RESEARCH
THOUGHT
DESIGN
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
“First life, then spaces, then buildings - the other way around never works.” – Jan Gehl
1.2 STATEMENT “It has been cliché to say that the 21st "This Seminar paper looks at the notion
of
the
term
century is the era of rapid urbanization.”
Architectural
Cities are swelling and deteriorating with
Urbanism and how it is understood to unfold. In order to truly grasp the
increase in the number of people living
complexities of this vast topic, it is
each year. They are the economic, cultural
important to understand both the terms
and virtual force behind every country on
individually.
Hence,
this
paper
the planet. With this shift towards urban
involves the meaning / concept & importance of urban way of living and
settlement comes a subsequent shrinkage
its impact on architecture.”
of space, and multiplicatively inverse of
the space, which manifests itself as density.
Density is the ultimate result of urban
LIFE
aggregation and has many forms such as:
population,
visual,
information,
built,
programmatic, infrastructural etc.
SPACE
Unfortunately, density has been widely considered as a negative character trait of
BUILDINGS
our cities and it is often associated with So, the terms Architecture and Urbanism have different aspects, characteristics and levels of
health hazard, fire hazard, inhuman living conditions, and a certain heaviness or
understanding but they are perhaps interdependent on each other in many ways which are discussed
darkness.
However,
dense
cities
further.
successfully championed in terms of
There are many legendary Architects and
walkability and sustainability. In simple
urban designers / planners who had written
words, these cities hold for long and have
and taught these two terms according to
the ability to sustain for long what they
their own perception. Since, the evolution
perceive and get from their ancestors which
of architecture the urban life always plays
is basically their traditional way of living.
an important role in its growth and
In this paper I will examine the role of
declination.
Therefore,
before
the
construction of shelters for living there were
many things which considered before any urban settlement. These things either were a
architecture in urban density, with a specific goal to understand the role of Urbanism in modern architecture.
source of living or the important public spaces
without
which there
possibility of development.
was
no
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
`
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.4 SENSE OF URBANISM SINCE EVOLUTION ARCHITECTURE…. separation of city from nature
OF
Every city has its unique feel and features. The urban environment and its architecture plays an most important role. Cities are the public interface for the development of societies in which individual lives. During modern era of human development, growth of towns and cities displayed a
separation between nature and human activities. This was not the case in pre-modern times, when human settlements either integrated or co-existed peacefully with the nature. There are many examples of this city—nature relationship in Old Iranian cities like Isfahan, Shiraz and even Tehran; The Garden Cities of Sir Ebenezer Howard in England. After the arrival of modernism and the growth urbanism, modern homes and high rise habitats replaced gardens. Fast growing populations and changes in lifestyle contributed to the destruction of garden cities. The modern city is a recent phenomenon. The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to massive urbanization and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In the United States from 1860 to 1910, the invention of railroads reduced transportation costs, and large manufacturing centers began to emerge, thus allowing migration from rural to city areas. Before the rapid expansion in human population that began after the Industrial Revolution, cities were relatively small, few in number and their impact on the natural world was limited. There had been human-induced extinctions of wildlife caused by hunter-gatherers, the deforestation caused by the introduction to fire as a means of cooking and heating, but for the most part, the ecological footprint of human settlements was light because they were embedded bio regionally and their size permitted provisioning by the immediate surrounding natural environment. These developments were made possible by the large-scale exploitation of fossil fuel resources (especially petroleum), which offered large amounts of energy in an easily portable form, but also caused widespread concerns about pollution and longterm impact on the environment. In the USA, cheap gas and anti-urban policies led to
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION sprawl which destroyed rural areas and replaced many farms and open space with low rise housing developments, landfills and shopping malls. Urban dwellers became increasingly disconnected from nature, so that nowadays many of us no longer understand the connection of a healthy ecosystem and healthy cities. Landscapes on and around our buildings and infrastructure can be more than an optional ornamental extra but a multi-functional layer of soil and vegetation that controls surface water, provides food and wildlife habitat and keeps us cool, fit and sane.
1.5 MEANING AND DEFINITIONS OF THE TERMS RELATED ARCHITECTURE Urban dwellers became increasingly disconnected from nature, so that nowadays many of us no longer understand the connection of a healthy ecosystem and healthy cities. Landscapes on and around our buildings and infrastructure can be more than an optional ornamental extra but a multi-functional layer of soil and vegetation that controls surface water, provides food and wildlife habitat and keeps us cool, fit and sane.
FIG. 1 : ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE (Source : https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2013/05/26/architecture-andurban-ecosystems-from-segregation-to-integration/ ) SEMINAR 2018 ARCHITECTURAL URBANISM
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Architecture and buildings are inseparable parts of a city; can you assume a city without architecture, buildings and their features? The biggest portion of built environment is building blocks and their attachments; how can imagine a sustainable and ecological city without the effects of architectural design and building constructions? Particularly in modern and semi modern cities today, the dominance of buildings against natural environment is undeniable. During last century our reaction about environmental crisis in construction industry was nearly nothing! ------ “Architecture is the profession of designing the built environment”
Therefore, each has a significant role in restoring balance between buildings, cities and our biological / ecological inventory. Surely ecological urbanism without ecological architecture is impossible.
URBAN DESIGN
URBAN
PLANNING
PLATE 1: RELATION BETWEEN ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM (Source : Author) SEMINAR 2018 ARCHITECTURAL URBANISM
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION NOTE : Architecture is related to urban design, which is the practice of actively shaping the city in a desired fashion. Urban designers improve the livability of cities by translating plans into physical strategies, establishing design criteria for development projects, designing the space between buildings, and arranging public spaces, streets, blocks, neighbourhood and infrastructure in a logical and meaningful way. In this way, urban design is both art and science
URBANISM “Urbanism is a lens through which to view and interpret the city. Urbanists attempt to
understand how economic,
political,
social,
ecological
and cultural
characteristics of place affect urban form and social life.” •
Interaction of inhabitants with the built environment
•
Direct component of disciplines such as urban planning and urban sociology
•
Study of urban life and culture and management of urban environment
There are basically three types of Urbanism :-
PLATE 2: ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE (Source : Author)
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION NOTE : Urbanism is related to urban planning, city, or town planning planning, which is the discipline of land use planning which explores several aspects of the built and social environments of municipalities and communities.
In the nineteenth century, urban planning became influenced by the newly formalised disciplines of architecture and civil engineering, which began to codify both rational and stylistic approaches to solving city problems through physical design.
However since the 1960's the domain of urban planning has expanded to include economic development planning, community social planning and environmental planning.
In the 20th century, part of the task of urban planning became urban renewal, and re-invigorating inner cities by adapting urban planning methods to existing cities, some with much long-term infrastructural decay.
1.6 SENSE OF URBANISM AFTER MODERNISM ARCHITECTURE…. integration of city with nature
IN
Historically, the concept of the built environment both embraced and rejected the idea of a balance with our natural environment. Home was a safe place against wild and
cruel nature of outside. We feared natural disasters, wild uncontrollable animals and untamed growth of forest and woodland areas. And even now, we destroy or neglect our natural infrastructure due to our focus on making life more convenient, with drive through services and large shopping malls. Disregard of natural processes in the city is and always has been costly and dangerous. Many cities have suffered from failure to take account of natural processes. The cost of disregarding nature extends also to quality of life. We witness this fact with unprecedented urban growth in cities across the globe. And if we look at
urban history, we realize that the problems of contemporary urbanization are still persistent, just as plagued ancient cities.
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
FIG. 2 : SUSTAINABLE CITY – NATURE’S CITY (Source : https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2013/05/26/architecture-andurban-ecosystems-from-segregation-to-integration/ )
Civilizations and governments rise and fall, traditions, values, and policies change, but the natural environment of each city remains an enduring framework within which the human community builds. A city’s natural environment and its urban form, taken
together, are a record of the interaction between natural processes and human purpose over time. Together they contribute to each city’s unique identity. As the living community of other organisms is reduced and human interaction with that community is lost, there is an extinction of experience that results in a loss of real ecological knowledge and emotional attachment to nature. It is our relationships with our environment and other species that make us part of an ecosystem. Thus cities should be an extension of our natural environment. We as citizens must organize political, social and technological resources in an effort to create a dialogue and implementable action plan to redesign unhealthy urban habitats in balance with nature.
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RESEARCH
THOUGHT
DESIGN
CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
2.1 INTRODUCTION: Why Tradition Matters The faith in the utopian promises of the modern movement evaporated long ago, but as a strategy of form-making and place-making it continued to dominate the imagination of architects and urban planners the world over. In developing societies it became synonymous with the process of modernization and its products symbolized the achievements of modernity. But in recent years its aura and efficacy as a tool for development has been severely blunted. Its reliance on the economics of unlimited growth and the unsustainable exploitation of resources it entailed, has resulted in the discontents of globalization and environmental problems such as global warming. Simultaneously, the (re)discovery of the intrinsic benefits of traditional architecture and urbanscapes has resulted in the re-examination of the foundational principles of the modern movement. The ideology of the modern movement was premised on the cult of ‘newness’ and the purposeful rejection of the past. It equated the avant grade with the production of architecture and urban spaces to be held in critical esteem and relegated any association with traditional architecture and urban spaces to history. In most societies this ‘modernist’ vision raised profound questions, separating the ideals of professionals and the expectation of users, but in developing societies with rich and still fecund building heritage, the situation was particularly poignant because the rejection of the past was detrimental to their well being as well. Thus increasingly, the modern movement was being confronted with reasoned apostasy, promoting the aesthetics of continuity and links with the familiar in the production of new architecture and urban spaces. The new objectives were to heal the rupture created by the modern movement and produce an urban environment more sympathetic to the expectation of society-at-large. This process is gaining ground. (Source : NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM, Development of Indian Traditions)
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
2.2 TRADITION AND INNOVATION … Indian scenario It is always interesting to return to the roots and lessons which have validity for our times. The state of Rajasthan displays some typical examples of the courtyard based forts with typical roof terraces shows how the people or ancestors used to live in their traditional style and how that style of living passed on to next generations. This example proves that how important is the value of the these things in forming the future urban settlement and sets an example o=for the future generation. This is what called true public realm as it gets stronger and stronger with ages not just because of people respect what they got from their parents but also because these traditional elements and techniques were correct in their function and performance.
Following are the some examples of architecture from India which were built on the basis of the combination of both the factors that is tradition with innovation :NEHRU PAVILION, DELHI
FIG. 3 : NEHRU PAVILION PLAN AND VIEW (Source : https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-12372/)
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
ASIAN GAMES VILLAGE, DELHI
FIG. 4 : NASIAN GAMES VILLAGE PLAN AND VIEW (Source : https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-12372/)
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF IMMUNOLOGY, DELHI
FIG. 5 : NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF IMMUNOLOGY PLAN AND VIEW (Source : https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-12372/)
CENTRAL DELHI
INSTITUTE
OF
EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY,
FIG. 6 : CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY PLAN AND VIEW (Source : https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-12372/)
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
SCOPE OFFICE COMPLEX, DELHI
FIG. 7 : SCOPE COMPLEX PLANS AND VIEW (Source : https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-12372/)
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
JAWAHAR KALA KENDRA, JAIPUR
FIG. 8 : JAWAHAR KALA KENDRA PLAN AND VIEW (Source : https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-12372/)
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
INDIA INTERNATIONAL CENTRE, DELHI
FIG. 9: IIC PLAN AND VIEW (Source : https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-12372/)
INDIA HABITAT CENTRE, DELHI
FIG. 10 : IHC PLAN AND VIEW (Source : https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-12372/)
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
2.3 BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF NEW URBANISM New Urbanism is a planning and development approach based on the principles of how cities and towns had been built for the last several centuries: walkable blocks and streets, housing and shopping in close proximity, and accessible public spaces. In other words: New Urbanism focuses on human-scaled urban design.
The principles, articulated in the Charter of the New Urbanism, were developed to offer alternatives to the sprawling, single-use, low-density patterns typical of postWWII development, which have been shown to inflict negative economic, health, and environmental impacts on communities.
These design and development principles can be applied to new development, urban infill and revitalization, and preservation. They can be applied to all scales of development in the full range of places including rural Main Streets, booming suburban areas, urban neighbourhood dense city centers, and even entire regions
So, the terms Architecture and UrbanismFIG. have11 : CONVERTING INTO NEW URBANISM different aspects, characteristics and levels (Source of
: http://www.newurbanism.org/)
understanding but they are perhaps interdependent on each other in many ways which
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
TEN PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM 1. Walkability Most needs are within a 10-minute walk of home and work. Street design is friendly to pedestrians, because buildings are close to the street and have porches, windows, and doors. Streets have lots of trees and on-street parking, with parking lots and garages placed behind buildings and houses, often connected to alleys. Streets are narrow, which slows traffic dramatically.
FIG.12 : WALKABILITY (Source : http://www.newurbanism.org/) 2. Connectivity An interconnected street grid disperses traffic and encourages walking.
FIG.13 : CONNECTIVITY (Source : http://www.newurbanism.org/) SEMINAR 2018 ARCHITECTURAL URBANISM
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 3. Mixed-Use and Diversity Neighborhoods, blocks, and buildings offer a mix of shops, offices, apartments, and
homes. The neighborhoods welcome people of all ages, income levels, cultures, and races.
FIG. 14 : MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT (Source : http://www.newurbanism.org/)
4. Mixed Housing Zoning allows the close proximity of a wide range of housing types, sizes, and prices.
FIG. 15 : MIXED HOUSING (Source : http://www.newurbanism.org/) SEMINAR 2018 ARCHITECTURAL URBANISM
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 5. Quality Architecture and Urban Design Buildings emphasize beauty, aesthetics, and comfort and establish a sense of place;
public spaces function as civic art, establishing an attractive, quality public realm.
FIG. 16 : QUALTY ARCHITECTURE (Source : http://www.newurbanism.org/)
6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure Neighborhoods have definite centers and edges, with public spaces near the center. Each neighborhood contains a range of uses and densities within a 10-minute walk.
FIG. 17: CONVERTING INTO NEW URBANISM (Source : http://www.newurbanism.org/) SEMINAR 2018 ARCHITECTURAL URBANISM
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 7. Increased Density Buildings, residences, shops, and services are close together to make walking more
convienient, services and resources more efficient, and living areas more enjoyable.
FIG. 18: INCREASED DENSITY (Source : http://www.newurbanism.org/)
8. Smart Transportation A network of high-quality public transit connects cities, towns, and neighbourhood ,
while pedestrian-friendly design encourages more use of bicycles, rollerblades, scooters, and walking as daily transportation.
FIG. 19: SMART TRANSPORTATION (Source : http://www.newurbanism.org/) SEMINAR 2018 ARCHITECTURAL URBANISM
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 9. Sustainability The community uses respect for natural systems and eco-friendly technologies like
energy efficiency to minimize effects on the environment. The community connects strongly with surrounding farmland, encouraging land preservation and local food consumption.
FIG. 20: SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES (Source : http://www.newurbanism.org/)
10. Quality of Life These design principles produce a life that is well worth living by providing places that enrich, uplift, and inspire the human spirit.
FIG. 21 : GOOD QUALITY OF LIFE (Source : http://www.newurbanism.org/) SEMINAR 2018 ARCHITECTURAL URBANISM
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
2.4 PUBLIC PLACES AS AN IMPORTANT PART OF URBANISM Case Studies/Examples Of Place-making In India These examples of urban projects depict the process of place-making from conceptualization to completion. These projects in the urban realm examine the synergies between our urban, cultural and architectural heritage. This involves a deep understanding of the traditions, people and the values of place with its people. Following projects are based on these simplistic sensibilities:Dilli Haat – Food and Crafts Bazaar, New Delhi
FIG. 22 : DILLI HAAT SITE PLAN (Source : http://www.sss10.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2015/07/SSS10_Poster_165.pdf) Client: Delhi Tourism & Transportation Development Corporation Date: 1992 - 1994 Area: 2.4 Hectares (6 Acres).
The 'Dilli Haat' - a food & crafts bazaar has emerged as one of Delhi’s most loved urban leisure spaces. Designed to be a public space- it is a platform for showcasing regional crafts and food of India.
Located on a leftover site opposite to an informal market on a highly active road, Aurobindo Marg & the journey of its transformation began from an experimental Crafts Bazaar in 1990 at another location in New Delhi.
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
The site was reclaimed by covering a storm water drain with a slab. Dilli Haat is a place of celebration; an ever-changing kaleidoscope of crafts and cuisines from different parts of India. In 2003 Dilli Haat became one of the first public places in the country to be made completely barrier-free.
The concept and design of project began by creating a central open spacef or public with craft shops and food bazaar on either side.the idea was to have more space for people to walk and less shops in comparison.
The arrangement is done in such a way that craft shops are in front and food stalls at back. The place is democratic in character as anybody can enter thee place.
The materials used in construction here is Indian and locally available such as brick a commonly used material along with slate from Himachal Pradesh, sandstone slab from Rajasthanetc. Earthen pots and mud is used for terracing and insulation.
FIG. 23 : DILLI HAAT BASIC ZONING (Source : http://www.sss10.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2015/07/SSS10_Poster_165.pdf)
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
FIG. 24 : DILLI HAAT ACTIVITIES ZONING (Source : http://www.sss10.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2015/07/SSS10_Poster_165.pdf)
FIG. 25 : DILLI HAAT STALLS AND SHOPS (Source : http://www.sss10.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2015/07/SSS10_Poster_165.pdf) SEMINAR 2018 ARCHITECTURAL URBANISM
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM Redevelopment of Jama Masjid precinct , Old Delhi
FIG. 26 : JAMA MASJID (Source : http://www.ummid.com/news/2015/May/06.05.2015/archaeologist-on-jamamasjid.html) The Jama Masjid Redevelopment plan includes proposal for redevelopment of the peripheral roads and the precinct within it. The Plan of precinct covers an area of around 12.7 Hectares around the Jama Masjid, and includes the peripheral streets of about 3kms, starting from Subhash Marg to back of Jama Masjid till Subhash Marg at Parade Ground car parking. Issues Identified: Spatial organisation, Commercial activities, Circulation, Facilities for the worshippers of Jama Masjid, Present infrastructure utilities, Civic amenities
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
FIG. 27 : JAMA MASJID PRESINCT AREA (Source : http://www.ummid.com/news/2015/May/06.05.2015/archaeologist-on-jamamasjid.html)
Project Aim:
Identifiable urban form for the Precinct Contemporary environment befitting the heritage of this Precinct Open up a visual and physical link to the Red Fort Create democratic multi use civic space and streetscapes Development of a new physical plan, incorporating modifications in: Land use Built fabric Movement networks & parking Urban infrastructure services Rationalization of spaces for commercial and other uses
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
Proposed Master Plan as submitted by the consultant Shri Pradeep Sachdeva :-
FIG. 28 : PROPOSED MASTER PLAN (Source : http://www.ummid.com/news/2015/May/06.05.2015/archaeologist-on-jamamasjid.html)
FIG. 29 : AREA OF INTERVENTION (Source : http://www.ummid.com/news/2015/May/06.05.2015/archaeologist-on-jamamasjid.html) SEMINAR 2018 ARCHITECTURAL URBANISM
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
FIG. 30 : WAY FORWARD (Source : http://www.ummid.com/news/2015/May/06.05.2015/archaeologist-on-jamamasjid.html)
PRESENT SCENARIO : CHAOTIC ENTRANCE
PROPOSED : Shahi entry to Jama Masjid SEMINAR 2018 ARCHITECTURAL URBANISM
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
2.5 PERCEPTION OF LOOKING AT A PLACE… Indian v/s Western
FIG. 31: THE CONCEPT OF GAZE OR PERCEPTION OF LOOKING AT A PLACE (Source : Celebrating Public Spaces of India ) SEMINAR 2018 ARCHITECTURAL URBANISM
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
2.6 RELEVANCE OF NEW URBANISM Cities are changing the world over. Most are becoming worse places to live. There are many, intersecting forces causing this decline: increase in population, failing infrastructure, automobile dependency, outward sprawling development, and an ability to provide adequate housing for lower and middle income residents. Following are some techniques adopted by Congress for New Urbanism for both public and private sectors to improve the quality of life in cities :-
FIG. 32: Top 10 techniques for educating community leaders about place-making (Source : https://www.cnu.org/publicsquare/top-10-techniques-educatingcommunity-leaders-about-placemaking ) SEMINAR 2018 ARCHITECTURAL URBANISM
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CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
1. Streets are for people 2. Overrule the specialists 3. Mix the uses 4. Hide the parking lots 5. Small is beautiful 6. Save the building and, by the way, remove that billboard 7. Build affordable housing 8. Build green / grown green 9. Question your codes
10. Don’t forget beauty
IMPORTANCE OF NEW URBANISM
New Urbanists want to see those human-scale neighborhoods return
New Urbanists make placemaking and public space a high priority
New Urbanism is pragmaticNew Urbanism is focused on design, which is critical to the function of communities
New Urbanism is holistic
Reclaiming underutilized and neglected places is a special focus of New Urban design and building
Above all, New Urbanism is about creating sustainable, human-scaled places where people can live healthy and happy lives
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RESEARCH
THOUGHT
DESIGN
CHAPTER 2 NEW ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
3.1 CONCLUSION / INFERENCES Delhi the walled city was rich in building traditions, landscape features of European style, various cultures and very different Architecture in 19th and 20th century.The city does not had its own style of Architecture purely and there was always a mix of modern British with Mughal architecture. The Britishers brought to Delhi various institutions and technologies, spatial forms and concepts of development to the city(private/public division)until almost a century in 1857 to 1946. However, the goal was to achieve a modernity in style of buildings and architecture along with urban life which was missing according to Britishers in India. But, Delhi partially succeeded in this because the roots, the origin & the built urban fabric of the city was so dense with narrow winding streets / lanes, glittering bazaars, small public squares and streets lined along with vendors and hawkers. This was true urban life of Indian people and particularly Delhi. After the conquest of East India Company, the city still remained under Mughal Empire rule until 1857.But, due to the occurance of British rules and regulation mainly in 20th century, the city got its value vanished and lost its public realm. Spaces were demolished for the construction of rail, roads, bungalows, factories civil lines etc particularly near Kashmere Gate. Various rules and regulations with building codes were made whichled to the destruction of many public spaces and gathering areas because they were illegal then. In short, indigenous modernities overcome old traditions and culture. The essence of the city faded with time. Even after Independence in 1947 till now, there is modernity everywhere and is growing rapidly with time bringing many hazards with it like loss of habitat, natural resources, global warming etc which are unsustainable practices according to today’s theory of architecture. The Architecture and Urbanism are loosely connected and are at the edge of end. The meaning is totally lost, over population increasing and communities are having no meaning. So, people, architects and urban planners should think again for the sake of our future generation to save the habitat which is left over and adopt traditional / old techniques and practices along with innovations to balance the today’s condition of the cities SEMINAR 2018 ARCHITECTURAL URBANISM
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