TDL: COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN CITY PLANNING
SUBMITTED TO : Ms. Parul Sharma
A S S I G N M E N T Ist
SUBMITTED BY : Paras Mongia M.Plan I Year, II Sem
Approach towards
Works Done
Some Facts About IPCA Indian Pollution Control Association (IPCA) is a notfor- profit, non-government organization (NGO), established in the year 2001 with the support of Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. It is registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860 and Section 80G of the Income Tax Act and enlisted with Central Pollution Control Board at national level.
The organization was formed by a group of environmentally conscious individuals who firmly believed at promoting waste management practices at individual, group and national level. The organization has been successful in providing solid waste management solutions to corporate, industries, educational institutes and residential colonies. In the year 2016, IPCA has established its division for Air Quality and its Management under the name of Air Quality Management Services (AQMS). The aims of this initiative is to provide impartial Air Quality Testing & Consultation Services with the help of finest range (Gold standard) of calibrated instruments.
GOAL
VISION Sustainable economic development of India in a way that it ensures environmental protection
MISSION • To improve livelihood through responsible use of natural resources for the welfare of present and future generations
• To ensure proper recycling/processing of different kinds of waste to produce other useful consumable products, and • To provide solutions to environment and climate related problems
PROGRAMME’S FOCUSSED AREAS?
“S.O.R.T.” (Segregation of Organic-Waste for Recycling and Treatment) In this project waste will be minimized by source segregation and composting through a Sustainable Approach of Solid Waste Management.
AIM The project is conceptualized with the aim of maximizing the utilization of resources to reduce waste, which would indirectly result in less air, water and soil pollution, reduce pressure on landfill sites and reduce cost on transportation.
OBJECTIVES To motivate community participation in qualitative segregation of waste to increase recycling rate of waste material Enable operation of ‘Aerobin’ for composting of organic household waste to minimize the pressure on landfill or informal dumpsite.
Project Locale • Sunshine Helios, Sector 78, Noida • Saket Dham, Sector 61, Noida • Indraprastha Villa, Sector61, Noida • Pocket B, SFS Flats, Mayur Vihar, Phase 3, Delhi • New Friends Colony, Delhi • Delhi Officer Flats, GK 1, Delhi
Preliminary KAP Study
Workshops in Schools
Workshop / Training for all stakeholders (Residents, Servants & Waste collectors)
Street Plays
Volunteering
Installation, operation & maintenance of Aerobins
Visit to waste processing sites
Harvesting of compost
Thank You
TDL: COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN CITY PLANNING
A S S I G N M E N T II
SUBMITTED TO : Ms. Parul Sharma
SUBMITTED BY : Paras Mongia I M.Plan I Year, II Sem
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Tapis Rouge is one of several public spaces in Carrefour-Feuilles, Haiti, built under program LAMIKA, whose acronym stands for “A better life in my neighbourhood” in Haitian Creole. The program, funded by the American Red Cross and implemented by Global Communities, aims to construct multifunctional spaces that facilitate and promote social cohesion through an inclusive approach.
Green Gym – Outdoor Workout equipment
Green Energy Solutions – Solar Lights
ARCOD – Pre-cast concrete pavers
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Carrefour-Feuilles is one of the many informal neighborhoods which suffered extensive damage in the 2010 earthquake. The houses clinging to the slopes of the ravine lack basic services such as electricity, running water and sanitation. There is little formal infrastructure and the cheek by jowl homes are only accessible by a network of narrow corridors that wind up the slope. It is among the tight corners and between the walls of neighbouring houses that social life usually takes place. After the earthquake, the site of Tapis Rouge used to be a tent camp for displaced people. It sits at the top of a slope overlooking the ravines either side and it marks the entrance to the alleyways and homes below. The program and the architectural design have been established directly with the community. An open-air amphitheatre, intended for community gathering, marks the centre of the space. . The concentric rings beyond define areas within the plaza. One, is occupied by outdoor exercise equipment and seating. n another one, near the wall, the locally-made blue pavers give way to terraces of greenery, each with different plants. the locally-made blue pavers give way to terraces of greenery, each with different plants. Above it, by the top end, a row of palm trees conceals storage tanks for the adjacent water distribution station. The revenue generated from the sales of water will be reinvested into maintaining the public space. The wall that runs along the perimeter of the site has been transformed by the community and local artists with colourful murals. The designs emerged from one of the community engagement workshops, in which artists discussed the value of art with people from the neighbourhood. The children from the area, their parents and artists from Le Centre d’art and French artist Bault worked together on the final piece, which reflects Haiti’s rich painting tradition.
Architects : Emergent Vernacular Architecture (EVA Studio) Year : 2016
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The JJ flyover, runs from the Crawford Market area all the way to Byculla, jumping over some of the densest and most frantic neighborhoods of Mumbai. It is a mess of traffic above and a mess of traffic below. All accommodations are made for the car and truck, while pedestrians are left to fend for themselves. While the flyover features prominently on all maps of Mumbai, the space beneath it is a curiously overlooked space. Still, a host of activities happen here nonetheless. In the mornings, informal markets spring up selling everything from chai to chickens, fish to fruit. Street children play games; mothers wash clothing, cook food and sell small goods in the tiny leftover spaces of intersections and traffic medians. In the evening, food stalls set up shop and laborers gather to share food and drink, some eventually falling asleep in the vacated parking spaces.
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“A collaborative project supporting community-led design to improve public spaces.” •
Based on the community and co-creation approach “Making Cities Together”, the Model Street initiative was conceived to improve Nairobi’s public spaces.
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It has transformed the physical appearance of a street in Dandora’s ‘Phase 2’ neighbourhood with paving, painting, children’s play areas and the planting of trees.
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Clearing drains and new rubbish bins have improved sanitation while better lighting has increased safety for residents and business owners.
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The planning stage of the project included innovative Minecraft workshops, during which residents used the gaming software to visualise and shape their new shared space.
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Weekend building parties helped to engage as many residents as possible during the three-year construction process before Model Street’s official launch in April 2018.
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Using mixed finance to fund the project was a challenge for the partners, which required clear management and diligence. Power struggles and relationship tensions were overcome through dialogue. A controversial election result occurred during project implementation which required ongoing communication and patience between partners.
• The high level of collaboration achieved between partners and the community; • The ‘big changes through small actions’ approach: build in adequate time for unexpected delays, to reduce the strain on relationships. Starting an initiative like this where people are not used to it requires a high level of commitment and perseverance, but acceptance becomes quicker once the process can be shown to succeed; • The use of Minecraft to facilitate public participation and creative thinking;
• The approach employed by the Dandora Transformation League to encourage community and youth engagement with the project.
Social Impact The ‘Making Cities Together’ process has a real focus on inclusion. • All stages incorporated a participatory process, guided by the Community Based Organisation (the Dandora Transformation League) which identified and recruited people from across the neighbourhood. • For some women who were not active in the process the team introduced flag making (as they had noticed the women sitting on the streets doing beadwork). The flags were then used to section off the streets during building parties. • Teenage artists were brought in to paint, and Minecraft enabled the inclusion of disabled people, children and elderly people. Others were attracted through social events like lunches and the building parties. • Overall the process has motivated and involved young people in particular, and others across the neighbourhood. The improvements have had a positive impact on the health and safety of residents. This has led to an increased sense of empowerment and stronger connections and influence for the community. Legal impact Auditing public open space helped Making Cities Together partners engage in regional policy-making. This work led to a commitment by Nairobi City County to develop a Public Open Spaces Bill. Over 1,000 public spaces were identified in the city. The bill seeks to protect and improve these spaces for public use and promote shared responsibility in the maintenance of them. Urban impact •The project has improved public space in Phase 2 of the Dandora community, which houses over 5,000 low income people. Impacts include: •Increased safety (reduced crime through better lighting and community policing). •Improved neighbourhood maintenance and management. •Local shops have seen increased business (according to a survey of owners there are more customers and they are able to stay open later as the street feels safer). •New businesses have opened (one in particular rents out skates and bikes to children so they can play on the newly paved street). Greater community involvement increased land values, which has encouraged more residents to upgrade (paint and fix up) their houses.
Environmental Impact The project has achieved an environmental impact by improving sanitation, drainage and general cleanliness. It also involved tree planting and elements of upcycling (making tyre swings and rubbish bins out of recycled metal). The architects working on the gateways into the model street selected building materials according to their resilience and local availability. The Dandora Transformation League approach results in a cleaner living environment while simultaneously creating sustainable employment for young people. Unblocking drains has prevented flooding, reducing the risk of water-borne diseases.
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Favelas ring Rio de Janeiro’s hillsides, and many of their residents still experience clashes between police and gangs.
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Jeroen Koolhaas and Dre Urhahn, of the Dutch partnership Haas & Hahn, created the Favela Painting Project to bring art and beauty to the built environment.
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In 2010, they employed local youth to paint murals over 7,000 square meters (75,000 sq. ft.) of the public square, thirty-four surrounding houses, streets, and the interior of a popular samba studio in the Santa Marta settlement.
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The design for Praça Cantão uses a flexible concept of colorful rays, which can easily be expanded further throughout the favela.
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COMMUNITY RESPONSE Everywhere we have painted, be it Rio de Janeiro or Philadelphia, people have embraced the projects in a very strong personal way. Sometimes because of the way it looks, sometimes because we offered some alternative, or sometimes simply because we moved in and spent our time in communities that others might avoid. We have celebrated our birthdays there, made lifelong friendships, got drunk. We make most design decisions together with the building owners and users. We go door to door and talk about the project, discuss their preferences. It’s a very long process, but the only way one can afford to go to someone’s neighborhood with such an immense project. It has to become everybody's project first
Location: Andalucia neighborhood, Medellín, Colombia Population: 2.4 million Metro: 3.7 million Context: Residential (Informal Settlement) Right-of-way: 19 m Extent: approx. 1 km Cost: 3.2 billion COP (1.1 million USD) Funding: Public Max. Speed: 30 km/h
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The Calle 107 urban promenade is a 19-m wide street, located between the Medellín river and the Andalucía station of the Metrocable in Medellín. The street plays an important commercial role and serves as a gathering place for residents. In recent years, the street experienced an increase in commercial activity. The street design project includes a pedestrian promenade, improvements to existing public spaces, and a new park. The redesign aims to strengthen the role of the street by recognizing its nature as a pedestrian axis and by strengthening the businesses located along it. Taking into consideration a series of requests from the residents, the city of Medellín decided to upgrade the street. In its southern stretch, the street has been partially converted into an urban promenade. This includes the creation of a large sidewalk paved with quality materials in order to make the promenade more visually recognizable.
“Calle 107 was transformed from a car-oriented road to a mixed and pedestrian-friendly street, stimulating commercial development.”
Public Agencies Municipality of Medellín, Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano (EDU), Department of Transportation, Department of City Planning Citizen Associations and Unions The community of Andalucía Designers and Engineers Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano (EDU)
• Create a clear distinction between public and private space.
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High-quality, durable materials that are locally sourced
• Provide places for play and relaxation.
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Tree planting and porous surfaces.
• Create a safe, well-lit, and easily surveyed pedestrian route.
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High-quality lighting.
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Wide, continuous sidewalks.
• Employ sustainable landscape practices.
• Use easy-to-maintain and durable designs and materials.
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A group of Ghaziabad residents under an initiative called ‘Youth Network Ghaziabad’ have turned the city’s public spaces into their canvas. They are painting the pillars of flyovers on Sundays in a move to beautify the city. The pillars, earlier covered with paan stains and movie posters, are now covered in attractive abstract designs in bright colours and slogans aimed at motivating others to keep the city clean. The group has over 100 active members from the city, who are from all walks of life and are in the age group of 15-35.
In my opinion, it is a great effort by the local residents of Mohan Nagar area in Ghaziabad city to maintain their surrounding areas neat, clean and visually appealing. It impacted the perception of people towards looking at an under flyover space which is most commonly either encroached by the poor people and animals or it is not maintained/ utilized as a space for multiple activities which could be thought to enhance community involvement, encourage them to manage their neighborhood spaces like parks, playgrounds or vacant lands.
Such groups should be formed at communal level to aware people especially children about such initiatives that can be done to manage public spaces in their area. Government should promote and encourage such positive ideas so that places can become healthy, people friendly and provides unique identity to each place
TDL: COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN CITY PLANNING
SUBMITTED TO : Ms. Parul Sharma
ASSIGNMENT IV (CBP in Cities)
SUBMITTED BY : Paras Mongia | M.Plan I Year, II Sem | 200MPLUP021
Capacity Building (CB) is widely recognized as one of the key ingredients of sustaining reform and development. ▪
Capacity Building is the process of developing and strengthening the skills, instincts, abilities, processes and resources that organizations and communities need to survive, adapt, and thrive in the fast-changing world.
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The UNDP defines capacity building as “a long-term continual process of development that involves all stakeholders”.
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Capacity building uses a country’s human, scientific, technological, organizational, and institutional and resource capabilities.
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Capacity building of Urban Local Bodies (ULB) to take up the challenging task of implementing projects and reforms under JNNURM is recognized as a priority of the Mission.
NEED OF CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMMES The municipal bodies by initiating a process a process of democratic decentralization with the objective of making urban governance more responsive to meet the growing aspirations and expectations of people, in the urban local bodies needs to become more efficient, effective, responsive, citizen-friendly, transparent and accountable. ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Specific Gaps Lack of Human Resources Limited financial Resources Lack of Training Institutions Gaps at the Apex Level Administrative Capacity Local Capacity Building
RECOMMENDATIONS ➢ To develop a system within the government at Center, state & ULBs levels. ➢ Develop the infrastructure at all levels and recruit the retired persons from IAS or State Administrative services or there could be persons on deputation from various government departments. ➢ Ministry should also give the work to some semi-government bodies, when Govt. these agencies should be given work by dividing states into zones or it could be at ULB level.
CENTRAL
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ULBs
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There should be adequate provision of budget in every government paining policy/ programmes for capacity building and training at all levels of services. Promote think tank initiatives in urban policy through centers of excellence/ Innovation in existing institutions. Train officers from the IAS & other central services annually as urban specialists and place them systematically through deputation in cities and towns. Encouraging private sector participation in the context of the wide gap in the requirement and availability of quality human resources; Need to give more emphasis to smaller urban areas in all central government schemes. There should be a capacity building and training cell at district level which will be responsible for organizing capacity building and training programmes headed by an IAS. Government should engage more Institutes in capacity building and training programmes of ULBs. Private player could be appointed for the tasks on contract basis. Lateral hiring of professionals into the municipal cadre for fostering professionalism. Build/reform municipal cadre in all states with recruitment into the cadre at entry level through a competitive examination. Provide flexibility in lateral hiring of professionals with special skills into the cadre. A pool of experts and specialists (engineers, planners etc.) could be maintained by a federation/ consortium of local bodies. This common pool could be then accessed by the local bodies whenever required for specific tasks. Bottoms-up approach will be followed in assessing training and capacity building needs at the state and city levels for formulating capacity building programmes and activities; Capacity building of functionaries at lower levels including multitasking building will be given emphasis; Hands-on learning and exposure visits shall be integrated into programmes and activities. Municipal bodies should organize at least two seminars/training programmes for their staff with the help of state/central government or parastatal agencies.
CASE STUDY
The CapaCITIES project, supported by Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, aims to strengthen the capacities of Indian cities, to identify, plan and implement measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and for enhancing resilience to climate change in an integrated manner.
Capacity Building for Low Carbon and Climate Resilient City Development (CapaCITIES)
Today, cities account for approximately two-thirds of global energy use and over 70 percent of energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that drive global climate change. In India, increased demand for energy, infrastructure and services is putting city systems under pressure. This will be accentuated further by growing risks caused by climate variability. Poor and vulnerable segments of the city populations will be affected most. Through the Capacity Building for Low Carbon and Climate Resilient City Development project (CapaCITIES), SDC’s Global Programme on Climate Change will support and accelerate the Government of India’s efforts for sustainable urbanization.
The project aims to: • • • •
PROJECT AT A GLANCE
Enhance the capacities of city authorities in four partner cities to plan and implement mitigation and adaptation measures. Initiate city-level climate change mitigation measures for priority sectors. Initiate city-level climate change adaptation measures for priority sectors. Increase awareness on low carbon and climate resilient city development in India and other countries. Area: Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Duration: July 2016 – June 2019 Implementation Partners: • Consortium of South Pole Carbon Management Ltd., ICLEI South Asia and econcept AG Public Sector Partners: • Municipal Corporations and city-level authorities of Coimbatore, Rajkot, Siliguri and Udaipur • Urban Development/Municipal Affairs Department of the Governments of Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan Geographic focus: Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), Rajkot (Gujarat), Siliguri (West Bengal) and Udaipur (Rajasthan)
KEY SECTORS Water As cities grow, the demand for water will further increase while climate change is likely to impact its availability. The partner cities, although having secured water supplies to meet their current municipal services, need to reassess their water supply in view of future climate change impacts. The focus of the CapaCITIES project therefore, is to support the cities in ensuring water security in order to enhance their resilience to climate change. Sewage/Solid Waste Urbanization has deleterious impacts on sanitation and solid waste management. A prime focus for the project is on scientific management and disposal of municipal solid waste and sewage, including addressing issues of soil and water pollution, and recovery of water from wastewater.
Transport/Mobility The total number of vehicles on the world’s roads is expected to reach 250 million by 2020 and the soaring demand for fuel to run them will lead to both local and global implications. The project will address the problem of air pollution and black carbon through transport and mobility solutions.
KEY SECTORS Buildings The buildings sector has high CO2 savings potential, where cities have crucial executive powers. Today, three-quarters of the projected increase in energy demand in residential buildings comes from urban areas, thus making it crucial to focus on energy-efficient buildings. The project, therefore, aims at reducing the long-term carbon dioxide emissions by focusing on the building sector. Planning With the unprecedented growth in Indian cities, huge demands are being placed on the infrastructure. In the absence of thorough planning, these challenges are bound to multiply. In order to address the same, in partnership with the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), the CapaCITIES project aims to conduct workshops, policy dialogues and document best practices from the cities, to enable better decision making in relation to urban spaces.
The project has identified four target sectors for formulation and implementation of integrated action plans and measures
PARTNER CITIES Coimbatore, a major textile, educational hub and medical centre is the second largest urban agglomeration in the state of Tamil Nadu, in South of India. Even though the local government has undertaken significant energy efficient measures across different sectors of buildings, sewage and transportation, implementable measures and technical support in building capacities for interventions in other sectors are of vital importance.
Rajkot, a major industrial and commercial/trading centre has recently witnessed large-scale new town infrastructure and construction to meet its growing population demands. The city faces similar challenges, like Coimbatore, in the areas of solid waste management, mobility and water; though effective measures for buildings and the transport sector are underway.
The city of Udaipur, popular for its history and culture, is built around inter-connected lake systems. Marble industry and tourism drive the economy of the city. Solid waste management, a problem sector, has been highlighted in the city’s recent Smart City Proposal submitted to the government of India, under the flagship programme– Smart Cities Mission.
Siliguri, a city in the foothills of the Himalayas in the Northeastern part of the country acts as a transit point for inter-city/state boundaries connecting the neighbouring countries of Bhutan and Nepal. As a city highly prone to natural disasters such as flooding and earthquakes, it has recently witnessed large-scale construction with improper planning and management.
PARTNERS
Funding Agency The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) has been a partner of India for more than fifty years. Since 2011, SDC’s programme focuses specifically on the issue of climate change. The programme is a part of SDC’s Global Programme Climate Change (GPCC), which actively engages in multilateral climate change policy processes, supports innovative climate change and mitigation projects in targeted partner countries and facilitates the generation and dissemination of knowledge.
Capacity building is valuable and important because of its many long-term impacts. For example, Capacity building approaches purposefully minimize an over-reliance on outside experts as sources of knowledge, resources, and solutions to community issues. By preventing a dependency relationship on outsiders from forming, capacity building encourages local people to take action on local issues themselves. Capacity building fosters a sense of ownership and empowerment, so that community partners gain greater control over their own future development. Strengthened confidence, skills, knowledge, and resources that increase from capacity building efforts on one project may enhance a community partner’s ability to envision and take action on other projects. Capacity building efforts are sensitive to the particularities of local culture and context, and as a result, often lead to more feasible and appropriate community solutions than approaches that lack a capacity building focus.
Capacity building approaches to community work acknowledge that growth, learning and change occur reciprocally.
CONCLUSION
Thank You