Cartagena 2040

CARTAGENA, COLOMBIA

2

01

02

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EXISTING CONDITIONS

03

04

05

THE PLAN

IMPLEMENTATION

CONCLUSION

CARTAGENA 2040 Rethinking the Role of Tourism in a Dynamic and Growing City

3

5

CHAPTER ONE

6

7

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Integrated Planning + Design Studio The 21st Century Waterfront

8

CHAPTER TWO

14

15

Conclusion The City’s strengths stem from its rich colonial history as a vital port and the architectural legacy this has left behind, as well as its diverse population and booming economy

Cartagena is a culturally, aesthetically, and economically vibrant Colombian city sitting on the edge of the Caribbean Sea. The city’s strengths stem from its rich colonial history as a vital port and the architectural legacy this has left behind, as well as its diverse population and booming economy. Though the city is a stronghold of Colombia and the Caribbean region, it faces serious challenges and risks to its population, infrastructure, and economy in the form of intense poverty, informal settlements,

a

growing

population,

environmental degradation and, perhaps most importantly, climate change and its associated risks.

In

1984

Cartagena’s

historical

core,

developed by the Spanish settlers, was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city holds significant cultural and architectural value with its preserved colonial

architecture

and

the

most

extensive and well-designed system of fortifications in all of South America.

Cartagena also served as one of the major ports in the slave trade and contributes an important piece to the history of AfroCaribbean culture in the region.

In addition to its architectural and cultural significance, Cartagena has an abundance of beaches and a warm climate. These features attract a significant amount of tourism to the area, providing the majority of

50

employment

opportunities

within

http://www.colombia.travel/en/where-to-go/caribbean/cartagena-de-indias

the city. Though tourism has the largest

matters are further complicated by the

and tourism development play a large role

impact on the individual level, the city’s

impending threats of environmental and

in the damage to these mangrove forests.

large ports and industrial facilities provide

climate change risks, most prominently

While some threats from climate change,

the majority of the region’s GDP, making

the destruction of mangroves, erosion,

like increasing temperatures, will affect

Cartagena a very significant economic

heat waves, and sea level rise.

the whole city, others are concentrated

force in Colombia.

As a very flat coastal city, Cartagena sits at

along the coastline and its nearby

Cartagena’s success thus far relies on a

the forefront of these issues. The coastline

neighborhoods. The coastline of Cartagena

delicate balance between its booming

and beaches are eroding up to ten feet

is the economic engine of the city, and

economy and the impending threats and

per year while the sea is also rising. Rising

Cartagena is one of the main generators

pressures on the city’s infrastructure and

seas not only put vital infrastructure and

of Colombia’s GDP. Sea level rise and

resources. The rural to urban migration in

homes at risk of flooding and permanent

erosion threaten every aspect of the

Colombia has seen a booming population

salt-water intrusion, but may harm

booming tourism industry, from beaches,

in

residents

the fresh drinking water supply. Rising

to hotels, to the historic core. Currently,

require jobs, housing, and services, many

temperatures will see a rising demand

this industry supports the majority of

of which the City is unable to provide

and need for clean, fresh drinking

Cartagena’s residents. A collapse in this

or the population is unable to afford.

water. Mangroves are a vital ecosystem

area would be devastating to all sectors

This results in ever expanding informal

in Cartagena. Not only do they provide

and strata of the population, as well as

settlements, increasing poverty, low levels

ecosystem services like absorbing carbon,

Colombia at large. Looking forward into

of education, stress on infrastructure

filtering air pollutants, and creating

the 21st Century, Cartagena must become a

and public transit, environmental and

habitat but they help to reduce the risk of

model for climate change adaptation and

waste management issues, and growing

erosion, protect from flooding, and filter

proactively plan for the impending risks to

competition

and clean water. Informal settlements

the city and its residents.

Cartagena.

These

for

new

employment.

These

51

CHAPTER THREE

52

53

55

SPACE HERE FOR OTHER DETAILS

El Centro is the cultural, historical, and

existing assets to ensure El Centro remains

administrative heart of Cartagena. The

a major economic generator for the city.

city earned the UNESCO World Heritage

Additionally, it is important the area be

Site designation in 1984 due to the

protected from the imminent risk of sea

extraordinary walkable historic wall and

level rise, both to continue bolstering

notable architecture located within El

the economy and to fulfill its obligations

Centro. There are both formalized and

as a UNESCO World Heritage Site which

informal parks, pedestrian pathways,

requires preservation. In response to the

and open spaces lining the edges of

area’s climate risks and historical and

the waterfront around El Centro. While

economic significance, the plan for El

these amenities exist, the historic core

Centro is comprised of a set of strategies

is separated from the waterfront by a

to protect existing infrastructure, connect

four-lane arterial that acts as the main

the historic core to all areas of the city,

travel route along the western coast

and enhance the economic health of the

of Cartagena. The high travel speeds,

area.

traffic congestion, and lack of pedestrian facilities do not provide a desirable public realm connecting the historic core to the waterfront. El Centro, like much of the city’s waterfront, is vulnerable to sea level rise. Data shows that the historic core will be underwater by 2040.

Despite its separation from the waterfront, many tourists are drawn to the city due to El Centro’s rich history, making it a vital asset to Cartagena’s economic health. It

“Among cities with no particular recreational appeal, those that have preserved their past continue to enjoy tourism. Those that haven’t receive almost no tourism at all. Tourism simply won’t go to a city or town that has lost its soul.” - ARTHUR FROMMER

is important to leverage and enhance the

83

CHAPTER FOUR

106

107

IMPLEMENTATION The proposed plans need the support of policies to implement the developments, and large amount of investments. Therefore, it is essential to identify the

108

policies and stakeholders for each specific development within each framework, as well as the funding sources that support each development.

Goal Evaluation Diversified Tourism Economy Create a resilient, sustainable tourism economy by adding 20% value and 70,000 jobs through ecotourism.

The United Nations estimates that the ecotourism sector will contribute 25% of the world’s tourism revenues in 2012,87 therefore we estimate ecotourism in Cartagena will add 20% value to the tourism economy by 2040. The total employment of tourism in Cartagena was 130,000 in 2014, so it is estimated that with a constant growth rate, the

the top source of traffic accidents. By

units for low-income residents.

regulating motor taxis, expanding the

According to the historic data of the

BRT system, and formalizing the water

housing deficit and population projections

taxi systems, it is estimated that public

in Cartagena, it is estimated that the City

transit ridership will increase to 60% by

will have a shortage of approximately

2040. Additionally, efforts by the City have

68,595 housing units in 2040, excluding

aimed to decrease road accident rates by

the housing increase in the free market.

2% by 2015. Therefore, it is presumed that

To provide land for the relocation of the

with the implementation of the various

residents living in informal settlement at

transit projects, road accident rates will

risk of flooding, two sites were selected

continue to decrease in the coming years

for future development with a total area

concurrently with the increase in public

of up to 1,900 acres. Assuming a density

transit ridership.

of 25 units per acre, the land is capable of holding 47,550 housing units with

implementation of ecotourism activities

Sustainable Ecology

will add approximately 70,000 jobs by

Protect 70% of mangroves at risk of 2040

2040.

projected sea level rise, creating 12 miles of mangrove-lined canals.

By 2040, 70% of mangroves will be at

Resilient Infrastructure Ensure resiliency by 2040 by protecting 80% of coastal areas and adapting 20% of the coastline areas to sea level rise.

Based on the sea level rise estimate of almost 8 inches by 2040, nearly all of Cartagena’s coastline is at risk.

Bocagrande and Tierra Bomba, making up 20% of Cartagena’s coastline, will employ adaptive measures. The remaining 80% of the coastal areas will be protected by sea walls, locks, elevated land, and other approaches.

risk from sea level rise. Among these mangroves at risk, the Plan seeks to protect 60% of them through defensive measures such as the lock system and the sea walls, while restoring 10% of those in a degraded condition. The other 30% of protected mangroves are located in Tierra Bomba where the Plan has utilized the adaptive “retreat” approach, allowing the water to rise. Furthermore, the Plan creates 12 miles of mangrove-lined canal networks connecting Cienaga de la Virgen with the coastal area, while 10 miles

Multi-modal Transportation Increase public transportation ridership

of eco-buffers are established through beach restoration and oyster reefs along the coastline.

to 60% of all commutes.

Currently

the

bus

ridership

covers

less than 3% among all types of transit, while

motorcycles

cover

around

Affordable, Accessible Housing

convenient connections to public transit and

other

important

infrastructure.

Future development on current sites, specifically the airport and Navy base, will accommodate approximately 10,000 housing units with a density of 40 units per acre. In addition, development in Serena Del Mar is intended to supply 12,700 housing units. Total dwellings in Cartagena in 2014 were 196,915 and it is predicted that the housing supply will increase by 35% by 2040. Currently more than 30% of the population are living in poor conditions and 27% are in poverty.

The Plan aims to address equity through incentivizing the formal housing market to include 30% affordable units for lowincome residents in Cartagena.88 For new developments along the BRT line, affordable rental units are proposed in addition to market rate units. To avoid and discourage displacement of the informal settlement populations from at risk areas, the Plan instead allocates land for the relocation and development of

60%. Based on the survey by DATT

Increase housing choice by 35% and

essential housing infrastructure for such

(Administrative Department of Transit

address equity by incentivizing the formal

populations to be completed at their own

and Transportation), motorcycles are

housing market to include 30% affordable

discretion.

120

CHAPTER FIVE

122

123

CONCLUSION

124

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