evidence-based, we have yet to understand the full impact of a neuroinclusive space on human outcomes. We have good reason to believe nature access will improve neurodivergent employees’ experiences, for example, but how do we really know it worked?

We need to validate these design strategies with post-occupancy evaluations addressing outcomes like employee satisfaction, student engagement, visitor experience, sense of belonging, or even joy!

If you have an upcoming project that may be a fit to help us validate these design strategies, we would love to put our heads together towards a more neuroinclusive future!

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References

References

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