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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, The RoleTypes of New Technologies Definition, of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification in Design and Construction Concerns

Georgios - Spyridon C. ATHANASOPOULOS

Harvard Graduate School of Design

By Mr.University George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Master of Architecture UrbanStudent, Design Harvard University, Graduate School of in Design, Technical University of Crete

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect of Architecture Student ofBachelor the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept From Renaissance to the 21st Century 1. Introductory approach: the concept ANTISTHENIS, the characteristics ancientDefining Greek philosopher, BC - 370 Athens), One of the main of the design(444 profession is BC, the ability to ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great adapt to its synchronical changes in society. These changes take placethe in among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. various fields as the starts economic or the social organization of a state, acquisition ofsuch knowledge with realm theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term as well as in and “principle” the sciences.

Since ages of ancient Egypt 1technology Based, therefore, on this inindicated a first,the if (in not final, approach, the and term (and urban gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification its Pyramids, the role of the architect, a term that can be translated from the 1 gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various greek language as the primary engineer, was to the try removal to invent tools, processes, Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, orways), material techniques that would serve common needs and would provide of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”,there regardless of solutions to particular problems.

In a similar way, this is also the rolethe ofof the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and technology in general, and that would be the also creation ofof knowledge, materials whatever other consequences has, results rising land prices (and the potential relative speculation). and methods that aim to facilitate life. potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to fundamental change happened atin the time Renaissance TheOne term gentrification iswealthy foundthat atpeople first in the UK early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property inofpoor was the invention of the perspective drawing.

This was seen as a cutting-edge the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof technology and“squeezed”. it altered thethemselves way in which space was perceived.

An residents equivalent London, upgrade them, stay sometimes there and thus old are being indirectly shift that takes place today would be the extensive use of digital tools in being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth design and Digitalsimilar tools offer a inwere wide range of options in GLASS at thearchitecture. same while in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major reinterpreting andbyinother creating particular architectural languages and cities in Westerndesign countries, Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. syntaxes.

However, theyhas also provide the opportunity the Since then, the issue preoccupied several scholars to andsimulate for its more Sinceof then, the issue has severalthe scholars andthe for its more structure a desirable building in order to explore performable aspects of comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various the design.

In that way, one of the main attempts of this essay is to argue that interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: the new toolsthe not only can be used vehicles thatof would In a sense, phenomenon is dueas toform-finding a trend of a new socialexplore groups new aesthetics, the same time, they contribute thecosts development to “return” to thebut city,atleaving the purlieus forcan several reasons:tohigh in money of new principles. and timetectonic to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Simulation tools Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living costrole of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, As the ofGeneva, the designer and architect to try to adopt the newetc. tools studies and research Prague, London and car Newis York she came back to London, where in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning.

In 1950 she became teacher the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and that continuously emerge, it should be noted that his role would also bein to University College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public action and long-term informal effort organized groups, brokersorofdecline buying critically engage with theby new techniques andmanufacturers, being able to accept her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in the outcomes of the digital world.

As the new2009. simulation tools may enable the 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm adesigner variety to ofinterpret ways, in his order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, design in terms of functionality, weather and(actually light

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns conditions, and stability, the results of that should not be accepted per se.

They should be critically filtered in order to provide feedback for the design.

The generation of statistical analysis and data should only be used as way to

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS redefine the strategies and principles that guide the design process.

Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Computation vs Computerization | TheStudent Traces of Design of Computational the School of Architecture At this point there is an important distinction that needs to be made Technical University of Crete

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between the terms “computational” and “computerized” design. One aspect of Introductory approach: the concept the1.“computerized” design Defining method would be the exact replication of an 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept analytical set of information. addition to that,(444 andBC according Achim ANTISTHENIS, the ancient In Greek philosopher, - 370 BC,toAthens), ANTISTHENIS, thedesign ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he follows left us, he established amethods great the Menges, computerized the traditional(444 of design, just among the other wise heritage he leftthe us, he acomputational greatof“principle”: the acquisition ofinterface knowledge with definition of hand the content concepts. through of starts a computer.

On theestablished other design acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term shifts the discourse of design, by challenging the conventional methods and 1 (and urban Based, of therefore, this “principle” inindicated a first, ifof(in not final, approach, the and term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification processes design on through the introduction parametric models, 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well),the as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various directly through programming language of the computer.

Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of the operation ofcomputation art galleries, restaurants, etc. However regardless of Design and the broader range ofthis all“change”, its relevant toolsartists, was the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the primarily adopted by the fields of naval and aerospace engineering. The mainof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative target was to generate models of simulation that through analysis and potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first thethe UK in early in 1960s and it refers to interpretation of their results would leadinto increase performance and The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor efficiency of structures. The outcomes of the use of applied physics and the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves thus old areof applied sciences also introduced new techniques andand methods inresidents fabrication London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. and construction.

The first attempts to follow the advancements came from being indirectly “squeezed”. descriptionasofthey this tried phenomenon is included in the work offor Sociologist Ruth theAindustries, to respond to market demands customization A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major ofGLASS products.

Atsame that period, particular point, thesituations fordist model of the assembly-line at the while similar were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. production was countries, questioned and Interventions could take place cities in Western bypreoccupied otherredefined.

Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more during the production process in order to broaden thescholars variety of thefor products.

Since then, the issue has several and its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Nevertheless, the discourse of of gentrification, computationalthe design dates way back to interpretations of the phenomenon following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups the“return” invention of city, analytical third degree to to the leavinggeometries the purlieusand for several reasons:algebraic high costsequations in money formtime Leibniz.

It could that, at a certainwhere degree theplace emergence and to travel frombe theargued purlieus to downtown, work is, lack of of the the new tools came as the outcome of applied mathematics through the extensive termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her firstIn studies.

1932 she published an important entitled: use of computer otherInwords, computers the study possibility services of health,resources. education, entertainment “at the heartoffered of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment.

The same geometries year she left Germany and after continuous movements to represent non-euclidean that would take a great amount offor lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, effort to she produce by hand.

Computer offered a wide range oftobecame potentials to map in According 1943 published studies regarding city planning.

In 1950 she teacher in the to another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public action and analytical and complex geometries and this was about to bring fundamental long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. changes inreal the estate, way space for could be perceived,initially and as of result the urban way itweb, could and selling theCo depreciation part in of the in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS etc., SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: be built.

G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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Redefining Tectonics GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, At this point, before shifting to an understanding of the new design and simulation tools in terms of their practical values, it might worth to Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification interpret their outcomes in terms of design and aesthetics. The new design Concerns techniques have offered new ways to design space and can be criticized for

form-finding obsessions. The result of that could be the fetishization of the architectural object. But the idea that architecture should demonstrate itself

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS and expose its ambitions to lead the aesthetics discourse is a perception that Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, goes back in time. It dates back to the andC.it ATHANASSOPOULOS even goes way more ByRenaissance Mr. George-Sp. Architect back to the construction of the Parthenon. From that point of view the new Student of the School of Architecture design tools are just being used as the contemporaryTechnical vehicle that enables the University of Crete architect-designer to express his aesthetic language and vocabulary. In other 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept words, a computational design language is not necessarily a premise for an 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept expressive architectural vocabulary, the computer be the ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greekand philosopher, (444just BC happens - 370 BC,to Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the latest method of designing. among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition ofisknowledge starts with the definition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” aseek first, the if of not final, term What important, however isinto way in approach, which anythe design1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the (andor urban gentrification) is indicated (in thetoarea of Planning) (or gentrification artistic obsession performative expression is related a crucial aspectterm of 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), thewould “refining” of aone city of area, the removal from this, various architecture, and as that be the tectonics.

Structure was(in always a Sociology as as the “refining” of a city from this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually low-income andthe theremoval placement there parameter inwell), architecture andofdesign thatarea, defined the final outcome.

In the ways), of social groups, usually ofoflow-income and thethis placement there of artists, the operation ofdiscourse, art galleries, etc.technologies However “change”, regardless of contemporary therestaurants, use digital can greatly contribute the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the to the field of tectonics. Even if this seems to be obvious, as engineering wasof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential always a relative discipline closely related to computation and mathematics, it could potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first infor thedifferent UK in early 1960s Structure and it refers to be claimed that it is actually happening reasons. and The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor tectonics are redefined, not because of the use of the new tools by the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and old residents areof engineers, but basically because of the use of thesethere tools bythus the designers.

The London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. new tools have offered the designers the possibility of an architectural being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description this phenomenon is included in thecalculate work of Sociologist Ruth vocabulary thatofofconventional tectonics cannot by simplistic A description this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar in other major simulation andsame analytic models.

As an extension to that, form-finding GLASS at the period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. techniques have definitely lead to the emergence of what could be named as cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more “tectonic-finding” techniques.

This would be an investigation offor principles Since then, the issue has several scholars and its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the various that, through the engagement of the digital tools, could lead to the realization comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: ofinterpretations any unconventional design, and at the same the time would manage to of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups overcome construction issues. shouldforbeseveral pointed out, high however, that the to “return” to the city, leaving the It purlieus reasons: costs in money collaboration between the purlieus engineertoand the architect, wellplace as theis,blurring of and time to travel from the downtown, whereaswork lack of the the boundaries between the disciplines is a crucial factor for success.

And this termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,only where she happened made her first studies.the In 1932 shea published an important study entitled: could have through use of common language between the services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth which Unemployment.

Thethe same year she left Germany and after continuous movements fields, would be one of mathematics.

In other words, it might be afor lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, point in she history where it’s not tectonics define In design, but actually design in According 1943 published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

1950 she teacher in the to another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public action and informs tectonics and in that way it challenges engineering and science.

And long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. probably this could beetc., an for irony ofdepreciation our times, the fact that a discipline cannot and selling realCOLLINS estate, theCo initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification any longer challenge itself on its own, but only through the feedback of other Concerns disciplines.

Concludingly, it may be worth to recall Mies van der Rohe’s words

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS regarding the advancements that were taking place, back in the beginning of Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, the twentieth century. Even if By the architect’s words refer to Mr.great George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect industrialization, his ideas might be still relevant today: Student of the School of Architecture “The new era is a fact: it exists, irrespective of our “yes” or “no.”ofYet it Technical University Crete is neither better nor worse than any other era. [...] One thing will be decisive: Introductory the1.way we assert approach: ourselves Defining in the facethe ofconcept circumstance. Here the problems of 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the theANTISTHENIS, spirit begin. Thethe important question toconcept ask is not “what” but BC, “how.”

What ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BCof-“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,use he established a great the goods we produce orthe what tools we are not questions spiritual value. among wise us,definition he established aWe great the acquisition knowledge startshe with the of the content of“principle”: concepts. [...]

Yet itother isofjust theheritage question ofleft value that is decisive. must set up new acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term values, fix our ultimate goals so that we may establish standards. For what is 1 (and urban therefore, on any this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notera final, approach, the term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification rightBased, and significant for era — including the new — is this: to give the 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various spirit the opportunity for existence.”

Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative BIBLIOGRAPHY potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas Carpo, Mario.

The Alphabet and the Algorithm.

Cambridge, London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2011. being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”.

ACarpo, description of this is included the Lynn work of(ed.), Sociologist Ruth Mario.

Tenphenomenon Years of Folding, in in Greg Folding in A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major Architecture, Architectural Design. Chichester, 1993 revised edition GLASS at the same period, similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile other Researchers.

Chichester: Wiley-Academy, 2004. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Frampton, Kenneth.

Modern Architecture A Criticaland History.

Since then, the issue has several: below, scholars for various its Rev. more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from the and enl. ed.

London: Thames and Hudson, 1985. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: etphenomenon al. Interdisciplinary New of Lessons from interpretations the thecategory following: InKara, a sense,Hanif, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend ofDesign: a new social groups Architecture and Engineering.

Cambridge, MA: Barcelona: Harvard to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money University Graduate of Design, Actar, where 2012. work place is, lack of the and time to travel from School the purlieus to downtown, term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born sense1. ofThe safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Luca Caneparo.

Digital Fabrication in Architecture, Engineering andin Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Construction.

Dordrecht, Heidelberg, York, Springer, 2014.for Youth Unemployment.

The same year she left New Germany andLondon: after continuous movements lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private car access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and Neweasier York she cameDesign back to London, Menges, Achim, and Sean Ahlquist.

Computational Thinking. in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic Chichester, UK: ofJohn Wiley & she Sons, 2011. her social research. Her public actionand University College London, where continued and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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