LOGBOOK W03

WEEK 3 LOGBOOK

W03

01_STUDIO REPORT Lot 6 Cafe

Figure 3: The evidence why the concrete was pouring on site.

Figure 1: Lot 6 Cafe This building is a frame structure, which is built by concrete and steels. The exterior has lots of big windows (Figure 1), therefore, the indoor area could receive amount of natural lights that could reduce the energy consumption during the day time and achieve sustainability.

An issue about this building is that due to the limited area, a basement is designed for more space. As a result, special consideration about underpinning or reinforcement need to be made. This architecture is also feature by beams and columns, and the load path is shown in Figure 2.

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Figure 4: The boundary between the ground under the column and road.

Figure 2: Load path diagram of the cafe, loads are transferred by all beam, column and the window glazing.

Underground Car park The underground car parking area is a shell structure or a mass structure and concrete is the major material. Through the joint it can be found that concrete used here is mostly pour on site (Figure 3). The reinforce concrete carries a lot of load, both the dead and live load. Inside the big concrete column, there are plants roots and drainage system (Figure 5). In this case, the material could only be concrete that is impervious, while other materials will rust. For those columns, they are all independent as if

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South Lawn

Car Park Figure 5: Situation inside the column and the independency of each column.

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one of them collapses, others will not be affected. The footing for the shallow foundation is pad footing. There is also a boundary between the ground directly under the column and the floor where automobiles passing through, and this is designed to make sure the moving of cars will not influence the footing (Figure 4).

Art West Student Center

This student center is made by bricks and steels. The beam at the outside of the building is constructed in to a truss, however, it is not supported by the timber beams, which do not have any structural functions, and the load is transferred to the wall of the main building (Figure 6 & 7). A special rainwater collection device is designed utilizing the slope.

Stairs on west end of Union House

The most important structural element in this site is the tie, which is made by cables to carry tension. For the stairs part, it is constructed by steels. The handrails use stainless steels while the footsteps did not use that material because although it is durable and has good qualities, the price is very high. The joints used for connection are fixed joints and pin joints. Fixed joints are used to link two pieces of steel (Figure 8), while the pin joints are use to connect steel and cables (Figure 9). The reason to choose pin joints in this case is that the load generated by movement of the cables could only be accommodated by pin joints, other joints will be broken (Figure 10).

North Court Union House This is made by self curved membranes (Figure 11) and steels that hold these Figure 6: The big beam outside the student center

Figure 7: Load path diagram on the truss in site.

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Figure 8: Fixed joint on site

Figure 9: Pin joint on site

Figure 10: Diagram of the force acting on the pin joint, the cable could move along the blue track

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Figure 11: The membrane in North Court

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Beaurepaire Centre Pool

Figure 12: The force acting on the membrane curves. The big hole on that membrane is used for drainage. The steel cables under that hole is designed loosely and at different angles in order to resist wind coming from different directions, and the cables are carrying tension load and pull the membrane downwards at that hole (Figure 12). Joints here are also pin joints. The thick columns experiencing compression at the edges of the membranes are not straight, that is used to prevent from breaking down, and these columns have pad footings (Figure 13).

Figure 13: Pin Joints

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The retaining wall in this site is designed for the swimming pool to use concrete as the major material due to the good permeability and the the moisture caused by the pool (Figure 14). Besides this, both the self load of the windows and a little amount of wind load go to the glazing part. Because the site is big and is a clear open space,the structure is a steel portal frame (Figure 15), which has large spans and giant concrete column to accommodate the load. This structure costs a lot. For the part constructed by bricks, moisture goes out from the poles in the brick.

Figure 15: Brief shape of a steel frame structure and the load path of it.

Oval Pavilion The existing region is a timber frame structure, while the new part is a steel frame structure (Figure 16). The cantilever above the new building area is a steel truss, and this part is very difficult to be maintained and as a result, the overhead part is connected to the main building with some design to conceal the connoting point. The Heritage part

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Figure 14: The outside looking of Beaurepaire Centre Pool, constructed by glasses, steels and concrete.

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Figure 16: Oval Pavilion

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basement of this building was excavating next to an existing building, therefore, special foundation system need to be provided to ensure the stability, such as to add pins or piles.

Some interesting brick structure is designed with some spacing between two blocks, but there is no structural functions.

glazing that stop the north light from coming in (P. Ashford, personal communication, August 20 , 2014).

materials are used in this site, the concrete, timber and steel. Pad footing is used here. For the load in this structure, the up lifting load is compete with the big self loads. Besides these, the middle part of this structure is designed as a transition from indoor area to out door area (Figure 18). 

New Melbourne School of Design This building combine the old heritage building and the new parts together with a large basement that need to consider the underpinning and reinforcement. It is introduced in lecture that a series of pad footings and 4 big rafting footings were used in the foundation (P. Ashford, personal communication, August 20 , 2014). Due to the large amount of precast structure walls, columns and facades (Figure 17), the constructing process had been speeded up a lot; however, this choice also requires a lot of transportation (P. Ashford, personal communication, August 20 , 2014). For major materials here, they are mainly reinforced concrete, timbers, steels and glasses. The in-door structure of the New Building is very complicated, and some interesting features include the suspended studio rooms, stairways utilizing 3 dimensional truss and the library roof constructed by laminated veneer lumbers and 2 layers of window

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Figure 17: South aspect of the NEW BUILDING.

Old Geology South Lecture Theatre This building is a steel and frame structure, the brick wall is the enclosure system which links it with the old building in the back. The steel column carrying the load. The mortar joints here are flush joints.

Figure 19: The load path diagram expressing on the view watching from the north.

Frank Tate Pavilion This area is a steel farm structure, and the steels are manufactured offsite to control the quality. Many

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Figure 18: The middle part of the Frank Tate Pavilion

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02_LEARNING LOOP Pre-Learning & Studio • Structural Elements: - Strut; Tie; Beam; Slab/plate; Panels (envs10003, 2014, W03 s1).

Footing & Foundations: • - Foundation should be designed to let the load be distributed evenly to the underground surface, otherwise, the differential settlement could lead to crack in buildings or even more serious outcomes.

- Classification of foundation: - Shallow foundation: while the self load is not big and the near ground soil is stable; lowest part of the shallow foundation is footing, and there are usually pad footings, strip footings and raft footing, etc; - Deep Foundation: while the self load is very big and there is no stable nearground-soil; usually has 2 kinds, pile foundation and caisson foundation (envs10003, 2014, W03 c1).

- Foundation wall: - will be used while create basement or crawl space, to support the load from the superstructure and soil load (the deeper the larger)(Ching, 2014).

- Concrete foundation walls and Concrete masonry foundation walls.

Introduction to Mass Construction: • - Material: Stones, earth, clay, concrete;

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- Properties: can bear lots of compression

load but little tension load, durable, hard and good thermal mass; - Both modular and non-modular (envs10003, 2014, W03 m1).

• Masonry: - Materials: stone, earth, clay and concrete; - Always used with mortar, and all units act as a whole part; - Vertical (e.g. wall, column, pier), Horizontal & curved spanning (e.g. beam, arch), and spanning/enclosing elements (e.g. dome) (envs10003, 2014, W03 m2).

• Structural Concepts: Geometry & Equilibrium: - Center of mass (gravity) - Equilibrium: Active Force=Reaction Force, Active+Reaction=0 - Free body diagram: Applied(A), Reaction(R)(STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS geometry & equilibrium, 2014).

• Bricks: - Standard Size: 230mm*110mm*76mm - Use: walls, arches,paving; - Arrangement: stretcher, header, brick-onedge, soldier course; - Mortar Joints: horizontal—bed joint, vertical—perpend(Figure 20); raked, ironed, weather struck, flush (Figure 21); - Properties: Medium hardness, fragility, permeability and density, low ductility, flexibility and conductivity, cost effective, can be reused (envs10003, 2014, W03 m3).

• Concrete Block: - Measurement: 390mm*90mm*190mm, 11kg; - made by cement, sand, gravel and water; - Use: constructed walls, reinforcing wall;

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- Properties: Medium hardness, fragility,

permeability and density; low ductility, flexibility, conductivity, very durable, sustainable; - Clay VS Concrete: - Clay: Expand—absorb moisture - Concrete: cement reduces in volume after hydrating and drying (envs10003, 2014, W03 m5).

• Stone: -Types: - Igneous: formed by lava, it is dense, hard, dark in color, e,g, basalt; - Sedimentary: formed by sediments, it is soft, less dense and easily damaged by wind and water, and easily curved and shaped, e.g. limestone; - Metamorphic: cost a lot, e.g. marble; - Use: walls, paving, cladding, aggregates, featured designing elements; - Elements: - Monolithic: one whole piece - Ashlar: smaller module - Rubble: not smooth, just for design; - properties: wide range of hardness, geometry, permeability and density; low ductility, flexibility and conductivity; and it could be reused (envs10003, 2014, W03 m4).

Figure 20: Elements on a brick wall.

Figure 21: Joints

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Figure 23

03_GLOSSARY APPENDIX

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• Beam: a horizontal element used to transfer vertical compression and tension load prevent from bending, Figure 22 (envs10003, 2014, W03 s1).

Figure 22 • Bond: the arrange pattern of Masonry units (envs10003, 2014, W03 m2).

• Brick-on-edge Course: An arrangement of the bricks, Figure 23 (envs10003, 2014, W03 m3).

Figure 24 • Caissons: a deep foundation system to transfer the load to the earth (envs10003, 2014, W03 c1).

• Course: a horizontal row of Masonry units (envs10003, 2014, W03 m2).

• Crawl Space: surrounded by continuous foundation wall or piers as a space to put machine and cables (Ching, 2014).

• Foundation: the substructure of the building underneath the ground in other to support the superstructure and transport the dead and live loads (Ching, 2014).

• Header Course: An arrangement of the bricks, Figure 24 (envs10003, 2014, W03 m3).

• Joint: the way to link Masonry units together (envs10003, 2014, W03 m2).

• Mortar: bond/glue for the Masonry units, usually made by cement or lime, sand and water (envs10003, 2014, W03 m2).

• Pad Footing: independent footing supporting detached columns or piers (Ching, 2014).

• Panels: a vertical element with some depths to carry both horizontal (preventing overturning) and vertical load (transferring), Figure 25 (envs10003, 2014, W03 s1).

• Pile Foundation: a deep foundation system to deliver the load of the building downwards to the underground rocks (Ching, 2014).

• Raft Footing: is a heavy and sturdy concrete slab to support a numbers of columns or the whole building (Ching, 2014).

• Retaining Wall: A wall to support load from the surrounding soil (Ching, 2014).

• Slab/Plate: a wide horizontal element that is used to transfer vertical load, Figure 26 (envs10003, 2014, W03 s1).

• Settlement: the slow subsiding process of the structure under its foundation due to the loading (Ching, 2014).

• Strip Footing: the continuous extend footing under the foundation walls (Ching, 2014).

• Slab on grade: built directed above the earth and is supported by it and is thick to transfer the load from column and wall (Ching, 2014).

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Figure 25

Figure 26 !7

• Substructure: the structure that is at the bottom part and constitutes the foundation (Ching, 2014).

• Stretcher Course: An arrangement of the bricks, Figure 27 (envs10003, 2014, W03 m3).

• Soldier Course: An arrangement of the bricks, Figure 28 (envs10003, 2014, W03 m3).

• Strut: a thin and long element used to carry compression load parallel to its long axis, Figure 29 (envs10003, 2014, W03 s1).

• Tie: a thin and long element used to carry tension load parallel to its long axis, Figure 30 (envs10003, 2014, W03 s1).

• Underpinning: the procedure of reconstructing or reinforcing an existing building’s foundation (Ching, 2014).

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Figure 27

Figure 28

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Figure 29

Figure 30

Figure 31: The names of different parts on a brick

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04_REFERENCE LIST

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Ching, F. (2014). Building Construction Illustrated (5th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley&Sons.

Envs10003. (2014, March 17). W03 c1 FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be Envs10003. (2014, March 16). W03 m1 INTRODUCTION TO MASS CONSTRUCTION [Video file]. Retrieved from https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be Envs10003. (2014, March 16). W03_m2 INTRODUCTION TO MASONRY [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be Envs10003. (2014, March 16). W03 m3 BRICKS [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be Envs10003. (2014, March 16). W03 m4 STONE [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be Envs10003. (2014, March 16). W03 m5 CONCRETE BLOCKS [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be Envs10003. (2014, March 17). W03 s1 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS geometry & equilibrium (2014). ENVS10003Â [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from University of Melbourne, LMS web site: https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM2/WEEK%2003/ GEOMETRY%20AND%20EQUILIBRIUM.pdf Peiyi Wang 668731

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