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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, DesignTypes and Construction: Definition, of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification The role of new technologies Concerns

Georgios - Spyridon C. ATHANASOPOULOS

Harvard Graduate School of Design

By Mr.University George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Master of Architecture UrbanStudent, Design Harvard University, Graduate School of in Design, Technical University of Crete

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Bachelor of Architecture Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept From Renaissance to the 21st Century 1. Introductory approach: the concept ANTISTHENIS, the characteristics ancientDefining Greek philosopher, BC - 370 Athens), One of the main of the design(444 profession is BC, the ability to ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great adapt to its synchronical changes in society. These changes take placethe in among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. various fields such as the economic realm or the social organization of a state, acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term as well as in and “principle” the sciences.

Since ages of ancient Egypt 1technology Based, therefore, on this inindicated a first,the if (in not final, approach, the and term (and urban gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification its Pyramids, the role of the architect, a term that can be translated from the 1 gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various greek language as the primary engineer, was to the try removal to invent tools, processes, Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, orways), material techniques that would serve common needs and would provide of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”,there regardless of solutions to particular problems.

In a similar way, this is also the rolethe ofof the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and technology in general, and that would be the also creation ofof knowledge, materials whatever other consequences has, results rising land prices (and the potential relative speculation). and methods that aim to facilitate life. potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to fundamental change happened atin the time Renaissance TheOne term gentrification iswealthy foundthat atpeople first in the UK early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property inofpoor was the invention of the perspective drawing.

This was seen as a cutting-edge the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof technology and“squeezed”. it altered thethemselves way in which space was perceived.

An residents equivalent London, upgrade them, stay sometimes there and thus old are being indirectly shift that takes place today would be the extensive use of digital tools in being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth design and Digitalsimilar tools offer a inwere wide range of options in GLASS at thearchitecture. same while in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major reinterpreting design and in creating particular architectural languages and cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. syntaxes.

However, theyhas also provide the opportunity the Since then, the issue preoccupied several scholars to andsimulate for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more structure of a desirable building in order to explore the performable aspects of comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various comprehensive approach are summarized below, various the design. In that way, one of thebeing main attempts of this essayfrom is to the argue that interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: the new toolsthe not only can be used vehicles thatof would In a sense, phenomenon is dueas toform-finding a trend of a new socialexplore groups new aesthetics, but at the same time, they can contribute to the development to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money of new and timetectonic to travelprinciples. from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Simulation tools Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, As the role of the designer and architect to try to adopt the newetc. tools studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Newis York she came back to London, where in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning.

In 1950 she became teacher the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and that continuously emerge, it should be noted that his role would also bein to University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying critically engage with the new techniques and being able to accept or decline her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in the outcomes of the digital world.

As the new2009. simulation tools may enable the 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm adesigner variety to ofinterpret ways, in his order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, design in terms of functionality, weather and(actually light

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns conditions, and stability, the results of that should not be accepted per se.

They should be critically filtered in order to provide feedback for the design.

The generation of statistical analysis and data should only be used as way to

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS redefine the strategies and principles that guide the design process.

Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Computation vs Computerization | TheStudent Traces of Design of Computational the School of Architecture At this point there is an important distinction that needs to be made Technical University of Crete

142

between the terms “computational” and “computerized” design. One aspect of Introductory approach: the concept the1.“computerized” design Defining method would be the exact replication of an 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept analytical set of information. addition to that,(444 andBC according Achim ANTISTHENIS, the ancient In Greek philosopher, - 370 BC,toAthens), ANTISTHENIS, thedesign ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he follows left us, he established amethods great the Menges, computerized the traditional(444 of design, just among the other wise heritage he leftthe us, he acomputational greatof“principle”: the acquisition ofinterface knowledge with definition of hand the content concepts. through of starts a computer.

On theestablished other design acquisition of knowledge starts withchallenging theindefinition the content ofmethods concepts.

Based, on “principle” a first,the if of not final, approach, the term shifts the therefore, discourse of this design, by conventional and 1 (and urban Based, of therefore, this “principle” inindicated a first, ifof(in not final, approach, the and term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification processes design on through the introduction parametric models, 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various directly through the programming language of the computer.

Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of the operation ofcomputation art galleries, restaurants, etc. However regardless of Design and the broader range ofthis all“change”, its relevant toolsartists, was the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the primarily adopted by the fields of naval and aerospace engineering. The mainof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative target was to generate models of simulation that through analysis and potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first thethe UK in early in 1960s and it refers to interpretation of their results would leadinto increase performance and The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor efficiency of structures. The outcomes of the use of applied physics and the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves thus old areof applied sciences also introduced new techniques andand methods inresidents fabrication London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. and construction.

The first attempts to follow the advancements came from being indirectly “squeezed”. description ofthey this tried phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth theAindustries, as to respond to market demands customization A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work for of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major ofGLASS products.

Atsame that period, particular point, thesituations fordist model of the assembly-line at the while similar were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. production was countries, questioned and Interventions could take place cities in Western bypreoccupied otherredefined.

Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more during the then, production process in order to broaden thescholars variety of thefor products.

Since the issue has several and its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Nevertheless, the discourse of computational design dates way back to interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups the invention of analytical geometries and third degree algebraic equations to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money formtime Leibniz.

It could that, at a certainwhere degree theplace emergence and to travel frombe theargued purlieus to downtown, work is, lack of of the the new1.tools came as outcome of applied mathematics through the extensive term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense ofThe safety atcomes thethe distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her firstIn studies.

1932 she published an important entitled: use of computer otherInwords, computers the study possibility services of health,resources. education, entertainment “at the heartoffered of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment.

The same geometries year she left Germany and after continuous movements to represent non-euclidean that would take a great amount offor lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, effort to she produce by hand.

Computer offered a wide range oftobecame potentials to map in According 1943 published studies regarding city planning.

In 1950 she teacher in the to another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public action and analytical informal and complex and this was about to bring fundamental long-term effortgeometries by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. changes inreal the estate, way space for could be perceived,initially and as of result the urban way itweb, could and selling theCo depreciation part in of the in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS etc., SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: be built.

G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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Redefining Tectonics GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, At this point, before shifting to an understanding of the new design and simulation tools in terms of their practical values, it might worth to Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification interpret their outcomes in terms of design and aesthetics. The new design Concerns techniques have offered new ways to design space and can be criticized for

form-finding obsessions. The result of that could be the fetishization of the architectural object. But the idea that architecture should demonstrate itself

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS and expose its ambitions to lead the aesthetics discourse is a perception that Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, goes back in time. It dates back to the andC.it ATHANASSOPOULOS even goes way more ByRenaissance Mr. George-Sp. Architect back to the construction of the Parthenon. From that point of view the new Student of the School of Architecture design tools are just being used as the contemporaryTechnical vehicle that enables the University of Crete architect-designer to express his aesthetic language and vocabulary. In other 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept words, a computational design language is not necessarily a premise for an 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept expressive architectural vocabulary, the computer be the ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greekand philosopher, (444just BC happens - 370 BC,to Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the latest method of designing. among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition ofisknowledge starts with the definition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” aseek first, the if of not final, term What important, however isinto way in approach, which anythe design1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification artistic obsession or performative expression is related to a crucial aspectterm of 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various architecture, and that would be the one of tectonics. Structure was always a Sociology as as the “refining” of a city from this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually low-income andthe theremoval placement there parameter inwell), architecture andofdesign thatarea, defined the final outcome.

In the ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation ofdiscourse, art galleries, etc.technologies However this can “change”, of contemporary therestaurants, use of digital greatlyregardless contribute the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the to the field of tectonics. Even if this seems to be obvious, as engineering wasof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential always a relative discipline closely related to computation and mathematics, it could potential relative speculation). term that gentrification is found at first infor thedifferent UK in early 1960s Structure and it refers to be The claimed it is actually happening reasons. and The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor tectonics are redefined, not because of the use of the new tools by the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and old residents areof engineers, but basically of the use of thesethere tools bythus the The London, upgrade them, because stay themselves sometimes and thusdesigners. old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. new tools have“squeezed”. offered the designers the possibility of an architectural being indirectly A description this phenomenon is included in thecalculate work of Sociologist Ruth vocabulary thatofofconventional tectonics cannot by simplistic A description this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar in other major simulation andsame analytic models.

As an extension to that, form-finding GLASS at the period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. techniques have definitely lead to the emergence of what could be named as cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more “tectonic-finding” techniques.

This would be an investigation offor principles Since then, the issue has several scholars and its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the various that, through the engagement of the digital tools, could lead to the realization comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: ofinterpretations any unconventional design, and at the same time would manage to the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups overcome construction issues.

It should be pointed out, however, that the to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money collaboration between the purlieus engineertoand the architect, wellplace as theis,blurring of and time to travel from the downtown, whereaswork lack of the the boundaries between disciplines a crucial factor for success.

And thisin 1.of The termat comes from the Sociologist Ruth is GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS for was born sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search better Berlin,only where she happened made her first studies.the In 1932 shea published an important study entitled: could have through use of common language between the services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth which Unemployment.

Thethe same year she left Germany and after continuous fields, would be one of mathematics.

In other words, it might be afor lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, point in she history where it’s not tectonics define In design, but actually design in According 1943 published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

1950 she teacher in the to another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public action and informs tectonics in by that way it challenges engineering brokers and science.

And long-term informaland effort organized groups, manufacturers, of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. probably this could beetc., an for irony ofdepreciation our times, the fact that a discipline cannot and selling realCOLLINS estate, theCo initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

any longer challenge itself on its own, but only through the feedback of other disciplines.

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Concludingly, it may be worth to George-Sp. recall Mies C. van der Rohe’sArchitect words

By Mr. ATHANASSOPOULOS regarding the advancements that were taking place, back in the beginning of Student of the School of Architecture the twentieth century. Even if the great architect’s words refer to Technical University of Crete

144

industrialization, his ideas might be still relevant today: 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept of our “yes” or “no.” Yet it “The new era is a fact: it exists,the irrespective 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept is neither better northe worse thanGreek any other era. [...] (444 One BC thing willBC, be decisive: ANTISTHENIS, ancient philosopher, - 370 Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370problems BC, Athens), among wise ourselves heritage he us, he a great the the wayother we assert in left the face of established circumstance.

Here the of among wise leftthe us,definition hetoestablished a greatbut the acquisition of knowledge startshe with ofnot the “what” content of“principle”: concepts. the spiritother begin.

Theheritage important question ask is “how.” What acquisition of knowledge starts with the content of concepts.

Based, onwhat this “principle” indefinition aare first, not final, approach, thevalue. term goods we therefore, produce or tools wethe use notif of questions of spiritual 1 (and urban Based, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, thenew term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification [...] Yet it istherefore, just the question of value that is decisive.

We must set up 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various values, fix our ultimate goals so that we may establish standards. For what is Sociology as well), asfor the “refining” of a city area, this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of— low-income and theremoval placement there artists, right and significant any era including thethe new era —from is this: toof give the ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of spirit the opportunity for existence.” the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor BIBLIOGRAPHY the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”.

Mario.

Alphabet and the Cambridge, ACarpo, description of thisThe phenomenon is included in theAlgorithm. work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2011.

GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major citiesCarpo, in Western countries, by other Mario.

Ten Years of Researchers.

Folding, in Greg Lynn (ed.), Folding in cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Architecture, Architectural Design. Chichester, 1993 revised edition Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from Chichester: Wiley-Academy, 2004. comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: Frampton, Kenneth.

Modern Architecture : A Critical History. Rev. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups and enl. ed.

London: Thames and Hudson, 1985. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Kara, Hanif,from et the al.purlieus Interdisciplinary New Lessons from and time to travel to downtown,Design: where work place is, lack of the 1.

The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS was born in Architecture and Engineering.

Cambridge, MA: Barcelona: Harvard sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) University Graduate Schoolentertainment of Design, Actar, 2012.

Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.

Luca Digital Fabrication inNew Architecture, and studies andCaneparo. research in Geneva, Prague, London and York she cameEngineering back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and Construction.

Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer, 2014.

University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Menges, Achim, and Design DICTIONARY. Thinking. her work are characterized by a Sean passionAhlquist. for justice. Computational See also: COLLINS ENGLISH and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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