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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Μια θεσμική ανάλυση των ανισοτήτων και Types της Definition, of intervention, Concerns of ανάπτυξης Gentrification Concerns Του Δρoς Ανδρέα Ν. ΜΑΣΟΥΡΑ

Λέκτορος Επικοινωνίας, Μάρκετινγκ και ΜΜΕ Πανεπιστημίου ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ, Πάφος

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS

Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,

By Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Η ανισότητα δεν είναι φαινόμενο πλέον μιαςC.μακρινής μαςArchitect χώρας, Student of the School of Architecture δεν είναι φαινόμενο πλέον μιας άλλης πραγματικότητας μακριά από University of Crete την δική μας ή μιας μακρινής – γεωγραφικά Technical - περιοχής. Είναι τόσο κοντά μας, όσο να την χωρίζει έναςthe φράκτης, 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept ένα οδόφραγμα ή ακόμα 1.φυσικό Introductory approach: Defining the concept έναANTISTHENIS, σύνορο. Η δυαδική μορφή της(444 οικονομίας βρίσκεται the ancient Greek philosopher, BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), ακριβώς δίπλα κάποιοheγειτονικό έθνος ήaακόμα και στην ίδια among other wiseσε heritage left us, heμας established great “principle”: the among wise heritage he left us,definition he established aανισότητα; greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the of the concepts. μας τηνother χώρα. Τι είναι όμως αυτό που οδηγεί σεcontent Αφού οι acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term φυσικοί παράγοντες, όπως είναι ο φυσικός πλούτος, η γεωγραφική 1 (and urban Based, therefore, this “principle” is a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification θέση ενός έθνους, ηonκουλτούρα, άραinindicated τι είναι το τόσο διαφορετικό το 1 (and urban gentrification gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various οποίο να asοδηγεί σε διαφοροποίηση και the ανισότητα; Ποιοι είναι οι Sociology well), as the “refining” of a city area, removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, παράγοντες που συντελούν σεlow-income δυαδικές μορφές οικονομίας; Ίσως η ways), of social groups, usually of and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of απάντηση ναof βρίσκεται σεrestaurants, μια ειςresults βάθος θεσμική ανάλυση. Στον τρόπο the operation art galleries, etc.also However regardless whatever other consequences has, risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof δηλαδή που διαφορετικά θεσμικά συστήματα επιδρούν πάνω στις whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). διάφορες κοινωνικές Θέτω The termοικονομικές gentrificationκαι is found at first inδιαδικασίες. the UK in early 1960sτο andζήτημα it refersσε to Theτην term gentrification found atpeople first in the UKτοin early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend wealthy to buy property in poor αυτή βάση όπωςofis άλλωστε επιβάλλει κεντρικό ερευνητικό the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof ερώτημα της έρευνας αυτής.

London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Οι Acemoglu and Robinson (2013) δίνουν ακριβώς το στίγμα της being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the workσυγκεκριμένα of Sociologist Ruth παγκόσμιας ανισότητας αλλά και ακόμα –the πιο της A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is –situations included inwere work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded in other major «γειτνιάζουσας» ανισότητας, δηλαδή της ανισότητας εκείνης που GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. χωρίζεται απλά από χρησιμοποιώντας παραδείγματα cities in Western countries, by«φράκτη», other Researchers.

Since then, the issueέναν has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more που καταδεικνύουν αυτό το φαινόμενο. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the Οι συγγραφείς ξεκινούν ofαπό την «διπλή» αμερικανική various πόλη interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: Νογκάλες, οποία χωρίζεται στα φράχτη.Γεωγραφικά, In a sense,ηthe phenomenon is due togentrification, aδύο trendμε of aέναν new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the several reasons: costs in Σάντα money Είναι το Βόρειο Νογκάλες τηςpurlieus Αριζόναforπου ανήκει στηνhigh κομητεία and timeτων to travel from downtown, της whereεπαρχίας work placeΣονόρα is, lack ofπου the Κρουζ ΗΠΑ καιtheτοpurlieus ΝότιοtoΝογκάλες 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, υπάγεται στο Το Νογκάλες των έχει μέσο κατακεφαλήν Berlin, where she Μεξικό. made her first studies. In 1932 sheΗΠΑ study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at published the heartan ofimportant the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. same year she Germany and after εισόδημα 30.000 The δολάρια, η left πλειονότητα τωνcontinuous ενηλίκων είναιfor lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, απόφοιτοι Λυκείου, οapproach, πληθυσμός έχει υψηλό ζωής,in οι in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

In 1950 sheto became teacher the to another the isπροσδόκιμο due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public action and υπηρεσίεςinformal ηλεκτροδότησης, τηλεφωνίας, αποχέτευσης, ύδρευσης, long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. συγκοινωνίας λειτουργούν ικανοποιητικά και υπάρχει αίσθημα and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Ο ALEXANDRI: πολίτης εκεί θεωρεί ότι η κυβέρνηση, παρά τις Gentrification: G. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aασφάλειας. variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

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ανεπάρκειες της και τα κρούσματα διαφθοράς, είναι ο αντιπρόσωπός του και μπορεί με την ψήφο του να αντικαταστήσει το δήμαρχο, τους βουλευτές, τους γερουσιαστές ακόμη και τον πρόεδρο της χώρας. Αντιθέτως, στην άλλη πλευρά του φράχτη, στο Μεξικάνικο Νογκάλες, το κατακεφαλήν εισόδημα μόλις υπερβαίνει τα 5.000 δολάρια και αυτό θωρείται αρκετά υψηλό για τη χώρα. Οι Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS περισσότεροι ενήλικοι δεν έχουνByαπολυτήριο Λυκείου, πολλοί έφηβοι Harvard University, Graduate School of Design,επίπεδα Student, δεν πηγαίνουν σχολείο, οι μητέρες ανησυχούν για τα υψηλά

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect βρεφικής θνησιμότητας, οι δημόσιεςStudent αρχέςof the παρέχουν ελλιπείς School of Architecture υπηρεσίες , οι δρόμοι βρίσκονται σε κακή κατάσταση. Οσο γιαof την Technical University Crete τήρηση της τάξης, ούτε λόγος. Η εγκληματικότητα είναι μεγάλη. Η δε 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept επιχειρηματικότητα βρίσκει τεράστια γραφειοκρατικά εμπόδια. Για τη 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek είναι philosopher, απόκτηση οποιασδήποτε άδειας απαραίτητο το λάδωμα των ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the ανθρώπων σε θέσεις- κλειδιά. Οι ψηφοφόροι έρχονται καθημερινά σε among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. επαφή με τη διαφθορά και την ανικανότητα των πολιτικών τους, acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term οποίους δεν τιμωρήσουν, καθώς υπάρχουν αυτόνομοι 1 μπορούν Based, therefore, on να this “principle” is inindicated a first, ifδεν notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 θεσμοί και κρατούσα αντίληψη, αφού μέχρι το 2000 η πόλη, όπως και gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various όλο το Μεξικό ,τελούσε υπό το διεφθαρμένο έλεγχο του Θεσμικού Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, Επαναστατικού Κόμματος (Acemoglu and Robinson, 2013).there the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever consequences results also rising prices (and theof Για other παράδειγμα, για ναhas, καταγράψουμε μια of πιοland ξεκάθαρη εικόνα whatever other consequences has, results rising of Νογκάλες land prices για (andνα the potential relative όσο αφορά τηνspeculation). εγκληματικότητα στο also Μεξικάνικο potential relative speculation).

The termκαι gentrification is found firstάλλες in the UK in early 1960s it refers to διαφανεί η διαφορά με atτις πολιτείες των and Η.Π.Α. είναι The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor χαρακτηριστικό τοtrend report του Bereau of Diplomatic Security (OSAC) το the then observed wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof οποίο αναφέρει: “Thestay general crimerate in there Nogalesis above the U.S. London, upgrade them, themselves sometimes and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. national average […]

The Sinaloa cartel has infiltrated many levels of being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth society cartel-related homicides and violence has A description ofperiod, thisDrug phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS atintheNogales. same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major occurred throughout thebyNogales consular district (Caborca, Altar, Agua cities in Western countries, other Researchers. cities inSonoyta) Western countries, bythe other Researchers.

Since then, the issue preoccupied several scholars Non-drug and for itscartel more Prieta, but nothas at same level as in Nogales.

Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various related street crime (armed robberies, assaults, burglaries) continue at comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, following: high rates andofshow a slight increase from 2014the (OSAC, 2016). interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: In aΈνα sense,άλλο theof phenomenon togentrification, a trend ofαποτελεί a new of social groups ενδιαφέρονis due παράδειγμα η περίπτωση της to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Κύπρου, που στην συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση δεν την χωρίζει ένας and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the φράκτης, όπως στην Νογκάλες, αλλά έναcentres, οδόφραγμα (δενin 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town search Berlin, where she made herέννοια first studies.

In 1932 she published an important study entitled: χρησιμοποιείται η του «συνόρου» λόγω της πολιτικής services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for κατάστασης) χωρίζει το νησί σεcar δύο τμήματα. north μέρος lower living costτο of,οποίο “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came Στο back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

In 1950 sheto became teacher in the όπου είναι τοtoτμήμα εκείνο που the είναι υπό τουρκοκυπριακή διοίκηση – another approach, is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying λόγω της τουρκικής εισβολής στο νησί – και το south τμήμα όπου είναι her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, διοίκηση etc., for theCo depreciation initially of part που of the urban web, in edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: η10th ελληνοκυπριακή και η London νόμιμη κυβέρνηση εκπροσωπεί Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aτο variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually νησί στο σύνολό του στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση. Είναι χαρακτηριστικό

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

το σημείο όπου περνάς, περπατώντας από τον πεζόδρομο της γνωστής – στην Κύπρο – οδού Λήδρας και πας στην τουρκοκυπριακή – κατεχόμενη από τα τουρκικά στρατεύματα – πλευρά της Λευκωσίας. Μόλις λίγα μέτρα και αμέσως γίνεται αισθητή. Όχι τόσο η πολιτισμική διαφορά , που αυτή αναπόφευκτα υπάρχει, αλλά κυρίως η διαφορά στο βιοτικό επίπεδο των ανθρώπων, στον τρόπο που πραγματεύονται οι

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS καταστηματάρχες και οι διάφοροι έμποροι, στα φθηνά προϊόντα που Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, στηρίζονται πάνω σε μια αγορά υποκατάστατων και απομιμήσεων,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect στις φτωχές αγορές που φαίνεται ξεκάθαρα ότι ο χρόνος σταμάτησε το Student of the School of Architecture 1974.

Technical University of Crete Ο Λέανδρος (2012), αναφέρεται στη παγκόσμια φτώχεια ως 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept απόρροια των θεσμών που ασκούσαν αντικοινωνικές πολιτικές και οι 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, οποίοι ουσιαστικάthe οδηγούν τις χώρες σε ύφεση με αποτέλεσμα την ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the αύξηση της ανεργίας. among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Η δυαδική προσέγγιση της the οικονομίας απασχόλησε ήδη πολλούς acquisition of knowledge starts with the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term θεωρητικούς. Μιαurban πρώιμη ανάλυση, αυτή τουifBoeke (1953), βασίστηκε 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 πάνω στην αποικιακή οικονομική ανάπτυξη και αντιπαρέβαλε gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various συγκεκριμένα τον δυϊσμό της δυτικής βιομηχανίας με τον παραδοσιακό Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, of low-income and the placement of artists, γεωργικό τομέα, αφούusually ο restaurants, πρωτογενής ήταν ένα απόthere τα βασικά the operation of art galleries, etc.τομέας However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results rising ofΟland prices (and theof χαρακτηριστικά των οικονομιών των also αποικιών.

Furnivall (1944, whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative 1948), αναφέρθηκε και στην κοινωνική οικονομική διάσταση potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found atως firstμια in the«πλουραλιστική UK in early 1960s κοινωνία» and it refers to χαρακτηρίζοντας τις αποικίες η The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor οποία επηρεάζει αναλόγως την οικονομική κατάτμηση. Η προσέγγιση the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof αυτή τουupgrade Furnivall αρκετούς ανθρωπολόγους για London, them,ενέπνευσε stay themselves sometimes there and thus oldόπως, residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. παράδειγμα, ο Smith (1965) και ο Rubin (1960)οι οποίοι επικέντρωσαν being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth το ενδιαφέρον τους πάνω στηsimilar περίπτωση των BritishWestIndies.

A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major αποικίας είναι και η Κύπρος με cities inΧαρακτηριστική Western countries,περίπτωση by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has scholars and for από its more σημαντικές διοικητικές, οικονομικές καιseveral κοινωνικές επιρροές την Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Βρετανία. Είναι χαρακτηριστική η θεσμική επιρροή του νησιού σε comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, thebelow, following: διάφορα επίπεδα. Εκτός από ofτην συνταγματική αναθεώρηση, έχει interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense,κοινωνιολογικό theof phenomenon is ενδιαφέρον dueof togentrification, a trend ofνα a new of social groups ιδιαίτερο εστιάσει κανείς στην to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money συγκεκριμένη περίοδο αλλά και στην μετέπειτα διαμόρφωση and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the διαφόρων συνηθειών. παράδειγμα, οι επιρροές στην γλώσσα είναι 1.of The term from Για Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she madeτην her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: σημαντικές. Μετά αποικιοκρατία η αγγλική γλώσσα καθιερώνεται services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ως η δεύτερη κύρια γλώσσα του νησιού. άλλο lower living cost of,(ανεπίσημη) “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came back toΈνα London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.από In 1950 she teacher the στοιχείο είναι η τουριστική κινητικότητα Βρετανία αφούin ο to another approach, the isτην due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying τουρισμός από την χώρα – αποικιοκράτη είναι ο κατεξοχήν πρώτος her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of partακόμα of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: προορισμός προέλευσης τουριστών στην Κύπρο και μέχρι Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aσήμερα. variety ofΤο ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually σύστημα επίσης οδήγησης, η δομή της δημόσιας 252171 11

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υπηρεσίας, το εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα και άλλα στοιχεία που συνθέτουν ακριβώς της επίδραση της αποιοκρατίας στην Κύπρο. Άρα, η δυαδική προσέγγιση της οικονομίας δεν έχει πάντα την ίδια ερμηνεία, ή τουλάχιστον δεν απευθύνεται πάντα στο ίδιο αντικείμενο συζήτησης. Για παράδειγμα, όπως διαφαίνεται και από τα πιο πάνω παραδείγματα, η δυαδική προσέγγιση μπορεί να ερμηνεύει Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS την συγκριτική διάσταση μεταξύ By διαφορετικών τομέων της οικονομίας, Harvard University, Graduate School of Design,σε Student, σε αγορές με διαφορετικά γνωρίσματα και χαρακτηριστικά, έθνη

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect και γεωγραφικές περιοχές που χαρακτηρίζονται από ιδιόμορφα Student of the School of Architecture θεσμικά και ρυθμιστικά πλαίσια. Οι Acemoglu Technical and Robinson (2013), University of Crete αναφέρονται εκτενώς στην έννοια της δυαδικής οικονομίας 1. Introductory approach: Defining the χρησιμοποιώντας το παράδειγμα τηςconcept Νότιας Αφρικής: «Στη Νότια 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, Αφρική η δυαδικήthe οικονομία δεν ήταν αναπόφευκτο αποτέλεσμα μιας ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage heΔημιουργήθηκε left us, he established aτο great the εξελικτικής διαδικασίας. από(444 Κράτος. Καθώς among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. αναπτυσσόταν η οικονομία, δενthe υπήρξε μια ομαλή μετακίνηση των acquisition of knowledge starts with the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term φτωχών τονurban αναχρονιστικό στο σύγχρονο. Αντίθετα, η 1 (and Based,από therefore, on this “principle”τομέα inindicated a first, if (in not final, approach, the term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 επιτυχία του σύγχρονου τομέα εξαρτιόταν από την ύπαρξη του gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various αναχρονιστικού τομέα, δεδομένου ότι επέτρεπεστους λευκούς Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of πολύ artists, εργοδότες να αποκομίζουν τεράστια αφού κατέβαλλαν the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.κέρδη, However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever consequences has, results also risingεργάτες» of land prices (and theof χαμηλούςother μισθούς στους μαύρους ανειδίκευτους (p.287).Άρα, whatever otherspeculation). consequences results also rising of land prices (andκαι the potential relative ουσιαστικά, οι δυαδικέςhas, οικονομίες δημιουργούνται potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification foundεκάστοτε at first in theοικονομική UK in early 1960s and it refers to χαρακτηρίζονται από isτην κουλτούρα που The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor υπάρχει σε ένα έθνος ή σεwealthy κάποιαpeople περιοχή και property η οποία in πηγάζειareas μέσα the then observed trend to there buy London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus oldpoor residents areof από τα θεσμικά χαρακτηριστικά πάνω στα οποία δομημένη η ίδια London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes thereείναι and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. ηbeing κοινωνία. Για παράδειγμα, στην περίπτωση της Ν. Αφρικής, οι indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ρατσιστικές προσεγγίσεις δημιουργούσαν A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the τέτοιες work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded inκοινωνικές other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major ανισότητες έτσι ώστε ηbyδημιουργία της δυαδικής οικονομίας να ήταν cities in Western countries, other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then,αυτών the issue several scholars and for its more αποτέλεσμα τωνhas θεσμικών και κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων.

Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various itsόπως more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the Αναλύοντας αυτές τις περιπτώσεις εθνών αλλά και άλλες comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of Αφρικής gentrification, following: είναι, για παράδειγμα, χώρες της π.χ. the Νιγηρία και Ζιμπάμπουε, interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of socialθεσμοί groups παρατηρείται το πόσο πολύ οι πολιτικοί και κοινωνικοί to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money επιδρούν και επηρεάζουν την οικονομία, το βιοτικό επίπεδο και κατ’ and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the επέκταση την ανθρώπων, κάτι τοfor 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruthτων GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS wasοποίο born in sense safety atcomes theκαθημερινότητα distributed residencies outside town centres, search better Berlin, whereάλλωστε she made her first studies.

In 1932 της she published an important study entitled: απασχολεί και το αντικείμενο παρούσας έρευνας. services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Ένα βασικό ζήτημα πουfrom προκύπτει μέσα από αυτή την συζήτηση lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the είναι αυτό της πολιτικής και οικονομίας. πόσον δηλαδή ο to σχέσης another approach, the isΚατά due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying πολιτικός παρεμβατισμός επηρεάζει την οικονομία μιας χώρας. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd.πάνω London παραδείγματα 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Παρατηρούμε και etc., απόfor ταtheCo πιο των διαφόρων Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aεθνών varietyότι of ways, in order Abstract. to παρεμβατισμός achieve the “assisted”, (actually ο πολιτικός παίζει“voluntary”, καταλυτικό ρόλο.

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

Παρεμβατισμός είτε υπό την μορφή ρυθμιστικού και νομικού πλαισίου (δηλαδή θεσμικά κατοχυρωμένος παρεμβατισμός), είτε υπό την μορφή μη – θεσμοθετημένου παρεμβατισμού, όπως είναι για παράδειγμα οι φυλετικές διακρίσεις ή η δημιουργία γκέτο που περιθωριοποιούνται περιοχές και ομάδες ανθρώπων. Άρα ο παρεμβατισμός – με την ευρεία πολιτικοποιημένη (και κοινωνικά απορρέουσα) έννοια του μπορεί να Mr. George-Sp.επηρεάζοντας C. ATHANASOPOULOS πάρει διάφορες μορφές άσκησηςBy και εφαρμογής έτσι τις Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, οικονομικές δομές μιας περιοχής. Η κάθε περίπτωση, βέβαια, διαφέρει.

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Ο εκάστοτε παρεμβατισμός έχει Student τα δικά του ιδιόμορφα of the School of Architecture χαρακτηριστικά. Για παράδειγμα, όσο αφορά Technical την περίπτωση Ν.

Universityτης of Crete Αφρικής ο παρεμβατισμός έχει ρατσιστικά και φυλετικά στοιχεία ενώ 1. Introductory Defining the concept ο όποιος παρεμβατισμός στην περίπτωσηapproach: της κατεχόμενης Κύπρου 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, προκύπτει ως συνέπεια της ιδιόμορφης πολιτικής κατάστασης.

ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), amongΟι other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the O’Brienand Williams (2011), αναφερόμενοι στον πολιτικό among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. παρεμβατισμό επί της οικονομίας και πιοthe συγκεκριμένα στον acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term «κυβερνητικό παρεμβατισμό», αναφέρουν «Ηof Planning) νεοκλασική 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, ifτο(in notεξής: final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is the area (or gentrification 1 οικονομική θεωρία τείνει να αντιμετωπίζει τις κυβερνήσεις και τον gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various κυβερνητικό παρεμβατισμό στην οικονομία ως ανεπαρκή. Οι Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement of artists, κυβερνήσεις αναγκαίες, προκειμένου να παράσχουν κάποια the operation of είναι art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences results also rising of land prices (andτης theof βασικά δημόσια αγαθά […],has, ώστε να διασφαλιστεί η λειτουργία whatever other consequences has, results also rising of landσχολή pricesσκέψης (and the potential relative speculation). ελεύθερης αγοράς» (p.33). Τουναντίον, η φιλελεύθερη potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is foundκαι at first the UK in early and it refers to αντιμετωπίζει την πολιτική τηνinοικονομία ως 1960s δύο διαφορετικά The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor πεδία που δεν θα πρέπει να people το έναto buy να αναμιγνύεται με τιςof the then observed trend wealthy in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes thereproperty and thus old residents are δραστηριότητες του stay άλλου. Ο Cohn (2009)there αναφέρει το residents εξής: «Οι London, upgrade them, themselves sometimes and thus old are being indirectly “squeezed”. φιλελεύθεροι τείνουν να βλέπουν την πολιτική και την οικονομία ως being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ξεχωριστά και αυτόνομα πεδία δραστηριότητας. φιλελεύθεροι A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the Πολλοί work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major πιστεύουν πως οι κυβερνήσεις δεν πρέπει να αναμιγνύονται στις cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Since then,συναλλαγές the issue has preoccupied several andπεριορίζεται for its more οικονομικές και πωςResearchers. ο ρόλος τουςscholars πρέπει να Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from στη δημιουργία ενός ανοιχτού περιβάλλοντος στο οποίο τα the άτομα και comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon gentrification, the following:ελεύθερα οι ιδιωτικές of επιχειρήσεις να of μπορούν να εκφράσουν τις interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups οικονομικές τους προτιμήσεις» (p.136). to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Οι O’Brien and Williams (2011), συγκεκριμενοποιούν ακόμα and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the περισσότερο την συζήτηση περί πολιτικού παρεμβατισμού 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasαφού born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, better Berlin, where she made her έννοια first studies.

In 1932 she published an important study entitled: χρησιμοποιούν την του «κυβερνητικού παρεμβατισμού», services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for δηλαδή του παρεμβατισμού εκείνου οand οποίος είναι νομιμοποιημένος. Η lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private car access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London Neweasier York she came back to London, in According 1943 sheφόρων, published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

In 1950 sheto became teacher in the επιβολή για approach, παράδειγμα, σε συγκεκριμένες κατηγορίες to another the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying εργαζομένων και πολιτών γενικότερα, είναι μια περίπτωση her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part και of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: κυβερνητικού παρεμβατισμού, δηλαδή νομικά ρυθμιστικά Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aθεσμοθετημένου variety of ways, in παρεμβατισμού. order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Από την άλλη, η ανυπαρξία 252173 11

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

θεσμοθετημένου πλαισίου το οποίο να προστατεύει πολίτες ή – για παράδειγμα – κατηγορίες επαγγελμάτων είναι μια μη θεσμοθετημένη πρακτική παρεμβατισμού. Ή όταν δεν υπάρχουν αυστηρές και αποτρεπτικές ποινές για συγκεκριμένα αδικήματα είναι επίσης μια μορφή μη θεσμοθετημένου παρεμβατισμού.

74

Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS Η κρίση ρευστότητας στη By Βενεζουέλα είναιC.ένα χαρακτηριστικό Harvard University, Graduate School of Student, και ενδιαφέρον πρόσφατο παράδειγμα αφού Design, ο πολιτικός

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect παρεμβατισμός είναι τόσο έντονος Student ώστε of ναtheκαταρρεύσουν οι School of Architecture δημοκρατικοί θεσμοί της χώρας και να περιπέσει σε βαθιά οικονομική Technical University of Crete και ανθρωπιστική κρίση. Χαρακτηριστική είναι η τακτική που 1. Introductory approach: Defining the Μαδούρο concept χρησιμοποίησε η κυβέρνηση του για τους πολιτικούς 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, theαποφύγει ancient Greek BC, Athens), κρατούμενος για να την philosopher, πτώση της (444 από BC την- 370 εξουσία καθώς ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the και οι πρακτικές διακοπής της διαδικασίας για δημοψήφισμα για among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. απομάκρυνση του Μαδούρο απόthe την εξουσία. the Η θεσμική acquisition of knowledge starts with content ofκατάπτωση concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term οδήγησε την Βενεζουέλα σε έλλειψη ρευστότητας και σεtheέναν 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, term urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 ανεξέλεγκτο πληθωρισμό, δημιουργούντας μεγάλες ουρές αναμονής gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various έξω από τις τράπεζες και μπροστά από τα μηχανήματα αυτόματης Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, ανάληψης. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences also rising of land prices και (andστο theof Η θεσμική ανεπάρκειαhas, τηςresults Βενεζουέλας καταγράφεται whatever other consequences results rising of landάλλες prices (and the potential relative speculation). reportτου Freedom House, has, όπως καιalso για πολλές χώρες. potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification found at firstτου in the UK inγια early 1960s and it refers to Συγκεκριμένα αναφέρειis το report 2016 την περίπτωση της The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Βενεζουέλας: “The trend December elections took place in a context ofareas deepof the then observed wealthy people to there buy property in poor London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are economic crisis. them, Shortages of basic sometimes goods, massive devaluation of the London, upgrade stay themselves there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

Venezuelan currency, and unchecked inflation were widely considered being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth to be causes social protests that in took place throughout the A the description ofperiod, this for phenomenon is situations included the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at main the same while similar were in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major year”in(Freedom House Index, Ενώ το report αναφέρεται και σε cities Western countries, by other2016).

Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue πρακτικές has scholars and for its more συγκεκριμένες βίαιες περί several πολιτικών κρατουμένων: “The Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various most prominent criminal case against an opposition figure in 2015 was comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of theLópez, phenomenon of gentrification, that of Leopoldo who had been held inthea following: military prison since interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups February 2014 for supposedly instigating violence during that year’s to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money protests” (Freedom House Index, 2016). and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Καταλήγοντας, η Sociologist συζήτηση γύρω από τον βαθμό μεin The termat comes from Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth ανάπτυξης, GLASS for wasbetter born sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, where she αλλά made her firstανθρώπινη studies. In 1932 she published an την important study entitled: έμφαση στην και ανάπτυξη και ποιότητα της services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for καθημερινότητας των πολιτών διαprivate μέσου του ρόλου καιto της lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from easier access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came back toεπίδρασης London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

In 1950 sheto became teacher in the που διαδραματίζουν οιapproach, θεσμοί, αποτελεί ζήτημα αλλά συνάμα to another the isεπίκαιρο due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying και διαχρονικό και μέσα από την εννοιολογική και θεωρητική her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCo depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: τεκμηρίωση θα μπορεί να συμβάλει τόσο σε επιστημονικό επίπεδο Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aαλλά variety of ways, in στην orderποιότητα to achieve theδημοσίου “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually ευρύτερα και του διαλόγου.

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns Πηγές:

Ξενόγλωσση:

By Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS Acemoglu, D. and C. Robinson, J.A., 2013.

Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Why nations fail: The origins of Student, power,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect prosperity, andStudent poverty.

Broadway Business. of the School of Architecture Bereau of Diplomatic Security (OSAC), Technical University of Crete Πρόσβασηστοαρχείο: 2016.

1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Boeke, J.H., 1953. Economics and 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, economic policy of dual societies as ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the exemplified by Indonesia.

AMS Press. among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts.

P., the O'Brien, J., concepts.

Junor, A., acquisition of knowledge starts withFairbrother, theindefinition content of Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term O'Donnell, M. G., 2011. Unions 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is in a and first, Williams, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) indicated area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 and globalization: governments, gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various management, and the state at work (Vol. 7).

Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, Routledge. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has,Freedom results also risingIndex. of landΠρόσβαση prices (andστο theof House whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, 2016. results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative αρχείο: potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in theJ.UK in earlyNetherlands 1960s and it refers to Furnivall, S. 1944.

India: The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor Awealthy Studypeople of Plural York:of the then observed trend to there buy Economy. property in New poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are Macmillan.sometimes there and thus old residents are London, upgrade them, stay themselves being indirectly “squeezed”.

Furnivall, J. S. Colonial PolicyRuth and being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in 1948. the work of Sociologist Practice.

London:inwere Cambridge University A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by Press. other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied otherRubin, Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars and"Social for its more Vera, ed.

1960. and Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Cultural Pluralism in the Caribbean." Annals comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, thebelow, following: of theofNew York Academy of Sciences, vol. 83. interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueSmith, togentrification, a trend of 1965. a new of social groups M. G. The Plural Society in to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money the British West Indies. Berkeley: University and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the of residencies California Press. termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies.

In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Ελληνόγλωσση: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Λέανδρος, Ν., 2012. Οικονομική Κρίση lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

In 1950 sheto became teacher in the και Σύγχρονη Ανάπτυξη. Εκδόσεις Διόνικος. to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Cohn, Theodore H., 2009. Διεθνής her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially ofΘεωρία part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Πολιτική Οικονομία. και Πράξη.

G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Εκδόσεις Gutenberg.

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