Inclusive Transportation Systems and City Planning

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Theme 3 - Inclusive Transportation Systems and City Planning

IMPORTANCE OF LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION INTEGRATION IN MODERN DAY CITY PLANNING

PARAS MONGIA STUDENT SUSHANT UNIVERSITY E-mail: parasmongia.mplan20@sushantuniversity.edu.in

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CONTENTS 1) INTRODUCTION│URBANIZATION AND ITS IMPACT 2) BACKGROUND│URBAN FORM & SPATIAL STRUCTURE 3) BACKGROUND│TRANSPORTATION AND URBAN DYNAMICS 4) AIM│OBJECTIVES│LIMITATIONS│SCOPE│METHODOLOGY 5) LAND USE ZONING│MODELS AND CONCEPTS

6) TRANSPORTATION│HISTORY OF URBAN MOBILITY 7) LAND USE AND TRANSPORT│INTEGRATION OF TRANSIT CITIES 8) URBANIZATION AND TRANSPORT│TRENDS IN INDIAN CONTEXT 9) CONCEPTUAL / APPLIED THEORIES IN URBAN PLANNING 10) TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT│STRATEGY FOR LUTI 11) BEST PRACTICES│INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES│PARIS│SINGAPORE 12) BEST PRACTICES│NATIONAL CASE STUDIES│MUMBAI AND DELHI 13) CONCLUSION│OUTCOMES│RESULTS

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INTRODUCTION│URBANIZATION AND ITS IMPACT •

• • •

Source:

Perspectives of Spatial Arrangement Urban Spatial Structure and City’s Urban Form

Source: Urbanet.info , Transportgeography.org

Rural to Urban transition is ‘Urbanization’ It is prime & dominant Economic and social change since 20th century Urban population size has been tripled since 1950 By 2050, 70% world would be Urbanised (6.4 Billion)

MAJOR OUTCOMES Continuous population growth – In developing countries and cities Increase in urbanised areas – Urban Sprawl & more Land requirement Increase in Urban Mobility Demand – Connectivity, Congestion and Pollution

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BACKGROUND│URBAN FORM & SPATIAL STRUCTURE

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Urban form refers to the spatial imprint of an urban transport system as well as the adjacent physical infrastructures.

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Jointly, they confer a level of spatial arrangement to cities.

It tries to evaluate, “to what extent specific urban structures can be achieved with specific transport systems.”

Source: Transportgeography.org

Urban spatial structure refers to the set of relationships arising out of the urban form and its underlying mobility of passengers and freight.

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Urbanization has been shaped by transport infrastructures, such as roads, transit systems, or simply walkways.

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Hence, a wide variety of urban forms, spatial structures, and associated urban transportation systems have been emerged throughout history.

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BACKGROUND│TRANSPORTATION AND URBAN DYNAMICS

Source: Transportgeography.org

Hybrid Land Use Model: Transportation And The Formation Of Urban Landscapes

Even if the geographical setting of each city varies considerably, the urban form and its spatial structure are articulated by Nodes and linkages.

Ring Roads (during 1960s) Before Transit

Completely motorized

Weak Centre

Strong Centre

Traffic Limitation

After Transit

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AIM│OBJECTIVES│LIMITATIONS│SCOPE│METHODOLOGY AIM

To establish an understanding of relation between land use and transport integration through literature and set the parameters / indicators for its benchmarking in transit cities at local level.

To assimilate relevant literature with respect to the topic and develop an insight since history.

To find out a need of the study through analysis of concepts, models and impacts of urbanization at different scales.

To formulate a benchmarking framework for LUTI through TOD as one of the strategy.

Background Study Global Impact

Urbanization Trends

Literature Study

OBJECTIVES

LIMITTATIONS

This study only focuses on only qualitative based analysis.

The study is limited to only local area (station level) analysis and not at other scales

SCOPE

This study would help in evaluating or assessing the level of LUT integration in an area.

Thus resolving the various issues at local level to integrate activities, land uses with daily commuting.

Data on Land Use and Transport

LUT integration

History and Concept •

Land Use Models/ Theories

•

Public transport Systems

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Transit Cities

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Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

Case Studies Best Practices

Two International

Two National

Assessment Developing Indicators/ Parameters

Evaluation Criteria/ Techniques

Conclusion Source: Author

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LAND USE ZONING│MODELS AND CONCEPTS • Formal land use It representations are concerned with qualitative attributes of space such as its form, pattern, aspect and are descriptive in nature.

• Functional land use It representations are concerned with the economic nature of activities such as production, consumption, residence, and transport, and are mainly a socio-economic description of space.

Land Use Transport Integration and its Components

Source: Smartnet.niua.org, Geographycasestudy.com

Von Thunen’s Regional Land Use Model

The Burgess Urban Land Use Model

Sector And Nuclei Urban Land Use Model

Land Rent And Land Use

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TRANSPORTATION│HISTORY OF URBAN MOBILITY Urban areas are the most complex settings in which the mobility of passengers and freight takes place.

Passengers and freight movements are complementary, but sometimes they may be competing for the usage of available land and transport infrastructures.

Mobility is linked to specific urban activities and land use types, with each type involving the generation and attraction of an array of movements.

The most common types of urban mobility types are: Pendulum, Professional Personal, Touristic, Distribution.

The consideration of urban mobility, both for passengers and freight, involves their generation, the modes and routes used with their destination.

Transformation of Urban Transit

• • • •

Source: Transportgeography.org

Trip Generation Modal Split Trip Assignment (routing) Trip Destination

• • • • • •

Metro (subway) system Bus system Transit rail system Shuttle system Paratransit system Taxi system

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LAND USE AND TRANSPORT│INTEGRATION OF TRANSIT CITIES Urban Mobility Pattern in Modern Cities

Strategies to reduce Trip Lengths & Travel Demand

Source: : Smartnet.niua.org

Cyclic Process of LUTI Allocation of land uses impacts the demand for travel as people need to access different activities and transport infrastructure adds to the attractiveness of a location by improving accessibility and leads to change in land values.

Relationship of LUTI

With improved accessibility, the locations become attractive for investments and it results in further development of these locations.

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URBANIZATION AND TRANSPORT│TRENDS IN INDIAN CONTEXT

India has the second largest population (17.7% of total global) worldwide after China, more than one-third of which lived in urban areas.

Operational Routes Length: 707.61 km Under Construction Routes: 505.25 km Approved Routes: 471.54 km Proposed Routes: 1045 km Oldest (First) Metro Rail System: Kolkata Metro Newest Metro Rail System: Nagpur Metro Largest Metro System: Delhi Metro (347 km) Smallest Metro System: Ahmedabad Metro (6 km) Busiest (Highest Ridership) Metro System: Delhi Metro

CHALLENGES

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36.5 million people in India Which is 18% of the population, travel by public transport (bus, train, tempo, auto, taxi, water transport) daily The Delhi Metro Carries around 2.29 million people daily Urban Rail Is quickly developing in India with a total of 642 km of metro lines across the country nowadays The adoption of public transport is quite low in India compared to a selected few other countries as shown in table.

This translates into a greater use of personal transport modes, primarily cars and bikes.

Country

India Australia USA Singapore Brazil • •

While the percentage of public transport may look robust, its share is going down in cities.

According to a Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) study, the share of public transport is projected to decrease from 75.7% in 2000 -01 to 44.7% in 2030-31

Estimated public transport share (%)

7* 17 9 86

29

National policies in India have begun to recognize the need for sustainable mobility.

Yet the adoption by states and cities has been slow & needs to be scaled up.

National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) framed by GOI in 2006 prioritized the use of public transport and NMTs with emphasis on integration of land usetransportation and TOD in cities.

Other policies: Metro-Rail Policy (2017) and National TOD Policy (2017).

Source: KPMG, 2016 report on Reimagining-public-transport

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CONCEPTUAL / APPLIED THEORIES IN URBAN PLANNING

Inferences • • •

Organizing the physical form and land use pattern of a city is crucial to adopt, such that travel demand, trip lengths and travel times are minimized, while accessibility, comfort and efficiency are maximized.

Organizing all systems of transportation from pedestrian pathways to mass transit systems such that they integrate well with each other and enable the harmonious establishment of land uses around them, in the process generating a city form that is sustainable.

Hence, TRANSIT CITY concept need to be studied considering modern day planning principles and approaches such as TOD.

Source: Re-thinkingthefuture.com

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TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT│STRATEGY FOR LUTI

Various theories as discussed above were selected to understand the relation between land use and transport. The key factors derived were : Economic activity & advancement in technology with time

Meaning of the term TOD

Hence, the need to study the concept of TOD out of all city planning concepts is explained below TOD is more relevant and applicable in modern day “Metropolitan cities” Various socio-economic and environment benefits can be achieved Guided land development could be possible TOD possess almost all the components of various other concepts Urban Planning

TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH TOD MODELS Transit Adjacent Development (TAD), Transit Corridor Development (TCD) Transit Supportive Development (TSD), Transit Joint Development (TJD) Development Oriented Transit (DOT), Land Value Capture (LVC) Transit Types - LRTS, BRTS, MRTS, RRTS Mixed - land use activities spatially arranged at different scales and context in a compactly developed area surrounding the public transit service.

Source: Researchgate.com, Slideplayer.com, Semanticscholar.org, Thegpsc.org, WRI and World Bank Reports, Peter Calthorpe Books

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BEST PRACTICES│INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES│PARIS│SINGAPORE

• Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) scheme was launched by imposing high parking charges.

• Workplace s to connect with integrated public transport.

• Limitations on annual vehicle registration through electronic bidding system.

Revenue collected is used in strengthening public transit.

Paris Metropolitan area – 2845 sq. km Population – 11 millions Density – 21,000 persons/ sq.km • •

Paris has metro stations at every 500 m distance with transit facilities connecting such as tramway and bus lines.

New neighbourhood will have new features

Grand Paris is a project aiming to transform Paris into, a major world-class metropolis of 21st century.

It will link three Paris region’s airport and railways with business district and science parks.

Will act as economic technology and social accelerators. 2 million daily ridership is expected.

Strategies integration:

for

TOD

• Linking new public transport network and housing • Paris Sanclay project consisting of science technology clusters based development similar to Silicone Valley or Cambridge.

• It will inhabitant 60,000 students, 10,000 researchers, 1,300000 sqm of class rooms, offices, homes etc.

• Job opportunities – 15,00020,000. 90% of residents will be residing 2km from a station area.

Source: Grand_Paris_towards_new_centres.pdf, Cdn.cseindia.org, Sciencedirect.com

• • • •

Efficient public transport with some pragmatic policies on TOD integration.

Ring radial structures - MRTS netwoks Major and minor sub centre nodes with high density at intersection of MRTS lines.

Need for public transport oriented plan occurred when it could not longer expand its road infrastructure. Being an island it could not sprawl more.

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BEST PRACTICES│NATIONAL CASE STUDIES│MUMBAI

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Station area Redevelopment as TOD strategy: • Modernization of station areas and vicinity as; 12% commercial and 29% mixed land use. The city organically developed principles of TOD. • Parking for IPT, skywalks, F.O.Bs etc. are also being constructed.

Capital of Maharashtra state and known as financial capital of India.

Mumbai Metropolitan Region – 4355sq Km, Population – 20.7 millions, 8 MCs with largest ones Mumbai (Density - 20,000 per sq km) & Navi Mumbai (Density - 4167 per sq km) • •

• •

At present, 2.63 lakh metro users per day Monorail (20 km) is connecting eastern suburbs reducing transport gap there.

4 million bus riders are there.

Mumbai Development Plan 2014-2034 – To accommodate people into influence zones of 300m, 500 m, & 1km to adopt TOD zones for living.

Source: Niua.org, Thegpsc.org

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Key driver of compactness is physical geography and linear form of city resulted in rail corridor growth.

• Organic intensification of activities.

• 88% commuters travel daily by rail and bus.

• People commute to main city from suburbs as they reside far away because of high cost of housing. Urban poor lives illegally in slums, railway lines or under bridges.

• Multiple CBDs emerged in suburbs like Bandra Kurla, Lower Parel, Malad, Goregaon etc.

Greater Mumbai is divided into 3 main regions: Mumbai (25%), Eastern suburb (30%), Western suburb (40%).

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BEST PRACTICES│NATIONAL CASE STUDIES│DELHI

Source: Niua.org, Thegpsc.org

Population of NCT Delhi – 16.32 millions (2011 census) Current Population – 32 millions Area – 1484 sq km Density – 11,289 per sq km (2011), 29,259 per sq km (Current) DDA – Main Development Authority, Master Plan prepared in 2005 for 2021 year under DDA act of 1957 Migration from nearby satellite towns/ villages for job opportunities.

Metro as Mass Transit facility developed by DMRC in 2002 2.6 million daily metro ridership Phase wise development (4phases) out of which 3 phases are operational and one is under construction.

Total network length of metro – 391 km, 12 lines, 286 stations

TOD strategies developed by UTTIPEC and WRI in 2014 and TOD policy was approved by MOUD in 2015.

• Area for TOD development- 1Ha or more FAR - 30% for residential (15% EWS) of max. 25sqm, 10% of 40 sqm and remaining 5% for other housing.

• Residential Density – 250 DU/ Ha min. and 450 DU/ Ha max.

• Population Density – 2000 person/ Ha • Roads (20%), Open spaces (20%), Commercial & institutional (20%), including social-infra as part of built up

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CONCLUSION│OUTCOMES│RESULTS

PROCESSOF TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT (TOD) Land Use/ Built Use Efficiency

Balanced Development

Transit System Efficiency

Network Efficiency

Public Transport System Efficiency

BENCHMARKING LUTI

EVALUTAING INDICATORS

6 Ds of TOD

SCALE OF IMPLEMENTATION LUTI

Source: Thegpsc.org, Smartnet.niua.org