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The costs and benefits of positive GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types ofof Intervention, The costs and benefits positive illusions

Definition, of intervention, illusions ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Spyros Makridakis * and Andreas Moleskis Concerns Spyros Makridakis * and Andreas Moleskis 1,2,3

1

1,2,3

1

1 Economics and Business, Neapolis University of Pafos, Pafos, Cyprus, 2 Decisions Sciences, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, 3 Decision Sciences, INSEAD, Singapore, Singapore France, Economics and Business, Neapolis University of Pafos, Pafos, Cyprus, 2 Decisions Sciences, INSEAD, Fontainebleau,

1

France, 3 Decision Sciences, INSEAD, Singapore, Singapore

Edited by: Edited by: isa Takemura, a Takemura, versity, Japan

ersity, Japan

Reviewed by: eviewed by: Keiko Ishii, KeikoJapan Ishii, versity, ersity,Rombs, Japan Elvyra vyra Rombs, versity, Japan

ersity, Japan

espondence: os Makridakis, spondence: rsity of Pafos, Makridakis, , Pafos 8042, sity of Pafos, Pafos Cyprus 8042, kis@nup.ac.cy

Cyprus s@nup.ac.cy

alty section: s submitted to lty section: e Psychology submitted to Measurement, Psychology of the journal easurement, n Psychology

of the journal 2 March 2015 Psychology 10 June 2015

30 June2015 2015 March 0 June 2015 Citation: 0 June 2015 eskis A (2015)

fits of positive

Citation: illusions. skis A (2015) sychol. 6:859. s of positive g.2015.00859 illusions. ychol. 6:859.

2015.00859

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Positive illusions are associated with unrealistic optimism about the future and an inflated Positive illusions are associated with unrealistic about theC. future and an inflated By optimism Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect assessment of one’s abilities. They are prevalent in normal life and are considered of the of Architecture assessment of one’s abilities. They are prevalent in Student normal life andSchool are considered essential for maintaining a healthy mental state, although,Technical there are University disagreements to essential for maintaining a healthy mental state, although, there are disagreements toof Crete the extent extenttotowhich whichpeople people demonstrate these positive illusions and whether they are the demonstrate these positive illusions and whether they are 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept beneficial orornot. not.But Butwhatever whatever situation, is hard to dismiss their existence beneficial thethe situation, it the is ithard to dismiss their existence and and 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), their positive and/or negative influence on human behavior and decision in their positive and/or negative influence on human behavior and decision makingmaking in ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the general. Prominent Prominentamong among illusions is that of control, is tendency “the tendency for people general. illusions is that of control, that that is “the for people among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of their knowledge with ofdescribes thedescribes content concepts. to overestimate tostarts control events.”

ThisThis paper positive illusions, overestimate theirability ability to control events.” paper positive illusions, acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term their benefits but also quantifies theirtheir costs in five specific fields fields (gambling, their potential potentialtherefore, benefits but also quantifies in not five final, specific (gambling, 1 (and urban Based, on this “principle” inindicated acosts first, if approach, the term gentrification) is (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification stock and other markets, new firms andand startups, preventive medicine and wars).

It 1 stock and other markets, new firms startups, preventive medicine and It gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (inwars). various is organized into three parts.

First the psychological reasons giving rise to positive isways), organized into three parts.

First reasons giving rise Sociology as well), as the “refining” ofpsychological a city area, removal fromthere this,to (inpositive various of social groups, usually of the low-income andthe the placement of artists, illusions are described and their likely harm andand benefits stated.

Second, theirthere negative ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement of artists, illusions are described and their likely harm benefits stated.

Second, their negative the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of consequences areofpresented andrestaurants, their costs are quantified in five areas seriously the operation art galleries, etc.

However this “change”, regardless consequences areconsequences presented andhas, theirresults costs also are quantified in fiveprices areas (and seriously whatever other rising of land theof affected with emphasis to those related has, to the illusion of control that seems toprices dominate whatever other consequences also land (and the potential relative speculation). affected with emphasis to those related toresults the illusion ofrising controlof that seems to dominate those of unrealistic optimism.

The costs involved are huge and serious efforts must be potential relative speculation).

The gentrification found at first in the in early 1960s and it refers to those of term unrealistic optimism.isThe costs involved areUK huge and serious efforts must be undertaken to understand their enormity steps to avoid them in theand future.

The term gentrification iswealthy foundand atpeople first intaken the UK in early 1960s itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor undertaken toa understand their enormity steps taken to them in the future.

Finally, there is concluding section where theand challenges to avoid positive illusions are the then observed trend of wealthy people torelated buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents Finally,and there is a concluding section where the challenges related to positive illusions are noted directions for futurestay research are presented.

London, upgrade them, themselves sometimes there and thus old residentsare are being indirectly “squeezed”. noted and directions for future research are presented. being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth

Keywords: illusion of control, illusions, better that average symptom, cost/benefits of illusions, gambling fallacy, self rated health (SRH), planning fallacy, preventive medicine

GLASSillusion at theofsame whilethat similar were recorded in gambling other major Keywords: control,period, illusions, better averagesituations symptom, cost/benefits of illusions, fallacy, GLASS at(SRH), the same period, while situations were recorded in other major self ratedinhealth planning fallacy, medicine cities Western countries, bypreventive othersimilar Researchers.

cities in Western countries, byunrealistic other Researchers.

Since then, issue with has preoccupied several scholars andanfor its more Positive illusions arethe associated optimism about the future and inflated Since then, the issue has several scholars andthe forand its more assessment of one’s abilities (Kruger etare al.,preoccupied 2009).

Such illusions are prevalent in from normal life comprehensive approach being summarized below, Positive illusions are associated with unrealistic optimism about the future and anvarious inflated comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the can be considered useful in some cases for maintaining a healthy mental state (Taylor and Brown,various interpretations the phenomenon gentrification, assessment of one’sof abilities (Kruger et al., of 2009).

Such illusionsthe arefollowing: prevalent in normal life and 1988, although,ofthere is disagreement toofthe people demonstrate these interpretations the phenomenon the following: In1994), a sense, the phenomenon isfor due togentrification, a extent trendatohealthy ofwhich a new category of social can be considered useful in some cases maintaining mental state But (Taylor andgroups Brown, positive illusions and whether they are beneficial or not (Colvin and Block, 1994). whatever to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus forextent several reasons: highinfluence costs inonmoney 1988, 1994), italthough, is their disagreement to the toand/or whichnegative people demonstrate these the situation, is hard to there dismiss existence and their positive positive illusions anddecision whether they are beneficial or not (Colvin and Block, 1994).

But and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work lackwhatever of the human behavior and making in general.

Prominent among illusions isplace that ofis,control the situation, it isLanger hard todistributed dismiss their existence their1912-1940. positive and/or negative influence onin term comes from Ruth GLASS, Ruth GLASS was born that is 1. defined by asSociologist “an expectancy of aand personal success probability higher than thebetter sense ofThe safety at the(1975) residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where she made her making first studies.

In 1932 she published an important study entitled: human behavior and decision in general.

Prominent among illusions is that of control objective probability would warrant” (p.

313).

She also claims that “while people may pay lip service services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment.

The same year she leftevents Germany andsuccess after continuous to theisconcept of by chance they behave as “an though chance subject to control” (p.

311). that defined Langer (1975) as expectancy of a are personal probability higher than the lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, This article describes positive illusions, talks about their potential benefits but also quantifies objective probability would warrant” (p.

313).

She also claims that “while people may pay lip service in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the isnew due aand systematic and their in College five specific fields (gambling, stock and other markets, startups, to University thecosts concept of chance behave as though chance events are subject tofirms control” (p.

311). of they London, where she continued her social research.

Her public action and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying preventive medicine and wars).

It is organizedfor into three See parts.

FirstCOLLINS the psychological reasons This article positive talks about theiralso: potential benefits but also quantifies her work are describes characterized by aillusions, passion justice.

ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in giving rise to positive illusions are described and their likely harm and benefits stated.

Second, their 10th edit.

Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: their costs in five specific fields (gambling, stock and other markets, new firms and startups,

G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: varietymedicine of ways, inwars). orderItAbstract. to achieve the three “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually preventive and is organized into parts. First the psychological reasons giving rise to positive illusions are described and their likely harm and benefits stated.

Second, their 22 2521 11 www.frontiersin.org 1 June 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 859

www.frontiersin.org

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June 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 859

Makridakis and Moleskis E¶.A¶.

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negative GENTRIFICATION consequences are of presented and their costs are Definition, Types Intervention, quantified in five areas that are seriously affected. Finally, Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns ofsection Gentrification there is a concluding where the challenges related to positive illusions are noted and directions for future research are Concerns presented.

to be mor Taylor an illusions i unrealistic control ov The psychological literature is full of examples showing that (c) they ho

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS human judgment is generally optimistic due to overconfidence can justify Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, while considering insufficiently, or even ignoring negative (1988) cla

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect consequences (McKenna, 1993; Student Kruger,of1999).

The end result the School of Architecture unrealistic University of Crete control or is that people tend to underestimateTechnical the chance of failure whereas overestimating the likelihood of success. This becomes variety of 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept more evident when evaluating future plans or actions requiring Anoth 1. Introductory approach: the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), forecasts the about forthcoming, uncertain aevents whose for integr ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC,benefits Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 great the are overestimated while their risks are undervalued (e.g., the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the and answ acquisition of knowledge starts with the of the content of concepts. planning below, Lovallo andifKahneman, 2003).

Athe critical Based, therefore, onfallacy this “principle” indefinition a first, not final, approach, term predict hi 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on inindicated atofirst, if (in notthe final, approach, the term question is this ifgentrification) it“principle” is possible achieve some psychologically is area of Planning) (or positive il gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as optimal well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various level by seeing things as only slightly better than they extensive Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually andthe theremoval placement really are in orderoftolow-income benefit from illusions while avoiding the Bushwick ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operationserious of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless risks of restaurants, acting on etc. false, unrealistic assumptions.

Toof that exten the operation ofconsequences art galleries, However regardless whatever other has, results also risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof answer this questionhas, we need to also explore both advantages andthe 2005) to whatever other consequences results rising ofthe land prices (and potential relative speculation). damages associated with positive illusions and take into account potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to also evide The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto that it ca the costs involved. the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof among ca London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are attack, re being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Pope, 201 Positive Illusions A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major cases, the GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

People view themselves more positively compared to how they cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more or not th judge others.

Furthermore, people also consider themselves Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more of unreali comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the lessofnegatively compared to how others perceive them.various This financial interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: than average” illusion amply of demonstrated In a sense,“better theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trendhas of a been new social groups (Taylor a to “return” to(Brown, the city, leaving purlieuslearning, for several reasons: parenting, high costs inhealth, money pessimisti 2012) inthedriving, teaching, and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack the anticipate work competences, leadership ability, remembering better of than termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, and even having more giftedstudy children Berlin, whereothers she made herin first studies.

In 1932 she intelligent anand important entitled: addition, services of health, education, entertainment “at published the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment.

The same year she left Germany and after continuous for than neighbors or friends.

For car instance, access 94% of US professors lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private markets, etc.where and Ham studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and Neweasier York she came to back to London, rated themselves betterthe than their colleagues (Cross, 1977), in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

In 1950 she teacher80% in the in East A to another approach, is due tobecame a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public action and of drivers themselves above average on a number of (Endo et a long-term informal effortregard by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. important characteristics (McCormick et al., 1986), only 1% The be and selling real estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G.Australian ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve thetheir “assisted”, “voluntary”, workers rate job performance as(actually below comes fro average while 11.5% believe they are below average in keeping are asked 252123 11 fit and healthy (Headey and Wearing, 1989). Subjects even rated How w themselves better than others in predicting the sequence of • Excell coin tosses (Langer and Roth, 1975). The better than average • Quite

than neighbors or friends. For instance, 94% of US professors and Hamamura, 2007 rated themselves better than their colleagues (Cross, 1977), 80% in East Asian popula of drivers regard themselves above average on a number of (Endo et al., 2000).

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ADM. REG. / R. LOC. GOV. DEV. important characteristics (McCormick etDEV. al., 1986), only 1% The best docume of Australian workers rate their job performance as below comes from the area o average while 11.5% believe they are below average in keeping are asked a variant of fit and healthy (Headey and Wearing, 1989). Subjects even rated How would you de themselves better than others in predicting the sequence of • Excellent coin tosses (Langer and Roth, 1975). The better than average • Quite good illusion has also been called the “Lake Wobegon” effect (Keillor, • Fair 1985; Kruger, 1999), named after a fictional location, where • Rather poor

By Mr. George-Sp. “all the women are strong, all the men are goodC. ATHANASOPOULOS looking, Very poor Graduate School Design, • Student, and all the children areHarvard above University, average,” describing a realofand

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS • I don’t know Architect pervasive human tendency to overestimateStudent one’s achievements of the School of Architecture and capabilities in relation to others. On the oppositeTechnical side people many studies ( University In of Crete tend to undervalue dangers such as disease, serious accidents and 2009; Bushwick, 2012 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept other hardships whose existence theythe accept but believe cannot of mortality and gives 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, happen to themselves (Dolinksi et al., 1987; McKenna, 1993). than that made by ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he Taylor left us, and he established a great theof the medi On the affirmative side, Brown (1988, 1994) a study among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the claimed thatofpositive illusions are the adaptive, enabling people to concepts. answered the SRH. W acquisition knowledge starts with the content of Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term feel hopeful in the face of great difficulties and overwhelming 1 people who Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or feel bette gentrification 1 gentrification (and urban gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (ormuch as 20 uncertainty.

Positive attitudes canofcontribute to the achievement livevarious by as Sociology as well), as the “refining” a cityPositive the removal (in illusions: costs/benefits Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various of tough tasks, groups, like starting a new firm that should have been ways), of social usually of low-income and thenot placement there Figure of artists, 1, taken from ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andto thethis placement of artists, the operation art galleries, restaurants, However “change”, regardless of optimistic undertaken ifofobjective logic had beenetc. applied, work harder,there shows that the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof be moreother productive and not has, giveresults up in the face of of hardship. costs are towhatever consequences also rising land prices (and the potential relative speculation). and Brown (1994) assert that “most people exhibit positive . Finally, Taylor potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to Frontiers Psychology |trend www.frontiersin.org 2 it illusions in three important domains: (a) in they themselves elated to the Theinterm gentrification found atpeople first the UK in early 1960s and refersofto then observed ofiswealthy to view buy property inin poor areas the then observed trend of wealthy people buy have property in poor areas unrealistically positive terms; (b) theysometimes believetothey greater earch are London, upgrade them, stay themselves there and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. control over environmental events than is actually the case; and being indirectly “squeezed”. description of of thisthe phenomenon is included in the work ofdata Sociologist Ruth hold views future that are rosier than base-rate wing that (c)Athey A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar major justify” (p. 21).

Moreover in another article Taylor and Brownininother onfidence can GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. “acountries, set of interrelated positive illusions – namely, negative (1988) cities inclaim: Western bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more unrealistically self-evaluations, exaggerated of the nd result comprehensive Since then,positive the issue has severalperceptions scholars and for various its more approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various control or mastery, unrealistic – can a wide of failure interpretations of theand phenomenon of optimism gentrification, theserve following: interpretations the phenomenon of the following: of cognitive, affective, and social (p.

193). becomes variety In a sense, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a functions” trend of a new category of social groups the city, purlieus several reasons:ahigh costs in money Anothertoarticle byleaving Taylorthe and Armorfor(1996) provides basis requiring to “return” to travelpositive from theillusions purlieus with to downtown, where work place is, lack of the for time integrating the constraints of reality e benefits and 1.of The termat comesdistributed from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in safety residencies outside town centres, and answers thethe question “Do higher levels positive (e.g., the sense Berlin, where she made her first studies.

In 1932 sheof published anillusions important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. same year she left Germany the and advantages after continuous higher levelsThe of adjustment?”

Although, of A critical predict lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, illusions have been criticized, newer evidence from ologically positive in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due athe systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public and extensive literature of positive psychology (DeSalvo et al., 2006; than they long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Bushwick, 2012) portrays the advantages of positive thinking iding the and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm variety of ways, ingreater order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, extend from happiness (Seligman, 2003; Gilbert, (actually tions. To athat tages and24 2005) to longer life expectancy (Bopp et al., 2012). There is 2521 11 o account also evidence on the benefits of so-called expressive writing, that it can improve mood disorders, help reduce symptoms among cancer patients, improve a person’s health after a heart

GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

man, 2003). A critical predict higher levels of adjustment?” Although, the advantages of ome psychologically positive illusions have been criticized, newer evidence from the htly better than they extensive literature of positive psychology (DeSalvo et al., 2006; E¶.A¶.

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TO¶. / R.DEC. ADM. DEV. REG. REG. s while avoiding the Bushwick, 2012) portrays the advantages of LOC. positive thinking tic assumptions. To that extend from greater happiness (Seligman, 2003; Gilbert, h the advantages and 2005) to longer life expectancy (Bopp et al., 2012). There is nd take into account also evidence on the benefits of so-called expressive writing, that it can improve mood disorders, help reduce symptoms among cancer patients, improve a person’s health after a heart attack, reduce doctor visits, and even boost memory (ParkerPope, 2015). Although positive illusions seem beneficial in many By is Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS cases, the critical question the extent of their value and whether Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, mpared to how they or not the derived benefits exceed the negative consequences

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect consider themselves of unrealistic expectations and their possible psychological and Student of the School of Architecture perceive them. This financial harm in case of failure. Research, however, has shown Technical University of Crete amply demonstrated (Taylor and Shepperd, 1998) that people occasionally will be 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ng, parenting, health, pessimistic; bracing themselves for negative feedback, if they 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -be370 BC, Athens), embering better than anticipate that their optimistic out-look(444 might challenged.

In ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the t and gifted children addition, research by cultural psychologists has revealed (Heine among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the 4% of US professors and Hamamura, 2007) positive are likely tothe vanish acquisition of knowledge starts with that theindefinition of the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, ifillusions not final, approach, term 1 es (Cross, 1977), 80% therefore, in(and Easturban Asian populations they tend tothe be area ofapproach, different nature Based, on this “principle”or inindicated a first, if (in not final, the term gentrification) is of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification ge on a number of as well), (Endo al.,“refining” 2000). of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology asetthe Sociology as well), the “refining” of a city area, this,illusions (inartists, various of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement there of al., 1986), ways), only 1% Theasbest documented research related to from positive ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, thebelow operationcomes of art galleries, However this “change”, regardless of rformance as from therestaurants, area of self etc. rated health (SRH) where participants the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the w average in keeping are asked a variant ofhas, theresults following question: whatever other consequences also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). ). Subjects even rated relative How would you describe your state of health in general? potential speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to ng the sequence Theofterm gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of • Excellent wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of better thanLondon, average the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof • Quite good London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are egon” effectbeing (Keillor, indirectly “squeezed”.

• Fair indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth onal location,being where • Rather A description thispoor phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth while similar in other major n are good GLASS looking,at the sameofperiod, GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major • Very poor in Western countries, by other Researchers. escribing a cities real and cities in Western bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, issue has several scholars and for its more • the I countries, don’t know e one’s achievements Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from opposite side people In many studies (Hoorens, 1993; Jylha, 2009; Kawada et al., comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon gentrification, the following: serious accidents Bushwick, 2012) found SRH is a strong predictor In and a sense,2009; theof phenomenon is dueitof towas a trend ofthat a new category of social groups pt but believe cannot of mortality and gives a more accurate estimate of life expectancy to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel purlieus to downtown, work examination place is, lack ofand the McKenna, 1993). than from that the made by doctors after where a medical 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside townsame centres, Brown (1988, 1994) a study of the medical history of the people who have Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services education, entertainment “at the heart ofhave the city”, (possibly) e, enabling people toof health, answered the SRH. SRH studies shown is thatfor Youth Unemployment.

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greekbyphilosopher, FIGURE 1 | Survival of men and women self-rated health category (Bopp et al., 2012), Switzerland ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among othershow wiseaheritage left us,of he established a great theanswering “po lines which differencehe in survival about 20 years between male participants among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. have been added by the authors).

FIGURE 1 | Survival ofof menknowledge and women by self-rated health with category the (Bopp et al., 2012), Switzerland 1977–1979, followed up 2008 (the dotted acquisition starts definition of the content ofuntilconcepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term lines which show a difference in survival of about 20 years between male participants answering “poor/very poor” and those answering “excellent” Based, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term have been added bytherefore, the1authors). (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various considered their well-being and alsofrom how considered for social their contribution our well-being and low-income alsoto howour The Negative C Sociology asfor well), astocontribution the “refining” of a city area, this, (inartists, various The Negative Consequences of Positive ways), of groups, usually of andthe theremoval placement there of their value can be exploited.

Illusions their value can be exploited. ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, theAccording operation of art galleries, restaurants, of to a recent SRH study administered to more etc. However this “change”, regardless Illusions than 8,000 individuals of into Switzerland (Bopp et al., 2012) it Inetc. addition to their benefits, positive illusionsregardless can also lead to of theAccording operation art galleries, restaurants, However this “change”, a recent SRH study administered to more whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the was concluded that the association between optimism and harmful consequences. For instance, the effort put in a job can whatever other consequences results also rising of2012) land (and the to their mortality was “largely independent from covariates and has, remained decrease if an employee, believing he/sheprices is betterIn than average, potential relative speculation). than 8,000 individuals in Switzerland (Bopp et al., it addition significant after decades... suggesting that SRH provides relevant does not put in additional effort to compete with his or her copotential relative speculation).

The term is found at first in theTheUK in early 1960s and itharmful refers to was concluded that the association between and and sustained healthgentrification information beyond classical risk factors or workers. same optimism is true with car accidents that could have been consequence The term iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK 1960s and refers to medical history” (p. 1).gentrification Figure 1 shows the significant differences avoided if thebuy driverin hadearly paid more attention by it not believing the then observed trend of to property in poor areas of mortality was “largely independent from covariates and remained decrease if an emplo between the various answers to the trend question ofof the perceived state he/she hasto superior skills versus thosein of others.

Similarly, byof the then observed wealthy people buy property poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are of health of the men and women who participated in the survey setting unrealistic goals driven by overconfidence there is the significant after decades... suggesting SRH provides relevant does not London, upgrade them, stay themselvesthat sometimes thus old residents areput in addi and speaks by itself on the“squeezed”. value of positive disposition. danger that they there could notand be achieved resulting in unpleasant being indirectly Results as those of Figure 1, as well as those of the other surprises and unnecessary failures thus leading toworkers. financial and The same is and sustained health information beyond classical risk factors or being indirectly “squeezed”. description ofclaims thisthatphenomenon is included theIn work Sociologist Ruth SRHA studies, support Taylor’s the illusions of control psychological in harm. addition,of serious monetary losses can are promoting rather than undermining good mental health. is occur, A description ofperiod, this phenomenon included inwere the work Sociologist Ruth medical history” (p.

1). Figure 1 similar shows the significant differences for instance, by believing thatof gains in casinos are major possible avoided if the driver GLASS at the same while situations recorded in other Although excessive illusions can also be detrimental, it can be through good luck while under valuing the odds favoring casinos GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major between various answers to the question the perceived has superior cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. argued that theythe are preferable to their opposite, that of learned (illusion of of control).

People shouldstate at least be he/she aware of the helplessness 1975; Nolen, 2014) by whenother people give negative implications of unrealistic optimism and believing that cities in(Seligman, Western countries, Researchers.

Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more of health of the men and women who participated in the survey setting up trying because they believe that future events cannot be they can control chance events, in particular when planning andunrealistic go Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more influenced by them in constructive way. should dealing disposition. with future oriented situations where predictions forthat they cou comprehensive approach arethere being summarized below, from the various and speaks byanyitself on theIdeally, value of positive danger becomprehensive some optimal level between approach positive illusions and helplessness forthcoming, uncertain below, events are required and the illusion of are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: depending on each as specific situationof andFigure the benefits and harm the planning fallacy prevails (Flyvbjerg et al., 2003; Lovallo and and unnece Results those 1, as well as those of the other surprises interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: associated each. the According to the opinion ofisthedue authors, In a with sense, phenomenon togentrification, a Kahneman, trend of2003). a new of social groups SRHillusions, studies, support Taylor’s claims the illusions of control psychological harm. positive however, seem beneficial to probably the most thatPsychologists have documented the “planning fallacy” to “return” the city, the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money important human to objective, that of aleaving longer life expectancy while (Buehler et al., 1994; Lovallo and Kahneman, 2003) based are promoting rather than undermining good mental health. occur, for also contributing other aspects human endeavor. on over optimistic predictions result in and of timethe of instance, b and time topositively traveltofrom the ofpurlieus to downtown, where workthatplace is,cost lack Although excessive illusions can also be detrimental, it can be through good luck wh 1.

The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS was born sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for betterin Berlin, where she made her first studies.

In 1932 she published an important study entitled: argued that they education, are preferable to their opposite, that of (illusion Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 3 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 859 of control) services of health, entertainment “at the heart of learned theJunecity”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where helplessness (Seligman, 1975; Nolen, 2014) when people give negative implications studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning.

In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and up trying because they believe that future events cannot be they can control chan University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying influenced themeffort in any way.SeeIdeally, there should dealing with future her work are by characterized by a constructive passion for justice. also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. optimal Wil. AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: be some levelSONS between positive illusions and helplessness forthcoming, uncerta G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

depending on each specific situation and the benefits and harm 26 associated with each. According to the opinion of the authors, positive illusions, however, seem beneficial to probably the most important human objective, that of a longer life expectancy while also contributing positively to other aspects of human endeavor.

the planning fallacy 2521 11 Kahneman, 2003).

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

ll-being and also how

The Negative Consequences of Positive Illusions

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS

negative i they can dealing w forthcom the plann Kahnema Psycho (Buehler on over

dministered to more Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, 3 opp et al., 2012) it In addition to their benefits, positive illusions can also Architect lead to

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Student the School of Architecture ween optimism and harmful consequences. For instance, theof effort put in a job can Technical of Crete ariates and remained decrease if an employee, believing he/she is betterUniversity than average, RH provides relevant does not put in Defining additionalthe effort to compete with his or her co1. Introductory approach: concept assical risk factors or 1. Introductory approach: the concept workers.

The sameDefining is true with car accidents that- 370 could have been ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC BC, Athens), significant differences avoided if the driver had paid more attention by not believing ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the among wise has heritage left us,definition he established aothers. greatof“principle”: the of the perceived stateother superior skills versus those Similarly, acquisition ofhe/she knowledge startshe with the of theofcontent concepts. by of knowledge starts with of the content ofthere concepts.

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In addition,and serious monetary losses can ways), of social groups, usually of low-income the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of good mentalwhatever health. occur, instance, by believing thatrising gainsthis in“change”, casinos are possible the operation ofconsequences artfor galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless other has, results of land prices (and theof etrimental, potential itwhatever can berelative through good luck while under valuing the odds favoring other consequences has, results also rising of land prices casinos (and the speculation). potential relative speculation). posite, that of learned (illusion of control). should least1960s be aware of the The term gentrification is found atPeople first in the UK inatearly and it refers to The gentrification foundof atpeople first in the UK in earlyand 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property inbelieving poor ofto 4) when people giveterm negative implications unrealistic optimism that the then observed wealthyevents, peopleintoparticular buy property inplanning poor areas London, stay of themselves sometimes there and when thus old residents areof re events cannot beupgrade they them, cantrend control chance and London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. . Ideally, therebeing should dealing with future oriented situations where predictions for indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ions and helplessness forthcoming, uncertain events are required and illusionRuth of A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of the Sociologist GLASS at the same while similar in other major he benefits and harm thesame planning fallacy (Flyvbjergwere et al., 2003; Lovallo and GLASS at the period, while similar situations recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by otherprevails Researchers. inion of the authors, cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Kahneman, 2003).

Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more the issue has several below, scholars andthe for fallacy” its more to probably comprehensive the Since most then, Psychologists have the “planning approach arepreoccupied beingdocumented summarized from various Makridakis and Moleskis comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: 2003) various life expectancy while (Buehler et al., 1994; Lovallo and the Kahneman, based interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: In a sense,on theover phenomenon is due togentrification, a trendthat of a new social groups of human endeavor. optimistic predictions result in costofand time of to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money completion overruns and overestimates of the expected benefits. and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Gambli There are prominent examples of search this planning term fromnumerous, Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

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By Mr.In George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS shortfall in revenues and heavy losses.

2014, 20 C. years after winning diminish pro Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, its inauguration the Eurostar has still not managed to carry the the type of gambling

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect passengers predicted in the original forecasts and has made a type favoring the casi Student of the School of Architecture small profit only in the last 2 years (BBC News, 2015). in the long run.

Technical University of Crete In a book Flyvbjerg et al. (2003) shows that large cost overruns In casinos the cost 1. Introductory the concept have occurred in approach: nine out Defining of 10 large public works projects total losses, dependin 1. Introductory approach: Definingphilosopher, the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient documenting overruns of 45% Greek for rail projects, 34% for bridges exactly (see for examp ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other and wise20% heritage he left us, he established a great the and tunnels, for roads.

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

In the next section the challenge of quantifying the costs of positive illusions, with emphasis to that of control is undertaken in five areas while also providing some suggestions as to what can be done to reduce their negative consequences.

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luck exist control m apply a w they bet have obse known as Quantifying the Costs of Positive can win correctly Illusions of such il As it has already been mentioned, there are benefits from positive no matte illusions but there can also be some grave costs. In this section, an Barrin effort is made to quantify such costs in order to comprehend their run, wha Positive illusions: costs/benefits

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS enormous magnitudes and potential damages and also to induce Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, it is not people to avoid them. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect smallest

GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

Student of the School of Architecture

the expected benefits. Gambling and Casinos Technical University of Crete les of this planning The gross global winnings (total take minus pay-outs, excluding 1. Introductory approach: the concept Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org ydney Opera House, expenses) fromDefining legal global casino gambling comes to the 4 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), le) was, for example, staggering sum of Greek close philosopher, to half a trillion dollars a year (The ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the of $7 million. Instead Economist, 2014) which is about the GDP of Norway and higher among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts.

15 times the acquisition original of than that of the majority countries. the Moreover, theconcepts. per capita knowledge starts with theof content of Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term rue with most mega gambling losses in some countries $1000 aofyear and 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first,exceed if (in notthe final, approach, the can term gentrification) is area Planning) (or gentrification 1 5) took 6 years longer create problems budgets and individual debts. gentrification (and urban gentrification) isarea, indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), asserious the “refining” of a to cityfamily the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various th a cost overrun of Can such huge losses be rationally explained?

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A few sporadic visits to of casinos the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the al budget with a delay other are not the same as frequent playing or pathological gambling.of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential speculation). worse, the estimate ofrelative In the first case it can be done for its entertainment value and potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to ar (Eurostar History, the thrill of winning. problem comes from1960s recurrent playing The term gentrification foundThe atpeople first in the UK in early and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor esulting in London, athe serious as it is well-known that the longer one gambles, the chances ofof then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents are 2014, 20 years after London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes and thusof old“plays” residents are winning diminish proportionally to there the number and being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. managed to carry the the type of gambling as there is a different “house edge” for each A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth asts and hasGLASS made a thetype at same while similar in othertomajor favoring the casino.

Such “edge”inwere makes it impossible win GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major countries, by other Researchers. ews, 2015). cities in Western in the long run. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars precisely and for its more at large cost overruns Inthe casinos the cost per play can be calculated the Since then, issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for and its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from various ublic works comprehensive projects total losses, depending on the number ofbelow, plays, can bethe estimated approach are being summarized from various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: ects, 34% forinterpretations bridges exactly (see for example the site Get Gambling Facts, n.d.).

Such the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups gly, the overruns have tocosts range from loss offor11% when playing of to “return” the city, leaving the apurlieus several reasons: high“the costswheel in money data is available.

This fortune, ” to each time playing slot machines, to is, a lack 2% when and time to travel from the9% purlieus to downtown, where work place of the term from GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS The wasbetter born mating and managing sense1.ofThe safety atcomes the distributed outside town centres, search for playing blackSociologist jackresidencies andRuth a mere 1.4% in “craps tables.” costin Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “atisthe heart the of city”, (possibly) e due to other factors. of playing with zero 2.7% andof that roulette withfor Youth Unemployment.

Theroulette same year she one left Germany and after continuous movements lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York came backan to London, cost underestimation two zeroes is 5.4%.

These costs mean thatshe every time individual 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the According to another approach, the is due a systematic and yvbjerg et al.in (2003), is betting $1 inwhere a “wheel of fortune” he orresearch. she is losing 11 cents on University College of London, she continued her social Her public and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work characterized by athe passion for justice.

Seewhen also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. organizationsand forselling notarereal average equivalent loss playing roulette with one estate,while etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: verruns andaimprove zero is 2.7 cents.

Things are more complex in Black Jack as the Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually bjective approach that loss of 2% assumes a perfect knowledge of the game and that no 252129 11 not based on illusory mistakes are made, the cost can be much higher otherwise. The least losses occur in “crap tables” at 1.4 cents to each dollar bet. about the reasons At the same time craps is not a popular game either because the underestimating costs

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AYT. AN. ADM. LOC. / R. DEC. LOC. loss of 2% assumes a perfect knowledge of the game and that no mistakes are made, the cost can be much higher otherwise. The least losses occur in “crap tables” at 1.4 cents to each dollar bet. reasons At the same time craps is not a popular game either because the ing costs excitement of playing this game is lower or because people are eve more not well-aware of the odds involved. Independently of the size of 4). These costs the best strategy is to gamble as few times as possible as it is adopting extremely hard to win in the long run.

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS different Some assert that spending time in superGraduate luxury casinos with Harvard University, School of Design, Student,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS ver, such five star restaurants, super shows and Architect exciting surroundings is Student of the School of Architecture ccording their main motivation for gambling on the side.

But is this true Technical University of Crete ms “over given the massive level of casino profits that come from players’ continue losses?

For most gamblers major the motivation 1. Introductory approach:the Defining concept is the thrill of 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the conceptand projects. winning based on the illusion that this is possible ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444that BC -good 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 costs of among other heside left as us,their he established great the luck exists andwise can heritage be on their belief in theaillusion of BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. dertaken acquisition control motivates them to gamble. Some people believe they can acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term what can apply a winning strategy that would beat the casino. For instance, 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term area of Planning) (or gentrification they bet the color thegentrification) next rouletteisisball as black they 1 (andof gentrification urban gentrification) indicated (inafter thefrom area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal this, (in various have observed that, say, five reds in a row have occurred (this is Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, known as social theofgambler’s fallacy). they that theythere ways), of groups, usually ofSimilarly, low-income andbelieve thethis placement of artists, the operation art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless can win by betting on their “lucky” number, or that they can whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherother consequences has, results alsoClearly, rising ofthe land prices (and the potential relative speculation). correctly guess purely chance outcomes. cost potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification foundisatno first in the UK chance in early events, 1960s and it refers to of such illusions is huge asisthere way to beat The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor m positive no matter what the strategy being used. the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof ection, an Barringupgrade illusions andstay accepting that no one canthere win in thethus long London, them, themselves sometimes and old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. end their run, is the best strategy to minimize one’s losses?

Obviously, Makridakis and Moleskis being indirectly “squeezed”.

Awhat description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth to induce GLASS it is Anot “wheel ofwhile fortune” or slot machines whileofthe description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth atplaying the same similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major smallest losses occur in “craps which, however, do not cities in Western countries, by othertables” Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several its more seem to be very popular.

The losses in black jackscholars are also and low forthem.

Considerable re Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from but one must be approach perfectly familiar with the game in orderfrom to the investors nor experts comprehensive are being summarized below, various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: 4 avoid technical and/or psychological June 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 859 mistakes. Thethe other choice which behave in a ran interpretations the phenomenon following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new category of social groups is playing roulette with one zero that does not require any skills, to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costsprediction in money for the fu as winning or losing is the purely a matter of chancewhere and the “average efficient and time to travel from purlieus to downtown, work place is, lack of themarket hypo loss” is small in relation to some other games.

The best approach is an expensive illusio 1.

The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS was born in sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: inYouth all casino games would beentertainment to bet the entire amount available services of health, education, “at the heart of the city”, worse (possibly) during periods Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. into a single, or few, playsPrague, and then stop winning orto London, Unlike studies and research in Geneva, London and whether New York she came back where casinos, s in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due athe systematic and not.

The problem with such strategy is that it eliminates significant gains durin University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying “excitement” of playingbyina the expectation wins.

However, returns in the long ru her work are characterized passion for justice. of Seebig also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: it minimizes the “house edge” as it avoids the cost of many 2015, when this pap G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually plays. The rule of playing until losing a fix amount is invariably new records erasing a 21 11 30 suboptimal as the cost of each additional play favors the casino during 25 this period (t with the result of an inevitable loss in the great majority of cases. versus 676.5 on Marc What is the magnitude of casino gambling costs due to positive is how to retain as m illusions and that of control more specifically? According to the during periods of dow

GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

into a single, or few, plays and then stop whether winning or not. The problem with such strategy is that it eliminates the “excitement” of playing in the expectation of big wins. However, it minimizes the “house edge” as it /avoids the cost ofREG. many E¶.A¶.

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What is the magnitude of casino gambling costs due to positive illusions and that of control more specifically? According to the Economist article they are huge. Worse, such costs are often paid by people who cannot afford it resulting in negative financial consequences for their By families and themselves.

Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS

GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Stock and Other Markets Architect

Unlike significan returns i 2015, wh new reco during th versus 67 is how to during pe is what i not oblig he or sh psycholo Such stra assuming be chose impleme 2015), th market ti

Student of the and School of Architecture There is a big difference between gambling stock markets.

Technical University of Crete In the former, as we saw, it is impossible to win in the long run while in theDefining latter the opposite is true. The long run 1. Introductory approach: theexact concept 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept holds gains for the patient investor is not by ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, who (444 BC - 370influenced BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), illusion of control, believing that profitable stocks or other among otherthe wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the among other wise heritage left us,definition he established aright greattiming the acquisition ofinvestments knowledge starts with the of the of“principle”: concepts. can he be chosen and/or that thecontent to buy or acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term sell can be predicted. Considerable research has shown that such New Fi 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is in a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area Planning) (or Perhaps gentrification beliefs illusory while it isisindicated well-known theofof stock market, 1 (andare gentrification urban gentrification) indicated (in that thefrom area Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal this, (in various area the a at least in advanced countries, grows consistently over the long Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, run (ranging from inetc.

Australia tothis 1.8% in Belgium a that enter ways), of social groups, usually of7.4% low-income and the placement there ofwith artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless world average of 5.4% during the period of 1900–2001, Dimson whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof the 10% whatever other consequences has,itresults rising of that landlong prices (and the 2014), ab et al.,speculation).

2002). However, must bealso understood term may potential relative potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at firstininsome the UK in early making 1960s and refers to and abou mean more than a decade instances, it it necessary The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor fail each to be patient and not be influenced by short term fears or greed the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents are (Makridakis et al., 2010). sometimes there and thus old residents are employee London, upgrade them, stay themselves being indirectly “squeezed”.

In the short term the cost of market losses can be many and creat being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth than ofiscasinos. the 2007–2008 A description ofhigher this phenomenon includedDuring inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth the old. T GLASS at thetimes same period, whilethat similar situations in other Great major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major new firm Recession, global stock market losses exceeded $30 trillion cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

(World Federation of Exchanges, n.d.) scholars with a sizable partits coming Since then, the issue has preoccupied several and for more the site “S Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more on startu comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various from small investors who buy late during periods of booms comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: and sell just before the end of the downturns.

Such a number considera interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense,comes theof phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social to the colossal sum of $17,500 for each person on groups earth. 30 questi to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money In addition, there were similarly high losses related to positive and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the • Have illusions, andSociologist moreresidencies specifically to that of control, otherfor markets term from Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruthin GLASS was born in sense1.ofThe safety atcomes the distributed outside town centres, search better Berlin, where than she made her first studies.

Inis1932 she published an important study entitled: • Have that of stocks.

This particularly true in real estate but also services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for • Have in commodity It is and not,car therefore, uncommon foretc. some lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, studies and research Geneva, markets.

Prague, London New York she came back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning.

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WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: • Have short term investing, or better gambling in the belief they can G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually predict short term movements in these markets.

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By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard 2015) University, of Design, Student, investors nor experts (Sommer, can Graduate outguess School the markets By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS which in a random “walk” fashion-meaning that the best 5 Architect Frontiersbehave in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org Student of the School of Architecture prediction for the future is today’s price, as postulated by the Technical University of Crete efficient market hypothesis (Fama, 1970) Believing the opposite 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept is an expensive illusion that can result the in great losses that become 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), worse during periods ofancient recessions or financial crises.

ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the Unlike casinos, stock and other markets can produce among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. significant gains during periods of boom and consistent positive acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term returns in therefore, the long run.

From March 2009 untilif not the final, middle of 1 (and Based, on this “principle” inindicated a first, approach, the term urban gentrification) is (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 2015, when this paper was written, the stock market reached gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various new records erasing all past losses and more than triple in value Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, of low-income and placement of artists, during this period (theusually S&P 500 was etc.

2,130.8 onthe May 21, 2015there the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other has, results alsoand rising land prices (and theof versus 676.5 on consequences March 9, 2009).

The question bigofchallenge otherspeculation). consequences results rising the of land prices (and the potential iswhatever how torelative retain as much of thehas, gains and also minimize losses potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK inthe early 1960s it refers to during periods of downturns.

A strategy exploiting long termand The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers to the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor isthe what is observed called “buy and hold.”

Assuming theproperty investorinis poor areasofof then trend wealthy people that to there buy London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are not obliged to “squeezed”. trade hisstay orthemselves her securities for liquidity reasons, London, upgrade them, sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly he or she can avoid selling over influenced by fear or other being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth psychological bias that can lead him or her to irrational actions.

GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities Westerncoupled countries, by other Researchers. portfolio (that is Such instrategy with a well-diversified cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has preoccupied and for its more assuming that the right stocks cannot beseveral selectedscholars and should Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from be chosen randomly) is the are optimal way to invest and canfrom be thevarious comprehensive approach being summarized below, various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: implemented by buying exchange traded funds (ETFs; Bogle, interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups 2015), that are built assuming inability to predict both the best to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money market as from well as most appropriate and timetiming to travel thethe purlieus to downtown,stocks. where work place is, lack of the

GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

markets. the long long run enced by or other termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in to buy or sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: New Firms and Startups of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) that such services Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car access to markets, etc.where studies and researchainnew Geneva, London andmore Neweasier York she cameother back to London, starting firmPrague, demonstrates than any k market, Perhaps in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and the advantages and costs ofshe illusions.

The percentage of firms the long area University informal College of London, where continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work characterized by a passion justice.

See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. enterareand exit the market eachfor year in some countries exceeds m with a that and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 10% of all firms; according to the (SBA Office of Advocacy, , Dimson athe Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually erm may 2014), about 10–12% of firms with employees open each year 2521 11 necessary32 and about 10–12% close. This means that about a 10th of firms or greed fail each year. This is a huge discomfort for the owners and employees of these firms. On the positive side there is renewal be many and creative destruction (Schumpeter, 1950) as the new replaces

hat the stock market, Perhaps starting a new firm demonstrates more than any other stently over the long area the advantages and costs of illusions. The percentage of firms 8% in Belgium with a that enter and exit the market each year in some countries exceeds the 10% of firms; according toREG. the Office ofGOV. Advocacy, f 1900–2001,E¶.

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By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS advice about the various factors requiring g periods of booms on startups, providing Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS to increase the chances of success.Architect It lists urns. Such a number consideration in order By Student of the School of Architecture ach person on earth. 30 questions some of which are the following: Technical University of Crete es related to positive 1. Introductory approach: Defining the • Have you determined howconcept to compete in the market place? ntrol, in other markets 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept • Have you ensured thatphilosopher, you are price(444 competitive? in real estate but also ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the • Have youancient verified that the market is (444 big enough? uncommon among for some among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts.

• Have you tested your marketing and sales plan? of greater returns by acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term Is your property fullyifprotected? risks associated Based, with therefore, 1•(and onintellectual this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification •1 (and Have you estimated breakeven? n the belief Sociology they can as well), gentrification urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or as the “refining” of ayour cityisarea, the removal (in various • Have you determined your competitive advantages? kets.

Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, • art Have you secured sufficient funding? able in the short and the operation of galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless • Have you built has, yourresults Website? of illusions whatever affecting other consequences also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the an correctlypotential predict,relative potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UKthe in early Makridakis and Moleskis By answering these questions site 1960s comesand upit refers with to a o buy or sell, events The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor probability that wealthy providespeople a more objective assessment of theof o that. Alternatively, the then observed trend to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are chance of success. ert can do being that for London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are indirectly “squeezed”. all new isfirms start small only a small being indirectlyPractically, “squeezed”.

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Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC,medical Athens),care. founders.

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However this “change”, regardless of however, ther whatever other consequences results of valuable land pricesToday, (and the become bankrupt but considerhas, that they also haverising gained whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). of any screening, at experience that can become useful in the future. In addition potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and itthat refers to the potential ha theyThe should have a plan B is sofound that they areinnot totally financially term gentrification atpeople first the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of wealthy to buy property in poor Newsline Medicine ruined.

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GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other “Ifmajor we wish to redu cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Since then, Medicine the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for itsnothing more as effective a Preventive Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its themore risk of getting comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from Are the potential benefits of preventive medical tests greater than comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various continues “We have interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: the (including monetary costs) cause?

In this interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: and tonsillectomies a Inharm a sense, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a they trend may of a new of social groups section we will answer this question by concentrating on three to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money sections, although th preventive tests: from general women, and time to travel the checkups, purlieus to mammography downtown, wherefor work place is, lackWe of the have also epide term from Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

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The same year she left Germany and after continuous for in living.” lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies and Geneva, Prague, London and New sheanalysis came back disease andresearch extendin their life expectancy, but inYork final itto London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and Mammography sc causes more harm than benefits overall.

University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying herYearly work are characterized by a passion for justice.

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34

to the 1960s have shown no benefits from them (Mehrotra et al., 2007). According to the independent Cochrane Foundation (Krogsboll et al., 2012) “General health checks involve multiple tests in a person who does not feel ill with the purpose of finding

$7.8 billion in 2010 ( 2521 11 that such cost will e 40 and 84 years-old $2.6 billion if it is res

disease and extend their life expectancy, but in final analysis it Mamm causes more harm than benefits overall.

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AN. ADM. LOC. DEV. R. LOC. REG. DEV. have continued since then, although studies going back to the 1960s have shown no benefits from them (Mehrotra $7.8 billio et al., 2007). According to the independent Cochrane that such Positive illusions:Foundation costs/benefits (Krogsboll et al., 2012) “General health checks involve multiple 40 and 8 tests in a person who does not feel ill with the purpose of finding $2.6 billio l and only a small disease early, preventing disease from developing, or providing over time, some to reassurance.... To many people, health checks intuitively make sense, but experience from screening programs for individual 6 rms, however, fail to Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org By Mr. George-Sp. C.smaller ATHANASOPOULOS benefits may be than expected their owners to stop diseases have shown that the Harvard University, Graduate School Design,checks Student, is the small chance of and the harms greater. A possible harm fromofhealth

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect thatSchool were not destined w firm? What can be the diagnosis and treatment of conditions Student of the of Architecture final conclusion the would dare to start a to cause symptoms or death” (p. 2). TheTechnical University of of Crete ure. But in practically authors of this study is: 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept or ignored even by 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greekdid philosopher, “General health checks not reduce morbidity or mortality, e and who knowANTISTHENIS, well the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great neither overall nor for cardiovascular or cancer causes, although the the sm is the foundation among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. the number of new diagnoses increased” (p.

2). the owners who fail, therefore, acquisition of knowledge starts with thewas the content of concepts.

Based, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term ve to face thegentrification financial gentrification) area of Planning) (or 1 (and Yet, despite evidence against routine examinations, urban gentrification) isarea, indicated (in annual thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or or society asSociology agentrification whole, as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various many family physicians recommend them (Mehrotra et al., 2007) of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, as they fuelways), creative ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, exploiting the “illusion ofetc. reassurance” that a preventive test the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However “change”, regardless of gress, increasing the the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the will catch health problems early, reduce disease and increase life w innovative products whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). expectancy.

According to these authors the cost of the “illusion unded firms, potential Google, relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s at andaround it refers$8 to of reassurance” in the been estimated talization approached The term gentrification found atUSA first inhas the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy people to buy property in poor billion atrend year about 8%sometimes of the doctor visits in the USA are for the This then observed of wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas Finance, 2015).

London, upgrade them, stayas themselves and thus old residents areof annual checkups.

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Since Western then, the issue has several scholars and explain for its more et al., 2007) doctorpreoccupied Gilbert Welch and his coauthors how nces or trading safely Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from test results make people sick and why visiting a doctor can be efits compensate for comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: to youris health. iscategory to avoidofallsocial preventive the phenomenon the following: the hardship interpretations ofIntheir a sense,hazardous theof phenomenon dueof togentrification, aTheir trend advice of a new groups medical care. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money According to O’Donoghue et al. (2014) annual mammography and time from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the uction to replace theto travel 1.

The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

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f the odds prise and ed if they d valuable addition financially own their usiness as n.d.) can

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“If we wish to reduce the incidence of breast cancer, there is nothing as effective as avoiding getting mammograms. It reduces

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS the risk of getting breast cancer by one-third.” and later he Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, eater than continues “We have had devastating of hysterectomies Byepidemics Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect e? In this and tonsillectomies and we currently have an epidemic Student of of Cesarean the School of Architecture on three sections, although these operations may lead to substantial harm.University of Crete Technical r women, We have also epidemics of mastectomies and prostatectomies 1.because Introductory approach: Defining the concept medicine people seem to be more worried about dying than they are 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the(p.ancient interested in living.”

349) Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), can defeat ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the analysis it among among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts.

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However this “change”, regardless other consequences has, results also rising land prices 40 and 84 years-old are tested.

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Iraq) will be appraise GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Prostate cancer tests for men are also common as it is leading to these wars cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, issue has several scholars for its more estimated that the close to 52% ofpreoccupied men are tested annually at a and cost Union Address, US P Since then, the issue has several scholars andthe for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from various reaching half a billion for Medicare patients alone in the USA authorize comprehensive approach are being summarized from the variousmilitary act interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: (Wang et al., 2014).

Richard Ablin, the inventor of the PSA test interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: thegroups US can defeat th In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social used to diagnose prostate cancer, in his book (Ablin, 2014) The ground to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in moneywar in the M Great Prostate Hoax and time to travel fromstates: the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack the State of the of Islamic 1.

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Islamic in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and as a routine tool is nothing short of asocial national health Secretary University Collegescreening of London, where she continued her research.

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Seethe also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 6). And later continues “Among 1,000 men who foresight and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in to see how l 10th edit.

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Later in his book, Ablin writes that if the probability of men

troops as “liberators” Saddam Hussein’s gov

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By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS diagnosis is Harvard 30 to 100 times the estimated benefit, resulting in University, Graduate School of Design, Student, A NY less than 0.1% reduction in George-Sp. prostate mortality over 10Architect years? $1.7 trillio

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Since then, the issue has preoccupied several andone’s for its more end up “o consequently that actions can be taken scholars to improve chances Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from of a healthier and life expectancy.

Objective research comprehensive approach are longer being summarized from the various without h interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: has shown that uncertainty cannot be eliminated by preventive interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Krauss, 20 medicine that has an opposite effect than that intended, and The Ir to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money causes much more harm than gains.

Nature’s predispositions war in A and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 1.

The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS was born in about our health cannot be predicted.

The uncertainty of when sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better drive the Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, “at thedeath heart will of the city”,cannot (possibly) disease is likely entertainment to strike and when occur be Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for bin Laden lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, York she(the came back to London, where 9/11 catas eliminated withPrague, any London degreeand of New certainty exception being in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and our own feeling of how we feel, see section on SRH above) University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and USA and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized a passion for justice.

See also:medical COLLINS tests.

ENGLISH DICTIONARY. at least at by present with preventive The critical Soviets w and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: question of what can be done is considered in the concluding G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually estimated section. $40 billio 252137 11 slightly better than that of flipping a coin. And its continued use as a routine screening tool is nothing short of a national health disaster” (p. 6). And later he continues “Among the 1,000 men who had theAN. PSA/ R.DEC. test, 20 ADM. of them would have radical prostatectomies for DEV. E¶.A¶.

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org

7

12) in his monetary g one life reening is

Positive illusions: costs/benefits E¶.A¶.

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WarsDefinition, GENTRIFICATION Types of Intervention,

Wars are, indeed, influenced the most by positive illusions at a massive cost to the taxpayers and with grave human suffering. In this section, the cost of three wars (Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Iraq) will be appraised and the optimistic predictions of victory n as it is leading to these wars will be presented. In his 2015 State of the

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS y at a cost Union Address, US President Barack Obama asked Congress to Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, the USA authorize military action against Islamic State extremists, saying

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect e PSA test the US can defeat them without being “dragged into Student of theanother School of Architecture 2014) The ground war in the Middle East” (NBC News, 2015).

Ironically Technical University of Crete the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) was created after the “end” of 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept the 1.Iraq war that was started by President Bush in March 2003 Introductory approach: the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), (Sanger and Burns, 2003).

How reliable is Obama’s assertion that ancer is ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the ued use the Islamic State will be defeated?

An aide to former Defense among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the health Secretary Donald Rumsfeld confessed that “ififwe had had the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, not final, approach, the term men who 1 Based,totherefore, on this a first, not final, approach, the term foresight see how long it “principle” would last isin and evenifif(in it would have (and urban gentrification) indicated the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or mies for gentrification Sociology well), as the a city done area, the this, (in various cost half as the lives, we “refining” would notof have it” removal (Trotta,from 2013). of those Sociology as well), as the “refining” of (a) a city area, removal fromthere (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theassessments placement The Iraq war was declared based on optimistic ofthis, of nce and ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this and “change”, an operation easy victory, (b) that Iraqis would consider the US alliedregardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof troops as “liberators” and (c) onhas, the false belief Iraqi whatever otherspeculation). consequences results alsothat rising ofdictator land prices (and the potential relative Saddam Hussein’s government held weapons of mass destruction potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to ty of men (after search such atstockpiles found).

The Theexhaustive term gentrification iswealthy found first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofno people to were buy property in poor urviving a reality the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas proved quite different as described

by Stewart (2007), London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thuswho old residents areof treatment being London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are indirectly “squeezed”. talks of the anarchy that begun just 6 months after the start of the m of false war. being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth sulting in GLASS at thearticle same while similar in other major A NYT estimates that the situations US war inwere Iraqrecorded has cost GLASS at the same period, while similar situations in other major in Western countries, by other Researchers.

10 years? cities $1.7 trillion withcountries, an additional $490 billion in benefits owed to cities in Western bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more f financial war veterans, figure thathas would grow to more than $6 trillion Since then,a the issue preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from tests and over the next four decades (Trotta, 2013).

This article also asserts comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: that warthe has killed at least 134,000 Iraqiofcivilians and may In athe sense, phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend a new of social groups to “return” to the city, the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money have contributed toleaving the deaths of as many as four times that urology and time to travel from the purlieus downtown, where work place is, lack of the number without counting securitytoforces, insurgents, journalists 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, and humanitarian workers. In addition, the1912-1940.

US medical and Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements Youth Unemployment. same year she a leftdecade Germany after continuous disability claims forThe veterans after ofand war totaled $33 (possibly)for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, l benefits billion while 2toyears later, that number had risen to $134.7 billion. in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the another approach, the is due a systematic and he harm long-term University College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public and Worse still, it estimates that such claims will exceed the billion informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. dvantages. and dollar mark atestate, the end ofAND second decade.

These estimates selling realCOLLINS etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: kups and aindicate Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm variety aofhuge ways, in orderand to achieve the “assisted”, (actually monetary humanitarian cost with“voluntary”, practically uce future no benefits as the ISI would not have existed if Saddam Hussein 38 2521 11 identifies had stayed in power. Moreover, the objective that the war would dealt with have allowed the USA to control Iraq’s oil never happened. As t and the US firms left the area because of increased insecurity, Iraq started

Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

e potential benefits billion while 2 years later, that number had risen to $134.7 billion. nd that the harm Worse still, it estimates that such claims will exceed the billion ever the advantages. dollar mark at the end of the second decade. These estimates E¶.A¶.

A¶.

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TO¶. / R.DEC. ADM. LOC. GOV. REG. indicate aAN. huge monetary and humanitarian cost with practically need to reduce future no benefits as the ISI would not have existed if Saddam Hussein e medicine identifies had stayed in power. Moreover, the objective that the war would ey can be dealt with have allowed the USA to control Iraq’s oil never happened. As onetary cost and the US firms left the area because of increased insecurity, Iraq started er than the benefits selling a sizable and growing percentage of its oil production ion that it is illusory to China which is providing drilling technology and capital dicted correctly and investments to the country. If current trends continue, China will By part Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS mprove one’s chances end up “owning” a good of Iraq’s oilC.production facilities Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, . Objective research without having to fight a multitrillion dollar war (Arango and

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect inated by preventive Krauss, 2013).

Student of the School of Architecture that intended, and The Iraq war was not the first to costTechnical trillions University of dollars.ofThe Crete ure’s predispositions war in Afghanistan started in October 2001 with the goal to Introductory approach: the concept uncertainty of 1. when drive the TalibanDefining from power, because they had allowed Osama 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, theand ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), will occur cannot be bin Laden al Qaeda, to hit the World Trade Center in the ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the the exceptionamong beingother 9/11 catastrophe.

Ironically, to fight the fundamentalists that the wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the ion on SRH acquisition above) USA andonSaudi Arabia trained financed to the of knowledge starts with had theindefinition of the content ofcombat concepts.

Based, therefore, this “principle” a first, ifand not final, approach, the term al tests. Thegentrification critical 1 Soviets who had invaded Afghanistan in the December 1979.theIt term is Makridakis and Based, therefore, on Moleskis this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in not final, approach, (and urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or d in the concluding gentrification the US Arabia provided more than Sociology as estimated well), as thethat “refining” of aand citySaudi area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as$40 well), as the “refining” of a city and area, the from this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of andmoney theremoval placement there billion worth of low-income weapons to the fundamentalist ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operationMujahideen of art galleries, restaurants, “change”, regardless over the courseetc. of However their warthis against the Soviets, withof number o the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other results rising of land prices (and theof part consequences of the money has, used to set also up thousands of fundamentalist whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the suicide an potential relative speculation).

7relative June 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 859 Islamic religious schools Afghan potential speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first(Madrassas) in the UK infor earlythe 1960s and it refugee refers to trauma be children flooding into Pakistan that consequently became theofto South Vie The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas majorthem, recruiting basis for sometimes the Taliban (Visalli, 2013).

London, upgrade stay of themselves and thus old residents areof North 900 London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents being indirectly “squeezed”.

The Americans believed that they could do better than theare The ill being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this is included work of their Sociologist Ruth a war and Soviets, andphenomenon the British before them,ininthe achieving objectives A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the while similar in other2009) major in same Afghanistan which according to Obama (DeYoung, controlled GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. included (a) “create a country stable and strong enough to the three cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more prevent al-Qaeda reoccupying Afghan” and (b)the being Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various itsable more meaning comprehensive approach arefrom being summarized below, from “to disrupt, dismantle and defeat al-Qaida.”

Reality shattered wasting a comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: “irresistible as it of is ashown in an of article the improve t In a sense,their theof phenomenon isillusion” dueof togentrification, a trend new socialin groups to “return” toLondon the city,Book leaving the purlieus for several reasons: in money Review (Stewart, 2009). The USAhigh wascosts obliged, like and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, placeAfghanistan is, lack of the the British and the Soviets before where them,work to leave termat from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Conclu 13 comes years later, at the end of 2014, after having paidGLASS a huge price Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements Youth Unemployment.

The same year Germany and afterThe continuous both monetarily and she in left human suffering. longest (possibly) overseasfor Resear lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc. studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, history war has cost the USA alone, one trillion andwhere itthe in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in to another approach, the is due a dollars systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public action and This pape would require spending several hundred billion dollars extra in long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. the futureetc., forfor the 10,000 soldiersinitially remaining inof the country andin stock and and selling real estate, the depreciation of part the urban web, 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of medical ways, inand order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, disability expenses for war veterans.

These (actually costs do medicine positive il not include interest payments for the increased debt caused by 252139 11 the Afghan war or the extra pension expenses of the military avoiding i associated with this war. The human cost of the war has been huge redu more than 20,000 dead soldiers and contractors, almost 100,000 there cou

GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

history war has cost the USA alone, one trillion dollars and it would require spending several hundred billion dollars extra in This paper has cons the future for the 10,000 soldiers remaining in the country and stock and other mar E¶.A¶.

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AYT. ¶EP.AN. AN. / R.DEC.ADM. ADM. LOC. DEV.REG. REG. / R.DEC. DEC. LOC. GOV. REG.DEV. DEV.as well as E¶. ¶EP. / R.DEC. LOC. DEV. / R. LOC. REG. medicine medical andAYT. disability expenses for war veterans.

These costs doGOV. not include interest payments for the increased debt caused by positive illusions. It h the Afghan war or the extra pension expenses of the military avoiding illusions enc associated with this war. The human cost of the war has been huge reductions in mo more than 20,000 dead soldiers and contractors, almost 100,000 there could be some injured and with medical problems and 875,000 disability claims. illusions. What we m Sadly, no one, even the strongest supporters of the war, has illusions while avoidin claimed any benefits. though psychologicall Bystory Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS The war in Vietnam is another sad with an extraordinary to strike a balance be Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, cost, the illusion of great benefits and no actual ones. At the them for each case as

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect time the loss of South Vietnam to the communist was of Architecture We live in an un Student ofNorth the School feared by US policy makers that it would createTechnical a domino with ensuing unc University ofthe Crete effect for other countries like Laos and Cambodia but then also anxiety and involves 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Thailand, Malaysia,approach: Singapore, and even to fall next with. Whether or no 1. Introductory Defining the Indonesia concept (444 ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC - 370 BC,by Athens), under communist domination. Most ironically, it is communism being dressed app ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the that has totally collapsed and countries like China and Russia eliminating the risk o among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the that weretherefore, supporting in the its indefinition war withif of the USA have ofthe being acquisition of knowledge starts with the content of concepts.

Based, on Vietnam this “principle” a first, not final, approach, termprepared is 1 abandoned communism and“principle” seen the greatest in their overestimate the cha Based, therefore, on this inindicated a first,increase if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification number ofas billionaires.

Furthermore, Vietnam Chinafrom have The uncertainty of in Sociology well), as the “refining” of a city area, theand removal this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of claiming a city area, the fromthere this,losing (inartists, various ways), of bitter social groups, usually of low-income and theremoval placement of become enemies as both are part of the South money is more ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, “change”, of opportunit China Sea thought to contain rich etc. oil However reserves this (LSE Ideas, regardless significant the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However this “change”, regardless of whatever other has, results rising of land prices (and the n.d.). however, to balance whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

US involvement in Vietnam started in the 1950s, not long goes down and not i potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to after the French left theofregion. was increased inearly the 1960s early investment strateg The term gentrification iswealthy foundIt atpeople first in the UK in andofitareas refersofto the then observed trend to buy property in poor the then observed trend of wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas 1960s and was them, elevated regular US combat units were never beofrisk free. T London, upgrade staywhen themselves sometimes and thus old residents are London, upgrade them, stay themselves there and old residents deployed in 1965 (Alpha History, n.d.). sometimes It was expanded intothus Laos anotherare uncertainty w being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. description and of this phenomenon included the work of Sociologist Ruth andA Cambodia was peaked in is 1968 wheninNorth Vietnam risk in such case is hu A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS atthe theTet same while similar in other major launched Offensive that failed inincluded its goal of overthrowing the best strategy in th GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. the South Vietnamese government convinced a large segment screening and not ev cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied otherbut Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more of the US population that winning the war was illusoryscholars despite the Even though such str Since then, the issue has several andthe for its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various massive US spending and the heavy losses in dead and injured. followed as the harm comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: The monetary cost of the is war to around than all their possible In a sense, theof phenomenon duehas togentrification, abeen trendestimated of a new of social groups $145 billion (more than one trillion constant 2015 dollars) able to figure out the to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack the possible, without including medical and disability benefits and interest themofwhere 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, costs that probably double the actual outlays. There is also huge medicine can reduce Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at illusions: the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Positive costs/benefits human suffering.

It The is estimated that 60,000 US troops our life expectancy.

Youth Unemployment. same year she leftalmost Germany and after continuous for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, were killed, more than 150,000 werecitywounded, 23,000 she suffered teacher Gigerenzer, in his in According 1943 she published studies regarding planning. In 1950 the to another approach, the phenomenon is due tobecame a systematic in and total disability and 2,000 were missing.

A worse statistic was the we must become “ris University College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public action and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice.

See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. number ofreal 70,000–300,000 Vietnam Veterans who iets, with and selling estate, etc., for the depreciation initially ofcommitted part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: and another 700,000 veterans who suffered psychological mentalist asuicide Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually trauma inbecause of the atrocities of war they experienced.

On the n refugee Frontiers Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 8 40 2521 11 came the South Vietnam side the number of dead was 400,000 and on the North 900,000 (How Much Did the Vietnam War Cost?, 2014).

The illusion of underestimating the real factors surrounding than the

GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

inst the Soviets, with number of 70,000–300,000 Vietnam Veterans who committed E¶.A¶.

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AN. / R.DEC. DEV. / R. GOV. suicide and another 700,000 veterans who suffered psychological the Afghan refugee trauma because of the atrocities of war they experienced. On the equently became the South Vietnam side the number of dead was 400,000 and on the North 900,000 (How Much Did the Vietnam War Cost?, 2014). i, 2013).

The illusion of underestimating the real factors surrounding d do better than the eving their objectives a war and the optimistic assessment that the situation can be ma (DeYoung, 2009) controlled involves an immense cost and no benefits, at least in d strong enough to the three wars covered in this section. Yet, intelligent and wellMr. George-Sp. C. grave ATHANASOPOULOS causing suffering and n” and (b) being able meaning people believeByotherwise Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, to a.” Reality shattered wasting a large amount of money that could have been used

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect of people in their country. in an article in the improve the lives of a great number Student of the School of Architecture USA was obliged, like Technical University of Crete o leave Afghanistan Introductory approach: Defining the concept for Future Conclusion and Directions ng paid a huge1.price 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, The longest overseas Research ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the rillion dollars and it among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the paper has considered gambling, investing/speculating in llion dollars extra in This acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term stock and other markets, new firms and startups, preventive g in the country and 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban well as of wars asisarea, prime influenced from(or erans. TheseSociology costs do as medicine gentrification gentrification) indicated (in thefrom area of Planning) well), as theas“refining” a city the examples removal this, (in various Sociology aspositive well), asillusions. the “refining” of ashown city area, the removal from this, of (inartists, various It low-income has that accepting uncertainty and eased debt caused by ways), of social groups, usually of and the placement there ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, operationavoiding of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However thisbenefits “change”, regardless illusions encompasses substantial and ensues inof enses of the the military the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof of the war has been huge reductions in monetary costs and harm in general, although whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the relative therespeculation). could be some undeniable benefits from some positive ctors, almostpotential 100,000 potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to illusions.

What we must do in is the exploit the benefits of positive 000 disability claims.

The term gentrification found atpeople first UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor illusions while avoiding their costly, negative consequences even ters of the London, war, has the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents though psychologically thissometimes is difficult.there Ideally, we should be ableare being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. to strike a balance between the benefits costs by estimating with an extraordinary A description of this phenomenon is included in theand work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth same whileassimilar situations were recorded in other major them forperiod, each case accurately as possible. actual ones.GLASS At theat the GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities was in WesternWe countries, Researchers. live inbyanother uncertain world and we must accept living mmunist North cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has and for its more with the ensuing uncertainty.

Itseveral is clearscholars that uncertainty ld create a domino Since then, the issue has several scholars andthe for creates its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various and involves risks. summarized Some uncertainties are easy deal mbodia but then also anxietyapproach comprehensive are being from thetovarious interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: with.

Whether or not it will rain tomorrow can be dealt with ndonesia to fall next interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups by being dressed appropriately and having an umbrella, thus ally, it is communism to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money eliminating the risk oftogetting wet.where If it does rain, the of cost ke China and Russia and time to travel from the purlieus downtown, worknot place is, lack the term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense1. ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for ofatcomes being prepared is small and acceptable (weather forecasters with the USA have Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: of health, education, “at on the heart of the (possibly) overestimate theentertainment chance ofGermany rain purpose forcity”, thismovements reason).for test increaseservices in their Youth Unemployment.

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R. J. (2014).

The Great Prostate Hoax: How Big Medicine Hijacked the PSA factor a provides long lifespecific is our own disposition today. nefits memory may becity, as important as knowing probabilities. cost-of-play/ information for all casino games and the costthefor tofor“return” to the leaving the purlieus several reasons: high costs in money htm being: toward a dynami Test and Caused a Public Health Disaster.

New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

(5) Exploiting the benefits ofother positive illusions to improve our eir advice associated each “play” while Wikipedia provides the probabilities for (b)with Stock and markets: http://www.swapmeetdave.com/Bible/InvLinks. (iv) Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, www.ahrq.gov and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the different types of gambling games including various types of poker, blackjack, positive thinking and our psychological mood is critical in doi: 10.1037/0022-3514. some (v) Dartmouth Atlas ofof Health Care, Arango, T., and Krauss, C. (2013).

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Available http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/ calculating-a-start-ups-odds-of-success/ http://www.startupnation.

Youth Unemployment.

The same year sheorleftand Germany and after continuous movements forPsychol.

(6) Avoiding the negative consequences of at: positive illusions htm informedmedicaldecisions.org ehown. domain lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.

Hoorens, V. (1993).

Self-en studies and research Prague, and New York shefor came back to London, where (c) minimizing New firms and startups: http://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2009/06/09/ december/1/newsid_2516000/2516473.stm com/ and the free lunch assessment it London provides. their magnitude canin beGeneva, done by distinguishing (viii) Harding Center Risk Literacy, Max Planck Institute for Human als or calculating-a-start-ups-odds-of-success/ and http://www.startupnation. in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning.

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4, hances of between the shortassessment andmedicine: long term (d) Preventive theeffects pursuitof ofvarious self-serving interests by pharmaceutical BBC News.

Available omain com/ and the free lunch(2015). it provides. at: http://www.bbc.com/news/business-31721334 (ix) A social useful watchdog group Her that rates what’s action good and and bad in health University College of London, where she continued her research. public decisions/actions and in particular realizing the implications How Much Did the Vietnam ces of long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying (d) Preventive medicine: the pursuit of self-serving interests by pharmaceutical firms and doctors providing the advice is not objective.

The following is a Bogle, J. (2015).

John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 See Years.

Newwww.healthnewsreview.org York: Wiley & journalism: The SRHfirms and her work are characterized byitaispassion forto also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. doctors the is not that objective.

The following isjustice. a of the illusion ofproviding control byadvice accepting impossible SRH (e) Wars: Afghanistanofand Iraq http://costsofwar.org/ and Vietnam info/how-much-vietnam list of websites from where independent, objective information can beof found and selling real estate, etc., for the depreciation initially part the urban web, in http:// Sons. list of websites from where independent, objective information can be found 10th edit.

Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: nclusions. thevietnamwar.info/ control chance events and gain from them in the long run. sions. (most have been taken from Gigerenzer, 2014): (mosta have been taken from Gigerenzer, 2014): Jylha, M. (2009). What is Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: wetzel/gentry.htm Bopp, M., of Braun, J., in Gutzwiller, andhttp://www.uncanny.net/ Faeh, (2012). Health risk or variety ways, order Abstract. toF.,achieve the D. “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually an us

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

Acknowledgments

Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

Introductory Defining the concept The1. authors wouldapproach: like to thank professor Marios Argyridis for 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 10 Athens), theand ancient Greek philosopher, - 370 BC, hisANTISTHENIS, helpful comments suggestions as well as the(444 twoBC referees ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 among other wise heritage he us, he established a great “principle”: the for their useful comments andleft their insightful suggestions for BC, Athens), among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the improving paper. acquisitionthis of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), asMammography the “refining” of a cityTruth, area, the fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), ofP.social groups, usually of low-income andLies theremoval placement Gotzsche, C. (2012).

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A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major Taylor, S. E. Sanna, L. period, J., Parks, C., similar and Chang, E. C. were (2005).

Hourglass is halfmajor full GLASS at the same while situations recorded in other cities in Westernorcountries, by other Researchers. separatin half empty: temporal framing and the group planning fallacy. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

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Available at: www.sba.gov/advocacy interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: In a sense,Schumpeter, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of a new of social Trotta, D. ( J. A., (1950).

Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy.

New York:groups Harper to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Reuters.

Perennial Modern Classic. and time to travel from the purlieus downtown, where place is, lack of the Visalli, D. ( Science Newsline Medicine. to (2015).

New Breast Cancerwork Screening Analysis Confirms termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

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Available at: http://www. sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where shesciencenewsline.com/articles/2015042104350012.html made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Wainer, H. ( services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for doi: 10.1 Seligman, M. E. P. (1975).

Helplessness: On Depression, Development, andetc.

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Epidemic Stewart, R. (2007). Occupational Hazards: My Time Governing in Iraq. London: WSJ Blog.

252147 11 Picador. calculatin Stewart, R. (2009). The irresistible illusion. Lond. Rev. Books 31, 3–6.

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Welch, H. G., Schwartz, L., Sommer, J. (2015). How Many Mutual Funds Routinely Rout the Market? Zero: Epidemic of Diagnoses. N New York Times.

Stewart, R. (2007). Occupational Hazards: My Time Governing in Iraq. London: WSJ Blog. (2009). Availab Picador. calculating-a-start-upsStewart, R. (2009). The irresistible illusion. Lond. Rev. Books 31, 3–6.

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Taylor, K. M., and Shepperd, J. A. (1998). Bracing for the worst: severity, Conflict of Interest Stat Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, testing, and feedback timing as moderators of the optimistic bias. conducted in the absence o

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64, 873–898. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996. under the terms of the Cre 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept tb00947.x distribution or reproductio 1. Introductory approach: the concept Positive illusions: costs/benefits ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), Taylor, S. E., and Brown, J. D. (1988).

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Ross, R. phenomenon J., Soulos, P. R., Yu, J. B., Makarov, D. V., et al. of (2014). being A description of this is included in the work Sociologist Ruth The cost implications of prostate cancer screening in the Medicare population.

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Welch, H. G., Schwartz, L., and Woloshin, (2007). What’s Making us Sick is an cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied otherS.Researchers.

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New York: The New York Times.

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In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving The the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Conflict of Interest Statement: authors declare that the research was and time to travel fromofthe to or downtown, where work conducted in the absence any purlieus commercial financial relationships thatplace could is, lack of the 1.of The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, be construed as a at potential conflict of interest.

Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from car access to markets, etc.where Copyright © 2015 Makridakis and Moleskis.

Thisprivate is anand open-access article distributed studies and research Geneva, Prague, London Neweasier York she came back to London, in According 1943 studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

1950 she teacher in the tothe another approach, the is BY). due tobecame ause, systematic and under the she termspublished of Creative Commons Attribution LicenseIn(CC The University informal College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public and distribution or reproduction other forums isgroups, permitted, provided the original long-term effortinby organized manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. author(s) orWil. licensor are credited and that the London original 2009. publication this of journal and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially ofinpart the urban web, in 10th edit.

SONS AND Co Ltd. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.

No use, distribution or G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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