Presidents Day Gallery - 2019

Presidents’ Day

Gallery

A SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE

PUBLISHED FEBRUARY 16, 2019

State Represented: Virginia Party Affiliation: Federalist

State Represented: Massachusetts Party Affiliation: Federalist

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Born: Feb. 22, 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia Died: Dec. 14, 1799 in Mount Vernon, Virginia School(s) attended: Did not attend college, but studied at home Wife: Martha Dandrige Washington Occupation(s) before he was President: Planter, farmer, soldier, Commander in Chief of Continental Army Other way(s) he served: Represented Virginia in the Continental Congress Height: 6 feet, 2 inches Pets: A horse named Nelson

George Washington 1st President 1789-1797

Age at Inauguration: 57 Vice President: John Adams

3rd President 1801-1809

Age at Inauguration: 57 Vice President: Aaron Burr and George Clinton

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DID YOU KNOW?

John Adams

► Washington’s troops were poorly trained and lacked food, ammunition and other supplies. Over the course of the grueling eight-year Revolutionary War, the colonial forces won few battles but consistently held their own against the British. Washington was declared a national hero. ► Washington was unanimously elected twice, the only President to win all electoral votes. ► At the time of his death in 1799, George Washington owned some 300 slaves. However, before his passing, he had become opposed to slavery, and in his will he ordered that his slaves to be freed after his wife’s death.

2nd President 1797-1801

Age at Inauguration: 61 Vice President: Thomas Jefferson

► In 1783, he, John Jay and Benjamin Franklin helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris, which officially ended the American Revolution. ► In November 1800, John Adams became the first president to reside in the White House. ► He squandered his popularity by signing the Alien and Sedition Acts into law in 1798, giving the government broad powers to deport “enemy” aliens and arrest anyone who strongly disagreed with the government. ► He and Thomas Jefferson died on the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.

State Represented: Virginia Party Affiliation: Democratic-Republican

State Represented: Virginia Party Affiliation: Democratic-Republican

State Represented: Virginia Party Affiliation: Democratic-Republican

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Born: March 16, 1751 in Port Conway, King George, Virginia Died: June 28, 1836 in Montpelier, Virginia School(s) attended: Princeton University Wife: Dolley Madison Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: Represented Virginia in the Continental Congress, Congressman, Secretary of State Height: 5 feet, 6 inches Pets: Macaw (a parrot)

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Born: April 13, 1743 in Albermarle County, Virginia Died: July 4, 1826 at Monticello, Virginia School(s) attended: College of William and Mary Wife: Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: Ambassador to France, Governor of Virginia, represented Virginia in the Continental Congress, Secretary of State, Vice President Height: 6 feet, 2.5 inches Pets: Mockingbirds

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He was the principal author of the ► Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. ► During his two terms in office, Jefferson’s administration purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million in 1803 and Lewis and Clark explored the vast new acquisition.

James Madison 4th President 1809-1817

Age at Inauguration: 57 Vice President: George Clinton and Elbridge Gerry

DID YOU KNOW?

Elected to the U.S. House of Repre► sentatives in 1789, Madison drafted the first 10 amendments to the Constitution (known as the Bill of Rights). ► Madison issued a war proclamation against Britain in 1812. The young nation was not prepared to fight; its forces took a severe trouncing. He was forced to flee Washington, D.C. in August 1814 as British troops invaded and burned buildings, including the White House, the Capitol and the Library of Congress.

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James Monroe

5th President 1817-1825 Age at Inauguration: 58 Vice President: Daniel D. Tompkins

Born: April 28, 1758 in Westmoreland County, Virginia Died: July 4, 1831 in New York, New York School(s) attended: College of William and Mary Wife: Elizabeth Kortright Monroe Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: Soldier in Continental Army, Ambassador to France & Great Britain, Governor of Virginia, represented Virginia in the Continental Congress, U.S. Senator, Secretary of State, Secretary of War Height: 6 feet

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► In what became known as the Monroe Doctrine, he declared an end to European colonization in the Western Hemisphere and forbade European countries from intervening in the American continents, including any U.S. territories and Central and South America. ► Five states entered the Union during Monroe’s time in office: Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), Alabama (1819), Maine (1820) and Missouri (1821).

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Thomas Jefferson

Born: Oct. 30 1735 in Braintree, Norfolk, Massachusetts Died: July 4, 1826 in Braintree, Norfolk, Massachusetts School(s) attended: Harvard University Wife: Abigail Smith Adams Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: Vice President, Ambassador to the Netherlands and Great Britain, represented Massachusetts in the Continental Congress Height: 5 feet, 7 inches Pets: A horse named Cleopatra

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State Represented: Massachusetts Party Affiliation: Democratic-Republican

State Represented: Tennessee Party Affiliation: Democratic-Republican

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Born: July 11, 1767 in Braintree, Massachusetts Died: February 23, 1848 School(s) attended: Harvard University Wife: Louisa Johnson Adams Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer, Harvard professor Other way(s) he served: Ambassador to the Netherlands and Great Britain, Secretary of State, Massachusetts State Senator, U.S. Senator, U.S. Representative Height: 5 feet, 7 inches Pets: Silk worms, alligator

Born: March 15, 1767 in Waxhaw, South Carolina Died: June 8, 1845 at the Hermitage near Nashville, Tennessee School(s) attended: Studied law in Salisbury, North Carolina Wife: Rachel Donelson Robards Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: Governor of the Territory of Florida, Major General in War of 1812, U.S. Congressman, U.S. Senator Height: 6 feet, 1 inch

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6th President 1825-1829

Age at Inauguration: 57 Vice President: John C. Calhoun

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Andrew Jackson 7th President 1829-1837

Age at Inauguration: 61 Vice President: John C. Calhoun and Martin Van Buren

State Represented: New York Party Affiliation: Democratic-Republican

State Represented: Ohio Party Affiliation: Whig

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Born: Feb. 9, 1773 in Richmond, Virginia Died: April 4, 1841 School(s) attended: Hampden-Sydney College, University of Pennsylvania Medical School Wife: Anna Symmes Harrison Occupation(s) before he was President: Army Officer Other way(s) he served: Governor of the Territory of Indiana, Ambassador to Columbia, U.S. Senator, Congressman Height: 5 feet, 8 inches

Born: Dec. 5, 1782 in Kinderhook, New York Died: July 24, 1862 in New York School(s) attended: Studied law in New York City Wife: Hannah Van Buren Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: Governor of New York, Ambassador to Great Britain, Secretary of State, U.S. Senator, Vice President Height: 5 feet, 6 inches

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Martin Van Buren 8th President 1837-1841

Age at Inauguration: 54 Vice President: Richard M. Johnson

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► Van Buren subscribed to the political theories of Thomas Jefferson, who had favored states’ rights over a strong federal government. ► Unlike the seven men who preceded him, Van Buren was the first president to be born a citizen of the U.S. and not a British subject. ► In the Panic of 1837, the nation was wracked by the worst depression thus far in its history, caused partially by the transfer of federal funds from the now-defunct Bank of the United States to state banks. Van Buren’s continuation of Jackson’s money policies did little to improve the situation.

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► The British invaded North and South Carolina in 17801781. Jackson’s mother and two brothers died during the conflict, leaving him with a lifelong hostility toward Great Britain. He was raised by his uncle. ► He served as a major general in the War of 1812, leading decisive victories over the British. ► Jackson was a supporter of states’ rights and slavery’s extension into the new western territories. ► Jackson forced 15,000 Cherokee to leave their tribal lands on foot, resulting in the deaths of thousands.

William H. Harrison 9th President 1841

Age at Inauguration: 68 Vice President: John Tyler

► While governor of the Indiana Territory, Harrison lived at Grouseland, a mansion built for him in 1803. The first brick home in the territory, it had thick exterior walls to protect against potential Indian raids. ► His father, Benjamin Harrison, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence and governor of Virginia. ► During the 1840 presidential campaign, the Whigs mounted a “Log Cabin Campaign,” presenting Harrison as a symbol of the common man, born in a log cabin. In fact, Harrison was born to one of the wealthiest, most influential families. The tactics worked: Harrison won the presidency. ► Harrison’s tenure is the shortest of any U.S. president. He served just one month in the White House before dying of pneumonia, the first president to die in office.

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John Q. Adams

► He was fluent in seven languages. ► Serving under President Monroe, Quincy Adams was one of America’s great Secretaries of State, arranging for the joint occupation of the Oregon country with England, acquiring Florida from Spain and formulating the Monroe Doctrine. ► He was the first President who was the son of a former President. ► Quincy Adams was the first President to advocate federal funding for internal improvements, including a system of interstate roads and canals. ► In 1830, he became the only ex-President elected to the U.S. House. He served there 17 years.

Saturday, February 16, 2019

State Represented: Virginia Party Affiliation: Whig

State Represented: Tennessee Party Affiliation: Democrat

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Born: March 29, 1790 in Greenway, Virginia Died: Jan. 18, 1862 in Richmond, Virginia School(s) attended: College of William and Mary Wives: Letitia Christian Tyler and Julia Gardiner Tyler Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: Virginia State Senator, U.S. Senator, Congressman, Governor of Virginia, Vice President Height: 6 feet

John Tyler

10th President 1841-1845 Age at Inauguration: 51 Vice President: None

Born: Nov. 2, 1795 in Mecklenburg Co., North Carolina Died: June 15, 1849 in Nashville, Tennessee School(s) attended: University of North Carolina Wife: Sarah Childress Polk Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: Tennessee state legislature, Congressman, Governor of Tennessee Height: 5 feet, 8 inches

► Nicknamed “His Accidency,” Tyler was the first vice president to become chief executive due to the death of his predecessor. ► In 1842, Letitia Tyler became the first First Lady to die in the White House. Two years later, Tyler became the first president to marry while in office when he wed a wealthy New Yorker 30 years his junior. ► The “Log-Cabin” bill enabled a settler to claim 160 acres of land before it was offered publicly for sale, and later pay $1.25 an acre for it. ► In 1861, with America on the brink of civil war, Tyler voted in favor of Virginia seceding and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives. He died before he took his seat.

James K. Polk

11th President 1845-1849 Age at Inauguration: 49 Vice President: George M. Dallas

State Represented: Louisiana Party Affiliation: Whig

State Represented: New York Party Affiliation: Whig

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Born: Nov. 24, 1784 in Orange County, Virginia Died: July 9, 1850 in Washington, D.C. while in office School(s) attended: He did not attend college Wife: Margaret Smith Taylor Occupation(s) before he was President: Tobacco and cotton plantation owner, 40-year career officer in the Army Other way(s) he served: First lieutenant, brigadier general and commanding officer Height: 5 feet, 8 inches

Born: Jan. 7, 1800 in Cayuga County, New York Died: March 8, 1874 in Buffalo, New York School(s) attended: He never attended college Wives: Abigail Fillmore and Caroline C. McIntosh Occupation(s) before he was President: Farmer, Lawyer, Comptroller of New York Other way(s) he served: New York State Assembly, Congressman, Vice President Height: 5 feet, 9 inches

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Zachary Taylor

12th President 1849-1850 Age at Inauguration: 64 Vice President: Millard Fillmore

► During his tenure, America’s territory grew by more than one-third and extended across the continent for the first time. ► In 1846, he and the British government established the Canadian-U.S. border along the 49th parallel, from the Rockies to the Pacific. ► After the U.S. annexed Texas in 1845, a two-year war broke out with Mexico. In exchange for $15 million, Mexico ceded land that makes up present-day California, Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. The Rio Grande River was recognized as America’s southern border.

► As a military commander, Taylor earned the nickname “Old Rough and Ready” for his willingness to get his boots dirty alongside his men. ► Though a slaveholder himself, 40 years in the military made Taylor a strong nationalist. He opposed the creation of new slave states. He wanted settlers in both California and New Mexico to draft constitutions and be admitted immediately into the Union, skipping the territorial phase.

Slavery advocates were outraged, as neither state was likely to allow slavery. ► He was the second president to die in office, dying of acute gastroenteritis.

Millard Fillmore 13th President 1850-1853 Age at Inauguration: 50 Vice President: None

► He abruptly ascended to the presidency following Taylor’s death. ► Sectional tensions over slavery and its extension into new western territories threatened to pull the nation apart. Fillmore opposed slavery but was unwilling to touch it in states where it already existed. He consistently authorized the use of federal force in carrying out the return of slaves to their former slave owners, further enraging northern abolitionists and many in Fillmore’s own party. ► Fillmore opposed the policies of Abraham Lincoln, a Republican, throughout the Civil War (1861-1865), supporting the presidential candidacy of Lincoln’s Democratic rival, General George McClellan, in 1864.

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Saturday, February 16, 2019

State Represented: New Hampshire Party Affiliation: Democrat

State Represented: Pennsylvania Party Affiliation: Democrat

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Born: Nov. 23, 1804 in Hillsborough, New Hampshire Died: Oct. 8, 1869 in Concord, New Hampshire School(s) attended: Bowdoin College Wife: Jane Appleton Pierce Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer, General in the Mexican War Other way(s) he served: New Hampshire state legislature, Congressman, U.S. Senator Height: 5 feet, 10 inches

Born: April 23, 1791 in Cove Gap near Mercersburg, Pennsylvania Died: June 1,1868 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania School(s) attended: Dickinson College Wife: None Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: Pennsylvania General Assembly, Congressman, Minister to Russia, U.S. Senator, Secretary of State, Minister to Great Britain Height: 6 feet

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Franklin Pierce

14th President 1853-1857 Age at Inauguration: 48 Vice President: William Rufus King

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► Pierce was a northern Democrat who saw the abolitionist movement as a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation. ► His support of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the ban on slavery in the new Western territories, greatly aggravated the conflict between the free and the slave states.The result was a rush into Kansas, as southerners and northerners vied for control of the territory. Shooting broke out, and “bleeding Kansas” became a prelude to the Civil War. ► Vice President King died of tuberculosis after 45 days in office.

James Buchanan 15th President 1857-1861 Age at Inauguration: 65 Vice President: John C. Breckinridge

State Represented: Tennessee Party Affiliation: Democrat

State Represented: Illinois Party Affiliation: Republican

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Born: Feb. 12, 1809, in Hodgenville, Hardin County, Kentucky Died: April 15, 1865, the morning after being shot by an assassin in Washington, D.C. School(s) attended: Did not attend college, but read at home.

Wife: Mary Todd Lincoln Occupation(s) before he was President: Store clerk, split rails for fencing, postmaster, lawyer Other way(s) he served: Captain in Black Hawk War, Illinois state legislature, Congressman Height: 6 feet 4 inches

Born: Dec. 29, 1808 in Raleigh, North Carolina Died: July 31, 1875 in Carter’s Station, Tennessee School(s) attended: He did not attend college Wife: Eliza McCardle Johnson Occupation(s) before he was President: Tailor Other way(s) he served: Greenville city councilmember and mayor, Tennessee General Assembly, Congressman, Governor of Tennessee, U.S. Senator, Vice President Height: 5 feet, 10 inches

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Abraham Lincoln 16th President 1861-1865

Age at Inauguration: 52 Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin and Andrew Johnson

► Two days after Buchanan’s inauguration, the Supreme Court delivered the Dred Scott decision, asserting that Congress had no constitutional power to deprive persons of their property rights in slaves in the territories. Southerners were delighted, but the decision created a furor in the North. ► A Democrat who was morally opposed to slavery, he believed it was protected by the U.S. Constitution. ► On April 12, 1861, a little over a month after Buchanan left office, Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter in South Carolina and the Civil War began.

► Lincoln maintained that his “paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery.” ► He issued a Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all of the slaves in the Confederate states but left those in the border states (loyal to the Union) in bondage. ► Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth, an actor angered by the prospect of blacks getting to vote.

Andrew Johnson 17th President 1865-1869 Age at Inauguration: 56 Vice President: None

► At the end of the Civil War, Johnson granted amnesty to former Confederates and allowed the rebel states to elect ex-Confederate officials who soon enacted Black Codes, measures designed to repress the recently freed slave population. In 1866, Johnson vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill and the Civil Rights bill, aimed at protecting blacks. Republicans mustered enough votes to pass legislation over his veto – the first time that Congress had overridden a president on an important bill. When Congress passed the 14th Amendment granting citizenship to blacks, Johnson urged Southern states not to ratify it. ► In 1868, he was the first American president to be impeached by Congress, but wasn’t removed from office.

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State Represented: Illinois Party Affiliation: Republican

State Represented: Ohio Party Affiliation: Republican

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Born: April 27, 1822 in Point Pleasant, Ohio Died: July 23, 1885 in Mount McGregor, New York School(s) attended: West Point Wife: Julia Dent Grant Occupation(s) before he was President: Leather goods store clerk, Failed farming and real estate ventures Other way(s) he served: Army officer, Union Army General, Secretary of War Height: 5 feet, 8 inches

Born: Oct. 4, 1822 in Delaware, Ohio Died: Jan. 17, 1893 in Fremont, Ohio School(s) attended: Kenyon College, Harvard Law School Wife: Lucy Webb Hayes Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: Brevet Major General in Union Army, Congressman, Governor of Ohio Height: 5 feet, 8 inches

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Ulysses S. Grant 18th President 1869-1877

Age at Inauguration: 46 Vice President: Schuyler Colfax and Henry Wilson

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► On April 9, 1865, Confederate General Robert Lee surrendered to General Ulysses Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia, effectively ending the Civil War. Grant was a national hero. ► In 1870, the 15th Amendment, giving black men the right to vote, was ratified. Grant signed legislation limiting activities of white terrorist groups like the Ku Klux Klan that used violence to intimidate blacks from voting. ► During his second term, his administration was besmirched by many scandals. Vice President Colfax and others were charged with taking bribes. Grant’s secretary tried to defraud the government of taxes. ► To pay off his extensive debts and provide for his family, Grant wrote his personal memoirs, while fighting against throat cancer.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th President 1877-1881 Age at Inauguration: 54 Vice President: William A. Wheeler

State Represented: New York Party Affiliation: Republican

State Represented: Ohio Party Affiliation: Republican

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James A. Garfield 20th President 1881

Age at Inauguration: 49 Vice President: Chester A. Arthur

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Born: Nov. 19, 1831, in Orange, Ohio Died: Sept. 19, 1881, in Elberon, New Jersey after being shot by a disgruntled assassin in July School(s) attended: Williams College Wife: Lucretia Rudolph Garfield Occupation(s) before he was President: Canal boat teams driver, professor and President of Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, preacher Other way(s) he served: Ohio State Senator, Congressman, U.S. Senator, lieutenant colonel and major general in Union Army Height: 6 feet

Born: Oct. 5, 1829 in Fairfield, Vermont Died: Nov. 18, 1886 in New York, New York School(s) attended: Union College, State and National Law School Wife: Ellen Herndon Arthur Occupation(s) before he was President: Teacher, principal, lawyer Other way(s) he served: Vice President, Quartermaster General for state of New York, Collector of the New York Customs House Height: 6 feet, 2 inches

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► The son of a Baptist preacher who had emigrated from northern Ireland, Arthur suceeded to the presidency following Garfield’s assassination. ► Once a firm believer in the spoils system, Arthur became a champion of civil service reform. He signed the Pendleton Civil Service Act, landmark reform mandating that certain government jobs be obtainable through competition rather than political connections. ► His administration enacted the first general federal immigration law, which excluded paupers, criminals and lunatics. ► Arthur had a fatal kidney ailment. He kept the condition a secret, even while running for reelection in 1884.

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► He was the only president to be an ordained minister. ► Four months after his inauguration, an embittered attorney, who was denied a consular post, fired two shots at the president in a Washington railroad station. Mortally wounded, Garfield lay in the White House for three months. Alexander Graham Bell tried unsuccessfully to find the bullet with a metal detector that he had designed.

On Sept. 19, 1881, Garfield, age 49, died from an infection and internal hemorrhage.

Chester A. Arthur 21st President 1881-1885 Age at Inauguration: 52 Vice President: None

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► He became active in the newly formed Republican Party, organized in the 1850s to oppose the expansion of slavery. ► In the 1876 presidential election, Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote by 250,000 votes. Congress appointed a 15-member electorial commission, which had a Republican majority, to decide the dispute. Hayes was declared the winner: 185 to 184 electoral votes. ► In 1879, Hayes signed the Act to Relieve Certain Legal Disabilities of Women, which cleared the way for female attorneys to argue cases in any U.S. federal court.

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State Represented: New York Party Affiliation: Democrat

State Represented: Indiana Party Affiliation: Republican

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Born: March 18, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey Died: June 24, 1908 in Princeton, New Jersey School(s) attended: He did not attend college Wife: Frances Folsom Cleveland Occupation(s) before he was President: County Sheriff, lawyer Other way(s) he served: Mayor of Buffalo, State Attorney General, Governor of New York Height: 5 feet, 11 inches

Born: Aug. 20, 1833 in North Bend, Ohio Died: March 13, 1901 in Indianapolis, Indiana School(s) attended: Miami University Wife: Caroline Scott Harrison and Mary Dimmick Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: Union Army lieutenant and brevet brigadier general, U.S. Senator Height: 5 feet, 6 inches

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22nd President 1885-1889 Age at Inauguration: 47 Vice President: Thomas A. Hendricks

► Harrison lost the popular vote to the incumbent President Grover Cleveland by 90,000 votes but carried the electoral college, gaining 233 electoral votes to Cleveland’s 168. ► For the first time in peacetime, Congress appropriated a billion dollars, angering many Americans who saw the president and his fellow Republicans as too supportive of wealthy interests. ► In 1890, Harrison signed into law the Sherman Antitrust Act, the first piece of legislation designed to prohibit industrial combinations, or trusts. ► His grandfather was the ninth U.S. president.

Benjamin Harrison 23rd President 1889-1893 Age at Inauguration: 55 Vice President: Levi P. Morton

State Represented: New York Party Affiliation: Democrat

State Represented: Ohio Party Affiliation: Republican

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Born: March 18, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey Died: June 24, 1908 in Princeton, New Jersey School(s) attended: He did not attend college Wife: Frances Cleveland Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: Mayor of Buffalo, New York State Attorney General, Governor of New York Height: 5 feet, 11 inches

Born: Jan. 29, 1843 in Niles, Ohio Died: Assassinated Sept. 14, 1901 in Buffalo, New York School(s) attended: Allegheny College, Albany Law School Wife: Ida Saxton McKinley Occupation(s) before he was President: Country school teacher, lawyer, county attorney Other way(s) he served: Union Army private and officer, Congressman, Governor of Ohio Height: 5 feet, 7 inches

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24th President 1893-1897 Age at Inauguration: 55 Vice President: Adlai E. Stevenson

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25th President 1897-1901

Age at Inauguration: 54 Vice President: Garret A. Hobart and Theodore Roosevelt

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► He won the 1896 presidential election by the largest majority of popular votes since 1872. He was re-elected by a still larger vote in 1900, beating William Jennings Bryan both times. ► McKinley supported the Dingley Tariff Act, the highest protective tariff in American history. ► Following the 100-day Spanish-American war, the Treaty of Paris was signed in December 1898. Spain ceded Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the U.S. and Cuba gained its independence. ► While at the Pan-American Exposition, he was shot twice by an anarchist. Gangrene set in around his wounds and McKinley died eight days later.

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Grover Cleveland

► Cleveland’s second term opened with the worst financial crisis in the country’s history. The Panic of 1893 began with a railroad bankruptcy, followed rapidly by bank failures, a nationwide credit crisis, a stock market crash and the failures of three more railroads. ► He became unpopular with organized labor when he used federal troops to crush the Pullman Railroad strike in 1894. ► Cleveland opposed discrimination against Chinese immigrants in the West, but didn’t support equality for African Americans or voting rights for women. He also thought Native Americans should assimilate into mainstream society as quickly as possible.

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Grover Cleveland

► The first Democrat elected after the Civil War, Cleveland was the only president to leave the White House and return for a second term four years later. ► He spent the first 15 months of his term as a bachelor, then married 21-year-old Frances Folsom, despite a 27-year age difference. He is the only president to hold the wedding ceremony in the White House. Frances became the youngest First Lady in U.S. history. ► Vigorously opposed to payments to any economic group, Cleveland vetoed twice as many congressional bills as all 21 of the presidents who preceded him combined­– 414 vetoes in his first term. ► He signed the Interstate Commerce Act, the first law attempting federal regulation of the railroads.

Saturday, February 16, 2019

State Represented: New York Party Affiliation: Republican

State Represented: Ohio Party Affiliation: Republican

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Theodore Roosevelt 26th President 1901-1909 Age at Inauguration: 42 Vice President: Charles W. Fairbanks

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Born: Oct. 27, 1858 in New York, New York Died: Jan. 6, 1919 in Oyster Bay, New York School(s) attended: Harvard University, Columbia University Law School Wives: Alice Roosevelt and Edith Roosevelt Occupation(s) before he was President: Rancher, big game hunter, New York police commissioner Other way(s) he served: Lieutenant colonel of First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, known as the “Rough Riders,” New York State Assembly, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Governor of New York, Vice President Height: 5 feet, 10 inches

Born: Sept. 15, 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio Died: March 8, 1930 in Washington D.C. School(s) attended: Yale University, Cincinnati Law School Wife: Helen Herron Taft Occupation(s) before he was President: Assistant district attorney, Ohio Superior Court judge, U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals judge, professor of law at Yale Other way(s) he served: First civilian governor of Philippines, Secretary of War, Chief Justice of the U.S. Height: 6 feet

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► By 1912, Teddy Roosevelt was so incensed with Taft and the conservative Republicans that he chose to break from the party and form his own Progressive Party (also known as the Bull Moose Party). ► Taft much preferred law to politics. Nine years after leaving the presidency, Taft achieved his lifelong goal when President Warren Harding appointed him chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. Taft is the only man in history to hold the highest posts in both the executive and judicial branches of the U.S.

DID YOU KNOW?

► With McKinley’s assassination, Roosevelt, at age 42, became the youngest president in U.S. history. ► Roosevelt set aside almost 200 million acres for national forests, reserves and wildlife refuges. ► Early in his presidency, Roosevelt sparked a scandal when he invited the African-American educator Booker T. Washington to dine with him. He was the first president ever to entertain a black man in the White House. ► He won the Nobel Peace Prize for mediating the RussoJapanese War. ► His four sons served in World War I; the youngest died.

William H. Taft

27th President 1909-1913 Age at Inauguration: 51 Vice President: James S. Sheman

State Represented: New Jersey Party Affiliation: Democrat

State Represented: Ohio Party Affiliation: Republican

PERSONAL:

PERSONAL:

Born: Dec. 28, 1856 in Staunton, Virginia Died: Feb. 3, 1924 in Washington D.C. School(s) attended: Princeton University, University of Virginia Law School, Johns Hopkins University Wives: Ellen Axson Wilson and Edith Galt Wilson Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer, political science professor, President of Princeton University Other way(s) he served: Governor of New Jersey Height: 5 feet, 11 inches

Born: Nov. 2, 1865 in Corsica, Ohio Died: Aug. 2, 1923 while visiting San Francisco, California during his presidency School(s) attended: Ohio Central College Wife: Florence Kling Harding Occupation(s) before he was President: Newspaper reporter and publisher Other way(s) he served: Ohio State Senator, Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, U.S. Senator Height: 6 feet Pets: An Airedale named Laddie Boy

DID YOU KNOW?

Woodrow Wilson 28th President 1913-1921

DID YOU KNOW?

Warren G. Harding 29th President 1921-1923 Age at Inauguration: 55 Vice President: Calvin Coolidge

► Harding conducted a front-porch campaign from his home in Marion, and thousands of people travelled there to hear him speak. (Due to the high volume of visitors, his front lawn had to be replaced with gravel). ► In 1923, as part of a cross-country tour, Harding became the first American president to visit Alaska, which had been a territory since 1912 and would achieve statehood in 1959. During the trip, the 57-year-old president died of an apparent heart attack. ► After Harding’s death, the Teapot Dome Scandal and other instances of corruption came to light, damaging his reputation.

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Age at Inauguration: 56 Vice President: Thomas Marshall

► When WW I broke out in Europe in 1914, Wilson was determined to keep the U. S. out of the conflict. In 1917, he proclaimed American involvement necessary to make the world “safe for democracy.” ► An advocate for democracy and world peace, Wilson is often ranked by historians as one of the nation’s greatest presidents. He achieved significant progressive reform, including child labor laws. ► Wilson received the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to include the Covenant of the League of Nations in the Treaty of Versailles, even though the U.S. never joined the organization.

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State Represented: Massachusetts Party Affiliation: Republican

State Represented: California Party Affiliation: Republican

PERSONAL:

Calvin Coolidge 30th President 1923-1929 Age at Inauguration: 51 Vice President: Charles G. Dawes

PERSONAL:

Born: July 4, 1872 in Plymouth, Vermont Died: Jan. 5, 1933 in Northampton, Massachusetts School(s) attended: Amherst College Wife: Grace Goodhue Coolidge Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: North Hampton City Council member and mayor, Massachusetts state representatives and state senator, Lt. Governor and Governor of Massachusetts, Vice President Height: 5 feet, 10 inches Pets: A dog named Rob Roy

Born: Aug. 10, 1874 in West Branch, Iowa Died: Oct. 20, 1964 in New York, New York School(s) attended: Stanford University Wife: Lou Henry Hoover Occupation(s) before he was President: Mining engineer Other way(s) he served: Head of Food Administration, Secretary of Commerce Height: 5 feet, 11 inches Pets: A dog named King Tut

DID YOU KNOW?

DID YOU KNOW?

► Coolidge was known as “Silent Cal” because of his legendary frugality with words. ► He refused to use federal economic power to check the growing boom or to ameliorate the depressed condition of agriculture and certain industries. His first message to Congress in December 1923 called for isolation in foreign policy, and for tax cuts, economy, and limited aid to farmers. ► Coolidge remained popular throughout his presidency. The Roaring Twenties were a time of fast-paced social, cultural and technological changes. More people owned automobiles and purchased mass-produced goods, such as canned foods.

Herbert Hoover 31st President 1929-1933 Age at Inauguration: 54 Vice President: Charles Curtis

State Represented: Missouri Party Affiliation: Democrat

State Represented: New York Party Affiliation: Democrat

PERSONAL:

PERSONAL:

Born: May 8, 1884 in Lamar, Missouri Died: Dec. 26, 1972 in Independence, Missouri School(s): Kansas City Law School Wife: Bess Wallace Truman Occupation(s) before he was President: Soldier, haberdasher, county court judge, bank clerk, farmer Other way(s) he served: National Guard, Field Artillery Unit Captain, U.S. Senator, Vice President Height: 5 feet, 9 inches

Born: Jan. 30, 1882 in Hyde Park, New York Died: April 12, 1945 in Warm Springs, Georgia School(s) attended: Harvard University, Columbia Law School Wife: Eleanor Roosevelt Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: New York State Senator, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Governor of New York Height: 6 feet, 2 inches

DID YOU KNOW?

DID YOU KNOW?

Franklin D. Roosevelt 32nd President 1933-1945

Age at Inauguration: 51 Vice President: John Garner, Henry Wallace and Harry S. Truman

► He was born into a family of Quakers. ► On October 24, 1929, only seven months after Hoover took office, the U.S. stock market crashed and the nation spiraled downward into the Great Depression. Many people were forced to wait in bread lines for food and to live in squalid shantytowns known derisively as Hoovervilles.

Hoover’s response to the crisis was constrained by his conservative political philosophy. He believed excessive federal intervention posed a threat to capitalism. By 1932, he was deeply reviled across much of the country. ► On March 3, 1931, Hoover signed a law that made “The Star-Spangled Banner” America’s national anthem.

► At 39, he was stricken with polio and lost use of his legs. ► Roosevelt initiated a slate of reforms and programs, called “The New Deal” aimed at providing economic relief for the unemployed. ► When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, Roosevelt spearheaded the alliance between countries combating the Axis. ► Eleanor Roosevelt was an active First Lady who traveled extensively and gave her own press conferences. ► The only American president to be elected four times, he died in office from a massive cerebral hemorrhage.

Harry S. Truman 33rd President 1945-1953 Age at Inauguration: 60 Vice President: Alben Barkley

► Soon after WWII ended in Europe, Japan rejected an urgent plea to surrender. Truman ordered atomic bombs dropped on cities devoted to war work: Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan quickly surrendered. ► Truman instituted the Marshall Plan, which gave $13 billion in aid to stimulate economic recovery in war-torn western Europe. ► In the aftermath of the war, the Truman administration had to contend with deteriorating U.S.-Soviet relations and the start of the Cold War (1946-1991). ► He negotiated the nation’s first peacetime military alliance – the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ► In June 1950, when communist forces from North Korea invaded South Korea, Truman sent in U.S. military troops and equipment to aid the South Koreans.

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State Represented: New York Party Affiliation: Republican

State Represented: Massachusetts Party Affiliation: Democrat

PERSONAL:

PERSONAL:

Born: Oct. 14, 1890 in Denison, Texas Died: March 28, 1969 in Washington, D.C. after a long illness School(s) attended: United States Military Academy, West Point, Command and General Staff School, Army War College Wife: Mamie Doud Eisenhower Occupation(s) before he was President: Army officer, President of Columbia University Other way(s) he served: Five-Star General in World War II, Supreme Commander of Allied forces, NATO Supreme Commander Height: 5 feet, 10.5 inches

Born: May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts Died: Assassinated Nov. 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas School(s) attended: Harvard University Wife: Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Occupation(s) before he was President: Journalist, Author Other way(s) he served: Navy, Congressman, U.S. Senator Height: 6 feet

DID YOU KNOW?

DID YOU KNOW?

Dwight D. Eisenhower

34th President 1953-1961 Age at Inauguration: 62 Vice President: Richard M. Nixon

► As Supreme Commander of Allied Forces, Eisenhower led the massive invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe that began on D-Day (June 6, 1944). ► After the war, he assumed supreme command over the new NATO forces being assembled in Europe. ► Soon after becoming President, Eisenhower signed an armistice ending the Korean War. ► He sought to improve Cold War-era relations with the Soviet Union, especially after the death of Josef Stalin in 1953. Both Russia and the U.S. had developed hydrogen bombs.

John F. Kennedy 35th President 1961-1963

Age at Inauguration: 43 Vice President: Lyndon B. Johnson

State Represented: New York Party Affiliation: Republican

State Represented: Texas Party Affiliation: Democrat

PERSONAL:

PERSONAL:

Born: Aug. 27, 1908 near Stonewall, Texas Died: Jan. 22, 1973 in Johnson City, Texas of a sudden heart attack School(s) attended: Southwest Texas State Teachers College, Georgetown University Law School Wife: Claudia “Lady Bird” Johnson Occupation(s) before he was President: High school teacher, Congressional aide, state director of National Youth Administration, Rancher Other way(s) he served: Congressman, U.S. Senator, Navy lieutenant commander, Vice President Height: 6 feet, 3 inches Pets: Beagles named Him and Her

Born: Jan. 9, 1913 in Yorba Linda, California Died: April 22, 1994 in New York, New York School(s) attended: Whittier College, Duke Law School Wife: Pat Nixon Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer, businessman Other way(s) he served: Congressman, U.S. Senator, Vice President Height: 5 feet, 11 inches Pets: A French poodle named Vicky, a Yorkshire terrier named Pasha and an Irish setter named King Timahoe.

DID YOU KNOW?

DID YOU KNOW?

36th President 1963-1969 Age at Inauguration: 55 Vice President: Hubert H. Humphrey

► Johnson launched ambitious, progressive reforms aimed at alleviating poverty, discrimination, unemployment, crime and pollution.These measures had a lasting impact, including Medicare, Medicaid and Head Start. He also signed the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. ► He escalated U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War, yet the conflict remained a bloody stalemate.

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Lyndon B. Johnson

► Millions watched the first-ever televised presidential debate between Kennedy and the Republican candidate, Richard M. Nixon. ► At age 43, Kennedy was the youngest man and first Roman Catholic elected president. He was also the youngest to die, killed by an assassin’s bullets as his motorcade wound through Dallas, Texas on Nov. 22, 1963. ► Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev clashed in October 1962 during the Cuban missile crisis, nearly starting a nuclear war. ► His brother, Robert Kennedy, was assassinated while running for president in 1968.

Richard M. Nixon 37th President 1969-1974 Age at Inauguration: 56 Vice President: Spiro Agnew and Gerald R. Ford

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► He lost a close 1960 presidential election to U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy following the first-ever nationally televised presidential debate. ► While running for re-election in 1972, his campaign officials broke into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate complex. Nixon denied any involvement, but secret tapes revealed he tried to cover up the criminal activity. Facing impeachment, Nixon resigned from office on August 9, 1974. ► Nixon’s achievements included forging diplomatic ties with China and the Soviet Union, and withdrawing U.S. troops from an unpopular war in Vietnam.

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Saturday, February 16, 2019

State Represented:: Michigan Party Affiliation: Republican

State Represented: Georgia Party Affiliation: Democrat

PERSONAL:

PERSONAL:

DID YOU KNOW?

DID YOU KNOW?

Born: July 14, 1913 in Omaha, Nebraska Died: Dec. 26, 2006 in Rancho Mirage, California School(s) attended: University of Michigan, Yale Law School Wife: Betty Ford Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: Congressman, Vice President Height: 6 feet Pets: A golden retriever named Liberty

Born: Oct. 1, 1924 in Plains, Georgia School(s) attended: United States Naval Academy, Union College Wife: Rosalynn Smith Carter Occupation(s) before he was President: Peanut farmer, naval officer and broker Other way(s) he served: Governor of Georgia, State senator Height: 5 feet, 9.5 inches

► In October 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned from office over charges of accepting bribes and evading taxes. President Nixon used his power under the 25th Amendment to appoint Ford as his new vice president. ► Ford became the first unelected president in the nation’s history. He succeeded to the presidency when President Nixon left the White House in disgrace over the Watergate scandal. ► One of Ford’s first and most controversial presidential acts was to pardon Nixon for all the federal crimes he might have committed while in office. The pardon meant that Nixon would never have to face criminal charges.

Millions of Americans wanted to see the disgraced former president brought to justice.

Gerald R. Ford

38th President 1974-1977 Age at Inauguration: 61 Vice President: Nelson A. Rockefeller

► In November 1979, radical Iranian students seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking 66 Americans hostage.

The hostages were held for 444 days before finally being released on the day Carter left office. ► Following his presidency, Carter built a distinguished career as a diplomat, humanitarian and author, pursuing conflict resolution in countries around the globe. He has worked extensively with Habitat for Humanity and founded the Carter Presidential Center to promote human rights. In 2002, Carter earned the Nobel Prize for Peace. ► In August 2015, he announced he’s battling cancer.

James Carter

39th President 1977-1981 Age at Inauguration: 52 Vice President: Walter Mondale

State Represented: California Party Affiliation: Republican

State Represented: Texas Party Affiliation: Republican

PERSONAL:

PERSONAL:

Born: Feb. 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois Died: June 5, 2004 in Bel-Air, California School(s) attended: Eureka College (Illinois) Wife: Nancy Reagan Occupation(s) before he was President: Radio announcer, and Hollywood film actor Other way(s) he served: Governor of California Height: 6 feet, 1 inch Pets: A dog named Rex

Born: June 12, 1924 in Milton, Massachusetts Died: November 30, 2018 in Houston, Texas School(s) attended: Yale University Wife: Barbara Pierce Bush Occupation(s) before he was President: Navy pilot, oil business owner Other way(s) he served: Congressman, Ambassador to the United Nations, chairman of the Republican National Committee, Chief of the U. S. Liaison Office in the People’s Republic of China, director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Vice President Height: 6 feet, 2 inches Pets: English Springer Spaniels named C. Fred and Millie

DID YOU KNOW?

40th President 1981-1989 Age at Inauguration: 69 Vice President: George H.W. Bush

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George H.W. Bush 41st President 1989-1993

Age at Inauguration: 65 Vice President: J. Danforth Quayle

► The youngest pilot in the Navy when he received his wings, he flew 58 combat missions during World War II. ► He was the first incumbent vice president since 1836 to be elected president. ► He sent American troops into Panama to overthrow the corrupt regime of General Manuel Noriega. ► After Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, Bush organized a military coalition of more than 30 countries who began a U.S.-led air assault.

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Ronald Reagan

► A former Hollywood actor and governor, Reagan’s first term in office was marked by a massive buildup of U.S. weapons and troops, as well as an escalation of the Cold War with the Soviet Union, which the president dubbed “the evil empire.” ► In 1986 Reagan obtained an overhaul of the income tax code, which eliminated many deductions and exempted millions of people with low incomes. At the end of his administration, the Nation was enjoying its longest recorded period of peacetime prosperity without recession or depression. ► Only 69 days into his first term he was shot by a wouldbe assassin, but quickly recovered and returned to duty.

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Saturday, February 16, 2019

State Represented: Arkansas Party Affiliation: Democrat

State Represented: Texas Party Affiliation: Republican

PERSONAL:

PERSONAL:

DID YOU KNOW?

DID YOU KNOW?

Born: August 19, 1946, in Hope, Arkansas School(s) attended: Georgetown University, Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University, Yale Law School Wife: Hillary Rodham Clinton Occupation(s) before he was President: Lawyer Other way(s) he served: Arkansas State Attorney General, Governor of Arkansas Height: 6 feet, 2 inches Pets: A Golden Retriever named Buddy and a cat named Socks.

Bill Clinton

42nd President 1993-2001 Age at Inauguration: 46 Vice President: Al Gore

Born: July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut School(s) attended: Yale University, Harvard University Wife: Laura Bush Occupation(s) before he was President: Oil businessman, managing partner of the Texas Rangers major league baseball team Other way(s) he served: Governor of Texas Height: 5 feet, 11 inches Pets: An English Springer Spaniel named Spot, a Scottish Terrier named Barney and a cat named India Willie.

► During Clinton’s time in the White House, America enjoyed an era of peace and prosperity, marked by low unemployment, declining crime rates and a budget surplus. ► He was the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to complete at least two terms. ► He established the William J. Clinton Foundation to combat poverty, disease and other global issues. ► In 2001, Hillary Clinton became the only First Lady to be elected to the U.S. Senate. She served as Secretary of State for President Obama. She also ran for president in 2016.

George W. Bush 43rd President 2001- 2009 Age at Inauguration: 54 Vice President: Dick Cheney

State Represented: Illinois Party Affiliation: Democrat

State Represented: none Party Affiliation: Republican

PERSONAL:

PERSONAL:

Born: June 14, 1946, in Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, New York City School(s) attended: Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania Wife: Melania Trump Occupation(s) before he was President: Businessman (Owner of The Trump Organization), Television producer (Executive Producer of Celebrity Apprentice) Height: 6 feet, 3 inches

Born: Aug. 4, 1961, in Honolulu, Hawaii School(s) attended: Occidental College, Columbia University, Harvard Law School Wife: Michelle Obama Occupation(s) before he was President: Civil rights lawyer, Constitutional law professor at University of Chicago Law School Other way(s) he served: Illinois State Senator, U.S. Senator Height: 6 feet, 1.5 inches

DID YOU KNOW?

DID YOU KNOW?

Age at Inauguration: 47 Vice President: Joe Biden

► In 2004, Obama became the third African-American since Reconstruction to be elected to the U.S. Senate. ► Not only was Obama the first African-American president, he was also the first to be born outside the continental United States. Obama was born in Hawaii in 1961. ► Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court: Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three, for the first time in American history. ► Obama signed his health care reform plan, known as the Affordable Care Act, into law in March 2010. The new law prohibited the denial of coverage based on pre-existing conditions and expanded insurance coverage.

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Barack Obama

44th President 2009-2017

► Bush’s election in 2000 was the fourth election in U.S. history in which the winner of the electoral votes did not carry the popular vote. ► The Bushes were the second father and son to ascend to the presidency. The first pair were the Adamses. ► In response to the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, he declared a global “war on terrorism,” established the Department of Homeland Security and authorized U.S. led coalition in the wars of Afghanistan and Iraq. ► In 2002, President George W. Bush’s State of the Union was the first to be broadcast live on the Internet.

Donald Trump 45th President 2017 - present

Age at Inauguration: 70 Vice President: Mike Pence

► Trump has his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame which he received for the reality TV show The Apprentice. ► Is an accomplished author - having authored more than fifteen bestsellers. ► Will become the oldest and wealthiest person to assume the presidency, the first without prior military or governmental service, and the fifth elected with less than a plurality of the national popular vote. ► In December 2018 adopted tax reform that reduced corporate tax rate from 35 to 21 percent and cut individual rates for all income tax levels. In the end, the bill negotiated and passed featured the largest tax cuts since 1986.

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Saturday, February 16, 2019