High Line: the New Deal with Ecstasy

HIGH LINE the New Deal with Ecstasy

Royo Zabala, Peio AR1AP040 Seminars Architectural Reflection Delirious New York // prof. Alper Alkan


 

Fig. 0: proposal for a skyscraper in the entrance of the High Line (Jeanne Gang, Solar Carve Tower, completed by 2017)

ALTERNATIVE There is no place like it, no place with an atom of its glory, pride, and exultancy.

It lays its hand upon a man’s bowels; he grows drunk with ecstasy; he grows young and full of glory, he feels that he can never die.

Walt Whitman A hundred times have I thought New York is a catastrophe, and fifty times: it is a beautiful catastrophe.

Le Corbusier

Throughout its complex history, New York has found itself as a ideological project. Sublimate the reality of the facts in order to create a collective truth, in its widest meaning. Its original creation and sin; its eternal renaissance, reborn from the most burnt ashes into an astonishing renewal; its natural 24/7 rhythm, boosted by not so natural substances…

New York has been the reference of how the American city had to be, even if Henry Ford once said that “New York is a different country (…) Everybody thinks differently, they just don't know what the hell the rest of the United States is”. The light of American capitalism, personified in the battle of the skyscrapers, where each businessman had to fight the biggest and most beautiful needle in Manhattan’s playground, and the image for American downtowns, where the congestion was the engine: streets become into crowded highways of cars and masses…

Congestion and ecstasy. Essential characteristics of the project of Manhattanism, according to what Rem Koolhaas stated first in 1978. In order to maintain them, citizens relied on the drugs as both a boost for congestion and a catalyst for ecstasy. Speed for business, relax for reflection; alcohol and cocaine for economy, cannabis and LSD for society.

In this revision of Delirious New York I will try to agree with the first sentence of Henry Ford’s quote: the difference. How such a giant as New York has developed an alternative to itself through the social processes rooted in the city, so that the project of Manhattanism achieves a greater dimension, the human one, by an ingredient that has explained the history of the nation: the drugs.

Fig. 1: “Sea Captains Carousing in Surinam”, John Greenwood, 1758

Fig. 2: “America swallowing the bitter draught”, 1774

VIRGINIA COMPANY Since first colonies in 17th century were settled in the East coast, drugs have cohabited with the British Columbia. Alcoholic beverages imported from ancient Europe, such as beer and wine, were common drinks in social life. Because of the high expenses of importing an almost everyday-used product as beer, first ale fields and beer breweries were constructed, and incomes were invested on importing new Caribbean beverages as rum.1 Alcohol was a catalyser for society. Hard-working journeys led the colones to find an escape. Men used to meet together in taverns, encouraging their social life, while women were enclosed in their homes, under ignorance. Men experienced the euphoria, chanting and cheating their wives, unconscious about their behaviour. Hangover was a consequence for the following day, so a binge-hangover cycle was established in their everyday life.

But not only alcohol came to the Colonies. While creating the Virginia company of London to administrate Plymouth and London colonies, King James I of England and Scotland decreed in 1613 that at each colonist had to plant 100 hemp plants, in order to produce fiber for both growing home demand of the textile industry and exporting, while Virginia was the only colony enabled to plant cannabis. Its medical use, though, wasn’t developed much further until 19th century.

MEDICAL AND PROHIBITION While cocaine’s medical use increased, its popularity in society grew exponentially in the beginning of 20th century.2 Workers were more productive under the effects of cocaine, the youth seemed to like it and the minorities became a central point on its social view: coke was then related to prostitution and rappers, and white puritan majority warned that “cocaine is the direct incentive to the crime of rape by Negroes of the South and other 1

For further information on the alcohol situation in Colonial America, see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks#Colonial_America 2

For further information on the divulgation of cocaine’s medical use, see: http://www.heretical.com/freudian/coca1884.html

 

Fig. 3: legally sold cocaine pots.

Fig. 4: 1935 produced The Cocaine Fiends film

sections of the country”, as Dr. Hamilton Wright stated to the Congress in 1910.3 Suddenly cocaine became a synonym of ecstasy. Hyper-activity, boost of energy and sexual enhancer. Short-lasting but with strong effects. Ideal for drug dealers, searching for consumers that became addict easily.

Local and federal prohibitions were imposed throughout the whole country, while New York City decided to regulate the coke, limiting the tenure to 5 oz, in 1913. A year after Harrison Narcotics Tax Act was passed and cocaine became illegal, so its supplies went into gangsters’ hands. The names of Charles Luciano and Meyer Lansky became popular in Manhattan’s common knowledge.4 But society had to deal with some other major public health issues, not just the Negroes coke. The socially recognised habit of alcohol (and its widespread abuse by a large majority of colonists, which led to family violence and saloon corruption) found its first opponents with the American Revolution, formed by workers of major distillers and breweries of New York and Connecticut. American Temperance Society, formed in 1826, became an influent lobby that in its first 10 years of existence was able to gain the support of over 1 million people.5 Pressure was put on the government, and although the Act was vetoed by 28th President Woodrow Wilson, National Prohibition Act or widely known Volstead Act was introduced in 1919, and was enforced by the 18th Amendment, so that alcoholic beverage production, trade and distribution was banned, but without specific penalties.

3For

further information on the criminalisation of Afroamerican community, see: http://www.hellonegro.com/2007/07/27/cocaine-crazed-negros-aka-itdidnt-start-with-crack-in-the-hood/ 4

For further information on the activities of Meyer Lansky and Charles Luciano, see: Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia: Third Edition. Facts on File, 2005; p. 250-253 and 278-281 5

For further information on temperance movements in the United States, see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States

 

Fig. 5: Woman’s Christian Temperance Union meeting

Fig. 6: New York Deputy Police Commissioner John A. Leach supervising the pouring of the alcohol into the sewers.

Liquors were banned. Gangsters as Luciano took the control of illegal alcohol. Though the consumption of these beverages diminished, locals called “speakeasy” became the new distributing points for banned drinks, with a far higher price than before the Act. The popularity of those speakeasies, though, grew so fast that the city of New York, with a population of over 6 millions inhabitants, around 100.000 speakeasies were in business.6 The Volstead Act was seen as a failure and in 1933, 32nd President Franklin D. Roosevelt passed the 21st amendment, where temperance laws were abolished, so gangsters had to spread in other businesses, such as other well-known drugs with former medical use as marijuana and cocaine.

34TH STREET New York Central Railroad was the major train-service company in the state of New York, with railroads connecting to Michigan Lake’s industrial belt states (from Pennsylvania to Michigan and Canadian Québec) and Northeast Atlantic coast (Boston mainly).

It opened in 1831, and throughout the years expanded its services.

One of the main railroads in New York City was the West Side Line. Originally built in 1849 as the Hudson River railroad became the only railroad spine in West Manhattan. It delivered supplies to warehouses and factories in Hudson Docks by 10th avenue. But it had a major problem. Trains had to share traffic with cars, so it became hotspot of accidents. Situation became so delicate that Manhattanites knew of that street as the “Death Avenue”.

Public debate on infrastructures was created by Robert Moses, Long Island Park Commissioner, in late 20’s. He proposed an elevated railroad that would allow cars commute as easily as possible. The construction was promoted by the city and the state of New York and the New York Central Railroad on the West Side Improvement Project, which also included an annex elevated highway among the same site. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 6

For further information on the effects of the Volstead Act, see: https:// www.archives.gov/education/lessons/volstead-act

 

Fig. 7: West Side Line constructed of 34th Street.

Fig. 8: commissioner Robert Moses (left) dining with Governor of New York Franklin D. Roosevelt.

former governor of the state of New York, in order to solve the financial crisis generated by 1929’s crack decided to invest on infrastructures, which would end up with the economic stagnation and improve the existing transportation services.

It was an opportunity for Moses to promote himself as great dealer with the 32nd President and become the new governor of the state, so 34th Street railroad was opened in 1934, before the elections. The line remained an important supply-provider to the West Docks, but Moses lost the elections. His efforts to improve the commutation and green areas in the city of New York had no relevance. He was running for the Republicans in a Democratic bastion.

ALTERNATIVE AMERICA After the Secession War in middle 19th century, the United States of America managed, despite its own contradictions, to become the main geopolitical power in the continent and even in the world. Some of those contradictions meant that part of American society couldn’t achieve all the gains brought by the American dream: liberty and prosperity.

Afro-American communities suffered the slavery until the abolition after the Secession War, but this fact didn’t mean that their social situation had much improved; women, pushed by the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, had to fight over 60 year since first proposals for women suffrage to be granted were made, approved by the 19th amendment in 1920 nationwide, although this achievement didn’t swift women’s role in society.

The ending of Second World War promised a greater future for democracy and civil rights. Reality, though, turned to be as harsh to social and political minorities as when Fascism threatened Western democratic regimes. Riots in marches for Civil Rights of Afro-Americans, LGBT collectives, feminist, anti-war-platforms… and even their murder by far-right organisations existing in the USA, such as Ku Klux Klan.

50’s and 60’s were called to be the great years of social progress, but progress didn’t arrive indeed. In fact, the wars of Korea and Vietnam, in the context of the Cold War, showed how

 

Fig. 9: segregationist fountain in Montgomery, Alabama.

Fig. 10: Civil Rights Movement parade.

the United States were a conservative force in geopolitical vision, to ensure its own prosperity.7 The decade of the decades became the boom of this new social hope. Ethnic and sexual rights converged with the opposition of cosmopolitan society to the terror of the war. A new slogan brought from the United Kingdom began to be repeated in the voices the youth: PEACE AND LOVE. Hippie movement arrive to the USA by its coasts, San Francisco (leading the LGBT movement) and New York (with high strength in ethnic minority issues). Greenwich Village became a hotspot for this counterculture. Exactly, an area of bohemians that used to listen Negroes jazz.

Hippie communities (because they became to settle little nomad families that used to travel throughout the whole country with their Volkswagen Beetle vans) challenged social conventions: sexual liberation, vegetarianism, opposition to nuclear destruction and Vietnam War, embracing aspects of Zoroastrism or Buddhism to their lives… and the use of psychedelic drugs, marihuana and LSD mainly.

“Lyserg Säure Diäthylamid” (LSD), first synthesized by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann, was first imported to the USA by the CIA, as a chemical product that could be useful for mind control.

Ironically, it became the symbol of countercultural “sensorial trips”.

This acid, considered as non-addictive, was able to produce of the mind of its consumers psychedelic and irrational images, often associated to moving traces. It suddenly became a symbol of alternative culture, sometimes linked to the images generated by pop-up artists, some others to spiritual beliefs of hippie movement.

By the end of the decade, this countercultural movement had a great impact in American politics. After the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, 1968, were grassroots were brutally attacked by the police, the Democrats experienced a huge turmoil. 1968 nomination was really complicated because of the 7

For further information on the social situation of the United States in the Postwar, see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_in_the_1950s

 

Fig. 11: hippie encounter in Woodstock Festival.

Fig. 12: American youth under the effects of LSD.

assassination of candidate Bob Kennedy, but the path to 1972 became even harder.

Democrats lost the election and the party was fractured. George McGovern, a Liberal-progressive, was chosen to redesign the primary system, to link it to the masses. He became a major figure for Democrat voters, who saw the party as an almost corrupt organisation. So he made a deal to change the party’s image.Nixon administration was blowing up all the achievements of 8-year Democrats in Washington. Civil rights, Vietnam…

McGovern made a step forward and, against the structures of his party, he won the ticket of Democrats and Liberals.

AMNESTY (Vietnam) ABORTION (Civil rights) ACID (Drugs) First his party, then Republicans attacked him. He had to resign his vice-president Thomas Eagleton due to hidden medical issues, then was attacked by McGovern’s daughter’s problems with alcohol and then, after being abandoned by major figures as Kennedy or Humphrey, he was attacked for his position on legalising marihuana.

Nixon won the biggest landslide in American history until that election. He was the only candidate to pass the 500 electoral votes and took an advantage of over 23 points. McGovern campaign was lost from the first day, but he enlightened a part of society which, formerly identified to civil rights movements, were now involved in a Democratic party that began to listen to its grassroots.

In fact, McGovern’s only victories were moral. Massachusetts (Kennedy bastion), DC (federal district, and as federal, Democratic) and New York City (he understood the protests and demands of a free, democratic society). New York became an avant-garde (over 10 points distance for McGovern in Bronx and Brooklyn, while 30 points difference in Manhattan in his favour), while inner America was as red as president Nixon before resigning for having spied McGovern during its campaign.

 

Fig. 13: police pressure in Democratic National Convention in Chicago.

Fig. 14: George McGovern marching with the Civil Rights Movement.

WAR ON DRUGS The United States of America had a long prohibitionist tradition, probably due to the social conservatism and religious puritanism that arrived with the first colonials, although some drugs came with them too.8 Marihuana became the first demon for Republicans, comparable to communists. An strong-smell plant who's “flowers”, rolled in papers and smoked as cigars, were able to give a totally different perspective of the facts to the smokers. Motor incoordination and industrial unproductive, it became widely popular for the youth, who became able to “abstract” from reality and become physically and psychologically hyper-sensitive, so they could reflect on issues that politicians didn’t want to speak about in a relaxed position: escalating violence, civil right restrictions…

After-war period followed the same logic of “fight against drugs” that the Federal government led years before. 1951 Boggs Act, 1956 Daniel Act… legislation became harder with hallucinogen drugs as heroine and cannabis, while the increasing use of cocaine by the highest classes of society was hidden.

As the consume of psychedelic drugs grew because of the popularity of countercultural movements, the United States made a step forward in drug policies. In 1961 the Single Convention on Narcotic Drug was proposed to level the fight and efforts against drugs throughout different countries, and became decisive in the 1970 Controlled Substances Act, which ruled the country’s whole drug policy.

“THE HENRY FORD OF COCAINE” America was Republican. Just 7 presidents out of 20th centuries 18 have been Democrats, and from World War II capitalist and neoliberal policies have been approved. After 70’s energy crisis the had been an increasing influence of brokers’ interests in federal government issues, in a process of bancarization of the economy, where those brokers dealt with financial products 24 hours a day, 366 days a year. They needed supplies to survive in 8

For further information on the prohibitionism in the United States, see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_drug_prohibition

Fig. 15: marihuana criminalising advert, 60’s

Fig. 16: representation of Wall Street brokers’ lifestyle.

a crazy jungle of greedy companies that had to kill each other to reach a greater fortune.

But the War on Drugs of the Republican administration brought the drug dealers to a harsh situation. Marihuana consumers were put in jail, so the business had to expand limits, as what happened during the Volstead Act era. New products for a new society. Colombian drug bosses as Pablo Escobar were already sending “female packages”, women who has ingested little coke capsules to defecate them in the US. Airplane package deliveries seemed a greater deal for one of the most rich people in the world.

And that’s where Carlos Enrique Lehder, a Colombian car and marijuana smuggler, neo-nazi, a Machiavelli admirer with an airplane pilot license, emerged as the hidden Savior of Neo-Con dominance.9 It became a hit. Colombian cocaine became the greatest boost for Wall Street brokers. A substance for rich people that, for its price, seemed the coffee of the middle class. The business was running so well that Lehder was awarded with Norman Cay, a island in the Bahamas where he established his own 1,1 km airstrip, a mansion and even a yacht club. He was able to transport 3000kg of cocaine a day. He proposed himself to pay the national debt of Colombia. A patriotic act financed by the doses of New York’s new junkies.

But a new actor appeared. Ronald Reagan. An actor of Hollywood that had become the 40th President of the United States. Strong moralist, he couldn’t accept that New York was becoming a Sodom of drugs. Carlos Lehder was captured and sent to jail, where he still remains.

Reagan is known to be one of the most popular presidents in the USA. His administration managed to spread his economic policies to Europe and to end the communism in the USSR. But he wasn’t able to win in New York City. Nor in 1980 against incumbent 39th President Jimmy Carter, neither in 1984 against former vice-president Walter Mondale. New York had become

9

For further information on Carlos Lehder’s early life, see: https:// es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Lehder

 

Fig. 17: ruins of the airplane of Carlos Lehder, sank in the water.

Fig. 18: Peter Obletz showing the price of the High Line, when he purchased it.

the exception in Reaganomics era.10 In hyper-dense Manhattan there was enough space for an opportunity that could change itself, a renewal, a chance for reinventing.

FRIENDS OF HIGH LINE Peter Obletz was an enthusiast on trains. Manhattanite, studied Drama in Yale. He became specialized in arts administrating, and even worked for UNESCO in the 70’s. In the 80’s, he got involved in the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), a dream for his train-mania.

In fact, his love for trains was widely known in Manhattan. Since middle 70’s he used to live in a railroad dining car parked under the West Side Railroad in the 30th Street with 11th Avenue. He was passionate about this infrastructure, and its cease of activity opened his mind to creativity. He considered the High Line “a terra incognita up there, unrestricted space, unimaginable tranquillity” in an interview to the New York Times.

The railroad was closed and abandoned in 1980. Obletz had the opportunity to climb to the obsolete megastructure by 1982, when he almost got obsessed by the line. He used his position as a consultant of the MTA to contact the owners of the railroad, Conrail. They wanted to leave it abandoned, waiting the city administration to demolish it. But Obletz made a proposal. As the company had no interest on an obsolete infrastructure, a symbolic pay was made. 10 dollars. For Peter is was worth. In a city of “demolishing renewal” tradition, he could dream with a “transformating renewal”. Manhattanisms’ principles were, for first time since its exposure to the city, threatened.

And so happened to the City Council, a mistrust institution that suffered the crisis with major Abraham Beame (1974-77) and corruption with major Ed Koch (1978-1989).

But mayor Ed Koch’s power didn’t fall.11 He became an independent Democrat. And started supporting Rudy Giuliani. A 10

For further information on the financial crisis of the 70’s: https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis 11

For further information on the mayoralty of Ed Koch: https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Koch and documentary “Koch”, 2013.

 

Fig. 19: aerial view of the High Line abandoned before renewal.

Fig. 20: Fields Operation’s first proposal for the High Line.

Republican reformer, that followed to the bills Koch passed. He took control of the City Council in 1993, by a short margin. He became popular with the “broken window theory”, punishing minor faults. Civil rights were in risk, and minorities became worried. The financial bulldozer was hungry and it was fed up by the administration, showing opportunities in ruined lots.

Then, “Friends of High Line” association was formed. Giuliani wanted to throw down the 34th Street railway, but due to the 9/11 attack he couldn’t manage to achieve his purpose. But not all the Republicans backed his idea.

Millionaire Michael Bloomberg was a Massachusetts-grown Manhattanite. A snob. He supported tax lease and law and order policies, but was also along social banners and minorities.

Including the High Line. He ran into office in 2002. He accelerated the process of renewal of the High Line.

First a City Council resolution for the reuse of the infrastructure, months later a tax revenue. Citizen got concerned about the heritage that had to be preserved. Society was called to an open idea competition, where over 700 proposals were made.

Then, architects were asked to draw their ideas. Internationals studios participated: Zaha Hadid, Steven Holl, Natalie Rinne… but the prize went to Field Operations. James Corner, landscape architect of the studio, designed a mixed landscape where all kind of activities could be displayed: jogging, sunbathing, watching a theatre play, or even having a bath in an open pool.

Once the prize was given, a new reality was created. All the ambitions of the project weren’t fulfilled, but from 2006 to 2009 Peter Obletz’s dream was becoming true. He died in 1996, but some of his closest friends managed to carry on with his idea; in fact, an alternative to Manhattanist program was developed. Civil society pays its efforts to the City Council, main investor in the renewal, by volunteering activities, such as horticulture or fundraising, so that the Parks & Recreation Department is responsible for the maintenance of the infrastructure.

Peter Obletz won.

But the most important.

Manhattan did, too.

Fig. 21: executed project of the High Line.

Bibliography - text ALTERNATIVE • http://thoughtcatalog.com/charlie-morrigan/2013/05/50-greatest-quotes-about-new-york-city/ • http://thoughtcatalog.com/steve-harris/2015/03/30-quotes-quips-and-song-lyrics-to-remind-youwhy-you-moved-to-new-york-city/

COLONIAL DRUGS • Cherrington, Ernest H. “Chapter I” and “Chapter II” in The evolution of prohibition in the United States of America. American Issue Press, Ohio, 1920: p. 9-38 and p. 39-63 • Craven, Wesley Frank. The Virginia Company of London, 1606-1624. Corporation, Williamsburg, 1957; p. 2-27 • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/dope/etc/cron.html • http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/va01.asp • http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/alcohol.asp • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks#Pre-Columbian_America • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks#Colonial_America

MEDICAL AND PROHIBITION • Das, Gopal. “Cocaine Abuse in North America: A Milestone in History”. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb04661.x? r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelib rary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_EXPIRED • Spillane, Joseph F. “The transformation of cocaine use: The Popular era: 1895-1920” in Cocaine: from Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States: 1884-1920. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2000; p. 90-104 • http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/cocaine.asp#Terminology • http://www.heretical.com/freudian/coca1884.html • Sifakis, Carl. “Five Points Gang”, “LANSKY, Meyer”, “LUCIANO, Charles <<Lucky>>”, “ROTHSTEIN, Arnold” and “Time line” in The Mafia Encyclopedia: Third Edition. Facts on File, New York, 2005; p. 168, 250-253, 278-281, 393-395 and 490-492 https:// militero.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/the-mafia-encyclopedia.pdf • http://www.hellonegro.com/2007/07/27/cocaine-crazed-negros-aka-it-didnt-start-with-crack-inthe-hood/ • https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/volstead-act • https://research.archives.gov/id/5716297 • http://legisworks.org/congress/63/publaw-223.pdf

34TH STREET • Joshua David and Robert Hammond. “Time Line” and “Photographs” in High Line: The Inside Story of New York City’s Park in the Sky. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2011: p. VIIIXI and p. 134-145 • Alvin F. Harlow. “The Hudson River is Beautified” in The Road of the Century. Creative Age Press, New York, 1947; p. 138-165 • Robert A. Caro. “The Use of Power” in The Power Broker. Vintage Books, New York, 1975; p.

181-497 • http://nymag.com/news/features/31273/index7.html • http://www.railroad.net/articles/railfanning/westside/

ALTERNATIVE AMERICA • Hunter S. Thompson. Fear and Loathing: the Campaign Trail’72. Warner Books, New York, 1973; p. 23-498 • Olson, James S. “The dictionary” in Historical dictionary of the 1960s. Greenwood Press, Wesport, 1999; p. 8 (Afro), 19-21 (American Indians), 24-29 (Anti-war); https://books.google.nl/ books?id=jUfiMkBSMrAC&pg=PA24&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false • Stone, Skip. “Part I” in Hippies from A to Z. Hip, Buffalo, 1999; http://www.hipplanet.com/ books/atoz/atoz.htm • https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/civil-rights/ • http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/ • http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/PPL_VotingRightsAct_1965.pdf • http://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/civil68.pdf • https://www.c-span.org/video/?301280-1/contenders-george-mcgovern-1972 • http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php? year=1972&fips=36&f=0&off=0&elect=0&minper=0 • http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/lsd.asp • http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/marijuana.asp

WAR ON DRUGS • Cherrington, Ernest H. “Chapter IX” and “Chapter X” in The evolution of prohibition in the United States of America. American Issue Press, Ohio, 1920: p. 249-315 and p. 317-364 • Sifakis, Carl. “Prohibition” and “Time Line” in The Mafia Encyclopedia: Third Edition. Facts on File, New York, 2005; p. 367-368 and 491-495 https://militero.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/ the-mafia-encyclopedia.pdf • “The W.C.T.U.”, The New York Times, April 7, 1901; http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archivefree/pdf?res=9502E4D91E38E733A25754C0A9629C946097D6CF • http://constitutionus.com • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/cron/ • http://www.druglibrary.org/Schaffer/hemp/taxact/mjtaxact.htm • https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs • https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-84/pdf/STATUTE-84-Pg1236.pdf • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Drugs

THE HENRY FORD OF COCAINE • Sifakis, Carl. “Colombian Mafia” in The Mafia Encyclopedia: Third Edition. Facts on File, New York, 2005; p. 107-108 • Hugo Sabogal, “Lucha a muerte de los cárteles colombianos de Cali y Medellín por el control del narcotráfico en Nueva York”, El País, August 29, 1988; http://elpais.com/diario/1988/08/29/ internacional/588808815_850215.html • http://www.biography.com/people/carlos-lehder-21241529#capture-trial-and-sentencing • http://www.wsj.com/ad/cocainenomics • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/cron/ • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/business/cay.html • “Narcos” series, 1st season, chapter 1 “Descenso”, 2015

FRIENDS OF HIGH LINE • Joshua David and Robert Hammond. “High Line” and “Photographs” in High Line: The Inside Story of New York City’s Park in the Sky. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2011: p.

3-122 and p. 146-319 • James Barron, “Peter E. Obletz, 50, a Lover of Old Trains, Dies”, The New York Times, May 4, 1996; http://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/04/nyregion/peter-e-obletz-50-a-lover-of-old-trainsdies.html • John Freeman Gill, “The Charming Gadfly Who Saved the High Line”, The New York Times, May 13, 2007; http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/nyregion/thecity/13oble.html • Nicolai Ouroussoff, “On High, a Fresh Outlook”, The New York Times, June 9, 2009; http:// www.nytimes.com/2009/06/10/arts/design/10high.html?_r=1&ref=nyregion • http://www.thehighline.org/about • http://www.thehighline.org/blog/2009/07/29/peter-obletz-the-high-lines-original-friend • http://www.thehighline.org/blog/2015/10/23/remembering-peter-obletz-the-high-line-s-originalfriend • http://nymag.com/news/features/31273/index7.html • http://cookslogblog.blogspot.nl/2009/06/high-line-4-honor-peter-obletz.html • http://cargocollective.com/Uofanycstudioarch/HIGH-LINE-COMPETITION • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_blackout_of_1977 • http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php? year=1980&fips=36&f=0&off=0&elect=0&minper=0 • http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php? year=1984&fips=36&f=0&off=0&elect=0&minper=0 • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Beame • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Koch • “Koch” documentary, by Neil Barsky, 2013 • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Manes • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dinkins • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani

99% invisible podcast: “Project Cybersyn”

Bibliography - images ALTERNATIVE • Fig. 0: http://studiogang.com/img/a1J6ZEVpQ1BYM3lJY2pDSDdMVWRmZz09/15009solarcarve-image-001.jpg

COLONIAL DRUGS • Fig. 1: http://theappendix.net/images/blog/2013/02/1_Sea_Captains_Surinam-large.jpg • Fig. 2: http://ushistoryscene.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/the-able-doctorbritish--1140x706.jpg

MEDICAL AND PROHIBITION • Fig. 3: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/cb/72/c6/ cb72c60242b963170a35cb653e419eb6.jpg • Fig. 4:http://i190.photobucket.com/albums/z266/danos714/cocaine.jpg • Fig. 5: http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P-473-488-90/27/2702/ERBND00Z/posters/ peter-stackpole-women-s-christian-temperance-union-members-singing-dry-clean-california.jpg • Fig. 6: https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/63/116463-004-F04F918E.jpg

34TH STREET • Fig. 7: http://www.urban75.org/photos/newyork/images/high-line-manhattan-new-york-55.jpg • Fig. 8: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/8e/4c/ 53/8e4c53cb1e75fedfe90a049dd5454eed.jpg

ALTERNATIVE AMERICA • Fig. 9: http://tedhayes.us/heal_america_clinics/images/whites-only_1.jpg • Fig. 10: http://media.npr.org/assets/img/ 2014/01/17/53016750_wide-70b3d978cc12760cd12aa83b99a258443cbca709.jpg • Fig. 11: https://joindiaspora.com/camo/ 90104fc8034312efbde6a0785fd0fdd44faf2ba5/68747470733a2f2f63312e737461746963666c6 9636b722e636f6d2f392f383632332f31363233323931313536395f336432373537326538345f6 22e6a7067 • Fig. 12: http://busites-www.s3.amazonaws.com/woodstockcom/2015/08/ScreenShot-2015-08-24-at-10.53.33-AM.png • Fig. 13: http://thumbs.media.smithsonianmag.com//filer/ convention_aug08_5_631.jpg__800x600_q85_crop.jpg • Fig. 14: http://cache4.asset-cache.net/xr/517427834.jpg? v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=3&d=77BFBA49EF878921CC759DF4EBAC47D036996202F6A59DD79B 80F74349B76285FAE0B4146AB486FBA55A1E4F32AD3138

WAR ON DRUGS • Fig. 15: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/62/05/be/ 6205be24e4463f979a2acd5f67c24b12.jpg

THE HENRY FORD OF COCAINE • Fig. 16: http://images1.villagevoice.com/imager/u/original/6678300/chocaine.jpg • Fig. 17: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WgaqM5BUUkk/UQDOWkrA5hI/AAAAAAAAJjM/ 0JwMH9DKDsU/s1600/IMG_3327.jpg

FRIENDS OF HIGH LINE • Fig. 18: http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/peter-obletz-paid-10-for-the-right-of-way-on-theold-january-20-1986-picture-id532450988 • Fig. 19: http://macaulay.cuny.edu/eportfolios/ocejospring14chelsea/files/2014/05/highlineabandoned.jpg • Fig. 20: http://payload228.cargocollective.com/1/13/445134/6870002/15.jpg • Fig. 21: https://s3.amazonaws.com/production.files.thehighline.org/page_panels/ page_panels_template_b/image_3_1436827707.jpg