Focus Revision Science Mathayom 1-3 samplebook

FSPScience 2019_4c_Prelim SE-ED_2.indd 1

19/2/2564 BE 16:45

Pelangi Publishing (Thailand) Co., Ltd ISBN 978-616-541-337-4 ขอมูลทางบรรณานุกรมของหอสมุดแหงชาติ Focus revision science Mathayom 1-3.-- Bangkok : Pelangi Publishing (Thailand), 2020.

284 p.-- (Focus).

1. Science -- Study and teaching (Secondary). I. Title.

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FSPScience 2019_4c_Prelim SE-ED_2.indd 2

19/2/2564 BE 16:45

Contents Mathayom 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Science Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

1 9 11 18 19 37 38 41

Chapter 5 Atoms, Elements and

Assessment Paper 1

71

80 95 96 106 107 114 115 132 133 137

Chapter 6 Work and Energy

138 147 148 158 159 168 169 174

Mastery Practice Cells as the Unit of Life Mastery Practice Plants Mastery Practice States of Matter Mastery Practice

Chapter 6 Chapter 7

Compounds Mastery Practice Heat Mastery Practice Atmosphere and Weather Mastery Practice

42 49 50 62 63 70

Mathayom 2 Chapter 1 Human Body Systems Mastery Practice

Chapter 2 Human Reproduction Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5

Mastery Practice Mixtures Mastery Practice Forces Mastery Practice Motion Mastery Practice

Mastery Practice

Chapter 7 Earth Chapter 8 Chapter 9

Mastery Practice Soil Mastery Practice Water Mastery Practice

Assessment Paper 2

175

Chapter 6 Waves

238 247 249 262

Mathayom 3 Chapter 1 Interdependence among Living Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5

Things and the Environment 184 Mastery Practice 189 Heredity 190 Mastery Practice 201 Materials 202 Mastery Practice 206 Chemical Reactions 207 Mastery Practice 215 Electricity 216 Mastery Practice 236

Chapter 7 Chapter 8

Mastery Practice Light Mastery Practice Sun-Earth-Moon System and Space Technology Mastery Practice

Assessment Paper 3

264 274 275

Special Features in This Book

Glossary

Concept Map Summarizes and links the key concepts in a chapter.

Lists important words related to concepts in a chapter together with the glossary in Thai.

Tips

Learn Online Extends students‛ learning experiences through the internet.

Provides short notes that highlight important information for students.

Common Mistakes

Checklist

Points out conceptual misunderstandings of students and explains the correct principles to help students to grasp the underlying scientific concepts.

Enables students to revise the key learning outcomes of a chapter.

Example

QR Codes for Answers

Enables students to learn to reason, solve problems and present well-explained solutions.

Provides direct access to the answers of the practices by scanning the QR codes given.

Assessment Paper

Mastery Practice Provides questions that facilitate the development of concepts and practice for mastery at the end of the chapter.

2019 test

Contains exam-oriented questions including some from O-NET Paper (2019) to challenge students and help them develop higher-order thinking skills.

Chapter 1

Introduction to Science Concept Map

Importance of science

Natural phenomena

Weight

Uses and benefits

Mass

Length

Physical quantities and units

Measuring tools

Careers in science

Time

Concept of mass and weight

Electric current

Temperature

Area

Science laboratory

Scientific investigations

Rules and safety precautions

Making an observation

Hazard warning symbols

Mathayom 1

Introduction to Science

Conducting the experiment

Analyzing and interpreting data

Volume

Glossary Constant variable - A variable that is kept constant

Meniscus - The curved upper surface of a liquid in a tube

ตัวแปรคาคงที่ – ตัวแปรที่ถูกควบคุมใหคาคงที่

สวนโคงเวาต่ําสุดของของเหลว – ผิวสวนบนของของเหลวที่ มีความโคงในหลอดทดลอง

Hazard - A danger or risk

อันตราย – อันตรายหรือความเสี่ยง Hypothesis - An educated prediction for an observation that can be tested

สมมติฐาน – ขอสมมุติบนพื้นฐานความรูและการสังเกต ซึ่งสามารถพิสูจนได Inference - A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

การอนุมาน – ขอสรุปที่ไดจากหลักฐานและการใชเหตุผล Manipulated variable - A variable that is changed to see its effect on the experiment

ตัวแปรอิสระ – ตัวแปรที่ถูกทําใหเปลี่ยนแปลงเพื่อดูผลที่มี ตอการทดลอง

Phenomenon - A fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen

ปรากฏการณ – ขอเท็จจริงหรือสถานการณที่คาดวาจะเกิด ขึ้น Responding variable - A variable that changes as a result or effect of changing the manipulated variable

ตัวแปรตาม – ตัวแปรที่เปลี่ยนไปอันเปนผลมาจากการ เปลี่ยนแปลงของตัวแปรอิสระ Variable - A condition that influences the results of an experiment

ตัวแปร – เงื่อนไขที่สงผลตอผลลัพธของการทดลอง

Chapter 1

1

1

1.1 What is Science?

Mathayom 1

Science is the systematic study of nature and how it affects us and our environment.

Natural phenomena are things that happen in nature. These phenomena can be explained through science. Examples: (a) Formation of rainbows (b) Melting of ice (c) Eruption of valcanos (d) Objects falling to the ground Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for the use of mankind.

Allows us to understand ourselves and the environment.

Solves problems and provides answers.

Improves our standard of living and makes our life more comfortable.

Invention of various machines and tools makes work faster and efficient.

Benefits of science

Communication becomes easier and faster.

Transportation is easier, faster and more comfortable.

Technology increases the quantity and quality of agricultural products.

Progress in the medical field allows early detection and treatment of diseases.

Engineer Doctor

Veterinarian

Architect Examples of careers in science

Pharmacist Nurse

2

1

Chapter 1

Chemist

Computer programmer

1.2 Science Laboratory The place where a scientist works is called a laboratory.

Apparatus are used to carry out experiments.

Uses

Test tube, boiling tube, beaker, conical flask, roundbottomed flask, flat-bottomed flask, glass jar, bell jar

Used for containing, collecting and transferring chemicals

Measuring cylinder, burette, pipette

Used for measuring the volume of liquids

Filter funnel, evaporating dish

Used for filtering and evaporating

Retort stand and clamp, test tube rack

Used for holding and supporting apparatus

Bunsen burner, crucible, test tube holder, wire gauze, tripod stand

Used for heating

There are rules and precautions to follow when we are in a laboratory to prevent accidents and injuries.

Mathayom 1

Apparatus

Learn Online Learn more about laboratory apparatus and their uses.

ml 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

0

Learn Online Always follow laboratory safety rules.

Bunsen burner Use: To heat substances Lighted match Barrel Collar Air-hole

Gas inlet Base

When the air-hole is open Gives a blue flame Hot flame The gas is burned completely.

The correct way to light up a Bunsen burner Close the air-hole by turning the collar.

Hold a lighted match or a lighter at the top of the barrel.

Turn on the gas slowly. A yellow or luminous flame will be obtained.

Open the air-hole to obtain a blue or nonluminous flame.

When the air-hole is closed Gives a yellow flame Less hot flame Produces a lot of black soot The gas is not burned completely.

Chapter 1

1

3

Hazard warning symbols

Mathayom 1

Hazard warning symbols are labeled on the containers of hazardous substances to show their danger so that users can handle the substances properly to prevent accidents.

Explosive

Easily explodes when mixed with other substances.

Flammable

Easily catches fire and burns.

Toxic

Causes death or harm if absorbed through the skin, swallowed or inhaled.

Corrosive

Causes damage to the skin or eyes upon contact.

Irritant

Irritates (causes itchiness and rashes) skin, eyes and respiratory system.

Radioactive

Gives out radiation that can cause cancer or destroy body tissues.

1.3 Steps in Scientific Investigations A scientific investigation is a series of steps done systematically to study a problem or an event.

Each step involves the use of one or more science process skills.

Science process skill

4

Explanation

Observing

Using the five senses to gather information on things or phenomena.

Classifying

Grouping things or phenomena based on their similar characteristics.

Measuring and using numbers

Making quantitative observations using numbers or tools with standard units.

Making inference

Making initial conclusions that are reasonable which may be true or false to explain an observation.

Predicting

Forecasting events based on observations, previous experience or from existing data.

Communicating

Presenting information or ideas verbally or in the forms of writing, tables, graphs or models.

Interpreting data

Giving rational explanation based on collected data.

Defining operationally

Defining concepts by describing what is observed.

Controlling variables

Identifying manipulated variables, responding variables and constant variables.

Making hypothesis

Making a general statement about the relationship between the manipulated variables and the responding variable to explain an event or observation.

1

Chapter 1

Steps in a scientific investigation The longer the length of the pendulum, the longer the period of oscillation.

A pendulum swings back and forth at different rates with different lengths of the pendulum.

How does the length of the pendulum affect the period of oscillation?

Making an observation

Forming a hypothesis

Mathayom 1

Identifying a problem

Planning an experiment Prepare materials and apparatus needed Determine procedure

Carrying out the experiment Control variables Collect data

Retort stand

String

Length of pendulum = 20 cm

P

Q

Learn Online Know more about the scientific investigation.

Time taken to complete one oscillation (s)

Wooden block

Identifying the variables Manipulated variable Responding variable Constant variable

Analyzing and interpreting data Analyze data Present data in the form of graphs, tables or others Explain the relationship based on the data collected

Length of the pendulum Period of oscillation Mass of the pendulum

The longer the length of the pendulum, the longer the period of oscillation. The hypothesis is accepted.

Making a conclusion

Writing a report Length of pendulum (cm)

Chapter 1

1

5

1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units A physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured.

Physical quantities are measured in SI units.

SI unit (symbol)

Prefix

Symbol

Numerical value

Giga

G

1,000,000,000

Length (l)

meter (m)

Mega

M

1,000,000

Mass (m)

kilogram (kg)

Kilo

k

1,000

Deci

d

0.1

Time (t)

second (s)

Centi

c

0.01

Temperature (T)

Kelvin (K)

Milli

m

0.001

Electric current (l)

Ampere (A)

Micro

µ

0.000 001

Nano

n

0.000 000 001

Physical quantity (symbol)

Mathayom 1

The SI units for some physical quantities

Symbols and values of prefixes

A prefix is added to a unit to change the value of the unit. Prefixes are used in the SI unit to state a very small or a very big value.

We can write a quantity in standard form which is written as a x 10n where 1 a 10 and n is an integer. For example, 3.5 × 106 g (standard form) = 3.5 Mg (with prefix)

1.5 The Concept of Mass Weight

Mass

Definition

The pull of the Earth‛s gravitational The amount of matter contained in force on an object an object

Effect of gravity

Changes according to places

Remains the same at all places

Dependence upon gravity

Changes with gravity

Does not depend on gravity

SI unit

Newton (N)

Kilogram (kg) J

S BA PR LA IN N G C 0 E 1

Scale

Measuring instruments

10

9

8

7

2 0 3 10 20 0 30 0 40 0 50 0 60 0 70 0 80 0 90 0 10 0 00 6

5

Scale

4

Scale Scale

Hook Spring balance

6

Disc

1

Chapter 1

Compression balance

Indicator Beam balance

Lever balance

1.6 Measuring Tools Measuring length Length is the distance between two points.

1 cm = 10 mm

Units for length: meters (m) (SI unit), centimeters (cm), millimeters (mm) and kilometers (km).

1 km = 1,000 m

1 m = 100 cm

Mathayom 1

Measuring the length of straight lines or objects Measuring tools: A ruler such as the meter rule or a measuring tape 8.3 cm

8.4 cm

✓

Parallax error occurs if the position of the eye is wrong when taking the reading.

8.2 cm

✗

✗ 8

10

9

The correct eye position when taking a reading

Measuring the length of curved lines Measuring tools: A piece of thread and a ruler or an opisometer

A piece of thread

Indicator

The thread is measured.

Curved Line

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

cm

Wheel

Ruler Measuring the length of a curved line

An opisometer

Measuring the diameter of objects Measuring tools: A pair of calipers (external and internal calipers) and a ruler External calipers Beaker

External diameter of beaker = 4.0 cm

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 cm

Measuring the external diameter of a beaker

Beaker

Internal diameter of beaker = 3.9 cm

Internal calipers

0 1 cm

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Measuring the internal diameter of a beaker

Chapter 1

1

7

Measuring area An area is the extent of a surface or a plane figure.

1 cm2 = 100 mm2

Units for area: square meter (m2) (SI unit), square kilometer (km2), square centimeter (cm2) and square millimeter (mm2).

1 km2 = 1,000,000 m2

1 m2 = 10,000 cm2

Measuring the estimated area of an irregular shape

Mathayom 1

1. Trace the outline of the leaf on the graph paper.

2. Mark ‘✓‛ on each square that is fully covered, half-covered or more than half covered.

3. Number of ‘✓‛ marks = 23 4. Area of each square = 1 cm2 5. Thus, the estimated area of the leaf = 23 × 1 cm2 = 23 cm2

✓ ✓ ✓

✓ ✓ ✓

✓ ✓

✓ ✓ ✓

✓ ✓

✓ ✓ ✓

✓ ✓

✓ ✓

✓ ✓

✓

11 cm cm 11 cm cm

Measuring volume A volume is the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object.

1 cm3 = 1 ml

Units for volume: cubic meter (m3) (SI unit), cubic centimeter (cm3), cubic millimeter (mm3), milliliter (ml) and liter (l).

1 l

= 1,000 ml

1 m3

= 1,000,000 ml = 1,000,000 cm3

= 1,000 cm3

Measuring the volumes of liquids Measuring tools: A measuring cylinder, a pipette or a burette Filter funnel Pipette pump 30

✗ Graduated mark

20

✓

Burette

Retort stand

25 ml

Pipette

10

Beaker

Beaker

✗ The correct eye position when taking a reading

Measuring the volume of a liquid using a pipette

Clip

Measuring the volume of a liquid using a burette

Measuring the volumes of solids Measuring tools: A measuring cylinder or a Eureka can Method: Water displacement method is used to measure the volume of irregular objects by immersing them in water.

Initial volume (50 cm3)

Water

Thread Volume of stone = (57 – 50) cm3 = 7 cm3 Final volume (57 cm3) Stone

Measuring the volume of a stone

8

1

Chapter 1

Thread

Initial volume (20 cm3)

Cork

Volume of cork = (22 – 20) cm3 = 2 cm3

Final volume (22 cm3)

Stone Measuring the volume of a solid less dense than water

Measuring skill

Mathayom 1

Measuring skills encompass all the skills required to measure something effectively, including how to use measuring tools and proper techniques correctly.

All measurements cannot be 100% accurate. To increase the Tips accuracy of measurements: (a) Use suitable measuring tools - Use a burette instead of a Accuracy represents measuring cylinder to measure 1 ml of water how close a (b) Use the right techniques - Employ the correct eye position measurement comes to (c) Take several readings - Find the average of readings the actual value.

1.7 The Importance of Standard Units The ancient systems of measurement were based on our body parts such as the breadth of our hand or the length of our foot.

In the past, length was measured in units like yard, foot and mile. Units such as pound and ounce were used in measuring mass.

It is important to use the standard units of measurements (SI units). (a) Makes it easier for people from different countries to communicate with each other. (b) Makes international trading and traveling easier and smoother. (c) Aids scientists in data analysis when using the same units.

Checklist

Tips

Understand what science is.

State the common laboratory apparatus and their uses.

Explain the hazard warning symbols.

Observe the steps in a scientific investigation.

Understand the physical quantities and their units.

Understand the concept of mass.

Know how to use measuring tools.

State the importance of standard units.

Different units of length and mass: 1 pound = 16 ounces 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds 1 meter = 3.28 feet 1 mile = 1.6 kilometers 1 yard = 0.91 meters

Mastery Practice 1.1 What is Science?

1.2 Science Laboratory

1. Give three examples of natural phenomena.

4. Name the apparatus suitable for the following. (a) For measuring a specific volume of liquid very accurately (b) For collecting gas (c) For holding substances when heated to high temperatures

2. Give one benefit of science in communication and agriculture respectively.

3. State the field of science related to the following. (a) Discovering new moons orbiting Saturn (b) Discovering a new gaseous metal (c) Discovering a new animal species

Chapter 1

1

9

Mathayom 1

5. Determine if these are the correct actions that should be taken in a science laboratory. (a) Read the label on a reagent bottle before using its content. (b) Light a Bunsen burner by using a piece of paper. (c) When heating a liquid in a test tube, point the mouth of the test tube towards your classmate to observe the changes inside. (d) Touch the chemicals with a spatula. (e) Pour back any unused chemical into its bottle.

1.5 The Concept of Mass

6. State the steps to light up a Bunsen burner correctly.

18. Estimate the respective areas of regions X and Y in the diagram below. Find the difference in area between them.

7. State the meaning of the hazard warning symbols below and give one example of chemical related to each of the symbols. (a)

(b)

15. State the measuring tools and SI units used in measuring (a) mass (b) weight 16. The mass of a basket of apples is 10 kg at the North Pole. Does its mass change at the equator? Why? 17. Does the weight of a space shuttle remain the same as it flies into space away from the Earth? Explain your answer.

1.6 Measuring Tools

(c) X

Y

8. Somsak has accidentally come into contact with an acid. What action should he take immediately?

1 cm 1 cm

1.3 Steps in Scientific Investigations 9. What is an inference? What is the difference between an inference and a hypothesis?

10. The following shows a problem statement.

Do the shoots of all seedlings grow towards light?

Can you identify the manipulated variable and responding variable from the problem statement above?

11. What should be done when an experiment (a) suports the hypothesis? (b) does not support the hypothesis?

1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units 12. Give the values of the following prefixes. (a) Milli (b) Deci (c) Giga (d) Micro 13. Rewrite each quantity in the stated unit. cm3 (a) 5,000 ml = 2 (b) 2 cm = mm2 (c) 8 l = ml (d) 2.4 × 102 A = mA (e) 0.9 m = dm

19. The diagram below shows the arrangement of apparatus in an activity.

Thread Cork Stone X

(a) Name the method used in the activity. (b) What is the function of instrument X? (c) In this activity, you can determine the volume of the stone the volume of the cork the mass of the stone the mass of the cork (d) Is it necessary to consider the volume of the thread in this activity? Explain your answer.

1.7 The Importance of Standard Units 20. State one importance of standard units.

14. State the following in the standard form. (a) 735,000,000 cm (b) 0.000 001 4 kg Answers 10

1

Chapter 1