Urban Planning Internship Work

Acknowledgement This internship experience I had with Town and Country Planning Organisation (TCPO) Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi has been a very great opportunity for my personal and professional development as a budding Urban Planner. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual as to be a part of it and I am also grateful for having a chance to meet and connect with so many wonderful people, students and professionals with similar background of study at different institutions who led me though this interesting phase.

Bearing in mind previous I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and special thanks to my mentor Sh. R. Srinivas (Town and Country Planner, Head, Metropolitan & Union Territories Division) during the period of three months from 21st June, 2021 to 31st August, 2021. He has been associated with Town and Country Planning Organization since 1991 and is very proactive as a professional who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with his duties, took his precious time out to hear, guide, review and keep me on the correct path by allowing me to carry out my research projects at their esteemed organisation during the training. I choose this moment to acknowledge his contribution gratefully which would be really helpful for me future projects and thesis work.

I perceive this opportunity as a big milestone in my career which I will strive feeling privileged to use the skills and knowledge gained in the best possible ways. Hence, I will continue to work and enhance my skills/ capabilities in order to attain desired career objectives. At last, but not the least I would like to thank our Head of the Department Ms. Preetha RaviSree Sajin, all my faculty members at the university and family members; my mom for her eternal blessings, my brother for his immense support and my late father as without their guidance this couldn’t have been possible. Now I am here at the edge of this joyful journey in the discipline of Urban Planning seeking immense scope by bridging the gaps/ challenges later during this pandemic situation globally and afterwards in life.

Sincerely, Paras Mongia M.Plan (Urban Planning), III Semester School of Planning and Development (SPD), Sushant University, Golf Course Rd, Huda, Sushant Lok 2 Sector 55, Gurugram, Haryana

Signature:

R.SRINIVAS TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNER

F. No. 2-6/2021/TCPO-MUT (202)

Dated: 2nd September, 2021

TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN This is to certify that Sh. Paras Mongia, a student of Master’s of Urban Planning, III Semester, Sushant University, Gurugram has undergone internship in this organization with effect from 21st June,2021 to 31st August, 2021. He was associated with the following assignments: 1. Critical Appraisal of Transit Oriented Development Policy of Indian Railway Station Development Corporation.

2. Planning for Healthy Cities.

3. Study on Mixed Landuse Regulations 4. Analysis on objections and suggestions on Draft Master Plan of Delhi 2021.

During the course of internship, Sh. Paras was found very sincere and hardworking. His analytical abilities have added considerable value to the aforementioned studies. He has attained proficiency in the Geographical Information System tools and techniques. He has all the qualities of competent Town Planner.

He had duly adhered to the timelines towards completion of assigned work and I wish every success in his future endeavor.

(R. Srinivas)

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement Certificate of Completion of Internship About Organisation ............................................................................ i-xiii Assignment I (Critical Appraisal - Guidebook for operationalizing National TOD Policy for Railway Station (Re)development) ............... 1-7 Approach of critical analysis ................................................................................. 1 Shortcomings in the Methodology Adopted ....................................................... 2-5 Missing links which should have been incorporated are as follows ...................... 6 Learnings from the document which can be implementable are as follows ........... 7

Assignment II (Concept Paper – Planning for Heathy Cities) .......... 8-20 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 8-10 What do you mean by a “Healthy City”? Is it a new concept? ......................... 10-13 Built Environment and Health: Role of Green – Blue Infrastructure ................. 13-15 Can healthy city really mainstream the pandemic resilience? ........................ 16-18 Norms and standards for a Healthy City? ........................................................ 18-19 Benchmarking of Health Facilities ....................................................................... 19 References .......................................................................................................... 20

Assignment III (Brief Analysis – Proposed Master Plan 2041, Delhi) ................................................................................................. 21-32 Introduction .................................................................................................... 21-22 Vision and various sections of the newly proposed Master Plan 2041 .......... 22-24 Focus areas/ approaches of each section ....................................................... 25-28 Fourth Master Plan (2021-41): An Overview .................................................. 29-30 Unresolved and Future Planning Issues ............................................................. 30 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 31 Observations/ Suggestions raised during Webinars ......................................... 31 References .......................................................................................................... 32

Assignment IV (Research Paper – Mixed Landuse Regulations ........................................................................................ 33-71 Introduction .................................................................................................... 33-34 The need of land use, zoning regulations and separation of zones ................. 34-35 The conceptual meaning of Mixed Land Use: A new approach to revitalize the existing cities ........................................................................................... 35-38 Categorization of mixed use at different scales .............................................. 38-45 Key indicators and best processes to achieve a strong mixed-use zoning ..... 45-47 Socio-economic issues and benefits of mixed-land uses ................................ 48-49

Advantages and Disadvantages of mixed-land uses ........................................... 50 Design features and principles of mixed-land uses ........................................ 51-52 Some important takeaways from URDPFI guidelines, 2015 for mixed-land use zones and development ................................................................................. 52-54 Eight common myths/ misconceptions in regard to mixed-uses .................... 54-56 How to educate citizens and spread awareness .................................................. 57 Mixed-land use models ................................................................................... 57-59 Mixed-land use Implications in Modern era: Case scenario from Global Cities ............................................................................................................... 59-60 Case study : Experience From Indian Cities .................................................. 61-69 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 69-70 References .......................................................................................................... 71

Annexures Annex I ................................................................................................... Log Sheets Annex II ...................................................... Feedback form filled by the Employer

About Organisation

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Town & Country Planning Organisation (TCPO) “Towards responsive Urban and Regional Planning”

Immediately after the independence the Government of India set up the Town Planning Organisation (TPO) in 1955 to prepare Master Plan for Delhi.

Simultaneously, in 1957, Government of India also set up another organization called as Central Regional and Urban Planning Organisation (CRUPO) to evolve a plan for Delhi Region and to advise on the development of steel towns, river valley projects and other matters related with urban and regional planning. The CRUPO started functioning actively from September, 1959 in an advisory capacity to the Central Ministries of the Government of India, Planning Commission, State Governments, Local Bodies and Public Undertakings. The organization also initiated studies on various aspects on urban and regional planning and development. The first conference of State Ministers dealing with Town and Country Planning was organized by CRUPO in 1960 which made a beginning for undertaking a countrywide program for preparation of master plans, enactment of town planning legislation, setting up of Town Planning Departments in the States and Union Territories and augmentation of facilities in education and training in Town and Country Planning.

The Town Planning Organisation (TPO) completed the assigned task of preparation of Master Plan for Delhi in September 1962 and as such the main function of TPO was over. Thereafter Government of India decided to merge TPO and CRUPO in 1962 and the new Organisation was christened as Town and Country Planning Organisation (TCPO). Since then, the TCPO has been functioning as an apex technical advisory and consultant organization on matters concerning to Urban and Regional Planning and Development in the Country. It is a technical wing of the MoHUA and has been assisting the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and other central Ministries of the Government of India, State Governments, Public Sector Undertakings, Local Bodies/ Development Authorities, ST&PDs, on matters pertaining to urbanization, town planning, urban transport, metropolitan planning, human settlement policies, formulating urban and regional development policies and plans., planning legislation, urban and regional information system, urban mapping and research and training. While discharging its responsibilities, TCPO undertakes both non-plan and plan functions. It is a multi-disciplinary organisation.

Its Current Strength is 107.

“India will experience the largest wave of urbanization in the world in the next two decades. It is a challenge, but also a huge responsibility and opportunity.”

- Narendra Modi Prime Minister

About Organisation TCPO is the nodal agency for monitoring centrally sponsored schemes on GIS-based Master Plan Formulation for 500 AMRUT cities and Reform Evaluation under Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), Pilot on Formulation of Local Area Plan and Town Planning Scheme (LAP-TPS) for Selected Cities, National Urban Information System (NUIS) Scheme and Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme of Satellite Towns (UIDSST) around seven mega cities.

In addition, it assists State Governments in matters related to urban policy and development.

Chief Planner, TCPO represents the Organisation on various Boards and Committees and Councils:

• Apex Committee of Smart Cities Mission • Apex Committee of AMRUT

ii

Vision “To foster innovative and responsive urban & regional development policies and practices for planned development”.

Mission “To facilitate sustainable and inclusive human settlement planning in India”.

• Empowered Committee of HRIDAY • National Advisory and Review Committee (NARC) under Swachh Bharat Mission

• Taskforce on Ease of Doing Business for Issuing Construction Permits

• Committee to Encourage PPP in Affordable Housing under PMAY (Urban)

• Committee for Eco-Sensitive Zones under Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change

• Delhi Development Authority • National Capital Region Planning Board • Delhi Urban Arts Commission • National Disaster Management Authority • Guidelines Development Committee for preparation of Rural Area Development Plan Formulation and Implementation Guidelines

• Bureau of Indian Standards • NNRMS Standing Committee on Urban Development • Nodal Officer for Leveraging Tools for Space Technology in Efficient Governance

• Member of various Inter-Ministerial Groups • All Indian Council for Technical Education • Association of Municipal and Development Authorities • Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power • National Wetland Commission

Roles and Functions • Monitoring, advising, liasoning, hand holding with States/ ULBs of central sector Schemes.

• Advice and assistance to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, other Central Ministries and State Governments, etc in Programs, Policies, Missions, etc.

• Technical advice to State Town and Country Planning Departments.

• Training Programs, interactive meetings on Master Plan formulation, thematic issues, etc.

• Representation on various Ministerial/ Inter-Ministerial Committees and Groups.

About Organisation

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TCPO is the nodal agency for monitoring centrally sponsored schemes on GISbased Master Plan Formulation for 500 AMRUT cities and Reform Evaluation under Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), Pilot on Formulation of Local Area Plan and Town Planning Scheme (LAP-TPS) for Selected Cities, National Urban Information System (NUIS) Scheme and Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme of Satellite Towns (UIDSST) around seven mega cities. In addition, it assists State Governments in matters related to urban policy and development.

Chief Planner, TCPO represents the Organisation on various Boards and Committees and Councils: • Apex Committee of Smart Cities Mission • Apex Committee of AMRUT • Empowered Committee of HRIDAY • National Advisory and Review Committee (NARC) under Swachh Bharat Mission • Taskforce on Ease of Doing Business for Issuing Construction Permits • Committee to Encourage PPP in Affordable Housing under PMAY (Urban) • Committee for Eco-Sensitive Zones under Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change • Delhi Development Authority • National Capital Region Planning Board • Delhi Urban Arts Commission

About Organisation

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• National Disaster Management Authority • Guidelines Development Committee for preparation of Rural Area Development Plan Formulation and Implementation Guidelines • Bureau of Indian Standards • NNRMS Standing Committee on Urban Development • Nodal Officer for Leveraging Tools for Space Technology in Efficient Governance • Member of various Inter-Ministerial Groups • All Indian Council for Technical Education • Association of Municipal and Development Authorities • Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power • National Wetland Commission

ROLE OF TCPO IN AMRUT MISSION

AMRUT Mission mandates a set of 11 Reforms which have to be implemented by the States/ Mission cities within 5 years. The AMRUT Guidelines incentivize reform implementation by setting aside 10% funds as incentive for States/ ULBs. The release of incentive is based on self-assessment report duly approved by State High Power Steering Committee (SHPSC) submitted to AMRUT Mission Directorate in the Ministry.

Achievements of TCPO under AMRUT Reforms • A Toolkit for Reform Assessment for the year 2018-19 was prepared and circulated to all States. This Toolkit is a useful document for State Mission Directors to prepare self-assessment Incentive claim report. It gives a brief on reforms milestone, scoring pattern and documents to be submitted with self-assessment report • During the year 2018-19, Self-Assessment Reports were submitted by 23 States on reforms implementation for 10 reforms and milestones. TCPO evaluated this reforms/milestone implementation status in 460 ULBs in 23 States of which 21 States qualified. AMRUT Reforms Scoring Report for 2018-19 was prepared and submitted to Ministry, on the basis of which incentives of Rs. 340 cr. was released by the Ministry to 21 States during 2018-19.

About Organisation

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A handholding workshop in collaboration with Government of West Bengal on AMRUT reforms

ROLE OF TCPO IN AMRUT MISSION

The Smart Cities Mission was launched by the Government of India in June, 2015 to make 100 Smart Cities throughout the country with strategic components such as area-based development through retrofitting, redevelopment, Greenfield development and pan-city initiatives with smart solutions. Chief Planner, TCPO is a member of the Apex Committee headed by the Secretary, Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, and Government of India, which approves proposals of Smart Cities Mission from various State Governments. Apart from this, officers from TCPO have also been nominated on Board of Directors of the Special Purpose Vehicles of, Ahmedabad and Jabalpur.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SUB-SCHEME ON FORMULATION OF GIS-BASED MASTER PLANS FOR AMRUT CITIES

Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has launched a sub-scheme on Formulation of GIS-based Master Plan for 500 AMRUT cities with outlay of Rs. 515.00 crores in October, 2015. The Sub-scheme has three major components:

About Organisation

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1 Generation of Base Map & Thematic Maps and Urban Database Creation at the scale of 1:4000 as per Design & Standards.

2 Formulation of GIS-based Master Plan 3 Capacity Building

Approved State Action Plans (SAPs) have been received from 34 States (456 towns), out of which the first installment (20%) has been released to all 34 States (456 Towns) and second installment (40%) released to 3 States (28 towns). Two UTs, namely Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep, are not covered under the SubScheme. The total approved cost of these 34 States is Rs. 392.07 crores out of which Rs. 88.04 crores has been released (As on 31st April 2019). Utilisation Certificates have been received for Rs. 19.47 crores.

As on date, satellite data has been acquired for 385 towns, draft maps generated for 149 towns, out of which final maps have been delivered to 82 towns and draft master plans formulated for 12 towns. Under the capacity building component, training has been provided for 696 personnel in 28 training programs in collaboration with institutions such as NESAC, IIRS, BISAG, and IISM.

ROLE OF TCPO IN ‘EASE OF DOING BUSINESS’

The revised Model Building Bye Laws 2016 have envisaged ‘Streamlining the Building Plan Approvals’ including all clearances within a month of application through online building plan approval system in order to ensure ease of doing business. The World Bank Report Doing Business mandated both the MCD and MCGM to implement OBPS under the Ease of Doing Business for improvement in ranking in Construction Permits. Task Force and TPA constituted from TCPO coordinated with Municipal Corporation of Delhi and Mumbai in successful implementation of OBPS. The MoHUA nominated officers from TCPO to coordinate two parallel efforts: i) Doing Business Ranking in MCD/MCGM, ii) Mission mode to implement OBPS in all States and UTs. TCPO has coordinated weekly meetings and periodic workshops/video conferences with the State Governments for both World Bank ranking through DIPP as well as the National Mission of OBPS implementation.

As a result of the concerted efforts, the ranking (DBR) of the Nation in Doing Business Report (DBR) of World Bank has improved to 52nd rank in DBR-2019 from 181 place in DBR2018.

About Organisation

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The MoHUA nominated officers from TCPO to coordinate two parallel efforts: i) Doing Business Ranking in MCD/MCGM, ii) Mission mode to implement OBPS in all States and UTs. TCPO has coordinated weekly meetings and periodic workshops/video conferences with the State Governments for both World Bank ranking through DIPP as well as the National Mission of OBPS implementation. As a result of the concerted efforts, the ranking (DBR) of the Nation in Doing Business Report (DBR) of World Bank has improved to 52nd rank in DBR-2019 from 181 place in DBR- 2018.

Hon'ble Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Mr. Devendra Fadnavis felicitate Mr. Durga Shanker Mishra, Secretary (Housing and Urban Affairs) for the work of Task Force on Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) in Dealing with Construction Permits.

The major activities include: • • • • • • •

Third Party Audit for Online Building Permission System of Mumbai and Delhi taken up by TCPO in collaboration with NIUA. For World Bank ranking improvement, TCPO assisted MCD& MCGM in: Implementation of OBPS and presenting the Reforms Update Memo to the World Bank through DIPP. Stakeholder consultations and aggregation of Outcomes of the workshops.

Briefing for Pragati Meeting on Ease of Doing Business.

Assisted MoHUA in implementing OBPS across the nation for AMRUT cities.

National Workshop on OBPS was organised under the Chairmanship of Secretary MoHUA, with the able guidance of Additional Secretary (H) on 05.03.2019 which was attended by representatives of States/ UTs.

Secretary (HUA) and Additional Secretary (HUA) delivering the address

About Organisation

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Key takeaways: 1. The State Governments who have not been able to implement OBPS in all the urban local bodies have been advised to study the implementation of OBPS in Mumbai and Delhi.

2. States/UTs got exposure by the vendors presentation that how to facilitate the integration both internal and external agencies.

3. One of the participants suggested that there has to be standardization of RFPs and empanelment of the vendors having expertise in the implementation of the OBPS. 4. States/UTs were also made aware of the reforms being undertaken under the Ease of Doing Business in terms of totally do away with manual submission, facilitate seamless integration, reduce the number of procedures and time taken.

They were also impressed upon that all the payments to be accepted online and there is a need to reduce the number of documents to be submitted and possibly replace all the documents with an e-undertaking.

5. States/UTs also felt that there is a need to organize more workshops preferable the regional to facilitate sharing of the experiences in implementing the OBPS and also work on overcoming the glitches.

6. TCPO shall continue to assist /handhold the States/UTs in implementing the OBPS.

FORMULATION OF LOCAL AREA PLAN (LAP) AND TOWN PLANNING SCHEME (TPS) FOR SELECTED CITIES A pilot scheme was launched under AMRUT Mission for preparation of Local Area Plans and Town Planning Schemes with an outlay of Rs. 50 crores for 25 selected cities. The purpose of the pilot is to encourage the cities to take up the tools of Local Area Plan for planned redevelopment of brown field areas and Town Planning Scheme for planned expansion in green field urban periphery.

Launching of LAP-TPS Scheme by Hon’ble Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs

The officials from the selected cities shall be trained to prepare the LAP and TPS by CEPT University. Three anchor institutes will perform the hand holding for the states and cities in order to prepare and implement the scheme. TCPO formulated the scheme and extend hand holding support to the state nodal agency to implement the scheme through State/UT Government.

About Organisation

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COMBATING URBAN HEAT ISLAND (UHI) EFFECTS THROUGH TOWN PLANNING MEASURES The Environment Planning Division (EPD) is conducting a study on “Combating Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects through Town Planning measures”. The Study includes a Sub Zone of South Delhi Zonal Plan area like R. K. Puram, Mohammedpur and Bikaji Cama Complex. It analyses the alarming impact of change in land-use on micro climatic zones and thereby the effect of ‘Urban Heat Island’.

It explores the various low-cost, innovative and traditional options to combat the effect of UHI through sustainable spatial integration of land-use and conservation of water bodies. The present study goes beyond analysis of effect of ‘Urban Heat Island” and critically appraises the issue responsible for occurrence of Urban Heat Island in Delhi.

Dehradun Master Plan (DMP) 2025

Being a member of Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ) Expert Committee, set up by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Environmental Planning Division along with Town Planning Department, Uttrakhand has added a separate chapter on Environmental issues in DMP (2025).

In order to have sustainable development of the Doon Valley region and Dehradun City, ‘System Approach’ with input-output analysis of Doon Valley and sub-system functionality are analyzed.

Further ecological fragile and sensitive areas have been identified through identification of micro zones for risk assessment of various types of disasters (earthquake, fire, landslide, flood, slump etc.) and identification and location of endanger species and plants.

About Organisation

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ROLE OF TCPO IN LAND POOLING AND LAND READJUSTMENT The Working Group on Land Pooling had been formed on 21.11.2014 in this Organisation. Subsequently National Workshop on “Dissemination of Land Pooling knowledge to Indian States” was organized at New Delhi on 15th December, 2015.

The Compendium on this Workshop was prepared with documents of good practices in India and abroad was compiled and published. This helped all the stakeholders in adopting Land Pooling and Land Readjustment methods for fast tracking of urban development. Now the preparation of study report on land pools and land readjustment incorporating the best practices in India is underway for the preparation of manuals and guidelines for the land finance, different types of land readjustment techniques including urban renewal and legal framework. The dissemination of the same would be by organizing regional and local workshops.

Harmonised Guidelines on the Norms and Standards for Barrier Free Environment for Persons with Disability and Elderly Persons Town and Country Planning Organisation (TCPO) has prepared “Harmonised Guidelines on the Norms and Standards for Barrier Free Environment for Persons with Disability and Elderly Persons”. The guidelines address the needs for wide range of impediments that limit their ability to access their environment that include but are not limited to mobility, sight, hearing or cognitive/intellectual disabilities. The guidelines are in sync with the international standards of the present day and take into account the needs for mobility and public transport, disaster response, designs for public buildings, housing, sanitation and the related areas. The major objective of the Barrier Free Design Guidelines is to guide city authorities while considering projects for approval or while developing projects of urban design or public buildings. The private entities that design buildings widely used by employees, visitors, customers or such other persons may also be required to follow these guidelines.

About Organisation

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Role of TCPO in National Urban Policy Framework and Working Group on Urban Planning The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs constituted a Working Group under the chairmanship of AS (AMRUT)to examine issues related to Urban Planning consequent to the presentation on “Rethinking Urbanism – A Step Towards Golden Era” by Shri Pradeep K Saxena of Team Rethinking Urbanism. TCPO was entrusted the work of compiling member inputs and report preparation for the Working Group. The report summarizes the urban planning challenges faced by Indian planning and recommends policy level action for the future of sustainable urbanization in India. It examines several models of urbanization and recommends the way forward for planning and development of cities and system of human habitations. The recommendations of this report will be considered in the proposed National Urban Policy Framework of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs also constituted a Committee for drafting the National Urban Policy Framework (NUPF) 2018 under the Chairmanship of AS (SC), in which TCPO was also a member. TCPO contributed chapter on “Urbanisation and ICT”, besides providing material on “urbanization and environmental sustainability” and other chapters.

Implementation of Right to Information Act 2005 (RTI Cell) The provisions of the Right to Information Act, 2005 have been implemented in this Organisation within the stipulated time as per the directions / guidelines of Central Information Commission. As prescribed under Section 4 of the RTI Act, necessary information pertaining to Town and Country Planning Organisation have been put up as a suo-motu disclosure in the TCPO website. Shri A P Jacob Manohar, Associate Town & Country Planner has been designated as Central Public Information Officer and also Nodal Officer of TCPO and Shri Monis Khan, Town & Country Planner has been designated as the Appellate Authority. This Organisation has aligned to online RTI Portal Applications Management System from 28th February 2017 onwards. During 01.01.2018 to 31.03.2019, 538 RTI applications and 8 appeals were processed under the Right to Information Act, 2005. Among 538 RTI applications, 508 RTI applications have been received online and 30 RTI applications have been received physically. 102 RTI applications have been returned back to the applicants by the Nodal Officer and the 26 RTI applications requests have been transferred to other Public Authorities by CPIO. Remaining RTI applications have been disposed by the CPIO. During this period, no application rejected due to any reason and no additional payment requested for information. Prompt action has been taken for supplying of the proper and timely information / documents to all the applications received in this Organisation.

Quarterly reports are timely submitted online at the Central Information Commission website

About Organisation

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INTERNSHIPS 2018 TCPO has been organizing a successful internship program for several years for students of Planning and related subjects, for both Masters and Bachelors level students, from Planning Schools and Institutions all over the country. Diverse subjects with a contemporary relevance, especially those on which TCPO has expertise, were allotted for research and report writing to the interns. TCPO organized orientation lectures for the interns to acquaint them with the organization structure and working, roles and functions and also to provide them an insight into the flagship schemes of the Ministry.

TCPO has prepared an Internship Policy to formalize/ regulate the internship program. The Policy was circulated to Schools of Planning. With this an overwhelming response from the Schools of Planning has been received with many students applying for internship. At present TCPO does not provide any remuneration to the Interns. A certificate is awarded at the successful conclusion of the internship.

As per TCPO Recruitment Rules 2018, officials in the SocioEconomic Cadre were provided three weeks’ mandatory training on “Good Governance” from Human Settlement Management Institute (HSMI) of HUDCO. This training was tailor-made for TCPO. The programme aimed to impart knowledge and share experiences from India in the field of Good Governance with focus on urban development.

ESTABLISHMENT OF E-OFFICE IN TCPO TCPO is following the traditional filing system. Secretary (HUA) in Swacchta Action Plan meeting has directed TCPO to install e-Office on high priority. TCPO has also taken up training activities for implementation of e-office and so far, 17 officials have been imparted training through ISTM and NICSI. Further, Officers have been registered for Government E mail IDs. CONSTITUTION OF VOTER AWARENESS FORUM (VAF) Sh. Udit Ratna, TCP is the Nodal Officer for Voter Awareness Forum (VAF). VAF organises e activities for awareness generation and sensitization on the electoral process as per the Directives of the Election Commission of India.

About Organisation

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Building the Ballot Activity under VAF

SWACHHATA PAKHWADA (1-15 FEBRUARY) Swachhata Hi Seva” (SHS) Campaign and Swachhta Pakhwada was an unprecedented campaign to highlight, once again, the jan aandolan that is the Swachh Bharat Mission. The objective of the campaign is to mobilize people between 15th September and 2nd October, reigniting the “jan aandolan” for sanitation.

Swacchata Pakhwada activities undertaken by TCPO include neighborhood cleanliness drive, banners of the slogan, plantation of trees, floor-wise cleaning drive, disposal of obsolete items, identification of leakages in toilets and repair thereof, Record Room cleaning, plogging drive, repairing and polishing of furniture, Swachhata Pledge, Quizz, Posters, etc . Further, as a part of Swacchata Action Plan (SAP), segregation of dry and wet waste, composting of wet waste in office premises was undertaken and composter was installed. A Talk/ Demonstration on ‘Waste – A Fresh Perspective’ was organized for officials of TCPO through an NGO. Banner and posters were designed to spread awareness.

All employees took Swachhata Pledge. A concluding program was organized during which a Swachhata Quiz was organized and inspirational songs were sung.

Critical Appraisal

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Assignment I - Guidebook for operationalizing National TOD Policy for Railway Station (Re)development Critical Appraisal Paras Mongia, M.Plan (Uraban Planning), School of Planning and Development, Sushant University, Gurugram, Haryana; Email: ar.parasmongia@gmail.com

Abstract: In this guidebook the author attempts to highlight the role of Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation (IRSDC) which is the main agency for the commercial development projects on the Railway land allotted by the Ministry of Railways (MoR) based on the principles of national Transit Oriented Development (TOD) policy and Green Building Codes. Hence, a new paradigm of commercial and mixed-use developments, have been adopted by formulating the form-based codes (FBCs). These are land development regulation that fosters predictable built results and a high-quality public realm by using physical form (rather than separation of uses) as the organizing principle for the code.

5. Definitions of technical terms

4. Administration

1. Regulating Plan

Five Main Elements of Form-Based Codes

2. Public Standards

3. Building Standards

Figure 1 Diagram showing the five important elements of FBCs Source: https://formbasedcodes.org/definition/

Approach of critical analysis This guidebook covers the major topics to keep in view while developing standards and norms to be considered while designing an ideal railway station and its surrounding land.

The first chapter discuss the necessary and important access, linkage and circulations within and around the selected site from city to neighbourhood level. Second chapter focuses on mixed-use and retail facilities zoning/ planning. Third and fourth chapter highlights the parameters of Multi-Modal Integration and provision of Public open spaces to be planned and distributed at nearest proximity. Last chapter provides few recommendations for vehicular parking spaces to be planned and used alternatively in residential zones.

Hence, few recommendations are hereby listed below based on the shortcomings and missing links analysed in the methodology which is described in the guidebook document. It covers all the topics/ aspects in mentioned as above chapters.

Note: The shortcomings/ recommendations are listed in the yellow text box just below each step no. which is shown to compare with the main documentation.

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SHORTCOMINGS IN THE METHODOLOGY ADOPTED: 1) Parameters for selecting the site for re-development should be discussed or mentioned initially.

2) The study/ context area should be broader to understand the existing land use character more efficiently. The area should be classified into three influence zones: a) Intense b) Transition c) Standard.

3) The grid or pattern of existing roads should be analysed to retain the hierarchy and augment (if required) the existing movement pattern suggesting alternate routes during the process of redevelopment work.

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4) The routes for services with dedicated freight movement should also be thought of to reduce the chances of congestion on main streets and junctions rather only focussing on passenger movement.

5) The streets along the commercial frontage should be clearly demarked for pedestrian as well as service movement for LCV vehicles mainly so as to promote walkability with NMT facilities in intense zones. This will justify the main purpose of TOD policy by reducing the vehicular traffic on main carriageway of inner streets.

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6) Activity mapping based on land use zoning should be demarked conceptually at first as per the movement system and simultaneously assign the direct/ indirect linkages.

7) The conceptual zoning thus applied on the proposed map with area-based calculations and form-based codes for railway land as well as surrounding precincts. Recommended densities for each such zones, FAR and type of activities should be clearly defined. The market rates for different properties should also be taken into consideration so as to understand the potentials of the area to increase economic and financial value.

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8) The facilities for IPT and NMT (such as auto/ taxi/ cab stands at nearest transit stations) should be planned and organized in a way to support and augment existing transportation system to improve first and last mile connectivity.

9) The green and open public spaces should be designed keeping in view the universal access design with eyes on street to make them active most of the time. For that, the component of TOD i.e., integrating informal activities with strategic planning to boost local economy and vibrancy should be implemented with demarcation of zones or stretches integrating with open space design for street vendors, bazaars and such informal commercial activities.

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Other Missing links which should have been incorporated are as follows: •

•

•

• ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢

The guidebook has not focussed upon an important layer of any master plan i.e., physical infrastructure. The water supply, stormwater management strategies, waste collection and management, smart energy solutions etc.

Various planning parameters for mixed land use zone is discussed but there is no buffer provided between the retail-residential and predominant residential landuse zones so that all other residential developments would not follow the same pattern of mixed use in future to maintain an optimum density and balance in zoning.

The commercial zones mainly retail should have separate lanes at rear side, so that the aesthetics of frontage is retained and there will be less congestion on main streets.

It is also necessary to adopt the following while planning the any area on TOD policy framework: Provision of affordable housing Provision for variety of housing choices to meet the needs of all sections of society Progressive and flexible parking policies which deter use of privately owned vehicles and incentivise people to use mass transport Charging higher market rates for parking Encouraging walking and cycling through creation of infrastructure that’s safe Mainstreaming TOD as part of statutory/ building/ city plans and making use of innovative tools and incentives to finance TOD initiatives and projects into

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Learnings from the document which can be implementable are as follows: • The master plan should be developed in a comprehensive way to cater the needs and requirements to redevelop a railway station with the approach of TOD zones which promotes compact, with mix uses of land, simple yet strong design with shorter trips, nearby MMI and NMT facilities, providing easy access to public spaces supported by efficient social and physical infrastructure.

• The development and land use zones to be planned based on the values they provide to make active and vibrant streets such as retail commercial on all edges of small parcels.

• A strong design feature such as perforations (wherever possible) can be incorporated for pedestrians to connect and improve accessibility to the private green spaces or parking areas within residential developments with main streets.

• The city and district level zones such as CBD and public spaces should be well connected with major transit zones with facilities of multiple modes available.

• The railway station land can also be developed, planned and implemented on ground with a conceptual approach of a neighbourhood with zoning which is not fragmented but integrated together.

Figure 2 Diagram showing the land use distribution - Horizontal & Vertical Source: http://irsdc.in/sites/default/files/2GuidebookforoperationalizingNationalTOD.pdf

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Assignment II: HEALTHY CITY Concept Paper Paras Mongia & Yashika Singhal, M.Plan (Uraban Planning), School of Planning and Development, Sushant University, Gurugram, Haryana; Email: ar.parasmongia@gmail.com & yashikasinghal608@gmail.com

Abstract: Cities are dynamic in nature and it remains under the process of development or rejuvenation until the vision set is achieved. Urban areas weaved within the city’s fabric are the outcomes of its evolution over the years. These areas tell the story of city’s progression or regression during the present scenario. This paper attempts to highlight the inter relationship and balance between the public health and city public spaces by analysing their roles individually and cohesively in building healthier cities and communities. Social inclusion and equity are the two important keys to unlock the situations during pandemics which recently occurred at an unmeasurable scale and also simultaneously affects the human health and well-being of every citizen resulting in negative economic growth as well as quality of life of the cities at global level.

The lost public realm and the character of public spaces, sustainability and smart cities were the most debatable and discussed themes prior to this current situation. But the need of an hour is to reimagining the purpose and use of our city public spaces during the emergency and also post pandemic situation.

Keywords: Public, healthy, city, space

1. Introduction Since the establishment and improvement of Health and Medical care from ancient era till today in the modern age, the term Health has been perceived and visualized through many lenses by linking with various dimensions to its meaning (refer Figures 1 and 2). Health is defined as well as simultaneously refined several times based on the studies and advancement in the medical sector. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) foundation constitution formed on April 7, 1948 with a strategy based on “Health for All” came up with a first definition of Health from their initial studies that, “it is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing.”1 Later the various type of diseases emerged and started spreading with their great effects on Public Health globally. Therefore, with diverse experimentation of making new type of medicines and vaccines along with improvised technology to combat the cause of great epidemics and pandemics, the definition and scale of studying/ analysing the term Public or Community Health also started modifying accordingly.

Today there are three meanings to health: The first is if there is no disability physically or any kind of disease. The second is that a good health and immune system enables the individual to face the daily life challenges. The third definition depicts the relation of a person’s health with his surrounding i.e., the physical as well as social environment by maintaining the state of equilibrium between them.

So, health is not just an object or a visual thing which can be seen after looking at

1

Norman Sartorius, Paths of Medicine, “The Meanings of Health and its Promotion”,

Croat Med J. 2006

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someone as there are several chronic illnesses which occurs within the human body and all falls under the category of mental health.

Figure 1: Different parameters of Health and Well-being

Source: https://medium.com/@faizan81/what-are-the-implications-of-each-ofthe-four-components-of-public-health-26a1e6c198cc Public or community health is another expression to be studied and the knowledge of which should be known to everyone as it does not only dependent upon the personal level rather it reminds us the importance of our natural environment and ecosystem in which we are living by sharing resources and spaces. It also helps us to realize our existence on this planet with our orientation geographically. In fact, they both have common things within them. Cities can’t survive without the vibrancy in the character of their spaces where everyone live, play and work.

Figure 2: Timeline history of major disease outbreaks globally

Source: Timeline history of major disease outbreaks globally

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World Health Organization (WHO) functions to enhance people’s well being by shortening the chances of their health risks correlating with tobacco use, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity. They are continuously contributing towards making healthier population at global level with improvement in health literacy, community participation and good governance for overall and all kinds of health by promoting health action plans and policies in everyday life settings.

2. What do you mean by a “Healthy City”? Is it a new concept?

Cities have the capibility of providing amenities and space to people who are residing in them and also who are approaching it by migrating here. These are also responsible for providing them with good health as the urban public spaces are the core centre which depicts the health condition of these cities. Healthy cities are those which are “continuously building, remodeling and shaping the physical as well as social environments by providing resources to the people of respective communities so that they can support and hold one another by fulfilling their demands, realizing their communal needs with different roles by doing various tasks and developing/ reaching to their ultimate potential.

Figure 3: Parameters for developing A Healthy City

Source: Authors 2.1 Healthy Settings Approach and Vision Healthy settings/ cities approach is to promote and provide good healthy lifestyle to it’s dwellers. It is a holistic approach towards the integration of people through participation, engagement, empowerment, collaboration and equity of all kinds.

Health should not be restricted to only few sectors but should also have a link with other non-health sectors so that each parameter in making healthy city development whether it is basic education, efficient transportation system usage, basic necessities like water, sanitation, food and shelter, access to public places

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with no such reservation on its usage to particular section/ class of the society etc.

Being a healthy city should not only be realted to current health infrastrucutre but also to improve the environmental condition with a will to connect these to social. economic and political arenas to remove the inequalities, gap and loopholes in our systems.

Therefore, a vision for healthy cities is entirely based on providing awareness to public about their dependency or relation with their city and its spaces to bring out peace and prosperity which led to the formation of lively and active neighborhoods and automatically the whole nation. Healthy cities can actually act as a base foundation by setting an ideal example for other cities and communities which are restricted, deprived and isolated from the knowledge of above factors.

2.2 Role of Health Promotion Action/ Policies in building Healthy Cities Health promotion is farther away from just heath care as it directs the attention of policy makers towards after effects of the steps, decisions and measures taken by them on the health of a ciy so that they initially think upon some responsibe actions while drafting any policy. The agenda of these action plans and policies is to find out the barriers while adopting healthy public policies in non-health sectors mainly by providing suitable solutions. It will be easier for them to opt for healthier choices for cities and people.

Create Supportive Environments

Strengthen Community Actions

Development Personal Skills

Reorient Health Services

2.3 Urbanization’s Impact on City’s Health: Facts and Figures “The world is rapidly urbanizing with significant changes in our living standards, lifestyles, social behaviour, and health. While urban living continues to offer many opportunities, including potential access to better health care, today’s urban environments can concentrate health risks and introduce new hazards” 2 • • • • • •

More than 50% of world’s population will live in the cities (By 2030, every 6 /10 and by 2050, every 7/10 people will live in cities) One in three urban dwellers lives in slums (1 billion worldwide) Road accidents are at ninth position in list of causes of death globally (Half of them are pedestrians, cyclists and people using motorized two wheelers) 1.2 million people die each year globally due to Urban Air pollution (It causes cardiovascular and respiratory diseases) Tuberculosis (TB) disease is seen in bigger cities mainly Poor urban environmental conditions led to physical inactivity with unhealthy food consumption.

Dr Jacob Kumaresan, Director: Centre for Health Development (World Health Organization), Kobe, Japan 2

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Figures 4: SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) & 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities)

Source: https://sdgs.un.org/goals 2.4 Five keys to Healthy Cities Figure 5: Five Keys towards a Healthy City

Cities for pedestrians and cyclists

Public transport as a backbone Reducing motorized traffic

Buffer/ Silent zones such as Green spaces

Should be spread throught the urban area

Reducing speed limit and traffic volumes

Green- Blue Spaces interconnection and efficient usage

Low noise road surfaces

Promote physical activity through active transport such as walking and cycling Physical activity not at individual but among all

Improve building insulation Switching to local materials with less solar radiation absorption surface

Reducing Urban heat island by increasing urban vegetation

Source: Authors 2.5 Six ways to make our cities healthier Six important policies and ideologies to make healthier urban city dwellers. These policies have great emphasis on saving the public health care finances and hence should be adopted by all the planners, policy makers, stakeholders, architects, urban practitioners, etc. These are listed below: • • • • • •

Alternative modes of transportation: biking saves money, time, and the environment Less cars and more trees to improve air quality Creating abundant shared outdoor spaces motivates physical activity Increasing accessibility to natural resources and clean water Reconnecting our cities to our food production Treating violence as a public health concern

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Streets of any city are the first spaces where an individual has the access after stepping out of their homes. Their ideal use has somewhat now diminished with rapid urbanization and new ways of planning modern cities. They were earlier designed as per the human scale so that walkability of the users doesn’t get affected and there should be eyes on streets so that it remains crime free.

Similarly, they are most polluted areas of any neighbourhood with lack of connectivity and in dense areas such as slums are known to be narrow alleys with lack or no streetscaping. The hierarchy of roads are mere standards followed by some and majorly neglected by others. These areas are not safe for pedestrians to walk now and even people driving on main roads does not have satisfaction level to meet because most populated or even developed cities have very low-quality carriageways and footpaths which becomes the hotspots of crime zones such as chain snatching, not only unsafe for women during night hours but for others too in today’s world, major accident-prone areas etc.

All these above challenges are faced at peak by most of the cities even today globally and those cities having the capacity to develop in near future or all those which are already developed to such extent that these are in the stage of becoming smarter. But health should be the first priority of any city not just only physical health or at present but also to be continuously improved in future to cater new generation so that the mortality rate remains balanced with best living conditions and availability of resources for them.

3. Built Environment and Health: Role of Green – Blue Infrastructure Figure 6: Social Interaction: A healthy lifestyle

Source: Authors Urban Public Spaces leave a very strong impression on our minds as these are mere experiences which continue to remain with us as memories. People not only

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spend time there but they actually meet, communicate, celebrate goodness and enjoy being together. Different places cater different purpose and possess various characteristics/ aural feeling because of which our mood changes, hence we behave accordingly.

Urban Spaces are breathable places within city’s urban fabric. These are knowledge sharing platform for social-interaction which are commutable, open to all regardless of any caste, culture, age-groups or gender-bias. Modern era consists of exclusionary planned spaces comparing to contemporary ones as those had the tendency of promoting inclusive and equitable environment by their nature itself.

Instead of classifying deprived people as marginalized, a collective approach of incorporating community participation and strong communication would play a vital role in resolving the issues faced by planners, architects, place making agents, urban practitioners, and policymakers by providing suitable sustainable solutions for universal design and development of any city or region.

Figure 7: Public Magnet: Various dimensions of Spaces

Source: Authors 3.1 Role of open spaces in shaping healthier cities for public through Urban Planning The state of ultimate bliss, happiness and satisfaction is termed as over well-being of a person. Access to the spaces provides and improves this condition throughout our life. Survival cannot be thought of without being socially interact and physically

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experience the things. There are four typologies of this well-being while residing in an urban setting within the city which we can’t neglect. They are as follows: •

Psychological/ spiritual wellbeing: This generally includes our sense of belonging to a space emotionally, culturally and soulfully. These emotions and experiences are the roots which holds us with our public realm. For instance, festivals and cultural events celebrated in open spaces at a communal level increases our happiness index value and this builds confidence in us that we are living a respectful life with strong bonding with our preserved traditions and cultural heritage.

•

Social wellbeing: This considers the social status of living beings which defines the character of a city whether it is vibrant or dull, the spaces are more privatised or more publicly designed and use accordingly. It boosts our ability to live a stress-free lifestyle and think positively. This also reduces the chances of crime cases.

•

Physical wellbeing: In this more and more focus is mainly on the provision and awareness of moving out of your private space to do any type of physical activity such as exercises, walking, cycling, playing sports, yoga activities. The nearby local spaces play an important role here with better connectivity of streets with residential and commercial areas to reach the desired place of recreation through shortest distance using either foot or bicycles preferably. For example, a new concept of 15-minute city is visualized at neighbourhood/ local level.

•

Mental wellbeing: Depression is one main cause of sadness which affects our mental health. This happens due to many reasons such as passing through unhealthy environment daily or living under these conditions. Another can be bullying of any kind which slowly deteriorates the quality of our thinking. This can be treated well if the aesthetics of every place are well maintained, positive thoughts, awareness and connection with nature is realized and not forgotten in the long run within busy stressful urban settings.

Figure 8: Green-Blue Infrastructure

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ecosystem-Services-of-UrbanGreen-Infrastructure-The-benefits-in-black-text the_fig1_321331555

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4. Can healthy city really mainstream the pandemic resilience?

Covid 19 pandemic has despruted the physical functioning of daily life affecting every individual in many different manner; causing damage to people’s health: socially, mentally, emotionally and financially. People who got under the trap of this deadly virus have suffered badly. Suddenly there are many unusual things happened globally which played the major turnpoint for cities and the changing habits of people to use the spaces of learning, interacting, recreating and also even the walking. From working to shopping, all the behaviours changed rapidly as the government announced complete lockdown with social distancing norms for everyone to combat the spread of virus. If we analyse it through the lens of urban planning, we see that there was major migratory shift of people from urban to rural who lost their sources of daily wages. Hence, the reverse migration started happening mainly in most of the Indian cities in search of three basic aspects of living i.e., food, shelter and money. These people were mainly the low income groups or the urban poor, labourers, house helpers etc. Those who can afford a living lost their jobs or started working from home with long working ours in front of their laptops/ computers, others started doing various activities like cooking, exercising and extra curricular activities but only at their home. Similarly, students got used to a new mode of leaning virtualy through screens because of new curriculum.

This situation proven to be positive for some but in greater number it was not fruitful for many. To get used to the new ways of living, it took months of achieving a mental stability resulting in a stressful living. But if we look upon the positive impacts of it, people have started spending more and more time with their family members. Balconies were becoming the meeting points for having a cup of tea or talking to a neighbour. The value to protect and preserve our natural environment along with resources, time management and reduction of unnecessary outings to save our precious life and also other’s lives were the prime aim for most of the people.

The perception of the usage of public places noted to be changed permanently so that to have an understanding to face any such pandemic situation in futuristic modern world. Some of the listed solutions attempted to be imagined post pandemic scenario could be: •

•

•

Many intitutions and orgainzations highlighted the issues and solutions to this type of situation, people have started discussing this serious issue virtually and sharing knowledge by expressing the situation’s effects in their respective regions. So, from online mediums presently people can collaborate together to form social awareness groups even after the pandemic.

Spaces can be utilized for collective discussions and awareness progemmes by gathering marginalised communities. Leaders of these communities should be given proper guidance on to tackle the condition like this and also other climatic crisis.

Their ideas and needs should be given preference and also incentivise those thinking. Secure trust from Political leaders and leaders from other departments should be allowed to voluteer various such campaigns about the mangemant of our own city public spaces by making them clean and user friendly in emergency times.

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This will enhance the community participation and involvement of people in framing their local spaces as per their requiremnts.

People should avoid as much as possible going to places without any purpose of visit to avoid overcrowding in public places. This wil enable everyone to access the space as per their need and to avoid any panic situation.

Cleanliness along with managing our streetscaping. More green areas should be preserved.

A resilient city is able to bounce back from shocks – be they social, economic, environmental or institutional. Undoubtedly, the current pandemic has shown us that our cities and towns can surprisingly easily be rattled at all of these levels at once. At the same time, the Coronavirus opens the opportunity to make our cities more resilient to this kind of health (or sanitation) challenge which urban planners were not considering as a priority for a long time. Resilient cities promote sustainable development, well-being and inclusive growth.

“The capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and grow no matter what kinds of chronic stresses and acute shocks they experience by improving its efficiency and resiliency.” Hence, the four main aspects of making cities more resilient to future pandemics or similar situations as designed by 100 Resilient Cities, from a people-centred point of view are discussed below: Figure 9: Four Factors to Achieve Resilience

Health and Wellbeing for more resilience Source: Authors

Economic and social resilience

Infrastructural and Environmental resilience

Institutional and Strategic resilience

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The World Bank focuses on higher density, shorter distances and fewer divisions as a “formula” to improve economic development in cities. In terms of urban resilience, improving these aspects will also help in fighting future pandemics.

While every city is finding different solutions to the pandemic and while opportunities to act can differ widely, the idea is to find adequate solutions that can be scaled. Ideally, tomorrow’s cities will be able withstand, respond to and adapt quickly to shocks like a pandemic. Qualities like a more equal society, social support systems, access to public spaces, design for pedestrians and cyclists, access to crucial services and infrastructure as well as a communicative, transparent government are crucial in order to make cities more resilient.

5. Norms and standards for a Healthy City?

WHO has produced several procedural guidelines for developing a Healthy Cities project, by using experiences from different parts of the world3. There is no single Healthy Cities model applicable to all cases. However, a generic model can be produced.

The generic approach has been developed based on experiences of Healthy Cities projects in the Western Pacific Region and can be used as a common framework for the development and implementation of a Healthy Cities project.

However, when developing Healthy Cities projects, the common framework should be applied flexibly considering local political, economic and social considerations. Projects need to be modified to meet local circumstances, and the sequencing of activities will differ from setting to setting.

Achieving the integration of activities is fundamental to the Healthy Cities approach. Efforts to improve urban health will be more effective if such integration is achieved, because it will avoid duplication and increase cooperation and coordination among parties involved.

Integration will lead to cost-effective solutions, synergy between activities, and substantial benefits in terms of resources sharing. A list of key players whose efforts may need to be coordinated in a Healthy Cities project is given in the box below.

Twenty Steps for Developing a Healthy Cities Project. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, 1995. 2nd edition.

Building a Healthy City: A Practitioners Guide. A step-by-step approach to implementing Healthy City projects in low-income countries. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1995.

Healthy Cities: Guidelines for the Development of Healthy Cities Projects and Activities. Alexandria: World Health Organization, 1997. WHO-EM/PEH/501/E/L. Healthy Cities: Framework for Action. New Delhi: World Health Organization, 1999.

3

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Figure 10: Key players of a Healthy City

Source: Authors 6. Benchmarking of Health Facilities In order to develop a healthy city vision, of course we should not only look at the healthcare facilities, but it is one of the parameters to investigate when focusing on healthy city. So, yes, there should be some benchmarking done based on five major factors which would be: Firstly, Health impact assessment gives us the analysis of the system of whole healthcare system of a city and provide us with major aspects to improve in.

Secondly, Public Health should be focused on all the policies related to urban planning has been developed.

Thirdly, there should be some evidence-based approach of healthcare systems of a city on which they should be benchmarked and being focused on national global benchmarking also.

Fourthly, in developing a healthcare system for these pandemic times there should be multi-stakeholder participation like community participation, public awareness, etc.

Lastly, to provide healthcare facilities to all income groups, the infrastructure and facilities should be affordable to all community and income groups. In terms of these five parameters Benchmarking of healthcare facilities should be done.

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Figure 10: Key indicators for Benchmarking Healthcare Facilities

Source: Authors 7. References Norman Sartorius, Paths of Medicine, “The Meanings of Health and its Promotion”, Croat Med J. 2006 UN-Habitat, Discussion paper 1 “Spatial Patterns and Dynamics in the Face of the Pandemic”, 2020 Maimunah Mohd Sharif, UN-Habitat “How cities can build a healthier future for all”, 2020 Definition, Background and Vision: Healthy Cities, World Health organization (WHO), Since 1948 Stephanie Cheung, Webinar-I: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Reframing the Role of Public Space during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020 Laura Jackson, Ph.D.US EPA Office of Research & Development, LEED Cities & Communities Workgroup member, Urban Nature: Ensuring Access to Green Spaces for All, 2020 Shaastra, IIT Madras, Why Indian cities are struggling to contain COVID-19 and how can we prepare them for mitigating the impact of future pandemics, 2020 Towards more physical activity in cities, World Health organization (WHO), UN-habitat, 2017 #CitiesWeWant, ISGlobal, Urban Planning, Environment and Health Initiative, 5 key strategies to building healthy and sustainable cities, 2018 Six Ways to Create Healthier Cities, American Planning Association, 2017

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Assignment III: Proposed Master Plan 2041, Delhi Brief Analysis Paras Mongia, M.Plan (Uraban Planning), School of Planning and Development, Sushant University, Gurugram, Haryana; Email: ar.parasmongia@gmail.com

Abstract: By 2041, Delhi’s population is expected to reach 28 -30 million. To meet the requirements of a massive population in a systematic and sustainable manner, the Fourth Master Plan for Delhi (MPD) is being prepared and expected to be completed in 2021. This paper describes the progress and preliminary focus areas of the forthcoming plan, highlighting current challenges during preparation, as well as future ones expected in the implementation. This is done by drawing on lessons learnt from previous MPDs, and taking into account the ongoing COVID -19 pandemic. The paper argues that city planners must aim to make Delhi a “people’s city”, and outlines the manifold requirements to make it happen .

Keywords: Delhi, Master Plan,

1. Introduction The master plan is a draft and guided document especially framed by planning agencies with a vision for the overall development of the cities in future for mainly 20 years span. The preparation of this plan involves conducting a civic survey and a SWOT analysis of the city, to estimate variables such as the future population size and their requirements until the end of the period covered by the plan, as well as to recommend measures for the city’s progress in a multitude of realms, i.e., social, physical, economic, and environmental.

In India, for preparing city master plans, importance is given to the relationships between various urban activities. After the draft plan is prepared by the plan preparation agency, it is discussed in public forums. Based on the comments, the draft is revised and sent to higher levels of government for approval, after which the plan comes into operation.

The master plan document provides information on four main aspects: (i) use of land for various purposes, i.e., residential, commercial, industrial, recreational, transportation, utilities, government, public and semi-public facilities, green belt, and water body; (ii) development codes (i.e., space/size standards for buildings, parking, basements) to regulate development; (iii) development guidelines for various implementing agencies; and (iv) plan monitoring and review framework. The main aim of preparing and implementing a master plan is to ensure the proper use of land, protect the environment, and preserve the people’s cultures and traditions.

Every urban sector—whether it is housing, mobility, infrastructure, or environment—faces manifold challenges. For example, in the peri-urban areas

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and census towns of Delhi, there is an uncontrolled growth of built structures, resulting in the shrinking of open spaces and indiscriminate land-use conversion, as well as deteriorating water, sanitation, and environmental conditions. Moreover, there are unauthorised colonies and slums where the work of regularisation, in-situ rehabilitation, and service provision is lagging.

Over 30 percent of the population are designated as “encroachers” who live in unplanned areas under poor conditions. Reliable, constant water supply is not available, and water-harvesting measures are inadequate. There is a gap of over 300 million gallons per day (MGD) in water demand and production.

Groundwater levels in several parts of the city have declined up to 64 metres below ground due to illegal/uncontrolled extraction.

Figure 1: Delhi Master Plan: Preparation and Implementation

Source: Delhi Development Authority 2. Vision and various sections of the newly proposed Master Plan 2041 Figure 2: Proposed Vision for Delhi

Source: Author

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Section 1: ENVIRONMENT ENV1 Addressing pollution and climate change ENV2 Enhancing Green-Blue Infrastructure Section 2: ECONOMY ECO Places of economic production Section 3: HERITAGE, CULTURE & PUBLIC SPACES HCP1 Managing public spaces better HCP2 Managing Delhi’s heritage Section 4: SHELTER & SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE SSI1 Strategizing housing supply SSI2 Facilitating provision of social infrastructure Section 5: TRANSPORT & MOBILITY MOB1 Improving connectivity and transport infrastructure MOB2 Shifting from private to shared mobility MOB3 Making Delhi walkable and cyclable MOB4 Managing parking in Delhi Section 6: PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE INF1 Making Delhi water secure: water, wastewater and drainage INF2 Managing solid waste efficiently INF3 Provision of power, gas, telecom and digital infrastructure INF4 Disaster preparedness and resilience Section 7: SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK DEV1 Development of new areas through Land Pooling DEV2 Development in Green Development Area DEV3 Urban Regeneration DEV4 Transit Oriented Development Section 8: MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK PME Plan Monitoring and Evaluation Section 9: DEVELOPMENT CODE & DEVELOPMENT CONTROL NORMS DCN1 Development Code DCN2 Development Control Norms

Vision 2041 “Foster a sustainable, liveable and vibrant Delhi”

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Figure 3: Sections of draft proposed Mater Plan document

Source: Author

Goal I Become an environmentally sustainable city that provides a healthy environment for its citizens and is adaptable for addressing impacts of climate change

Goal II Develop a future-ready city that offers good quality, affordable and safe living environment with efficient mobility systems

Goal III Emerge as a dynamic place for economic, creative and cultural development

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3. Focus areas/ approaches of each section

a. Environment

ADDRESSING POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Enhancing Green Blue Infrastructure

Clean Economic Productivity

Preserve & improve natural assets

Building Sustainable Built Environments

Create new city level assets assets

Minimizing Vehicular Pollution

Enhance features in the built fabric

• Improving quality of assets: checking growth of species, undertaking afforestation and tree plantation, monitoring, enhancing biodiversity for conserving and preserving the ecosystems of Yamuna and Aravalli • Enabling people’s connect with nature: create interactive zones • Preserving eco-cultural assets: archaeological parks • Protecting trees of Delhi: preparation of a tree guide, identifying unique tree corridors, etc.

• Buildings to orient to face the green and blue assets and maintain active facades.

b. Economy Development of strategic economic hubs

Improving and modernizing major economic centres Improving local economic centres (formal and informal)

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c. Heritage, Culture & Public Spaces Managing Public Spaces better Improving public realm at city level Improving public realm at local level

Managing Delhi’s Heritage Enabling tools for supporting preservation Clustering of heritage and cultural assets Strategies for Heritage Zone, Cultural Precincts & Archaeological Parks

d. Shelter Creation of new housing through planned development of greenfield areas

Enabling improvement in existing housing stock through regeneration of existing areas

In Greenfield Areas: Land Pooling & Green Development Area

In Brownfield Areas: Regeneration & In-situ slum rehabilitation

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e. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE Optimal use of available land/ space PSP facilities may be developed as part of built-up area Improved availability and accessibility in existing areas Health and education clusters

Vertical Mixing Plots Multi-Facility Plots

City level sociocultural uses permitted in archaeological parks and green buffers along

f. MOBILITY IMPROVING CONNECTIVITY AND TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

SPATIAL INTEGRATION

Comprehensive Mobility Plan

Regeneration of Transport Infrastructure

Strategic Transport Corridors

Electromobility

MR extensions, RRTS, improved Bus Systems

Freight logistics and distribution network

SHIFTING TO PUBLIC AND SHARED MOBILITY

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g. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE Reducing the demand for fresh water

Managing solid waste locally

Achieve Water Security

Optimizing Waste as a resource

Reducing demand for potable water

Minimizing environmental impact

Bulk reuse of treated wastewater Maximizing retention of storm water

Shifting to renewable energy and sustainable power consumption

Improving efficiency of water supply and sewerage systems

A digitally enabled and connected city

Building resilience and preparedness for natural disasters

Improving infrastructure for gas supply

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4. Fourth Master Plan (2021-41): An Overview The forthcoming plan will offer a perspective for the next 20 years, i.e., 2021 to 2041. According to the DDA website, as well as media and other sources, detailed baseline studies have been conducted on the current status of various urban sectors. Further, consultations on a wide range of topics are in progress to understand people’s needs. The DDA has also created an interactive microsite, called the “Citizen Engagement Portal for MPD 2041,” to encourage greater public participation in the plan preparation.

Upon finalisation, the fourth plan will offer a vision for Delhi, and in this regard, an enabling policy framework and a set of spatial planning strategies are being formulated (See Figure 5). The proposed vision is to make Delhi environmentally sustainable, liveable, and economically and culturally strong. The vision will be achieved through six broad goals (or enabling policy areas): environment protection; local economic development; preservation of heritage and culture; improved quality of life; low carbon mobility; and resilient infrastructure. Two sets of spatial-planning strategies will be applied—catalysing urban regeneration (brownfield improvement), and smart and sustainable development of new areas (greenfield development).

Further details on enabling policy areas proposed in the fourth plan cover the following: • The environment of Delhi will be improved by adopting a green-blue

•

•

•

infrastructure approach, i.e., improving existing environmental and ecological assets together with built areas; and protecting and improving existing forests, Yamuna river, drains, underutilised sites, wastelands, landfills; and the greening of built structures.

Local economic development will be promoted by identifying strategic hubs and corridors and establishing clean economies in these hubs (cyber, knowledge, R&D, clean manufacturing, and light industry). Efforts will be made to promote a green economy (green produce, recycling of products) and support the unorganised sector (design of vending zones).

Greater attention will be paid to the development of heritage and culture by preparing local area plans, ensuring safety in public areas, and promoting nightlife.

Non-ownership housing will be supported (e.g., rental housing; serviced apartments; residential facilities for migrants, students, and working women); mixed use of buildings will be encouraged in order to bring homes, jobs and amenities closer; buildings will be made more structurally safe; and social infrastructure provision will be facilitated.

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•

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For better mobility, the plan proposes creating walkable and cycling areas, transit-oriented development, mobility corridors (for freight movement, bypasses) to reduce congestion on roads; shifting from private to public transport; rationalising parking; and promoting the use of low carbon technologies (e.g., electric vehicles).

Establishing a resilient infrastructure will be achieved through integrated water management, decentralised waste management, the setting up of digital infrastructure, and facilities for disaster management.

5. Unresolved and Future Planning Issues Figure 4: Issues and Suggestions which are still unresolved

Source: https://www.orfonline.org/research/delhi-master-plan-2021-41-towardsa-peoples-city/#sdendnote32sym

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6. Conclusion •

•

• •

As it happens with most cities in the world, Delhi’s characteristics and requirements have changed over time. In the last 70 years, the city has experienced a 10-fold increase in population size–from nearly 2 million in 1951 to over 20 million in 2020 (See Figure 3). However, the population growth rate of Delhi has been decreasing since 1991, and cities in the neighbouring states are growing at much a faster rate. By 2041, Delhi’s population is expected to be in the range of 28-30 million.

In post-Independence Delhi, the master plan (or development plan) model was adopted to cater to various requirements and ensure the orderly development of Delhi. Since then, such plans have been implemented, each with a 20-year perspective.

An examination of the preliminary ideas developed for the fourth MPD shows tangible improvements over the previous plans along with sectoral solutions, based on the inflow of new ideas, experiences, and techniques.

In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, people’s expectations from the Fourth MPD are likely to be high. Consequently, the authorities should ensure that the planning proposals address various essential requirements of the people of Delhi, and aim to make the city a “people’s city”

7. Observations/ Suggestions raised during Webinars

• •

PDF of objections/ suggestions raised is available at: http://119.226.139.196/ddaweb/Reg_MPD_2041.aspx http://119.226.139.196/tendernotices_docs/aug2020/8%20Webinar_06.07.2 021%20question_answer09072021.pdf

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8. References https://www.orfonline.org/research/delhi-master-plan-2021-41-towards-apeoples-city/#sdendnote32sym http://119.226.139.196/ddaweb/Reg_MPD_2041.aspx http://119.226.139.196/tendernotices_docs/aug2020/Webinar_16.07.2021%20qu estion_answer22072021.pdf

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Assignment IV : Mixed land-use and its Implications Research Paper Paras Mongia: M.Plan (Uraban Planning), School of Planning and Development, Sushant University, Gurugram, Haryana; Email: ar.parasmongia@gmail.com

Abstract: The study aims to develop a methodological framework to understand the different dimensions and meanings of the very latest term being usd and discussed to adopt in the field of urban planningi.e., Mixed-use. The paper also attempts to highlight various its benefits and challenges occurred during the implementation process. The author attempts to collect information from various resesrch papers, articles and journals published and authorized. The whole idea behind this writing sample is to understand various meanings to the term and understand its practical implications through analysing variety of case scenarios both national and international grounds. The author also mentioned through concrete examples about various misconceptions and myths in regard to the mixed-use developments and zoning by differentiating them on various parameters and elements of design. The paper concludes by stating the missing links in the discipline of planning for the revival of lost public realm and contemporary mixed-use planning approaches/ practices by providing some recommendations for these to be adopted to set new standards in the existing URDPFI guidelines.

Keywords: Mixed, Mixed-Use, Mixed-Landuse, Urban, Neighborhood, Planning, Zoning

1

INTRODUCTION

The term “mixed” in general refers to the process of combining different elements, ideas, qualities, or substances by putting together and compare them on a single platform based on common parameters to achieve a strong representation depicting oneness of an object or the end result formed out of variations. Mixing is ideally done to portray a contrast in different ideologies adopted so as to develop new concepts with unique approaches. On the other hand, in the discipline of urban/ city/ town planning, few important planning terms such as land use and zoning which were originally identified and adopted by various urban theorists, geographers, economists, sociologists and planners are now experiencing new meaning with shifting paradigms in the modern era of development.

The historical evidences and theories of planning has proved that global ancient settlements originated naturally in a mixed-use pattern to support each other by retaining their natural resources and inter-dependency on other small settlements.

This process eventually resulted in building strong relations, trust and better environments which were later realised as studied by various planners, designers and theorists as a key tool to build healthy, safe, sustainable and vibrant communities. The compactness could typically be seen in the pattern of development of these ancient early settlements in almost every civilization both Indian as well as others. There was a realization to preserve natural and ecological areas so as to live with a better quality of life to sustain for longer. There was also an understanding of respecting diverse religions, cultures, activity patterns and

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abilities to contribute to live cohesively. This behaviour of humans was considered apt which not only helped in building rich and diverse communities but also acted as a prototype of a very concrete public realm which is nowadays taken as an example by various developers, researchers, planners, architects and urban practitioners etc to resolve issues of various neighborhood developments.

Later, with the advent of new understandings, knowledge, strategies and technology, the principle of shaping the cities changed drastically. This paper attempts to highlight the key components of a mixed and diverse land uses in planning with their implications on the ground, how well they were implemented on ground, the role of community/ citizen participation in adopting and implementing the various approaches of mixed land uses at local level and hence suggesting few recommendations by mentioning various case scenarios focussing on the pros and cos of the policies and laws formulated for mixed use in different cities at national as well as international platform.

2

The need of land use, zoning regulations and separation of zones

With the industrialization in nineteenth century, the global perspective of inducing technology into cities not only resulted in migration, urbanisation and development of factories and industries of different scales but it can also be clearly considered as a base for emergence of the concept of Live and work so that the residential areas are planned in close proximity of workplaces so as to reduce longer commute distance. This would reduce the pressure on CBD areas of cities in future rather focussing on development in areas with workplaces at closer proximity to residences such as small and medium scale industries which are nonpolluting. But the large population migration shift towards cities from rural areas is mostly seen in developing countries which started creating a chaotic and haphazard development with various infrastructure and environmental issues such as encroachment of land by dwellers leading to creation of slums, inefficient utilization of land and resources, mixed use development with gradual outgrowth of cities, emergence of satellite towns to accommodate such a large population size and varying demographic profile of various important cities which offered many opportunities to people was also a new challenge for the development.

With time during late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the unsanitary and unsatisfactory liveable conditions were the main targeted urban issues for which there was high demand of change in urban reforms and zoning regulations mainly in industrialized and congested cities in countries like Europe and North America.

Though these countries were struggling with the ideas of new kind of planning and development, they were still capable of identifying solutions such as single use zoning with separation of land uses such as residential, commercial, industrial, recreational etc. The common thought was to plan the cities based on these strategies which would be feasible and beneficial as no other zone would interfere in the activities of any other different zone for instance; residential and industrial could have been planned as two separate zones so that the living areas are less polluting. But these ideologies failed miserably at that time as there were many

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more big challenges and consequences in urban areas due to this separation such as social exclusion, rising poverty, lack of community participation, loss of public realm, underutilized land and hence splitting the cities into four main strict single land use zones i.e, living, working, recreation and transportation. This division had not only affected interdependency and integration among various activities but also increased the cost of living with many other factors on the graph such as commuting charges, vehicle ownership, public transportation costs, maintenance, surveillance, pollution levels, unaffordable housing, lack of ownership and entrepreneurship, undesirable living location and many more.

On the other hand, the global perspective of planning and shaping the cities was not same. Cities like Chandigarh in India and Brasilia in Brazil were developing based on the concept of neighborhood planning with mix of land uses mainly in residential sectors with strictly 50% restricted for core use and eliminating the incompatible uses. Chandigarh as a city planned on the concept of human centric behaviour which is a good example of mixed-use development as the residential sectors depicts the amalgamation of different multiple zones rather representing the Euclidean or single use zones. Though the city has many pros but it also has some major cons such as the function of city was designated mainly for administrative, bureaucrats, political leaders and refugees. But there was less concession towards the people who actually considered as the drivers to run the city for example the street vendors, the sweepers, the rickshawalas etc who had no other option left to live in informal settlements. Therefore, the concept can’t be only imagined or forced against people’s needs with a thought that it will be followed by them as same for generations. Other objectives of Indian cities were; controlling the Floor Area Ratio (FAR), plot coverage, building form control regulations in terms of height, setbacks etc. In old city or core areas, the permit was also granted for mixed-income residential units to tackle the issues of urban poverty alleviation and inequitable development control norms.

Hence, the concept of single use zoning which was adopted by western countries and further followed by most of the post-World War II cities went wrong in tackling the issues rather it gave rise to new urban challenges such as nuisance due to traffic, congestion, lack of public spaces, privatization on the account of involvement of private developers, sprawling development, distant working areas and reduction in quality time and life of people which they could spend with their family members if the focus of development was more on compact, inclusive and mixed use typologies. It also responsible for the increased expenditure of people to spend as other than land use zoning the whole idea of separation welcomes the creation of more and more number or types of zones with more spaces and infrastructure facilities for vehicular parking, wide ROW, more affordable housing stock/ demand, more encroachment and change in land use from agriculture.

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The conceptual meaning of Mixed Land Use: A new approach to revitalize the existing cities

As mentioned above, throughout the planning history it is inevitable that the emerging settlements initially formed in the mixed-use pattern but new guidelines and regulations changed the actual meaning and true essence of it with time to accommodate more urban population. There are various meanings and dimensions to the term “mixed use” in urban/ city planning or design with variations in scale, typologies and implementation.

Figure 1: Influence of mixed use on daily life

Source: http://www.plan4sustainabletravel.org/key_themes/mix_of_uses/ Jane Jacobs was an urban writer, activist, moral thinker and economist who championed new, community-based approaches to planning for over 40 years.

Jacobs had no professional training in the field of city planning, nor did she hold the title of planner. She transformed the field of urban planning with her writing about American cities and her grass-roots organizing. She believed cities should be densely populated and full of different kinds of people and activities. She believed in the value of natural growth and big open spaces. Her work consists of in total seven books and a number of notes varying from short magazine articles to send-in letters to newspapers. Jacobs in her famous book “The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961)”, coined the term mixed-use and dedicated a full chapter related to it with groundbreaking ideas and analysis. Through this book she challenged the traditional way of planning the cities and expressed her perspectives of looking at a city with dense and mixed neighborhoods. She arguably mentioned that cities should function in way that mix of primary uses and activities supports the whole structure which is economically viable. The denser and mixed residential units create more vibrancy and enables people to come out

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on streets, walk, have more public contact through social interaction, improves safety with eyes on street and it also improves public health. She also suggested that a fine grain mixing of land uses are more feasible (with series of small dense blocks of 100 units or more per acre, streets and sidewalks for pedestrians with sufficient parks, squares, old structures and green spaces as important public places in between at junctions) than single use or separate zones as these are also acts as a fertile ground for growth of new type of businesses to boost local economy in future. “Without a strong and inclusive central heart,” Jacobs argues, “a city tends to become a collection of interests separated from one another.” Therefore, she highlighted four main principles of urban design context of a local area which are; (1) high densities of population and activities; (2) mixtures of primary uses; (3) small-scale, pedestrian-friendly blocks and streetscapes; and (4) the retention of old buildings mixed in with new. Later in the modern era, various urban movements took place as an initiative to understand the role of physical environment on people and their surroundings by various city planners and architects. In the year 1993, the shift from traditional to New Urbanism by setting an organization called The Congress for New Urbanism by Andres Dunay and Elizabeth Plater – Zyberk, who are a couple and the two main founders of it. The movement promotes walkability, mixed-use neighborhood, sustainable communities and healthier living conditions.

Figure 2: Contemporary Urban Centres as a Mean Towards Sustainability

Source: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-10856-4_2

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The definition of mixed land use can have various meanings as suggested below: •

•

• •

•

4

It allows compatible land uses to locate in close proximity to one another and thereby decrease the travel distances between activities. Mixed land use indicates the diversity of functional land uses such as residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, and those related to transportation (Thwaites, 2007).

Good mixed-use can be defined as a finely grained mix of primary land uses, namely a variety of housing and workplaces with housing predominant, closely integrated with all other support services, within convenient walking distance of the majority of the homes (URDPFI, 2014).

Landuse mix can be defined in three dimensions: one: increasing intensity of landuse with different forms and tenures. Second, increasing diversity of uses by encouraging compatible mix. Third, integrating segregated uses (Jill, 2005).

The complexity of space, activity, scale and time of multifunctional (mixed) land use by prioritizing two processes: an increase in spatial heterogeneity over time and the ‘economies of synergy’ emerging from relationships between coexisting land uses (Rodenburg, 2004).

The core components of mixed landuses are: The project must consist of multiple uses that are physically and functionally integrated and which are substantial enough to attract their own markets, the project must maximize space through intensive land use and be oriented toward the pedestrian, each component of the project must conform to an overarching, coherent plan (Herndon, 2011).

Categorization of mixed use at different scales

To understand this more precisely, different dimensions as mentioned earlier were taken into consideration to get familiar with the term. These are discussed below in depth: Figure 3: Typology of Mixed-uses

Source: Author

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The above figure shows that there are two typologies of the mixed-use term. First type is “mixed use development” at micro scale which comprises of mix of activities or uses in a single structure. These uses being distinct yet symbiotic to each other supporting each other functions so as to save access time, cost and pressure on infrastructure to boost social as well as economic feasibility of the local area. These are typically done in a vertical blocks/ horizontal parcels with medium to high density. This kind of development also improves the possibility of different concepts in relation to architecture by breaking the stereotypes of traditional way of achieving density and building design. For example; residential building with prime commercial use in the form of retail stores, shops and small-scale household industrial units so as to improve employability, skills and local economy especially among women who are deprived of fully utilize their potential of doing small businesses due to lack of social interaction and busy in household chores. These can be achieved by assessing the kind of neighborhood activities and culture with a tool of community participation and placemaking with resident’s involvement in managing their communal spaces. Thus, mixing the uses such as housing, civic uses, commercial markets, cafes, restaurants, small offices with carefully designed streetscape helps to build a strong, busy and healthy community which in today’s planning technique can be observed through revitalization and revival schemes.

Figure 4: Mixed-Landuse at different levels

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687404814000303 Second type is “mixed use zoning” at macro scale which as the name suggests are the zones demarked with various landuses in near proximity to each other in a particular area such as a neighborhood or sector or zone. This type of mixing is done so as to use the land efficiently in a phased manner with infrastructure development. The zones are formed either in linear patter or by defining a fixed area depending upon the economical benefits it will serve in future. The role of

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both real estate developers (private) and government (public) is important in this scenario as the principles for selecting the zones are based to value the public domain subconsciously but it is seen that private developers have played a significant role in today’s modern era. The applicability of mixed use zoning can be in the form of corridors with important multi modal transit nodes consisting of sub zones of medium rise high dense residential units with compatible commercial in the form of necessary retail and offices or combination of both as hotels, social infrastructure with recreational areas as a major tool such as public open spaces such as community parks, garden, waterfronts, civic amenities and most important availability of IPT modes with street lanes designed especially for pedestrians, facilities for differently abled people, halt and park facilities, parking areas and stops for buses, rickshaws, cycles, service lanes designed at rear side of major commercial blocks with a buffer, provisions of electric vehicles to maintain a clean environment etc. Hence, this is termed as Transit Oriented Development (TOD) with an aim to promote walkability with increased dependency on public transport or IPT and less usage of private vehicles in the TOD marked zones with a radius of 500 m (Intense) and 800 m (Influence) nodes. These nodes are either metro stations or intersections with Multi Modal Transit Hubs (MMTH) along MRTS or BRTS corridors proposed and demarked as per the policy.

4.1 Mixed use development in detail

Vertical Mixed-Use Building (Fig. ): Combines different uses in the same building. Lower floors should have more public uses with more private uses on the upper floors. For example, the ground floor could have retail, second floor and up having professional offices, and uppermost floors being some form of residential, such as flats or a hotel. In more urban areas, an entire block or neighborhood may be composed of vertical mixed-use buildings.

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Horizontal Mixed-Use Blocks (Fig. ): Combines single-use buildings on distinct parcels in a range of land uses within one block. In more urban areas, this approach avoids the financing and coding complexities of vertical layered uses while achieving the goal of placemaking that is made possible by bringing together complementary uses in one place. In less urban areas, horizontal mixed-use offers the advantage of sharing utilities and amenities while providing an easier to build and entitle mix of uses within a walkable block circumscribed by thoroughfares.

Mixed-Use Walkable Neighborhoods (Fig.): With the infinite number of various possibilities, these places combine vertical and horizontal use mixing in an area ideally within a 5 to 10 minute walking distance (a Pedestrian Shed) or quarter mile radius of a neighborhood center.

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Figure 5: Mixed-use Neighborhood (San Diego’s Uptown District: Both vertical and horizontal mixed-use throughout, located on a vibrant Main Street. Voted one of America’s 10 great neighborhoods by the American Planning Association in 2007).

Source: http://www.placemakers.com/2013/04/04/mixed-up-on-mixed-use/ The mixing of uses is a catalyst to building complete, compact, complex, and convivial neighborhoods — as well as competitive Town Centers — because it facilitates efficient access to where people live, work, play and shop via walking, biking, transit and/or cars. Conventional zoning, financing, and approval processes are antithetical to mixed-use and, unless a town has a strong history of it, hence it is possibly can be achieved through flexible form-based codes guidelines. This place-based zoning tool allows for mixed-use Main Streets, Town Centers, neighborhood centers, and everyday neighborhoods, all by-right.

4.2 Mixed use zoning in detail There was a time when single-use tradition in the zoning was vital and fruitful for the cities when those were less populated, less polluted with lesser use of resources and infrastructure advancement. Originally the settlements grew organically as mixed-use active areas which were diminished with new strategies to develop and again now appreciated much more since recent years because of the expanding/ sprawling and merging of peri-urban areas into agricultural zones or even mother city. With affect to which more compact, high dense and stronger communities were considered over old ordinances and planning standards. For this land regulation is much more important for implementing focussed vision, introducing variety of house in market, increase land-use efficiency, making energy efficient with a smart growth of local areas. For example; a standard

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neighborhood size within Mckenzie town in Canada is set for the population of 1,500 to 2,600 with the corner-most buildings dedicated for the public use/ utilities or retail commercial at a comfortable and walkable distance. The diagrammatic representation below helps in understanding the various possibilities of mixed uses at urban local and city level based on contemporary approach.

Figure 6: Contemporary mixed-use zoning dimensions NEIGHBORHOOD OFFICE CONVENIENCE COMMERCIAL ZONE WITH SMALL RETAIL

RESIDENTIAL / COMMERCIAL STREET

OFFICE CUM

URBAN RESIDENTIAL/

RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL WITH CIVIC AMENITIES

RESIDENTIAL /

SINGLE-FAMILY

COMMERCIAL

DETACHED HOME

CONTEMPORARY MIXED-USE ZONING

IN SHOPPING

DISTRICT WITH

MALL PRESINCT

STANDALONE SHOPPING CENTER

HOTEL/

LIVE -

RESIDENCE

WORK - LEISURE MLCP STRUCTURE

RETAIL DISTRICT RETROFIT

STUDIO/ WORKSHOPS/

WITH RETAIL AT

(THROUGH TOD)

LIGHT INDUATRIAL

GROUND FLOOR

Source: Author

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4.3 Other forms of mixed-use development and zoning

a) Infill Development : It means to revitalize the old inner city zones/ areas in order to delineate it as mixed use to retain its character.

For eg.

Shahjahanabad Walled City Area of NCT Delhi. b) TransitOriented Development (TOD) : It refers to the mixed use approach for neighborhood development built around transit hubs or public transport stops. Example of TOD can be a metro/ MRTS or bus BRTS corridor.

Corridor type mixe-use : In regional planning, corridors are viewed as opportunities for focused socioeconomic growth with “Vertical or horizontal mixed-use development along these.

The major concern here is to attract developers in cities to invest and hence develop these corridors as attraction zones by providing amenities for public, easy access to public transit, recreational zones and adjusting densities.

For eg. Olympia, Washington DC

Neighborhood mixed-use : A fine grain morphology of small parts of cities are considered as a very good source of mixeduse development such as small zones/ neighborhood units.

These generally consists of mix of activities such as dwelling units, shops, civic amenities, workplaces, social interaction spaces, worship places etc. these all forms a part of smaller but fine geographical area with strong interrelation among each activities.

For eg.

Downtown areas with main CBD.

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4.4 Regulatory tools for addition of mixed-use elements in a plan

Figure 7: Tools for implementing elements of mixed-use • Planned Unit Development (PUD) : It is the way of retrofitting the areas by seeking their potentials and character thaey have. For eg. to develop by selecting certain blocks to convert into mixed-use in few residential units • Revising the Zoning Ordinance: This is quite critical to adopt as the opposition from property owners and developers is generally expected in revising the zoning regulations for creating mixed-use developments.

• Comprehensive Planning : It helps in dealing with issues identified to achieve new goal/ vision by linking previously set ordinances to avoid legal issues

Source: Author 5. Key indicators and best processes to achieve a strong mixed-use zoning Community Participation Community engagement is a process of involving local citizens through their active participation in the planning process at every stage from setting vision to suggestions for strategic implementation of plans and policies. It is practiced by various non-government/ non-profit organizations in every city or community and also theoretically or verbally preached at various institutions. But politically, it has various challenges with opposition from leaders. They seek less or no beneficial outcomes from it and hence it is the reason for vast privatization of spaces and loss

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of public realm with change in land-use pattern practically creating chaotic/ illegal practices on ground which differentiates from actual plan. Therefore, it is important to incorporate views of the end-users of any society because for implementing any plan/ policy, their acceptance is needed otherwise it fails to achieve its desired goals. Below is a sequence recommended for the mixed land-use concept to be followed and function practically: • • •

The vision should be to recommend mixed-use principles in Local Area Plans, Comprehensive Plans, Community Development Plans, and other other studies for the benefit of community.

Inclusiveness at every level is to be practiced such as integrating local officials, planners, developers, property and business owners, and other interested citizens.

People of the town or city thereby naturally begins to involve, accept and give inputs as they are aware of the nitty-gritties they face socially and physically.

Potential leaders and property owners from diverse communities should be titled with some community expression or representation for a will to move forward with mixed use as one of a number of strategies to improve future development.

Visual Preference Poll • • •

•

Engaging community through Visual Preference Poll by preparing a PowerPoint presentation showing examples of mixed use in the region.

Residents can also vote for the areas to be selected for mixed-use in their community and simultaneously they can go through the presentation again to identify the features they liked or disliked.

It is useful in gathering inputs about building heights, massing, materials, style, pedestrian amenities, signage, and other close-in features. It does not readily gauge the larger context, the mix of uses, the relationship among different structures and uses, multi-building landscaping and design features that create connectivity and pedestrian flow, or parking areas relative to multiple locations.

A copy of CD with captured views and presentation for other members convenience to access the discussed data should also be made available. It is also possible to develop bylaws for such type of development with standards.

Using an Overlay District vs. Changing Underlying Zoning Mixed use zoning allows to add uses and hence providing incentives to focus on local targets. Thus, overlaying districts onto underlaid zones is a means of additional new uses and hence developers have the option of developing the areas with or without this concept if they wish to get benefitted with the incentives provided. The overlay concept is especially useful where the desired mixed use area crosses zoning district boundaries or includes only a piece of a district or where the community wishes to protect commercial or industrial uses in parts of a district.

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Selecting the Permit-Granting Authority Mixed-use proposals shall be permitted and reviewed by the monitoring authority especially chosen for the smooth functioning of the proposal for the area. The authority can be a Planning Board/ Department as it holds the knowledge and data with different design/ development innovations.

Balancing Incentives and Requirements As mentioned earlier, incentives if provided for mixed-use developments shall attract and encourage more developers to opt for this option. It should be also noted that type of incentives should be based on the role, vision/ goals and needs of the community. The prime / dominant functions in any area should be the target for local economic growth such as in a residential zone, investment should be to provide more affordable stock as compared to the area where only revival of the infrastructure is needed to support already existing housing units.

In balancing incentives and requirements, it is important to remember that the community retains control through the special permit process. The special permit ensures high quality design. The board may always say no or negotiate more desirable design.

Setting the Tone and Establishing the Scope The bylaws, rules and regulation for zoning should be drafted in a way so that it clearly states the purpose of vision, aim and objectives to be achieved in future.

There should not be misinterpretation or any repetition in the draft so that it can be readable with a flow by letting the reader to get familiar with the possibilities of mixed-use development.

Selecting the Areas and Boundaries Establishing boundaries for mixed use districts is very site-specific. In general, boundaries should be selected to protect desirable existing uses and properties and to ensure smooth transitions to surrounding areas. The choice should be based on substantial input from local officials, property owners, developers, abutters, and other citizens.

Figure 8: Visulas of an ideal mixed-use neighborhood

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6. Socio-economic issues and benefits of mixed-land uses

Socio-Economic Issues from MixedUse Development

Context of Existing Area

Security Issues

Parking

Noise Transfer

Trash and Smell

Assembling Land Parcels

Coordinatio n and Management

Success Depends upon Two Markets

Socio-Economic Benefits from Mixed-Use Development

Accessibility

Sense of Belonging

Equity and Diversity

Quality of Life

Vitality and Aesthetics

Improved Public Health

Benefits to the Developer Higher-density developments lower the cost of land per unit area of development, making more affordable housing units achievable Mixed-use developments cannot be easily replicated and are unique in composition and structure.

Having multiple components in the development creates multiple revenue streams that help to diversify the risk of a project

Safety and Surveillance

Employment

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Benefits to the Public Mixed-use development provides easy, often walkable, access to necessities for daily living and substantially reduces or eliminates use of personal carsIncreased housing, employment, business and investment choice.

Commercial uses in close proximity to residential areas are often reflected in higher property values, and therefore help raise local tax receipts. More efficient use of public infrastructure Benefits to the Environment Land Use Synergy Access to Fresh and Healthy Food Life-Cycle Housing Sense of Place Access to Amenities and Destinations Walkable /Bikeable Neighborhoods Increased Transit Opportunities Affordable Housing Figure 9: Benefits of mixed-use development

Source: https://www.completecommunitiesde.org/planning/landuse/mixed-usedevelopment/

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7. Advantages and Disadvantages of mixed-land uses Figure 10: Advantages of mixed-use development

Source: Author Figure 11: Disadvantages of mixed-use development

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8. Design features and principles of mixed-land uses Various reseachers proved that the mkxed-use type of development aims to influence the neighborhood character enhancement, improves walkability, reduce travel and fuel cost by decreasing consumption of resources related. Low density neighborhoods often do not encourage people to walk with very few local facilities arranged nearby. Hence, they tend to drive while having a daily trip because of the distant spread of each such activities.

Encourage Successful mixed use areas can be achieved through: • Locating development within easy walking distance (400 metres) of high quality public transport corridors or other public transport operating at a frequency of four or more services per hour in the off-peak.

• Providing a range of development types that allow for a mix of day and night time activities supported by dense residential activity that aids with natural surveillance and provides a ‘base load’ of activity.

• Ensuring that surrounding transport networks and adjoining development is integrated with the new development.

• Providing high amenity open space and recreation areas especially for children.

• Ensuring that lighting, street furniture, signage, footpath treatment and safe road crossings provide a safe and convivial urban realm for all users.

Avoid

•

Development that is not integrated with public transport networks and land use activities required to meet daily needs (bakery, supermarket, gymnasium, newsagent).

•

Development that is more than 400 metres (a five minute walk) from any dwelling to an area of appropriate public open space that meets the population’s needs (particularly children) in terms of scale and activities.

•

Organising the design and funding of development without reference to efficient movement networks.

• •

Single use developments that rely on people travelling long distances for daily activities (such as office parks that create a third lunch time peak).

Figure 12: Typical Design features of mixed-use development

Balanced mix of uses

Active street frontage

Connectivity of uses

Compactness

Compatibility with town and character

Good bicycle and pedestrian access

Reduced Parking

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Table 1: Design considerations of mixed-use development and their impact

Source: Author 9. Some important takeaways from URDPFI guidelines,2015 for mixed-land use zones and development The URDPFI guidelines, 2015 contains recommendations and suggestions for mixed-land use zoning by mixing compatible uses based on local conditions and needs of the area. These are highlighted below based on the study:

•

Mixed-land use zoning should preferably be planned for regional, subregional, city or local area levels with clear classifications and processes.

•

The percentage share of residential, commercial and industrial land use to be adjusted proportionally as planned by the local authority. Mixed-land use should be either non‐industrial oriented or industrial mix oriented.

•

The mixed-use of land to be envisaged at vision development stage of the plan formulation.

•

The adjustment in the residential, commercial and industrial land use (dominant use) to be based on the land area proposed for mixed land use zone and reduction of respective proposed mixed land uses.

•

Appropriate reduction in residential, commercial or industrial uses and adjustments in other uses to be made so that the total land use becomes 100%.

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•

High density, mixed‐use and interconnected street networks reduce per capita vehicular trips. This can be achieved through a balanced mix of job, housing and markets along MRTS corridors.

•

Another terms for mixed-use development are also mentioned such as “cellular or layering development”. This combination also helps to utilize the full potential of an urban site, leaving sufficient open spaces for a greener surrounding.

•

Mixed layer development provides (re)development opportunities that ease the way towards Compact Cities. This concept should be preferred for abandoned sites within the city instead of building on greenfield sites on the edge of town.

•

A new set of development controls for mixed-use, enhanced FAR and TDR applicability to be maintained with regulations on the road width, plot sizes and density.

•

Cities with strong Central Business Districts (CBDs) are generally good candidates for transit‐oriented development. Trips can take place along radial axes between the CBD and suburban communities, with concentrated mixed use development around the suburban nodes.

•

Transit oriented development (TOD) is the best tool which supports the implementation of mixed-use in any area by maintaining a symbiotic relationship between dense, compact urban form and public transport use.

Figure 13: Types of mized use zones as per URDPFI Guidelines, 2015

M1 (MIXED INDUSTRIAL)

MIXEDUSE ZONES M2

M3

(MIXED RESIDENTIAL)

(MIXED COMMERCIAL/ INSTITUTIONAL)

Source: URDPFI Guidelines, 2015 Permitted Uses/Activities In M1 Zone activities falling within non‐ polluting industry/ service industry (dominant landuse) categories can coexist with maximum up to 20‐30% of

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commercial, institutional, recreational and residential land use. In M2 Zone all activities falling within permitted residential land use (dominant landuse) shall be minimum 60% and to coexist with commercial, institutional, recreational. In M3 Zone all activities falling within permitted commercial, institutional land use (dominant landuse) shall be minimum 60% and to coexist with residential, recreational and non‐ polluting and household industry.

Restricted Uses/Activities Activities related to commercial, institutional and residential landuse in M1 Zone and non‐polluting industrial landuse in M2 Zone can be increased to between 20‐ 50% depending on the contextual and locational feasibility of the area.

Prohibited Uses/Activities All other activities especially industrial which are polluting in nature and which will have an adverse impact on the overall activities of this zone.

Note: Mixed landuse to be well defined by the Development control body by prescribing the limits on the use of activity based on the abutting road width, compatible uses, plots size, ground coverage, FAR/FSI, density, any other urban design guideline.

Recommendations based on observations which are missing in the guidelines for moud to be incorporated to understand the term more practically at urban/ regiaonal planning level area as follows:-

•

The guidelines should brief about the whole concept and applications of mixedland use practices in detail.

•

The standards could have been studied and incorporated with in depth analysis and case studies as an example so that the practical implications at national or international level helped in understanding the scales and possibilities of achieving this concept. Currently the whole idea is studied based on the parameters of TOD only.

•

The standards should clearly mention few important parameters such as ideal ROW of roads/ streets to be followed, type of activities and interacting spaces, type of retail/ commercial activities allowed and preferable, pros and cons of the concept, benefits of the concept etc.

Figure 14: Fine and Coarse grain land-use patterns

Source:https://www.be.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/upload/pdf/schools_and _engagement/resources/_notes/5A3_28.pdf

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10. Eight common myths/ misconceptions in regard to mixed-uses

Myth 1: Mixed-use housing means more people aren’t paying property taxes to support infrastructure Truth? Yes it is undoubtable that renters don’t pay property taxes directly but property owners do in the form of commercial real estate taxes which is mainly benefitial for the city’s infrastructure. But due to continuous urban sprawl of the city more infrastructure is required to support other services.

Myth 2: Higher-density development puts a strain on public services, especially public schools Truth? Though the perception is that low density areas put more pressure on the services but actually sparsely populatlted areas requires more physical elements and support systems to function smoothly.

High dense, mixed-use and single family homes are more preferable mostly among people with children as these areas are more culturally rich.

Myth 3: But higher-density and mixed-use housing has to create more traffic and parking congestion Truth? High dense areas are much less congested as they allows pedestrians, walkability and biking as a tool to reduce pollution and traffic making areas favourable to human scale. Parking areas are also designed in a way so that it can be used alternatively throughout the day with shared options.

Myth 4: Higher-density developments lower the property values of the surrounding areas Truth? This is truely a false statement as these areas are equally desirable to live by residents because of nearby facilities available with less privatization and more communal living environment. So, the property values have no major impact because of variation in density.

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Myth 5: Higher-density, mixed-use development is only for lower income households Truth? As mentioned above, these concentrated areas are not only more chosen to live with vibrancy but they also opens path for new opportunities for small businesses to improve local economy of the area. It also reflects the local culture and

Myth 6: Higher density means higher crime

Truth? The more the denser the area there are more people to look around and the environment is more safer than those walled/ gated communities which are privately owned. Low dense areas are more dependent on other appliances for taking care of the area for surveillance but mixed-use areas have naturally eyes on street and are more safer.

Myth 7: You can’t “Go Green” when you go higherdensity Truth? Lower density areas consume much more resources and create more pollution in comparison to high dense areas where people share services and manage their own spaces by adopting energy efficient techniques to make their communities sustainable.

Myth 8: Higher density means a population explosion Truth? Low dense areas actually use land inefficiently with luxury of spaces and services planned whereas high dense areas have the capability of utilising the land with more innovation and new planning thoughts to accommodate people.

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11. How to educate citizens and spread awareness Drafting a bylaw and adopting a bylaw are two different things, as any active citizen can attest. To get a bylaw successfully through the local legislative process requires an educated public and supportive interest groups and stakeholders.

Zoning bylaws are notoriously complex.

Outlined below are some of the key strategies in achieving strong public support:

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Base the proposal on an existing, approved plan, such as a Comprehensive or Master Plan, a Community Development Plan, a Housing Strategy, or a similar study developed with substantial public participation.

•

Involve the public and stakeholders early in the process and seek their input in developing the bylaw. Stakeholders include local officials, developers, the

•

business community, abutters, environmental and other advocacy groups, property owners, and citizens at large.

•

Address public concerns. Fears about density, property values, and changes in community character are common. Proponents of mixed use can address these issues by presenting documentation to dispel myths and/or by including protections within the bylaw itself.

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Ask interest groups, especially those with competing interests, to speak out publicly and to take an active role in outreach.

• •

Allow plenty of time to build understanding and support.

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Use visuals of existing “success stories” and of opportunity areas in your community. Powerpoint presentations are an excellent way to tell the story.

They can be shown to Town Meeting as well as to local groups such as the Chamber of Commerce.

Engage the local media. Mixed use examples with graphics lend themselves to feature articles and cable presentations.

12. Mixed-land use models Mixed-use models are classified based on various factors which are crucial to examine any city or its local area. These factors have typologies of social, physical, economical and temporal mixes.

Social mixes (Income, Tenure & Lifestyle)

Physical mixes (Industrial & commercial activities)

Economical mixes (Land use, amenities & open spaces)

Temporal mixes (24 hr economy, shared use of premises & markets)

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Rowley's model and Hoppenbrouwer and Louw’s mixed-use models give the parameters based on which the mixed landuses can be categorized.

Rowley’s Model for Mixed Landuse Typology: As per this study mixed-used development is essentially an aspect of the internal texture of settlements. The physical form of mixed-use development is a function of urban texture, setting, and location. Aspects of mixed landuses considered in this study are: Urban texture comprises of grain, density, and permeability. Spatial scale comprises of buildings, blocks, streets and districts. Location whether city/town centres (commercial and civic core), inner-city areas(built-up land needing regeneration), suburban locations; and greenfield sites (urban fringe) play important role. Public policy in terms of regulations, property markets, cultural ideas and values influence the form of mixed use. Activities and land uses within mixed-use projects generate different degrees of vitality. Time dimension as different uses produce activity on varying time schedules. (Alan, 1996). This model does not consider high rise mixed use or building level mixed use which is catered to in Hoppenbrouwer and Louw’s Mixed-Use Model.

Figure 15: Rowley’s Model for Mixed Landuse

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Rowleys-Conceptual-Model-ofMixed-Use-1996-Source-Rowley-1996-p86_fig2_273501171

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Hoppenbrouwer and Louw’s Mixed-Use Model: In this model the mixed landuse characteristics are organized by function i.e. Landuses, dimension i.e. whether Shared, horizontal, vertical, time, scale i.e. Building, Block, District, City along with the previous mentioned parameters of urban texture (grain, density and interweaving), location and other features like security, public private ownership, nature of use, housing type etc. Hoppenbrouwer and Louw’s Mixed-Use Model is different from Rowley’s model in its consideration of dimensions (Hoppenbrouwer, 2005). The following diagram explains this consideration of dimension.

Figure 16: Hoppenbrouwer and Louw’s Mixed-Use Model

Source: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-10856-4_2 13. Mixed-landuse Implications in Modern era: Case scenario from Global Cities Table 2: Case Matrix of different cities with mixed-landuse implications CITY/ COUNTRY

DENSITY (L/M/H)

CONCEPTUAL APPROACH Strict separation of uses: -

LANDUSE AND USE CATEGORIES Mixing allowed in conforming zones:

Hierarchal -

America

Low (L) to Medi-um (M)

-

non-

NonHierarchal

Residential at top then Commercial, Business, Industrial at bottom

- Classes of districts are: Residential, Commercial (often split into retail and office), Industrial, Agricultural and Public Semi-Public as separate zones

TYPICAL PATTERN OF CITY

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Kreuzberg Berlin Germany

Clerkenwell London

Delhi India

Pune Maharashtra India

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DENSITY (L/M/H)

CONCEPTU-AL APPROACH

LANDUSE CATEGORIES

HIGH (H)

- Bulk and dense mixed-use - No residential-only category No area is envisioned for only singlefamily houses - At least 50 percent of the land in residential zones should be occupied by dwellings

Sub-classes: Residential, Mixed, Commercial and Special Small Scale Residential, Exclusively Residential, General Residential, Special Residential, Village Type, Mixed-Use, Town-Center, Commercial, Industrial and Special Districts

HIGH (H)

Local Shopping, Services and Amenities Including Open Space/ Parks, Local Leisure and Entertainment, Clinics, Pubs, Cafes and Cinemas

MEDIUM (M) to HIGH (H)

Superimposition of mixed landuse into already existing societies certain problems are faced by the residents. hustle bustle of mixed landuses was not desirable to many.

Commercial uses could not be controlled leading to rampant commercialization.

MEDIUM (M)

No separate zone of Mixed Landuse but mixing of land use is permissible in most zones under certain norms like limit to usage of electric power.

Landuse zones demarked based on predominant use.

Most residents simply tolerated mixed-use rather than actively engaged with it. The functional and physical integration of different uses such as Residential, Commercial – Retail & service and Public Semi Public – offices ; Integration of three or more significant revenue producing uses Retail shops (except hazardous, nuisance causing) on GF, professional offices on any floor and nursing homes, guest houses and banks have been permitted in residential areas where as retail shops selling building materials, repair shops, service shops, storage, manufacturing, junk shops are prohibited.

Residential areas became nonwalkable due to increasing traffic.

Conversion charges collected but basic services like parking is not provided.

Certain usages are permitted based on the width of adjoining road.

Almost all kind of commercial uses are permitted in residential areas. In commercial areas all uses of residential are permitted.

TYPICAL PATTERN OF CITY

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14. Case study : Experience From Indian Cities Chandigargh In corbusier’s vision, commercial zone of chandigargh city was to be the heart of the city. To accomplish this the total commercial area was divided in a hierarchy of four categories like: • City level commercial (city centre) • Sector level peripheral commercial • Internal sector level markets • Informal markets Figure 17: Chandigarh city proposed Master Plan 2031

Source: https://assetyogi.com/chandigarh-master-plan/ The prime land of chandigargh ,which was the highest cost factor and is not affordable to most of the population ,is presently being used in a limited time dimension of nine to ten hours per day, thereby leading to a waste of the potential of land. There was an attempt to mix the commercial with residential at the upper floors, which has failed due to extension of shops are used for storage or rented out to offices.

Ahmedabad • Ahmedabad is a prosperous city today, the second largest in western India with the second largest textile industry in the country.

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• Distribution of commercial categories across residential areas of various income groups. Only in HIG residential area offices are slightly more as compared to LIG and MIG residential areas.

• In mixed use building shops were found to have a average floor space of 25sq.mt and offices 21- 25sq.mt.

Figure 18: Ahmedabad city Master Plan 2021

Source: https://www.hcp.co.in/project/auda-development-plan-2021

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Jaipur (2021 Master Plan) The Mixed Use is a policy being acknowledged with a view to nuance of its need in the Residential areas. 80 feet and above road of existing area (Where the clear ROW is available) and where commercial activities have come up are being earmarked for mixed use. There are certain roads having less than 80 feet wide, engulfed with commercial activities however it is not being attended to now and will be detailed out at the Zonal Level plans subject to the State Government Policy and as per decision taken by Honorable Rajasthan High Court.

Figure 19: Jaipur city Master Plan 2021

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Existing-Land-use-plan-of-JaipurSource-Jaipur-development-plan-2025_fig15_315692851 Delhi (2021 Master Plan) Delhi Development Authority made an amendment to the mixed land use policy for Master Plan 2021. The amendment allows mixed land use in a wide range of residential colonies. It also lets schools and other businesses like fitness centres and guest houses operate from residential areas, even in the Walled City.

Non-permissible Uses Any trade or activity involving any kind of obnoxious, hazardous, inflammable, non-compatible and polluted substance or process shall not be permitted.

Permissible Uses.

• •

Mixed use covers Retails Shops, Professional Activity and specific other uses.

Mixed use shops only on ground floor up to the maximum permissible ground floor coverage.

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The front setback should not have boundary wall.

Parking @ 2.0 ECS per 100 sqr.mtr. shall be provided within the premises. Where this is not available, cost of development of parking shall be payable to the concerned local body.

Professional Activity

•

Professional activity shall be permissible on any floor subject to a maximum of 25% of the floor area of the dwelling unit or not exceeding one floor.

Other Activities One of the following activities may be permitted in a residential premise on plot of a minimum of size of 200 sqm. (160 sqm. in Special Area, villages and Rehabilitation Colonies) facing a minimum road width of 18 mtrs ROW (13.5 mtrs. in Rehabilitation Colonies and 9 mtrs. in 'Special Area' and villages). (a) Pre-primary school (Nursery/Montessori School, Creche etc.) (b) Nursing home (c) Guest house (d) Bank (e) Fitness Centre (Gymnasium, yoga, meditation centre) Intended Mixed Use (i) The quantum of Mixed Use Area and its allocation/distribution for various categories of Residential areas shall be specified in the layout Plans. (ii) The layout plans would clearly earmark areas for Mixed Use, preferably located opposite/adjoining designated commercial areas. (iii) Mixed Use on residential plots should be located on 18 mtrs. ROW roads and above with common Parking areas to be earmarked, along with mandatory parking to be provided within the premise.

Figure 20: Delhi city Master Plan 2021

Source: http://119.226.139.196/ddaweb/pdf/Planning/landuse%20map%202021.jpg

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Delhi (2041 Proposed Master Plan) key takeaways: Figure 21: Delhi city proposed Master Plan 2041

Source: http://119.226.139.196/tendernotices_docs/aug2020/Draft%20Land%20Use%20P lan_public%20notice09062021.pdf a) Mixed use development for optimal space/land utilisation: The Plan marks a major shift from mono-functional land use planning to mix use. A built-space based approach has evolved from land-based distribution, allowing for mixing and co-location of compatible uses across the city, including vertical mixing within buildings This will provide the required flexibility for improving availability of facilities within existing areas, thereby ensuring optimal utilisation of land. Mixed use development will also lead to reduction in trip lengths, vibrant and safer public areas. b) Commercial Streets/ Mixed Use Streets: No new notifications shall be permitted as Mixed-Use Streets or Commercial Streets. Non-residential uses within residential areas shall be permitted as per provisions given in DCN. Local bodies/MTAs shall prepare plans for improving traffic management, parking and public spaces along existing streets. Streets below 9m RoW shall be considered by local bodies for pedestrianisation.

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c) 50% of the population would be living within the transit influence zones by 2041.

The mixed-use development in these zones will reduce the need to undertake a trip and proximity to the transit node would encourage a shift towards PT. d) Regeneration Schemes in Transit Influence Zone: In order to facilitate the implementation of TOD principles across the city and not only at select TOD nodes, specific norms for mixed use, parking, ground coverage and built-toedge active frontage shall be permitted within 500 m radius of all other transit stations for all regeneration projects. However, the permissible FAR and other norms for such projects shall be as per Regeneration Policy for Delhi. This will allow creation of vibrant and active station areas without additional FAR/built space stressing the infrastructure. e) Being the focal point of transportation networks, MMTHs will have high potential as hubs for mixed-use development. Mixed use development and vertical mixing of compatible uses within plots shall be promoted in the city, facilitating availability of all services, work centres and homes within close vicinity of each other. This will facilitate self-sufficient isolation zones as required. f) Mixed Use Streets/ Commercial streets: plot-level reconstructions as per norms for residential plotted development shall be permitted.

• •

Linear amalgamation of single line of plots along the street shall be permitted, provided that individual plots are 500 sq.m. Continuous active frontage shall be maintained along the street.

Such schemes shall provide parking requirements within the plot.

Additional FAR of 10% of permitted FAR shall be provided for stack parking.

g) A TOD approach in Delhi will help in bringing people and jobs closer to mass transit and lead to much needed integration of land use and transport in the city.

It will result in compact, walkable, mixed-use developments within influence zones of transit stations. This is a critical paradigm shift that can potentially improve public transit ridership, reduce vehicular congestion, and reduce greenhouse emissions and pollution in the long term. h) Optimised density and diversification of uses and activities: This will be facilitated through higher FAR norms and compact mixed-use development, with augmentation of infrastructure by respective service providing agencies, and application of norms for green buildings and environment conservation.

Such an approach will result in achieving an optimum mix of activities and higher job densities close to public transit systems, unlock the development potential of these areas and facilitate value capture. i) Identification of Mixed-Use areas/ Streets:

• • •

All streets/ stretches already notified as Mixed Use street or Commercial street by the Competent Authority; Residential areas and streets/ stretch earlier declared as commercial areas / streets or where commercial use was allowed in MPD-1962 shall continue to the extent as was permissible as per MPD-1962; Commercial activity existing from prior to 1962 in residential areas, subject to documentary proof thereof;

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Plotted development in pre-1962 colonies shall be treated as rehabilitation colonies in their respective categories (A to G) for the purpose of this chapter.

Any street /stretch under the process of notification by the Competent Authority or where the matter is presently sub-judice, upon completion of the notification process.

No new streets other than already identified shall be notified as Mixed Use/ Commercial Use streets.

All existing plots and uses as approved for mixed use under MPD-21 shall continue to be permitted as per approved conditions.

j.) The following activities shall not be allowed under Mixed Use: • • • • • • •

Retail shops of building materials [timber, timber products (excluding furniture), marble1, iron and steel, (gravel, cement and sand2], firewood, coal and any fire hazardous and other bulky materials.

Repair shops / workshops of automobiles, tyre resoling and re-treading, and battery charging.

Storage, go-down and warehousing.

Junk shop (except paper and glass waste) Liquor shop Printing, dyeing and varnishing Any other activity that may be notified from time to time by Government.

k.) On mixed-use or commercial notified streets with 24m and above ROW

• •

Shops of finished building material (including gravel, sand and cement) will be permitted only if no cutting and polishing activity is undertaken. These shall be permitted on plots of minimum 100 sqm with maximum 50% ground coverage.

Automobile repair shops and workshops shall be permitted on 30m or above ROW.

l.) In case of DDA flats, the entire ground floor of the flats on notified streets shall be permitted as follows:

• •

Only one Small Shop- maximum 20 sqm area unit shall be permitted.

No amalgamation of flats shall be permitted

m.) If use of basement for non-residential activities leads to exceeding the permissible FAR on the plot, such excess FAR shall be used, subject to payment of appropriate charges prescribed by the competent authority. n.) Non-residential activities in Group Housing In case of Group Housing Plots Small shop and Retail Shop, Repair Shop, Personnel Service Shop specially provided for in the layout plan shall be permitted up to a maximum of 1.5% of the permissible FAR or 1000 sqm, whichever is less. At least 50% of such FAR shall be mandatorily utilised for provision of small shops units catering to local needs. A minimum of 4 shops of 20 sqm each shall be provided.

Such uses may be provided in the form of vertical mixing or separate block within the plot. o.) Additional Norms applicable on all non-residential activities within residential development:

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DCN as applicable for the particular residential use will continue to be applicable, even if the plot / dwelling unit is put to mixed use.

In Plotted Housing plots, boundary wall shall be optional along the main access road. In plots with stilt parking, active frontage may be maintained by providing shop fronts and other permitted mixed-use activities. ?? Such shops shall be counted towards FAR. Wherever a service road is available or proposed, then the mix-use premises should be approached from such service road and not directly from the main carriageway.

No encroachment shall be permitted on the streets or public land.

Any trade or activity involving any kind of obnoxious, hazardous, inflammable, non- compatible and polluting substance r process shall not be permitted.

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p.) Applicable charges shall be as under: • • • • •

All premises with non-residential activities shall be required to declare such Mixed Use to the concerned local body and pay necessary charges as per the process notified by the competent authority.

All premises with non-residential activities shall be liable for payment of applicable Mixed Use charges to the concerned local body as per the rates notified by the competent authority, for the period during which the property is used for non-residential activities.

The allottee / owner shall obtain pay all necessary fees or charges before using the premise for any non-residential activity.

The local body concerned shall be responsible for the conduct of test check of properties under mix use, whether registered with it or not.

In addition to other penal action available under the relevant act, properties found to be under mix use, without registration or in violation of the terms of this notification shall be liable to pay, to the local.

15. Conclusion Overly strict separation of uses (such as single-use zones) produces inefficient cities with expensive transportation, pollution and insecurity. Instead, it is necessary to promote a balanced mix of land uses that fruitfully interact with each other. To be able to effectively exclude those uses that may create an undesirable level of nuisances it is furthermore important to distinguish not only land uses but

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also the scale of the uses. This is important because, for example, a small tailor workshop may enrich a residential neighbourhood while a sewing factory may cause undue nuisance. Finally, distinguishing both land uses and the scale of uses allows society to better address the needs of small-scale home-based and streetlinked production and commercial entities; based on the principles of subsidiarity and self-regulation, it may be advisable to let neighbours decide whether or not such activities are desirable in the neighbourhood.

Mixed-use development remains an ambiguous concept. In theory, there are debates regarding its definition and conceptualization, in addition to arguments over its guaranteed and potential benefits. In practice, real estate professionals involved with mixed-use projects are confronted with added complexity and risk at nearly every stage of the development process. However, despite the uncertainty associated with the concept, mixed-use development has garnered a significant amount of attention and praise over the past several decades and, most likely, will continue to play a pivotal role in the real estate and planning worlds for some time to come. The reason for mixed-use development’s rise to prominence is its potential to relatively quickly recreate the type of well structured urban environments that were regrettably abandoned over the course of the 20th century. In the past, mixed-use cities evolved gradually over centuries. The transformation of those dense, mixed-use urban areas into sprawling, monotonous metropolises occurred over many decades. The hope is that by incorporating a mixture of uses into single development projects, the process of once again restructuring our urban environments will be expedited.

•

The planner shall consider distributing the mixed uses in a way that helps to create an environment which encourages the social interaction which shall lead to the increase in social capital.

•

Emphasis the importance of mixed land uses as a criteria to achieve sustainable development.

•

Raise the awareness of the importance of the role played by social capital in the developmental planning.

•

Raise the awareness of the importance of the integration of the achieved sustainability elements whether urban or social.

Non-planned or converted mixed use (residential buildings which are later used for commercial/ institutional purposes) cause additional problems as they are not designed for such uses and lack the required infrastructure or maintenance system thereby becoming nuisance for the residents. Left to market forces, while the property owners get the economic benefit of housing other uses, the other residents are at a disadvantage due to the frequent visitors, noise, parking shortage etc. Hence conversion or change of use needs to be strictly regulated to check the presence of required infrastructure like parking, toilets etc so that the quality of life does not deteriorate. To reap the benefits of service proximity of mixed land uses, it needs to be well regulated in terms of its typology, kind of use, quantum of use, supporting infrastructure and environmental compliance.

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16. References https://sjvblueprinttoolkit.weebly.com/principle-6---mix-land-uses.html https://www.itdp.org/2013/03/12/everything-is-everywhere-land-use-in-india/ https://www.completecommunitiesde.org/planning/landuse/mixed-use-development/ https://www.infinitee.com/dont-get-mixed-up-about-mixed-use/ https://murfeycompany.com/busting-myths-higher-density-mixed-use-development/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-use_development https://www.wri.org/insights/people-oriented-cities-mixed-use-development-createssocial-and-economic-benefits https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/341558 https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/law/lawreviews/journals/bcealr/28_4/04_T XT.htm https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233087253_Mixeduse_Development_Theory_and_Practice_in_Amsterdam%27s_Eastern_Docklands https://www.be.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/upload/pdf/schools_and_engagement/res ources/_notes/5A3_28.pdf https://www.slideshare.net/arpriyank/assignment-mixed-land-use https://www.slideshare.net/kollirajesh75/socio-economic-determinants-in-mixed-usedevelopment https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687404814000303 https://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/40790 https://issuu.com/aakashjain9/docs/live_work_play https://www.healthyplaces.org.au/userfiles/file/Mixed%20Land%20Use%20June09.pdf https://ccs.in/internship_papers/2006/Delhi%20Master%20Plan%20-%20Snigdha.pdf https://www.ijsdr.org/papers/IJSDR1709001.pdf http://mohua.gov.in/page/delhi-division.php https://www.academia.edu/31293968/MIXED_LAND_USE_IN_URBAN_DEVELOPMENT http://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Mixed_Use_Planners_Toolkit.pdf http://www.wiego.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/Nohn_WIEGO_TB3.pdf

LOG BOOK FOR INTERNSHIP (MASTERS PROGRAMMES) Name and Signature of the Student : Paras Mongia Roll No : 200MPLUP021 Programme : Masters in Urban Planning (M.PLAN) Place of Internship : Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO), Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MOHUA) Government of India, 30, Azad Bhawan Rd, ITO, IP Estate, New Delhi, Delhi 110002 Duration of the Internship : 21/06/2021 to 31/08/2021 (10 Weeks) Name and Signature of the Head : Mr. R. Srinivas Date

Name of the Project

Project Details

21-06-2021

Guidebook for operationalizing National TOD Policy for Railway Station (Re)development

Understanding Methodology and Ch 1, Access and Circulations

22-06-2021

Guidebook for operationalizing National TOD Policy for Railway Station (Re)development

Ch 2, Mixuse, Zoning & Retail planning Ch 3, Multi Modal Integration

24-06-2021

Guidebook for operationalizing National TOD Policy for Railway Station (Re)development

Ch 4, Public Spaces Ch 5, Parking

25-06-2021

Guidebook for operationalizing National TOD Policy for Railway Station (Re)development

Brief Analysis

23-06-2021

26-06-2021 27-06-2021 WEEK 1 28-06-2021 29-06-2021 30-06-2021

Project Stage Guidebook was published on Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Limited (ISRDC) website in April, 2021 Guidebook was published on Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Limited (ISRDC) website in April, 2021 REVIEW/ DISCUSSION Guidebook was published on Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Limited (ISRDC) website in April, 2021 Guidebook was published on Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Limited (ISRDC) website in April, 2021

Work Undertaken

Working Hours

Critical Appraisal of the Report

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

Critical Appraisal of the Report

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

Critical Appraisal of the Report

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

Critical Appraisal of the Report

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

Concept Paper/ Report Concept Paper/ Report

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WEEKEND HOLIDAY Healthy City Healthy City

Introduction to the Concept Understanding the Concept

01-07-2021

- Healthy City - Webinar- DDA Master Plan 2041

Concept Building

-

- Concept Paper/ Report - Attended Webinar 1 - Delhi Master Plan 2041 (Chapter 1-3)

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

02-07-2021

Healthy City

Can Healthy City really mainstream the pandemic resilience?

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Concept Paper/ Report

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

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Concept Paper/ Report

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

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- Concept Paper/ Report - Attended Webinar 2 - Delhi Master Plan 2041 (Chapter 4-5) - Objections and Suggestions were raised in the meeting

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

Concept Paper/ Report

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

03-07-2021 04-07-2021 WEEK 2 05-07-2021

06-07-2021

WEEKEND HOLIDAY

Healthy City

Healthy City

Do we have to evolve separate set of norms and standards?

Should we prescribe benchmarking of health facilities?

REVIEW/ DISCUSSION

07-07-2021 08-07-2021

REVIEW/ DISCUSSION

Healthy City

How strengthening blue and green infrastructure can add to the health of a city?

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09-07-2021 10-07-2021 11-07-2021 WEEK 3 12-07-2021

13-07-2021

Healthy City

Conclusion and compilation/ editing of report

16-07-2021

17-07-2021 18-07-2021 WEEK 4

Concept Paper/ Report

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

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Study/ Research

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

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- Study/ Reseach - Attended Webinar 3- Delhi Master Plan 2041 (Chapter 6-7) - Objections and Suggestions were raised in the meeting

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

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Study/ Research

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

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- Study/ Reseach - Attended Webinar 4 - Delhi Master Plan 2041 (Chapter 8-9) - Objections and Suggestions were raised in the meeting

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

WEEKEND HOLIDAY Proposed Delhi Master Plan 2041

Proposed Delhi Master Plan 2041

Presentations shown in the webinar

Presentations shown in the webinar

REVIEW/ DISCUSSION

14-07-2021 15-07-2021

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Proposed Delhi Master Plan 2041

Proposed Delhi Master Plan 2041

Key Takeaways from the study

Brief Analysis

WEEKEND HOLIDAY

19-07-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Introduction to the Concept

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

20-07-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Understanding the concept

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

PUBLIC HOLIDAY

21-07-2021 22-07-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Need of land use, zoning regulations and separation of zones

REVIEW/ DISCUSSION

23-07-2021 24-07-2021 25-07-2021 WEEK 5

WEEKEND HOLIDAY

26-07-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

The conceptual meaning of Mixed Land Use: A new approach to revitalize the existing cities

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

27-07-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Categorization of mixed use at different scales

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

REVIEW/ DISCUSSION

28-07-2021 29-07-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Key indicators and best processes to achieve a strong mixed-use zoning

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

30-07-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Socio-economic issues and benefits of mixed-land uses

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

31-07-2021 01-08-2021 WEEK 6

WEEKEND HOLIDAY

02-08-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Advantages and Disadvantages of mixed-land uses

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

03-08-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Design features and principles of mixed-land uses

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

REVIEW/ DISCUSSION

04-08-2021 05-08-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Some important takeaways from URDPFI guidelines,2015 for mixedland use zones and development

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

06-08-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Common myths/ misconceptions in regard to mixed-uses

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

07-08-2021 08-08-2021 WEEK 7

WEEKEND HOLIDAY

09-08-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

How to educate citizens and spread awareness

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

10-08-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Mixed land-use models

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

REVIEW/ DISCUSSION

11-08-2021 12-08-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Case scenario from Global Cities

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13-08-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Case study : Experience From Indian Cities

14-08-2021 15-08-2021 WEEK 8

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

WEEKEND HOLIDAY

16-08-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Mixed-use strategies: Proposed Delhi Master Plan 2021

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

17-08-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Mixed-use strategies: Proposed Delhi Master Plan 2041

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

REVIEW/ DISCUSSION PUBLIC HOLIDAY

18-08-2021 19-08-2021 20-08-2021

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Key Takeaways from the study

21-08-2021 22-08-2021 WEEK 9 23-08-2021 24-08-2021 25-08-2021 26-08-2021 27-08-2021 28-08-2021 29-08-2021 WEEK 10 30-08-2021 31-08-2021

WEEKEND HOLIDAY

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Conclusion

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

Mixed-Landuse and its Implications

Final compilation/ editing of report

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Study/ Research - Report/ Paper

Work from Home (09:30 am - 06:00 pm)

REVIEW/ DISCUSSION Compilation of Report/ Portfolio WEEKEND HOLIDAY PUBLIC HOLIDAY Collection of Completion Certificate and Filling up Feedback form