Dissertation_Community Integrated Public Spaces

DISSERTATION REPORT Session: 2017-2018

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

Undertaken by: PARAS MONGIA Enrollment No : 1306160022 V Year, B.Arch.

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE B.ARCH. DEGREE

School of Architecture & Planning K.R. Mangalam University Gurgaon

DISSERTATION REPORT Session: 2017-2018

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

Undertaken by: PARAS MONGIA Enrollment No: 1306160022 V Year, B.Arch.

GUIDE: AR. VINOD PATIL COORDINATOR: AR. PANKAJ DHAYAL

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE B.ARCH. DEGREE

School of Architecture & Planning K.R. Mangalam University Gurgaon

DECLARATION I, PARAS MONGIA, here by solemnly declare that the dissertation work undertaken by me, titled Community Integrated Public Spaces is my original work and whatever information I have incorporated in the form of photographs, text, data, maps, drawings, etc., from different sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report.

Date: December 12, 2017 Place: Gurgaon PARAS MONGIA 1306160022 V Year B.Arch.

School of Architecture & Planning, K.R.Mangalam University,Gurgaon

i

CERTIFICATE This dissertation report is submitted by PARAS MONGIA, 1306160022, student of 5th Year School of Architecture & Planning, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurgaon, Session: 2017-2018.

Originality of information and opinion expressed in this dissertation are of the Author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Guide or the Coordinator or the Institute.

Date: December 12, 2017 Place: Gurgaon

Student: PARAS MONGIA

Guide: Ar. Vinod Patil

External Examiner:

Dissertation Coordinator: Ar.Pankaj Dhayal

Dean: Prof. Indrani Basu

School of Architecture & Planning, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurgaon.

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The dissertation writing was a great chance for learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet so many wonderful people and professionals who led me though this interesting phase.

I express my deepest thanks to AR. VINOD PATIL , my dissertation guide for taking part in useful decision & giving necessary advices and guidance and arranged all facilities to make life easier. I choose this moment to acknowledge his contribution gratefully.

It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards, deepest sense of gratitude to AR. PANKAJ DHAYAL, Program Co-ordinator, for her careful and precious guidance which was extremely valuable for my study both theoretically and practically throughout this dissertation work.

I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on their improvement, in order to attain desired career objectives. At last but not the least I would like to thank my family members : my mom for her eternal blessings and hardwork with me, my brother for his immense support and my late father, just because of his wish and dream I am here at the edge of this joyful journey in architecture.

Sincerely, PARAS MONGIA K.R. MANGALAM UNIVERSITY, SOHNA ROAD , GURGAON

iii

PREFACE We all believe that “Public Spaces” play an important role in our lives.

But why ?

Public Spaces leave a very strong impression in our mind from childhood and remain with us throughout life in our memory. These are nothing but just the experiences either good or bad but still they carry on with us at every stage as we grow older.

Yes, these spaces are the reasons of our happiness when we feel lonely, left-out or sad. What is more important are the experiences at these spaces / places with our close loved ones (i.e., family and friends.)

These memories help us to pass through the difficult phases of our life. My life is also full of these experiences and celebration which reminds me of people which were and are still part of this journey. It also reminds me of my relation and their love towards me .

These things are all possible today because of quality time we spend together at different places on different occasions. Either going to park / playground with my grandma, to cinema, restaurant, market during festive seasons with mom and dad or going to have snacks at eateries with brother. All these things are really special to me and will remain close to my heart always.

“We as humans are fond of these bonds we share and public places are the key elements which are responsible behind this. Different places have different purposes to serve and hence have different characteristics, due to which our mood changes and we behave accordingly.”

Public Spaces according to my opinion refers to the places of social-interaction, gathering, meeting, knowing others by sharing thoughts with each other and sometimes celebrate goodness / happiness among themselves. These spaces are commutable, accessible, open to all types of people of any caste, culture, agegroup and gender. These spaces are designed so that anyone can ‘stop’ / ‘pause’ here while passing through here and can feel calmness and relaxation from busy schedule of their routine.Public Spaces can be uni-dimensional as well as multi-dimensional also.

These are termed as breathing spaces as these allow us to get relief from loneliness, stress and we doesn’t feel apart from society. These spaces cater all type of agegroups : kids can enjoy and play in parks / playground, youth / adults can meet and spend time with friends, working people can plan unofficial meetings and even can hang-out during lunchtime from office, families can plan picnics / holidays, festivals can be celebrated together without any cultural and social issues. At city level, they represent the culture, tradition and background of the city. Even though these spaces are generally open, but still these spaces fills the emptiness of the city and hence are able in defining its „urban- fabric‟.

iv

Despite, of their importance, these spaces need proper management. A city having good quantity of these spaces but lacks their quality then these are called as „waste spaces‟ which means improper management and ul--timately start defining the urban character of that city in negative way. Management of these spaces includes transformation of empty land or wasted space into user friendly so that people can realize the value of these spaces in their daily routine before and after their creation / presence in their life. Public Spaces if designed, utilized and managed well can give a city or place a character and enhance architectural diversity.

Group of people leading a life in a particular area or place together having same goals and objectives to be achieved for future point of view and growth of that area in positive way forms a „Community‟.

Community and public spaces are inter-dependent on each other as due to more and more public spaces people come together on same platform and hence functions in a proper direction for overall development of society. On the other hand without the community participation and without knowing people’s needs / interest these spaces can’t be even formed and hence city can’t prosper ever.

v

List of Figures Figure No.

Description

Pg. No.

Fig. 1

Values Of Public Spaces In Society

1

http://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/public-spaces-not-nice-havebasic-need-cities

Fig. 2

Ziggurate And Plan Of Ur Nammu

8

http://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/ur%20of%20the%20chaldees/ur_arti cle01zig.html

Fig.3

Narrow Streets Of The City

8

http://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/ur%20of%20the%20chaldees/ur_arti cle01zig.html

Fig. 4

Pyramids Of Giza And Grid - Iron City Plan

8

http://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/ur%20of%20the%20chaldees/ur_arti cle01zig.html

Fig.5

Plan Of Indus City

9

http://www.tslr.net/2007/09/mohenjo-daro-ancient-city-of-indus.html

Fig.6

Streets And Char Bagh Concept

9

http://www.architecturerevived.com/taj-mahal-agra/

Fig. 7

Plan Of Agora, O.A.T & View Of Parthenon, Athens

10

http://www.agathe.gr/guide/introduction.html

Fig. 8

Amphitheatre, Roads & Plan Of Roman Forums

10

http://www.planetware.com/rome/roman-forum-i-la-rfr.htm

Fig. 9

Open Plaza Of Renessa

11

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27659/8/08_chapter%203.pdf

Fig. 10

19th Cen. Roads And Streets

11

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27659/8/08_chapter%203.pdf

Fig. 11

Early 20th Cen. Open Spaces

12

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27659/8/08_chapter%203.pdf

Fig. 12

Modern 20th Cen. Open Spaces

12

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27659/8/08_chapter%203.pdf

Fig. 13

Land Use Of Delhi, 1977

16

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27659/8/08_chapter%203.pdf

Fig. 14

Land Use Of Delhi, 2006

16

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27659/8/08_chapter%203pdf

Fig. 15

Land Use Change In Delhi (1977-2006) http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27659/8/08_chapter%203.pdf

vi

17

Fig. 16

Streets Before Industrial Revolution (Pedestrian)

19

http://rebelmetropolis.org/night-terrors-from-the-industrial-revolution/

Fig. 17

Streets After Industrial Revolution (Vehicular)

19

http://rebelmetropolis.org/night-terrors-from-the-industrial-revolution/

Fig. 18

Streets After Industrial Revolution (Vehicular)

20

http://rebelmetropolis.org/night-terrors-from-the-industrial-revolution/

Fig. 19

Trafalgar Square

20

http://www.touropia.com/city-squares-around-the-world/

Fig. 20

Times Square, New York, Usa

20

https://www.boredpanda.com/floating-umbrellas-agueda-portugal/

Fig. 21

Central Park,New York

21

https://www.boredpanda.com/floating-umbrellas-agueda-portugal/

Fig. 22

Ibirapuera Park, Sao Poulo

21

https://www.boredpanda.com/floating-umbrellas-agueda-portugal/

Fig.23

Champs-Elysees, Paris

21

https://www.boredpanda.com/floating-umbrellas-agueda-portugal/

Fig. 24

Street In Agueda, Portugal

21

https://www.boredpanda.com/floating-umbrellas-agueda-portugal/

Fig.25

The Circle In Uptown Normal, Il

22

https://www.pps.org/blog/your-picks-for-the-top-100-public-spaces-in-the-u-sand-canada/

Fig.26

City Art Walking Sculpture Mankato, Minnesota

22

https://www.pps.org/reference/failedplacefeat/

Fig. 27

Pioneer Courthouse Square, Portland

23

https://www.pps.org/reference/failedplacefeat/

Fig.28

Luxembourg Gardens, Paris

24

https://www.pps.org/reference/failedplacefeat/

Fig. 29

Kungstradgarden, Stockholm, Sweden

25

https://www.pps.org/reference/failedplacefeat/

Fig. 30

Jackson Square, New Orleans, La

26

http://www.touropia.com/city-squares-around-the-world/

Fig. 31

People + Programming

31

https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/master-plan/view-master-plan/master-plan2014/master-plan/key-focuses/public-spaces/public-space

Fig.32

Lush Landscaping https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/master-plan/view-master-plan/master-plan-

vii

31

2014/master-plan/key-focuses/public-spaces/public-space

Fig. 33

Accessibility

31

https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/master-plan/view-master-plan/master-plan2014/master-plan/key-focuses/public-spaces/public-space

Fig. 34

Comfort

32

https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/master-plan/view-master-plan/master-plan2014/master-plan/key-focuses/public-spaces/public-space

Fig. 35

Excellent In Design+ Eye For Detail+ Engaging

32

https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/master-plan/view-master-plan/master-plan2014/master-plan/key-focuses/public-spaces/public-space

Sense Of Delight + Sharing Of Spaces Fig. 36

https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/master-plan/view-master-plan/master-plan2014/master-plan/key-focuses/public-spaces/public-space

Fig. 37

Where To Sit? (No Seating Furniture And Shaded / Relaxing Spaces)

32

33

https://www.pps.org/reference/failedplacefeat/

Fig. 38

Where To Gather? (No Place For Social Interaction And Common Areas)

34

https://www.pps.org/reference/failedplacefeat/

Fig. 39

From Where To Enter ? (No Signages And Entry Points, Poor Facilities For Disabled)

34

https://www.pps.org/reference/failedplacefeat/

Fig. 40

Unattractive / Meaning Less Sculptures And Waste Spaces (No Seating Furniture And Shaded Spaces)

34

https://www.pps.org/reference/failedplacefeat/

Fig. 41

Where To Go? (No Signages And Improper Paths)

35

https://www.pps.org/reference/failedplacefeat/

Fig. 42

When To Stop And When Walk? (No Lanes Divided And Stoppage Points)

35

https://www.pps.org/reference/failedplacefeat/

Fig. 43

What To See? (No Features Along Edges And No Activities Happening)

35

https://www.pps.org/reference/failedplacefeat/

Fig. 44

Where To Catch And Stop? (Improper Transit Pointsfor Vehicles To Stop Or Pedestrians To Cross)

36

https://www.pps.org/reference/failedplacefeat/

Fig. 45

Congested Streets Of Chandni Chowk, Delhi, Delhi http://maps.mapmyindia.com

viii

37

Fig. 46

Sarojini Nagar Market And Lajpatnagar Market, Delhi

37

http://maps.mapmyindia.com/explore/lajpat+nagar+central+market-new+delhidelhi+ncr-baf345

Fig. 47

Livable Place Planning

38

https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/master-plan/view-master-plan/master-plan2014/master-plan/key-focuses/public-spaces/public-space

Fig. 48

Features Of Placemaking

39

https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/master-plan/view-master-plan/master-plan2014/master-plan/key-focuses/public-spaces/public-space

Fig. 49

Melbourne City Square

40

https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/master-plan/view-master-plan/master-plan2014/master-plan/key-focuses/public-spaces/public-space

Fig. 50

Placemaking Begins At The Smallest Scale

41

https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/master-plan/view-master-plan/master-plan2014/master-plan/key-focuses/public-spaces/public-space

Fig. 51

Place Diagram

42

https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/master-plan/view-master-plan/master-plan2014/master-plan/key-focuses/public-spaces/public-space

Fig. 52

Detailed Place Diagram

43

https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/master-plan/view-master-plan/master-plan2014/master-plan/key-focuses/public-spaces/public-space

Fig. 53

Utilizing Space Under Freeways As A Public Park

44

https://www.thebetterindia.com/58845/matunga-flyover-garden-mumbai/

Fig. 54

Sidewalk Activation Using Placemaking Strategies

45

https://www.dezeen.com/2011/07/05/folly-for-a-flyover-by-assemble/

Fig. 55

Space Under Mumbai’s Matunga Flyover

47

https://www.dezeen.com/2011/07/05/folly-for-a-flyover-by-assemble/

Fig. 56

Space Under Motorway In London

47

https://www.dezeen.com/2011/07/05/folly-for-a-flyover-by-assemble/

Fig. 57

Colourful And Vibrant Space

48

http://www.deccanherald.com/content/381190/novel-way-harness-publicspaces.html

Fig. 58

Colourful & Vibrant Space With Patterned Pillars Plants To Grow And Children To Learn http://www.deccanherald.com/content/381190/novel-way-harness-publicspaces.html

ix

49

Fig. 59

Central O.A.T. For Public Gathering

49

https://www.archdaily.com/802993/tapis-rouge-emergent-vernaculararchitecture

Fig. 60

Sectional View Showing Various Activities

50

https://www.archdaily.com/802993/tapis-rouge-emergent-vernaculararchitecture

Fig. 61

Section Through The Central Open Space

51

https://www.archdaily.com/802993/tapis-rouge-emergent-vernaculararchitecture

Fig. 62

Location Of Central Park In New Delhi

52

author

Fig. 63

Plan Of Connaught Place, New Delhi And Surrounding Areas

53

author

Fig. 64

Land Use Plans (Before And After Independence)

54

author

Fig. 65

Parking

54

author

Fig. 66

Nolli

54

author

Vegetation Inside Park Fig. 67

author

Fig. 68

Vegetation Inside Open Plaza Space

56 62

author

Fig. 69

Facade And Other Elements author

x

62

List of Plates Plate No.

Description

Pg. No

Plate 1

Understanding Spaces

3

Plate 2

Spaces

3

Plate 3

Social interaction in public spaces

18

Plate 4

Qualities of good public spaces

20

Plate 5

Benefits of a Place

28

Plate 6

Public Magnet

29

Plate 7

Refined Public Place

30

Plate 8

Nine Entry gates to the park

54

Plate 9

Site and services layout, Central Park, C.P.

55

Plate 10

Location and Accessibility

58

Plate 11

Open Spaces and builtmass site Layout

59

Plate 12

Site Plan

60

Plate 13

Sectional Elevation XX

62

Plate 14

Sectional Elevation YY

62

Plate 15

Activities

63

Community Is The Expert

69

Create a place, not a design

70

You can see a lot just by observing a place

70

Make people comfortable and at home

71

Form supports function

71

Slow people down

72

Create spaces that leave impression on mind

72

Create multi-functional spaces

73

Lighter, Quicker and Cheap space

73

Triangulation

74

Plate 16 Plate 17 Plate 18 Plate 19 Plate 20 Plate 21 Plate 22 Plate 23 Plate 24 Plate 25

xi

List of Pie Charts and Bar Graph Fig. No.

Description

Pg. No

PIE CHART SHOWING % OF AGE GROUPS

64

GRAPH SHOWING % OF TYPES OF OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

64

Fig. 3

PIE CHART SHOWING % OF SATISFACTION LEVEL OF PEOPLE ABOUT NEIGHBOURHOOD PUBLIC SPACES

65

Fig. 4

PIE CHART SHOWING % OF ARE THESE SPACES ACCESSIBLE OR NOT

65

Fig. 5

BAR GRAPH SHOWING % OF USAGE OF OPEN PUBLIC SPACES BY PEOPLE

66

Fig. 6

BAR GRAPH SHOWING % OF OTHER USES OF OPEN PUBLIC SPACES BY PEOPLE

66

Fig. 7

PIE CHART SHOWING % THAT WHY ARE THESE SPACES NOT ACCESSIBLE TO MANY

67

Fig. 8

PIE CHART SHOWING THE % OF PREFERENCE OF QUALITY OF OPEN PUBLIC SPACES TO PEOPLE

67

Fig. 9

PIE CHART SHOWING % THAT IS COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IS IMPORTANT OR NOT

68

Fig. 10

PIE CHART SHOWING % OF THAT IF THERE IS A NEED OF OPEN PUBLIC SPACES OR NOT

68

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

xii

List of Tables Table. No. Table.1

Description Planning Norms, Standards for

Pg. No 15

Recreational Areas/Parks at Sub-City Level Table. 2

Planning Norms, Standards for

15

Recreational Areas/Parks at Neighbourhood Level Table. 3 Table. 4

Land Use Change in Delhi (1977-2006) What Placemaking is and is not?

xiii

17 46

DISSERTATION 2017

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction, Need and Importance of Public Spaces and their role in defining a city,key points to remember regarding public spaces, description of the topic (synopsis)

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction A group of people living in a same place, having characteristics / attitude / interests in common forms a „Community’. The bringing of people of different ethnic or cultural groups amalgamated together in an unbounded zone / area / platform and having equal role to participate, as in society is termed as ‘Integration of people.’1 A Public Space is a gathering place that is open and accessible to all people free from social and cultural boundaries.2 Roads (streets, public squares, plazas, parks, markets and beaches are mainly considered as a “Public Space”. Buildings which are open to the public, such as public libraries, malls, community halls etc. are also called as public spaces but these are not open and hence covered public space.

Since, these spaces have restricted areas and limitations on their use for the benefit of society. Hence, functions for different activities and gatherings and are generally covered or semi-covered spaces.

Although not defined as public space, privately owned buildings or property visible from sidewalks and streets may affect the public visual landscape, for example, by outdoor advertisement. These spaces are the “breathing spaces, the living rooms, gardens and corridors of urban areas” and hence play a vital role in growth of a city also reflects our current needs, achievements, progress, ethics, cultural roots and ideals, status and togetherness. >Density >Continuity >Activity >Hierarchy > Authenticity >Information

Fig. 1 Values of Public Spaces in society

1 2

Author, Based on the study and analysis Author, Based on the study and analysis

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

1

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION

There is a new concept of Shared Space which has been incorporated in design to improve the experience of pedestrian users in public space so that it is commonly used by automobiles and other vehicles. These allow people to meet on a neutral ground in planned and unplanned ways, to interact with others within community. 3

1.2 Need / Importance Of Public Spaces And Their Role In Defining A City Public spaces which are important building block of everyday life and forms the skeleton of a city, these are places for recreations, places for social interaction and learning, places to get connected with nature, places to detoxify the body, places for sports, places to walk with your pets, places to get away from the hectic life for calm and quiet place. In others words, publics spaces are the living room without wall to enjoy, to get together, to rejuvenate. These public spaces play an important role in social and economic interaction. City is comprised of new kinds of public spaces based on different activities, based on different age group, based on different interest group.

The moment one steps out of his / her private space such as their home, work space etc. they are automatically in the public realm.

Everyone in the world irrespective of age, background or status invariably use public spaces. It is, then, astounding that for many years these spaces have been taken for granted and very little attention has been directed towards their quality. Although some conscious effort had been made towards creating public spaces like gardens and squares in some cities the general attitude towards the importance of public space had been neglected by many and almost considered merely as 'gaps between buildings'. However in the recent years, the attitude towards public space has gradually changed rediscovering their importance as an integral part of urban identity of cities.

This paper attempts to study and acknowledge people the extensive importance that public spaces have today and to let people know the values and need of these places so that architects, planners, policy makers and governments take interest and necessary measures to preserve and reutilise these spaces as a part of designing and then framing our future community of people by awareness of maintaining these public spaces around their respective areas through various concepts and techniques.

3

Social interactions in urban public places, Joseph Rowntree Foundation Caroline Holland, Andrew Clark, Jeanne Katz and Sheila Peace,2007

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

2

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION

1.3 Key Points To Remember Regarding Public Spaces o EVERYONE IS WELCOMED The cultural identity and social diversity of residents is reflected in the space‟s users and design. o NO MONEY NEEDS TO BE SPENT TO ENJOY IT There is no admission charge. You do not have to buy anything. o OUTDOOR SPACES ARE FOR EVERYDAY LIFE Sitting, eating, reading, socializing, playing, resting, people watching, entertainment, education, special events (such as shows, community celebrations, farmers markets and public speeches), etc.

Although public spaces can be indoors, urban designers are mostly interested in the outdoor spaces of a city between the buildings. o PUBLIC SPACES CAN BE GREEN Public spaces should integrate greenery and nature into their designs Public spaces should be central focal points of districts. They should be accessible to everyone by foot, bicycle and public transit.

UNDERSTANDING SPACES

Plate 1. Understanding Spaces

4 The Fall and Rise of Great Public Spaces, Jay Walljasper, August 5, 2012

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

3

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION

1.4 Description Of The Topic Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the need & provision of Community Integrated Public Spaces .

Objectives:     

To study the role & need of community integrated public spaces.

To study the various public spaces through various ages in history.

Equal participation of people from different culture to share their vision for the betterment of the city”.

By analysing the reasons resulting in success and failures of spaces.

Management of these spaces through Placemaking.

Scope Of Work:   

New concepts of urban open public spaces, new ways & strategies to design these spaces for community.

To understand Aural feeling & Emotions of different public spaces according to design & different situations.

To understand different activity patterns for people of society, function / connectivity and hence designing of these open public spaces.

Research Methodology: APPROACH :

History And Background Study Detail Study and Types Of Open Public Spaces Statistics (Demand And Supply) Understanding Placemaking Case Studies

Primary Case Studies

Analysis Inferences Conclusion

Secondary Case Studies

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

4

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION

 Note : After understanding the term and types of Open Public Spaces, three stages of detailed study will include :

DESIGN OF OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

WHY TO DESIGN?

HOW TO DESIGN?

WHERE TO DESIGN?

Limitations: The following limitations are taken into account in this paper : 

The research in the following paper, is restricted to only urban planning / design part of these spaces and not to building design or relation.



This study will restrict upon urban interventions of open public spaces for community, majorly in Indian context and some examples of solutions from west.

Conclusion / Outcome: 

For the purpose of this study, the expected outcome will be based on the analysis and the cause behind these public spaces which are successful or failure in nature hence providing suitable solutions to revive these places and make it more user - active through placemaking and community integration.



After analysing present case-studies & considering only their positive points & principles of designing these spaces of present case studies.



Conclusions / inferences on the basis of the study of various principles, qualities and the concept of Placemaking .

.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

5

DISSERTATION 2017

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

CHAPTER – 2 EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SPACES This chapter focuses on brief history / background of public spaces, evolution of these public spaces throughout history of word and growth of community integration simultaneously

CHAPTER – 2 EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SPACES

2.1 Brief History And Background The term “Civilization” is defined by its „urban culture‟, & a culture having atleast one city is considered as civilization. Hence, culture and civilization / settlement / city are dependent upon each other and plays an important role in development. Initially at global level, the major urban settlements appeared around 3,000 B.C. were in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley.

These ancient cities displayed both "organic" as well as "planned" types of urban growth pattern. They majorly believe in their religion, political values and military hierarchies. Two typical features of these cities were the wall and the citadel : the high wall designed for defense in regions which experience war or conquering armies particularly and the citadel was a large, elevated enclosure within the city - designated to religious and state functions. o Cities growing from old villages such as Greeks usually had irregular and organic form. Agoras were main public gathering places. o Colonial cities were planned prior to settlements using grid system which is easy and divides land into regular rectangular lots. o

Romans were engaged in city building activities. Even though the form was organic, the public places like temples and public districts were highly planned.

o

Medieval cities had narrow winding streets converging around market square with hall and a cathedral. Many variations in pattern and additions to urban fabric of city was there.

o

During Renaissance, the the system to study the shaping of urban space was emerged. Many public spaces of Rome and Italy were developed. Squares, long street vistas and symmetry in planning during 15th century. The baroque city brings broad new thoroughfares through the tangled web of old Parisian streets.

o The 19th century brings Industrial Revolution with increase in population and cities are no longer religious, political or cultural but are more commercialised. o The modern city from 20th century may be divided into two parts : a) An inner zone b) Suburban areas, dating from the 1920s

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

6

CHAPTER – 2 EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SPACES

2.2 Timeline Of Ancient World (C.A. 3500 BC – 500 AD) 3500 – 3000 BC

3000 – 2000 BC

2000 – 1000 BC

1000 BC – 0

Mesopotamian civilization ca. 3500-550 BC

Per1

0 – 500 AD Inter - Persian

Ptolema

Egyptian civilization 3000-550 BC

Per2

Roman / Byz.

Indus civilization Vedic age Indian kingdom age ca. 2500-1500 ca. 1500-500 BC ca. 500 BC-1200 AD BC Aegean Greek age civilization ca. 1200 BC-0 ca. 2000-1200 BC Roman Roman Empire Republic ca. 0-500 ca. 500 BC-0

Timeline Of Medieval World (c.a. 500 – 1500 AD) 500 BC – 1000 AD

1000 – 1500 AD

Indian kingdom age ca. 500 BC-1200 AD

Early Islamic period ca. 1200-1500 AD

Medieval Europe ca. 500-1500

Timeline Of Modern World ( c.a. 1500 AD – PRESENT ) 1500 AD - PRESENT Mughal Empire ca. 1500-1800

Early Europe

ca. 1500-1800

British India ca. 1800-WWII

Modern India ca. WWII- now

Modern Europe ca. 1800 - now

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

7

CHAPTER – 2 EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SPACES

2.3 Mesopotamian Civilization It is the oldest known civilization settled along rivers Tigris and Euphrates. The first community here was Sumerians and they were paleolithic people and human technological prehistory. This city had various states and all these get settled because of fertile soil fit for farming. Mesopotamia built walls around their cities. Ur dynasty includes temple named as Ziggurates of Ur Nammu which was the main feature of their city. Sumerian city streets were so narrow that you could hardly get a cart through them. Each city surrounded by walls & Wide boulevards crossed the city.

Fig. 2 Ziggurate And Plan Of Ur NAMMU

Fig. 3 Narrow Streets Of The City

2.4 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION The Nile river was the major source which gave birth to the pahraonic kingdom just like life originates from waters of the primeval sea, and hence is a gift to the people of Egypt. The settlement of a town had to take two main considerations into mind, the distance to a water source and the height it was built above the flooding of the Nile river. Egyptians were believers in life after death. So, they started building Pyramids for dead bodies. The city of Akhetaten, is squarish in plan and consists of houses within walled boundary. The parallel streets were about two metres wide which were main open public spaces. The temples, the palace the royal residences and the offices of the administration, etc were not surrounded by any wall. The Egyptians planned only few spaces which were important and belongs to main access points of road .

Fig.4 City map, Pyramids Of Giza And Grid - Iron City Plan

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

8

CHAPTER – 2 EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SPACES

2.5 Indus Public Space : Indus Valley Civilization

COLLEGE GREAT BATH STUPA GRANARY

ASSEMBLY HALL

The Indus valley civilization was a Bronze Age civilization, mainly concentrated along the rivers. The Indus towns are known for their planning and first known public spaces of India.

Two major cities were Harappa and Mohenjodaro. Important public spaces were: Great Bath, Granary, Assembly hall or Market for administration and trade. The main streets of the towns ran from north to south and east to west intersecting at right angles forming grid pattern. The Great Bath was used either for worshipping or bathing purposes and was surrounded by Public Street. People of this civilization were have strong faith and are attached to their environment, hence depicts all types of communities and public spaces.

FORTIFICATION

Fig. 5 Plan Of Indus City With Major Public Spaces

2.6 Street Patterns And Planning : Vedic And Mughal This civilization was named after Vedas. It was flourished along the river Saraswati in a region of modern Indian states of Delhi and Haryana.

The basic concepts were, the urban limit was described by high walls, the roads were at cardinal directions and security was the main concern in town planning. There are eight ancient town planning classifications according to vastu - purusha mandala which provides a strong street pattern. Mughal architecture and planning was amalgamated together and designed in the form of Islamic, Persian and Indian architecture developed in 16th and 17th century. The Mughal period was period of beautiful gardens, palaces, forts, mosques and cities which were the major public spaces of the era including integration of courts, gardens and pavilion. For example, Mughal garden based on Charbagh concept .

Fig. 6 Streets And Char Bagh Concept

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

9

CHAPTER – 2 EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SPACES

2.7 Classical Public Space : Greeks The ancient Greeks get settled along the Mediterranian Sea because of their interest in trade. Later, as the colonization was growing, they started developing public spaces such as Agoras, Stadiums, Theatres, Temples etc.

Agoras were initially made for religious and commercial activities and later as the need of trading increased, number of small shops started constructing inside it and since then it was known as Market-places of Greeks.

Similarly, Stadiums were meant for formal sports / Olympics and Theatres for various functions / celebrations and acts as gathering and meeting public spaces.

Fig. 7 Plan Of Agora, O.A.T & View Of Parthenon, Athens

2.8 Republican Public Space : Romans The romans were empire builders. They didn't merely depend on colonisation but conquered many parts of the world. As they were very brave rulers, they believed in community living and people of Roman era were „Republic‟. Hence, they designed and build many public spaces for themselves.

Some of the major spaces were : Forums, Stadiums and Circuses (sportsmen and warriors), Temples and Basilicas (for justice), Amphitheatres, thermae (palatial luxury baths). Out of all these spaces, Forums were the main public square. It was situated at the intersection of two main streets around which law courts and public buildings were placed and also called as marketplace. The Street pattern of roman town planning was in grid and rectilinear form.

Fig. 8 Amphitheatre, Roads & Plan Of Roman Forums

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

10

CHAPTER – 2 EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SPACES

2.9 Renaissance Public Space : The Plaza

Fig. 9 Open Plaza Of Renessa

The revival of classical Greek and Roman art and culture emerged during this period. The various public spaces were filled with variety and elements of different spaces like that of Agoras, Forums, Piazza, Platz, Plaza, Square. But each of these spaces took similar kind of forms such as a large, open and paved space, anchored at the center by a monument, fountain, or other architectural feature. Another feature was that they were located at the center of the town or city around a city hall / town hall with various similar type of buildings at the edges. The development of plaza form depicts the European urban planning traditions. These plazas were focal points of and a platform for social interaction and activities related such as parades, coronations, or even Oktoberfest and also shows the social status. Various plazas and squares are still use in today and are designed following same traditional characteristics .

2.10 19th Century Public Space : The Street The street had always been a type of public space, but was designed mainly for utilitarian purpose according to human scale. However, the 19th and early 20th century saw advances in technology and industrialization – introduction of pavement and sidewalks, gas and electric illumination – that permitted the street to become a social public space. City Beautiful movement that aimed to use public spaces to channel civic energy started in America.

The pedestrianisation incorporated, the construction of covered arcades increases the rise of a new kind of social activity in public spaces. Later, a street does not need to be an awesome space but it was already treated as an important public space and forms the structure of the city / town.

th

Fig. 10 19 Cen. Roads And Streets

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

11

CHAPTER – 2 EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SPACES

2.11 20th Century Public Spaces : Public Accommodations

th

Fig. 11 Early 20 Cen. Open Spaces

Many of the forms of public space that emerged in earlier eras are easy to recognize as public space: parks and plazas were built to provide room for the public to meet and gather, while malls and coffeehouses exist to provide a place for the public to spend money and is considered as privatised public spaces. But, some public spaces – ordinary public accommodations like schools or libraries – are such parts of everyday life that they can be overlooked as public spaces. In America , Between 1935 and 1943 the Work Projects Administration was responsible for many spaces like libraries, schools, ski jumps, auditoriums and gym, playgrounds. Since, they do not provide a space to chat with old friends or to hold a grand parade, but they do provide relief that is open and accessible to all, and in doing so make public life possible.

2.12 20th CENTURY PUBLIC SPACES : BRITISH & MODERN During British time, A Square or Plaza are both an area surrounded by buildings and are designed to cater its buildings to the greatest advantage. Town / city squares are formed at the intersection of major roads used for trade and major places of worship were placed on these squares, though also used as markets but all these were termed as major public spaces of the city and reflects the status by setting a benchmark for society. It also served as an opportunity to exercise the power of rulers. In, Post-independence India, India Gate is is a main focal point as open public space with lush green lawns, fountains and colourful lighting and is a popular picnic spot among public. These kind of spaces were the reflection of European and Persian public spaces, which amalgamates with the IndoIslamic architecture of the area such as in New Delhi.

Fig. 12 Modern 20th cen. Open Spaces

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

12

CHAPTER – 2 EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SPACES

2.13 Inferences o The ancient human settlement has always been remembered for their cities / town planning. But, those cities & towns were famous because of their “public spaces”. o After studying various civilization, the concise history of public spaces ensure us that these spaces had major impact in forming communities & bringing together people of those communities. o The early Sumerians, Egyptians believed in trade & religion & formed small cities which had a temple, market, houses. o The Indus Valley Civilization helps to clear the concept of streets & canal systems. o Greeks & Romans leave strong impressions of their market places, theatres, temples, stadiums & forums. o Plazas & squares were gifted by Renessa. The Industrial Revolution of 19th century brings asctive street into function. o Meanwhile in India, Mughals taught us the symmetry, patterns of planning & Char Bagh concept. o The modern spaces of 20th century were accessible & socially healthy. Hence, serves their function & sets a true example of open public space till date.

“Precisely, the scale, the users, the function & meaning of public spaces continues to change. Things which remain constant were community integration, active participation, religion & trade which bounds them together in spaces they lived.”

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

13

DISSERTATION 2017

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

CHAPTER – 3 STATISTICS DATA (DEMAND AND SUPPLY) Brief introduction about universal access to public spaces,Demand & Supply, Percentage of open / recreational spaces in New Delhi (according to MASTER PLAN OF DELHI)

CHAPTER – 3 STATISTICS DATA (DEMAND & SUPPLY)

3.1 Brief Introduction In 2011, at the 23rd Session of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, that member states mandated UN-Habitat to consolidate agency-wide work on public space, to develop and promote public space policy, coordination, disseminate knowledge and directly assist cities in public space initiatives.5 The 2016-2030 Sustainable Development Goals, proposed an 11th goal which states that, „Build cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.‟6 Another proposed target set out is, “by 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible green and public spaces, particularly for women and children, older people and persons with disabilities.”7

3.2 Key Points Open Space Requirement: Norms and Availability o In 1974, total open space required was 1.5 ha. per 1000 population of total open space as minimum requirement. o According to World Health Organization, 9 sq.m. or 0.0009 ha of green space per city dweller is required. o Open space at neighbourhood level is at 4.5 sq.m. per person (minimum size of lot is 125 sq.m.). o Later, the area increased to 10 acres per 1000 population and is accepted by majority of communities. o Delhi has a much larger green cover than any of the other metropolitan city in the country, and could well be called a “Green City”.

The green/recreational use constitutes 8,722 ha of land as per MPD 2001, which is around 19 percent of the total urban land area of 44,777 ha. This includes 1577 ha. under the Northern, Central and South Central Ridge (the remaining area of the Ridge is in the rural area). The area under recreational/green use i.e. 7145 hectare is in the form of District Parks, City Parks, and Community Parks etc. comprising 5

UN-Habitat Resolution on Sustainable Urban Development through Access to Public Spaces, 23rd April 2011 6

unhabitat.org SDG-Goal 11 Monitoring Framework 25-02-16.pdf, 25th February 2016

7

unstats.un.org, Metadata-Goal-11.pdf, March 2016

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

14

CHAPTER – 3 STATISTICS DATA (DEMAND & SUPPLY)

around 15 percent of the total urban land area. In addition to this, a large chunk of green area is provided in the form of Neighbourhood Parks/Tot lots in the gross residential use zones, plantations/greens in large campuses.

S.no.

Category

Planning Norms and Standard

Population unit (approx.)

Plot area (Ha)

1.

City park

10 lakh

100

2.

District Park

5 lakh

25

3.

Community Park

1 lakh

5

Table.

1

Planning

Norms,

Standards

for

Recreational

Areas/Parks at Sub-City Level

S.no.

Category

Planning Norms and Standard

Population unit (approx.)

Plot area (Ha)

1.

Neighbourhood Park

1000

1.0000

2.

Housing Area Park

500

0.5000

3.

Tot-lot at housing

250

0.0125

cluster level

Table.

2

Planning

Norms,

Standards

for

Recreational

Areas/Parks at Neighbourhood Level COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

15

CHAPTER – 3 STATISTICS DATA (DEMAND & SUPPLY)

Fig .13 Land Use of Delhi, 1977

Fig .14 Land Use of Delhi, 2006

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

16

CHAPTER – 3 STATISTICS DATA (DEMAND & SUPPLY)

Land use Type

Area (hectare)1977

Area (hectare) 2006

45887.2

29990.4

40572.2

12346.8

52593.8

87440.7

8679.38

18624.46

1368.47

918.9

149101.3

149101.3

Agriculture land

Forest

Urban Area

Waste land

Water body

Total

TABLE 3 Land Use Change in Delhi (1977-2006)

Fig.15 Land Use Change in Delhi (1977-2006)

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

17

DISSERTATION 2017

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

CHAPTER – 4 WHY TO DESIGN............

OPEN PUBLIC SPACES This chapter aims to focus on the needs and importance of open public spaces in a society and city growth through its urban public realm, what type of open public spaces are there, qualities and characteristics of good public spaces, benefits of a place and role of community in defining a public space through public magnet............

CHAPTER – 4 WHY TO DESIGN ……OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

4.1 Public Space and its societal need In concise manner, open public spaces are those „communal base‟ where people get an opportunity to meet and come together, play their role as individual and have common understanding according to their needs and requirements. People may come in groups, as friends, relatives, neighbour or inhabitants of the society or community.

The spaces they share are generally of various types depending upon their functions to cater and role to play, also the character of the place in relation to different activities happening there by its different users.

Hence, these spaces serve as a catalyst8 to improve the existing situation of social-integration among people if provided and managed properly.

PEOPLE PEOPLE

SPACES SOCIAL INTERACTION BUILDINGS Plate3: Social interaction in public spaces

When people think about cities, they tend to think of certain things. They think of buildings and streets and skyscrapers, noisy cabs. But when I think about cities, I think about people. Cities are fundamentally about people, and where people go and where people meet are at the core of what makes a city work. It's not just the number of people using them, it's the even greater number of people who feel better about their city just knowing that they are there. Public space can change how you live in a city, how you feel about a city, whether you choose one city over another, and public space is one of the most important reasons why you stay in a city. I believe that a successful city is like a fabulous party. People stay because they are having a great time.9

8

Author, Based on the study and analysis

9

How Public Spaces work, TED Talks, Amanda Burden, Apr 7, 2014

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

18

CHAPTER – 4 WHY TO DESIGN ……OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

4.2 Why we forsaken the Urban Public Realm, and why always we need it again I wonder, if today people really bother about public spaces ?

Or Do they even think that, if public spaces serve any real purpose to them anymore?

In today‟s urban environment, the city has grown rapidly in the field of advanced technology, communication system and also in building construction. The meaning of public space is diminishing in fast growing areas of the nation. For example, the streets are the product of the spread of settlement once houses have been built on all available space. Its architectural backdrop is only perceived in passing and were designed according to human scale. 10 But, after urbanization (mainly during Industrial Revolution ), these streets started converted to carry heavy traffic and became crowded.

Public spaces are favourite places to meet, talk, sit, relax, stroll, read, sun and feel part of a broader whole. They are the starting point for all community, commerce and democracy. Indeed, on an evolutionary level, the future of the human race depends on public spaces.11 As a result of which these public spaces such as square, plaza, park, market, playground, park, market, playground which are the skeleton of the city has started deteriorating. Earlier, towns were accessible through pedestrian ways by people as they were dependent on these spaces of the town such as : markets to shop, playgrounds where children play, churches/temples to meet close friends etc.

Fig. 16 : Streets before Industrial Revolution (Pedestrian)

Fig. 17: Streets after Industrial Revolution (Vehicular)

10

Urban Space , by Rob Krier , Forward by Colin Rowe, 1979

11

The Fall and Rise of Great Public Spaces, Jay Walljasper, August 5, 2012

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

19

CHAPTER – 4 WHY TO DESIGN ……OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

“Public Realm in urban design of the cities is forgotten by many communities and folks of today, but it is again adopted as time flows and needs of users change.” 12 4.3 Types of Open Public Spaces

GREEN POCKETS / SPACES, PARKS, PLAYGROUNDS, GARDENS

OPEN SQUARES AND PLAZAS

TYPES OF OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

BOULEVARDS, LINEAR OPEN SPACES, STREETS, ROADS

GATHERING PLACES AROUND BUILDINGS / MONUMENTS / SITES Plate 3 : Types of Open Public Spaces : Four categories of open public spaces

 Open Squares and Plazas A square is an open public space commonly found in the heart of a traditional town used for community gatherings. Other names for square are civic centre, town / city square, urban square, market square, public square, piazza, plaza, and town green.

Fig. 19: Streets after Industrial Revolution (Vehicular) 12

Fig. 20: Streets after Industrial Revolution (Vehicular)

Author, Based on the study and analysis

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

20

CHAPTER – 4 WHY TO DESIGN ……OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

 Green Pockets / Spaces, Parks, Playgrounds, Gardens A park is an area of natural, semi-natural or planted space set aside for human enjoyment and recreation. A park provide recreation for children is called as playground. Parks are part of the urban infrastructure : for activity, for families and communities to gather and socialize

Fig. 21: Central Park, New York

Fig. 22: Ibirapuera Park, Sao Poulo

 Boulevards, Linear Open Spaces, Streets, Roads A Boulevard is a wide street in a city, usually with trees along each side. Urban open space specifically refers to space reserves within an urban setting. Greenways are linear open space reserves / corridors that span interconnected open space or linear chains of connected open space reserves.

Fig. 23: CHAMPS-ELYSEES, Paris

Fig. 24: Street in Agueda, Portugal

 Gathering Places Around Buildings / Monuments/ Sites These are the large spaces / platforms /areas around buildings such as museums, malls, cultural centres and monuments which are accessible and acts as a recreational space for public. It consists of many recreational activities, retail shops, eating joints and a space for public art display and installations.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

21

CHAPTER – 4 WHY TO DESIGN ……OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

Fig. 25 The Circle in Uptown Normal, IL

Fig. 26: City Art Walking Sculpture Mankato, Minnesota

4.3.1 Key points analysed to promote Community Integration through public spaces :o Public spaces should incorporate such activities and events so that to allow people come together to form communities and boost social integration, cultural / traditional reinforcement and improve economic profile through recreation. o Green spaces or neighbourhood parks are not just for softscaping, visual aesthetics and breathing/relaxing space but also it should allow people of that particular community to feel safe and pleasant. They should take part in managing these areas by making it clean and user-friendly as part of their ownership. o The markets and spaces around buildings such as offices, malls and monuments should be utilised to generate some revenue by access of people to these spaces, so that it can be maintained regularly and used by the same people of community (for example, during office breaks workers can have a small discussion and have their lunch) . o The term shared space should be understand and taken into account and spaces which are not accessible due to some time boundation can be used for alternative purposes. Hence, people should take part actively in providing solutions according to their needs (for example, local streets can be utilised for weekly markets and pedestrians in day time and the same can be made active by incorporating their different cultural activities and performances on the streets) . o The spaces should be equipped with basic facilities and infrastructure. Because, lack of these spaces can also be lead to make these spaces less functionable and hence resulting in making them failures as “spaces with no public”.13 13

Author, Based on the study and analysis

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

22

CHAPTER – 4 WHY TO DESIGN ……OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

4.4 How to DESIGN............ QUALITIES OF GOOD PUBLIC SPACE

Comfort & Image

Access & Linkages

QUALITIES OF GOOD PUBLIC SPACES

Uses & Activities

Sociability

Plate 4: Qualities of good public spaces

 Access & Linkages

Fig. 27: Pioneer Courthouse Square, Portland

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

23

CHAPTER – 4 WHY TO DESIGN ……OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

The accessibility to any place can be judged and understand through how it gets linked or connected with its surroundings either physically, mentally or visually. A successful place is easily approachable and also one can easily gets through it. The way to reach a place should be active, convenient and have some possible urban character so that it is safe to spend time there at any hour of the day.

Questions to consider on Access & Linkages: o Can you see the space from a distance? Is its interior visible from the outside? o Is there a good connection between the space and the adjacent buildings, or is it surrounded by blank walls? Do occupants of adjacent buildings use the space? o Can people easily walk to the place? For example, do they have to dart between moving cars to get to the place? o Do sidewalks lead to and from the adjacent areas? o Does the space function for people with special needs? o Do the roads and paths through the space take people where they actually want to go? o Can people use a variety of transportation options – bus train, car, bicycle, etc. – to reach the place? o Are transit stops conveniently located next to destinations such as libraries, post offices, park entrances, etc.?

 Comfort & Image

Fig. 28: Luxembourg Gardens, Paris

The second main concern of the users after reaching to a particular place is the comfort and image of that place. The space should be comfortable in all aspects whether infrastructure of that place or aural feeling of it. They both leave a major impression on the mind and becomes the experience of judging the place in future without going there. Basic facilities like cleanliness, safety, space to sit and walk etc.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

24

CHAPTER – 4 WHY TO DESIGN ……OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

are the first priority of people and they should be able to convey and express their needs.

Questions to consider on Comfort & Image: o Does the place make a good first impression? o Are there more women than men? o Are there enough places to sit? Are seats conveniently located? Do people have is a choice of places to sit, either in the sun or shade? o Are spaces are clean and free of litter? Who is responsible for maintenance? What do they do? When? o Does the area feel safe? Is there a security presence? If so, what do these people do? When are they on duty? o Are people taking pictures? Are there many photo opportunities available? o Do vehicles dominate pedestrian use of the space, or prevent them from easily getting to the space?

 Uses & Activities

.

Fig. 29: Kungstradgarden, Stockholm, Sweden.

A place is described through its activities and hence the third quality is how that place is being used and what type of activities are being performed there. People always find ways to act and this gives them opportunity to spend some time and relax for a while from their busy schedule. When there is no such activity is done or the space is utilised just for a specific purpose then it becomes a waste space. This in turn, leads to attract undesirable activities and crime. It should also be checked or noticed that how much a space is managed. Hence, community participation is must.

Questions to consider on Uses & Activities: o Are people using the space or is it empty? o Is it used by people of different ages?

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

25

CHAPTER – 4 WHY TO DESIGN ……OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

o Are people in groups? o How many different types of activities are occurring – people walking, eating, playing baseball, chess, relaxing, reading? o Which parts of the space are used and which are not? o Are there choices of things to do? o Is there a management presence, or can you identify anyone is in charge of the space?

 Sociability

Fig. 30: Jackson Square, New Orleans, LA

Man is a social animal and always expect healthy relation with others.

To socialise means not to have contact with others just vocally but also interacting with them physically. When this happens, they get an opportunity to learn / understand each other‟s beliefs. Once, they are comfortable interacting with strangers, they tend to feel a stronger sense of place and get more attached to their community.

Questions to consider on Sociability: o Is this a place where you would choose to meet your friends? Are others meeting friends here or running into them? o Are people in groups? Are they talking with one another? o Do people seem to know each other by face or by name? o Do people bring their friends and relatives to see the place or do they point to one of its features with pride? o Are people smiling? Do people make eye contact with each other? o Do people use the place regularly and by choice? o Does a mix of ages and ethnic groups that generally reflect the community at large? o Do people tend to pick up litter when they see it?

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

26

CHAPTER – 4 WHY TO DESIGN ……OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

4.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD PUBLIC SPACE As with all categories of Great Places, it is important to identify what sets a space apart from others spaces to qualify it for a Great Spaces designation. Public Spaces must be at least 10 years old.14

Promotes human contact and social activities

Characteristics

Is safe, welcoming, and accommodating for all users Has design and architectural features that are visually interesting Promotes community involvement Reflects the local culture or history Relates well to bordering uses Is well maintained Has a unique or special character o The above characteristics of a public space should be understood so that they can be wisely inctroduced while designing these spaces. o Many spaces today, are designed keeping in mind the aesthetic beauty only to show the status of the area/town/city but are not people-friendly or allowed to use or are not open to public. i.e., as if they depict that no people, no problem15. Hence, this kind of thought leads to the formation of waste spaces.

14

Characteristics and Guidelines of Great Public Spaces, American Planning Association 15

Why Public Spaces Fail, William H. Whyte, Dec 30, 2009

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

27

CHAPTER – 4 WHY TO DESIGN ……OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

4.6 BENEFITS OF A PUBLIC SPACE As far as the meaning of public space is that, “it is open to all and approachable by everybody, without any age or gender, ethnic or religious groups, social or economic status”. The most important value of public spaces is that they play a major role in forming a democratic society for its inhabitants.

When these places are carefully designed and planned, they bring communities together for the betterment of their city / nation. There are many benefits in general when it‟s a just a place. These are described and understood from the following figure :-

Nurture a sense of community Improves Safety & Security

Build Local Economy

PLACE Enhances accessibility

Fosters Meaningful Interaction

Draws a diverse population

Plate 5: Benefits of a Place

The above diagram depicts many benefits of a place, but if the place lacks the participation of community of the people it makes no sense and hence, is termed as empty space16. People are the end users of that place whether living nearby or migrated / visited there. The place itself remain silent and dumb even if it has many aspects and qualities.

16

Author, Based on the study and analysis

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

28

CHAPTER – 4 WHY TO DESIGN ……OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

People hold and carry various requirements and needs to live healthy life with basic necessities. As they prosper their needs increases with time. These needs lies in the spaces surrounds them. They attract people towards them and ultimately becomes the core magnet from which development starts. This magnet is called as public magnet17.

SHOPPING AREA/ MARKET

MUSEUMS/ ART GALLERIES/ EXHIBITION CENTRES

LIBRARY

RESTAURANTS / CAFÉ / BAR OFFICES / CONVENTION& CULTURAL CENTRE AUDITORIUM/ O.A.T.

CINEMAS / THEATRE

GARDEN/ THEME PARKS

Plate 6: Public Magnet

The wants and demands continue to change but things which remain constant are, urban culture of a place, people or users of the place and the place itself. Therefore, after analysing these things the meaning of the diagram which shows benefits a place provides changes. Hence, these (place and public needs) are clubbed together so that, to form strong communities and better urban environment to maintain the life cycle process by maintaining the urban fabric of the city.

17

Author, Based on the study and analysis

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

29

CHAPTER – 4 WHY TO DESIGN ……OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

This public space now can be understood in more broader way as follows :-

PEOPLE’S IDENTITY

Nurture a sense of community

IMPROVES TRADE

OWNERSHIP

Improves Safety & Security

Build Local Economy

PUBLIC + PLACE Fosters Meaningful Interaction

Enhances accessibility

NO BOUNDARIES

Draws a diverse population

SOCIAL INTEGRATION

MIXING PEOPLE Plate 7: Refined Public Place

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

30

DISSERTATION 2017

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

CHAPTER – 5 HOW TO DESIGN............

SIMPLE SOLUTIONS This chapter aims to focus on the actual meaning of the term place, analysing why these public spaces fail and hence providing simple solutions considering the case of India……..

CHAPTER – 5 HOW TO DESIGN……SIMPLE SOLUTIONS

5.1 Meaning of the term Place

The word place have different meanings but in respect of urban design, each acronym of this word have different meaning in itself and is discussed below :-

Public spaces are used extensively by people not only if they are well designed but also if they are programmed well.

Alternative solutions to make a these places active are accepted by all. This is the main reason why people love to go to these places again and again which becomes part of their experiences.

Fig. 31 People + Programming

Urban areas are always provided with buffers, shade and lush green areas. The integration of waterbodies, trees, shrubs and even green features on façade of building surrounding public spaces are remembered and leave a deep impression on mind.

Fig. 32 Lush Landscaping

Mobility plays an important part in accessibility and to sustain usage of the place. Reaching and leaving a place should be easy in any weather and any condition. Carfree zones and pedestrianisation is an eco-friendly method to improve access to places without resulting in heavy traffic and congested areas.

Fig. 33 Accessibility

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

31

CHAPTER – 5 HOW TO DESIGN……SIMPLE SOLUTIONS

Fig. 34 Comfort

As it is said, that beauty lies in details. Therefore, each little detail matters a lot and can make a difference between an ordinary and unique place. Emphasis on these detailing part in design, makes a place more engaging and hence chances of failure of aplace in terms of visual aesthetics decreases.

Fig. 36 Sense of delight + Sharing of spaces

Comfort and safe public spaces are the first needs and expectations of people before going to experience any place.

Ample Shade, enough seating, good lighting and functional space are the key elements in defining a comfortable space. These kind of qualities inspire other places to be like them for better future.

Fig. 35 Excellent in design+ Eye for detail+ Engaging

Good public spaces that have a sense of delight like sceinic beauty, sculptures, trees, water bodies, spaces within a space and display areas etc. are more successful than a place having less or no such features. These qualities results in sharing of spaces by people with each other and just enjoying being there.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

32

CHAPTER – 5 HOW TO DESIGN……SIMPLE SOLUTIONS

5.2 Why public spaces fail William H. Whyte once said, “It is difficult to design a space that will not attract people – what is remarkable is how often this has been accomplished.”

For some it is easy to judge a place whether is it successful or a failure.

Whereas for some it is still difficult to say what will be the answer is.

Public spaces as discussed in previous chapters are examined on the basis of its, qualities, features and character. People should understand their perceptions and should be able to express them without any hesitation. But, due to lack of communication, understanding and dysfunctional communities it’s impossible to be happened.

People should come forward and form groups, have discussions on the issues they are facing in public places so as to resolve such difficulties to prosper in future.

There are many reasons for the failure of public spaces. One can either find out the failures either by going to that place and feel it or by simply looking at a place. These are hereby discussed below :-

 Lack of places to sit

Fig. 37 Where to sit ?

(No seating furniture and shaded / relaxing spaces)

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

33

CHAPTER – 5 HOW TO DESIGN……SIMPLE SOLUTIONS

 Lack of gathering points

Fig. 38 Where to gather?

(No place for social interaction and common areas)

 Poor entrances and visually inaccessible spaces

Fig. 39 From where to enter ?

(No signages and entry points, poor facilities for disabled)

 Dysfunctional features / elements

Fig. 40 Unattractive / meaning less sculptures and waste spaces (No seating furniture and shaded COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

34

CHAPTER – 5 HOW TO DESIGN……SIMPLE SOLUTIONS

 Paths that don’t go where people want to go

Fig. 41 Where to go?

(No signages and improper paths)

 Domination of a space by vehicles

Fig. 42 When to stop and when walk?

(No lanes divided and stoppage points)

 Blank walls or dead zones around the edges of a place

Fig. 43 What to see?

(No features along edges and no activities happening) COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

35

CHAPTER – 5 HOW TO DESIGN……SIMPLE SOLUTIONS

 Inconveniently located transit stops

Fig. 44 Where to catch and stop?

(Improper transit pointsfor vehicles to stop or pedestrians to cross)

Hence, these are the key points of public spaces where they fail to function properly even after having some features but lacking main features for which they have to function. So, atleast these can be easily analysed / checked regularly and also maintained properly with the help of engaging people of the community.

5.3 Indian Case Scenario… Some examples and simple Solutions Our experience of the city depends upon its public spaces. During the earlier ancient times, evolution of civilizations were also dependent and still remembered only because of them. In India, the situation is too critical. People love to enjoy at eating stalls along roads and busy streets even today and shopkeepers are just not bothered about the condition of dingy and unpaved alleys. For example, markets like Chandni Chowk, Lajpatnagar and Karol Bagh have such narrow lanes and also busy streets literally with branded showrooms and restaurants.

People in India need to understand the value of such public spaces and should consider themselves as owners (who are residing in these areas) and should engage in maintaining the current scenario of such congested places. I understand, the standards differs from other countries and spaces are small in scale but still there are some possibilities by following accurate principles we can achieve a healthy habitat which consist of better living condition than today.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

36

CHAPTER – 5 HOW TO DESIGN……SIMPLE SOLUTIONS

Fig. 45 Congested Streets of Chandni Chowk, Delhi

Fig. 46 Sarojini Nagar Market and Lajpatnagar Market, Delhi

People just think of individuality these days which is correct to a certain point. But, if a city / country thinks in similar way it would be very difficult for the users to survive. They should start a fresh together and think deeply of small things like where will our future generation interact? In malls or on social media only..... Where will children play?

Are there enough open green spaces left….What will happen to the urban fabric of our city? Commercialised areas and privatisation of public spaces keep on growing….

We should think again about the importance of these spaces taking our future’s perspective as a major example. Think…Think and just Think?

No !! Act accordingly. These spaces are our ancestors gift which we have inherited, so we should respect it for the sake of public realm and build stronger communities with concrete solutions.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

37

DISSERTATION 2017

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN............

PLACEMAKING (AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH ) This chapter aims to focus on the needs and importance of open public spaces in a society and city growth through its urban public realm, what type of open public spaces are there, qualities and characteristics of good public spaces, benefits of a place and role of community in defining a public space through public magnet............

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN……PLACEMAKING

6.1 Placemaking From the last many decades and even centuries, the cities grew rapidly, the number of vehicles, the concept of mall, commercialization and privatization of public spaces becomes a trend which results in loss of traditional, cultural, historic and social values of the cities.

But now people wants to reconnect to their values which they forgot and was left deep inside the roots of their ancestors past.

They have started realising the fact that, the future lies in the authenticity of their past development and techniques to live a better life. Therefore, they want to stay connected to something which is unique and want to discover new things like communities, neighbourhood and local connection.18 This kind of approach should be adopted and understood by every single citizen of the city in which they live together. Moreover, people who stay disconnected with these new ways should learn from others who are going in positive direction.

The 20th century was about going around. The 21st century will be about staying in a place worth staying in.19

Fig.47 Livable place Planning

18

Author, Based on the study and analysis

19

Project for Public Spaces, James Howard Kunstler, Jan 1, 2009

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

38

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN……PLACEMAKING

Placemaking is defined as “the art of creating public „places of the soul,‟ that uplift and help us connect to each other.” Another way to define it is “making a public space a living space”20.

Since, everybody have different perceptions on the meaning of the term placemaking, in my opinion it is defined just as “a liveable place in city where people feel good just to be there and stay connected to their community”. More precisely, it is the process of creating a place into a much more organised, managed and enhanced manner so that it itself reflects the purpose it is meant for also people like to spend some time there not because they have to, but because they can and they want to.

Fig.48 Features of Placemaking

When people are working and living in an area together but if that area is lacking in places for them to meet, connect and interact in casual, informal and more comfortable way. People who visited or pass through there, usually misses the opportunity to have a unique experience of the place. At, this point community involvement is needed because this reflects the image and character of the place.

These type of lifeless spaces also does not inspire people to have sense of their place and makes them even less enthusiastic to come forward to sustain their habitat.

20

Project for Public Spaces, James Howard Kunstler, Jan 1, 2009

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

39

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN……PLACEMAKING

Fig.49 Melbourne City Square

“The placemaking is a belief working on the principle that not only design and careful planning is enough to revitalize a public place, but also public participation which helps in defining and responding to the space is also a equally important and plays a major role.”

In Australia, the economic benefit of place making has been a key driver behind the growth of the profession and the uptake of its principles across a range of disciplines. Defined in the simplest terms, the key objective of most place making projects today is about creating places that people want to spend time and money in, whether that be meeting friends, buying a coffee, attending a festival, or purchasing a new home.21 Melbourne has been called one of the most livable cities in the world.

When you look at this picture, what you see? What do you feel? What do you think? When I look at it, I see lots of people congregating in a public space. As I look deeper, I see friendship, camaraderie, brotherhood, happiness, and fellowship. I see a place where people want to spend time because they can, not because they have to. It‟s a place where people want to go voluntarily. If you make a space for people to stop their busy life and just spend time enjoying each other and the space, they will take advantage of it. This is one of many spaces in Melbourne that is like this. Melbourne was suffering from urban flight in the 1980s like so many other urban areas. The city government made a conscious effort to improve the downtown business district. They hired urban designer Jan Gehl to come in and assess their current situation and make recommendations as to how to improve. That was 1994. Then in 2004, Gehl returned and assessed the situation once more. He found a city that was much more vibrant.

There were actually people staying downtown after work, because

21

THE EVOLUTION OF PLACE MAKING - WHAT IS NEXT?, KYLIE LEGGE, Jan 5, 2015

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

40

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN……PLACEMAKING

there were things to do, places to go, people to see. There were street cafes, parks, and public events.22 Placemaking is a strategic approach to enhance and nourish public spaces and connects them again to their surrounding communities. It also make stronger bonds between people and spaces they share. It also means how people liberally regenerate and re-energise their forgotten public realm through the art of sharing things by cooperation.

It involves management and programming of public spaces It is truly an art of transforming empty spaces into spaces rich in activities which shows their current situation, what they have retain and what they have inherited from the past. Placemaking helps in turning the town and cities and even small neighbourhood into a place where once people don‟t even want to visit, to places from where people don‟t want to go.

Fig.50 Placemaking begins at the smallest

scale.

6.1.1 Placemaking is not a new idea.

Placemaking gained traction in the 1960s, when PPS mentors like Jane Jacobs and William H. Whyte introduced groundbreaking ideas about designing cities for people, not just cars and shopping centers. Their work focuses on the social and cultural importance of lively neighborhoods and inviting public spaces: Jacobs encouraged everyday citizens to take ownership of streets through the now-famous idea of “eyes on the street,” while Holly Whyte outlined key elements for creating vibrant social life in public spaces.23 22

What is “Placemaking?, Chris Eaker, October 16, 2008

23

What is “Placemaking?, Jane Jacobs and William H. Whyte, Dec 31, 2009

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

41

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN……PLACEMAKING

6.2 Place Diagram

Fig.51 Place Diagram

In evaluating thousands of public spaces around the world, PPS has found that to be successful, they generally share the following four qualities: they are accessible; people are engaged in activities there; the space is comfortable and has a good image; and finally, it is a sociable place: one where people meet each other and take people when they come to visit. PPS developed The Place Diagram as a tool to help people in judging any place, good or bad.

Imagine that the center circle on the diagram is a specific place that you know : a street corner, a playground, a plaza outside a building.

You can evaluate that place according to four criteria in the orange ring.

In the ring outside these main criteria are a number of intuitive or qualitative aspects by which to judge a place; the next outer ring shows the quantitative aspects that can be measured by statistics or research.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

42

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN……PLACEMAKING

Fig.52 Detailed Place Diagram

6.3 Ten Strategies for Transforming Cities and Public Spaces through Placemaking “ What defines the character of a city is its public space, not its private space.”  Improve Streets as Places  Create Squares and Parks as Multi-Use Destinations

 Reinvent Community Planning  Utilize the Power of 10+

 Build Local Economies Through Markets

 Create a Comprehensive Public Space Agenda

 Design Buildings to Support Places

 Start Small and Experiment, Using a “Lighter, Quicker, Cheaper” Approach

 Link a Public Health Agenda to a Public Space 6.4 Examples of Smart Solutions through Placemaking Agenda  Restructure Government Interventions to Support Public Spaces

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

43

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN……PLACEMAKING

6.4 Examples of Smart Solutions through Placemaking Interventions Placemaking can offer smart solutions for many of the city‟s problems in a quick and affordable manner using design and programming.

Some examples of such solutions are: o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Outdoor Gyms Food Vendors Play Equipment Seating Small Free Library Special events highlighting local culture & history Public Art Local Landscaping Wayfinding Signage Placemaking at bus stops Complete Streets - Road Occupation Parklets Hawkers Market Community Gardens Bus Stop Redesign Composting Facilities Community Rainwater Harvesting Facility Shared Street

Fig.53 Utilizing Space Under Freeways As A Public Park

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

44

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN……PLACEMAKING

6.5 What does not qualify as placemaking ?

Placemaking Projects address the experience of a space using social, design and infra-structural elements. They do not refer to basic amenity and infrastructure projects.Basic infrastructure upgrades and repairs may be a part of the overall placemaking projects but in themselves will not be accepted as placemaking.These projects are not meant to add public amenities but to increase the efficiency of existing amenities through design.

For example, the redesign of a sidewalk and addition of street furniture to make it more engaging and people friendly will be a placemaking project. The fixing of pavers or roads will not be a placemaking projects.

Fig.54 SIDEWALK ACTIVATION USING PLACEMAKING STRATEGIES

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

45

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN……PLACEMAKING

Table 4: What Placemaking is and is not?

6.6 Primary Case Studies A.) Anand Rao Flyover Project, Bangalore, India How many times you have passed badly defaced public compound wall or a flyover and wished you could scrape the mess clean from its surface? How many times you have come across spaces under the same flyovers or traffic islands and BBMP sites filled with garbage, serving as a breeding ground for pests as well as temporary resting areas for wandering cows? How many times you have wished these ugly faces of our urban spaces could be cleaned up and converted into clean public resting zones? 24

24

Hundreds of citizens join Brigade, The Ugly Indian to paint Anand Rao Circle flyover, The Property Times News Bureau, September 16, 2017

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

46

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN……PLACEMAKING

This is one of the best and innovative approach in designing public spaces. This initiative undertaken by New York based Columbia University‟s SUI Lab‟s Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation and Bangalore based Shristi School of Art, Design and Technology took up the beautification work under the flyover. The place under the flyover was converted from a dumpyard to a colourful, bright and recreational space.

Fig.55 Space under Mumbai‟s Matunga Flyover

The concept of the project was inspired by „Folly for a flyover‟- which was a temporary cinema and seating place made of recycled materials under a motorway in London. Globally, there are as many examples of such spaces being utilized as amphitheatres, cafeterias, exhibition centres, gardens and even homes such as in Hong Kong, Singapore, Mumbai etc.

Fig.56 Space under Motorway in London

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

47

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN……PLACEMAKING

The main motive of the project was to provide an opportunity to people living and working in nearby areas to have facilities of recreation or to stop here, relax, utilise and have sense of this space. Another message given was that how the spaces beneath and around the flyovers can be used by providing various activities, safe space for pedestrians to pass through, recycled waste as materials, temporary art and crafts area, plant materials that grow in shade keeping in mind the cost of such design intervention is low cost, aethetically appealing and connect local communities.

Fig.57 Colourful and Vibrant space

The project can be a great example for many public spaces as this stands out a simple and affordable solution for changing a place just with some attractive elements and making the environment safe and comfortable for people.

The project offered Rs. 30 Lakhs to spend but was completed in just Rs. 3 lakh.

The idea was to create place and not just design.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

48

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN……PLACEMAKING

Fig.58 Colourful & Vibrant space with patterned pillars, plants to grow and children to learn

B.) Tapis Rouge public space in an informal neighborhood in Haiti / Emergent Vernacular Architecture (EVA Studio)

Fig.59 Central O.A.T. for public gathering

Carrefour-Feuilles is one of the many informal neighbourhoods which suffered extensive damage in the 2010 earthquake. The houses clinging to the slopes of the ravine lack basic services such as electricity, running water and sanitation. There is little formal infrastructure and the conjested homes are only accessible by a network of narrow corridors that wind up the slope. It is among the tight corners and between the walls of neighbouring houses that social life usually takes place.

The program, funded by the American Red Cross and implemented by Global Communities, aims to construct multifunctional spaces that

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

49

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN……PLACEMAKING

facilitate and promote social cohesion through an inclusive approach.

After the earthquake, the site of Tapis Rouge used to be a tent camp for displaced people. It sits at the top of a slope overlooking the ravines either side and it marks the entrance to the alleyways and homes below.

Fig.60 Sectional View showing various activities

The design itself is inherently community-oriented and understands public space as an anthropological ground from which identity and social relations grow. Through a participatory approach and through placing community engagement at the core of the design process, this public space aims to give transformative power to a local community and to provide the residents with a sense of ownership, identity, and pride. The goal was to create a safer and cleaner environment, which would help reduce crime, violence, and anti-social behaviour in the area.

Key Features:1. Pre-cast concrete pavers The pre-cast concrete pavers that create the vibrant pattern on the plaza have been locally fabricated in Haiti. Their use in the project has been discussed directly with the community of Carrefour-Feuilles. The vibrant colours have been tested with ARCOD and are aimed to provide the community with a different colour palette, which is often left cement-like due to a lack of resources for finishes.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

50

CHAPTER – 6 WHERE TO DESIGN……PLACEMAKING

2. Green Energy Solutions – Solar Lights Carrefour-Feuilles is characterized by extreme poverty, poor vehicle and pedestrian circulation and limited access to electricity. The installation of solar lights is aimed to provide the community with a safer and cleaner environment.

3. Green Gym – Outdoor workout equipment As part of a multi-functional programme, the low-impact workout equipment, specifically requested by the community, is designed in an intuitive way for weight-based exercises. Green Gym will also provide training to the users of the public space.

Fig.61 Section through the central open space

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

51

DISSERTATION 2017

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

CHAPTER – 7 SECONDARY CASE STUDIES

CHAPTER – 7 Secondary Case Studies

Case Studies 7.1 (A) CENTRAL PARK, C.P., DELHI “This case study is done considering the need of parks and green spaces in a city and also to aware public about its existence in a very known and popular commercial or shopping area of the city.”

Fig.62 Location of Central Park in New Delhi

7.1.1 Introduction to Project LOCATION : Central Park, C.P (INNER CIRCLE), New Delhi ACCESSIBILITY : CAN BE ACCESED FROM VARIOUS ROADS SUCH AS KASTURBA GANDHI, JANPATH, CHELMSFORD, BARAKHAMBA, SANSAD MARG & BABA KHARAK SINGH MARG, MINTO ROAD, PANCHKUNIA MARG,(ALL CONNECTING CONNAUGHT CIRCUS AND RADIATE TOWARDS CENTRAL PARK AT RAJIV CHOWK) CATCHMENT AREAS : PAHAR GANJ, PRAGATI MAIDAN, PRESS ENCLAVE, INDRAPRASTHA, SUNDAR NAGAR, PRAGATI VIHAR, LODI COLONY, NIZAMUDDIN WEST, LBZ. ETC. SITE AREA : 10 Acres ARCHITECT : ROBERT TOR RUSSEL(IN1933) LATER DEMOLISHED AND THEN REDESIGNED BY DMRC (IN 2000) AFTER METRO CONSTRUCTION TIMINGS : 6 AM - 7 PM FOOTFALL : 1,000 - 2,000 /DAY (WEEKDAYS) & 3,000 OR MORE (WEKKENDS / HOLIDAYS) MAINTAINANCE : NDMC

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

52

CHAPTER – 7 Secondary Case Studies

7.1.2 Brief History Connaught Place (Popularly referred to as CP) was built in 1933.

Actual construction started in 1929 and completed in 1933. It was named after the Duke of Connaught, a member of the British royal family, this market was designed by Robert Tor Russell. At the time of British Raj, they thought of a market in the shape of a horseshoe would prove lucky for both shoppers and shopkeepers.Connaught Place acts as an entry point to the whole of Lutyens’ Delhi. Being the Central Business District of Delhi, Connaught Place portrays a vibrant character with office and shopping related activities. Lutyen’s design of New Delhi was an architect’s tribute.

Fig.63 Plan of Connaught Place, New Delhi and surrounding areas

7.1.3 CONSTRUCTION The inner core of Connaught Place is laid out as two giant rings of white colonnaded, two storied, colonial building blocks with radial roads converging from all directions towards its center. With this concentric arrangement, the place offers an inner and outer circle of predominantly retail, office and recreational functions to the lakhs of commuters. Connaught Place was imagined as an urban gateway in the British and positioned strategically at the mouth of the formally laid out geometric pattern of this city facing the native settlement of Shahjahanabad further north. This huge bowl of urbanity with white rimmed edges and a green centre could easily qualify to be amongst some of the great living spaces in urban history.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

53

CHAPTER – 7 Secondary Case Studies

7.1.4 Morphological Maps of the Connaught Place area:

Fig.64 Land Use plansa (before and after independence)

Fig.65 Parking

The central park is frequented by youngsters, couples & even families, who enjoy the evenings sitting out on the lawns. The space below this is converted into a large underground market called the Pallika Bazaar, where you find everything from clothes, to electronic items to software and is a bustling places always filled with people.

Fig.66 NOLLI

BUILT-UP : 24% GREENS : 23% PAVEMENT : 15% ROADS : 33% SERVICE COURTYARDS : 5%

7.1.5 MAJOR ACTIVITIES : Outer Circle : commercial, Middle Circle : offices and small retail shops, Inner Circle : fancy retail shops and Central Park 7

Key Points:

8

6



5



9



4   3

 2

FOOTPATH AREA : 7700SQ.MT PLANT AREA : 27000 SQ. MT. VEGETATION : 700 TREES & 2750 SHRUBS TYPES AMPHITHEATRE: 5000 SQ. MT. ENTRY / EXIT : 9 ENTRY GATES PUBLIC TOILETS : OUTSIDE PERIPHERY

1

Plate 8. Nine Entry gates to the park COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

54

CHAPTER – 7 Secondary Case Studies

Plate 9. Site and services layout, Central Park, C.P.

LEGEND

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

55

CHAPTER – 7 Secondary Case Studies

7.1.6 Vegetation Noticed

Fig. 67. Vegetation inside park Main Services

Public Washroom

UG. Water tank

Dustbins

Ventilation Shafts

6.1.7 Pros and Cons of the place 

Lighting along Bridge connection

 

  Water bodies

 

Wide Footpaths of red sandstone

The park is full of lush landscaping and other green features but lacks benches and seating areas.

Walkability inside the park is smooth.

Is well maintained and consist of all basic services and is accessible easily from metro station.

Less footfall and less active during afternoon and closes early in evening.

Fountain shows are occasional and functions / activities can be held only after office’s permission.

No eating joints and food courts are there No washrooms inside the park.

Shaded Gathering space in open greens

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

56

CHAPTER – 7 Secondary Case Studies

7.1.8 Major Activities 















The central amphitheatre is a major gathering space consists of seating for 300 to 400 persons at a time.

The park consists of combination of hardscape and softscape areas which makes it a vibrant space to relax.

Fountain / waterbodies around the main amphitheatre provides cool breeze on summer days. Fountain shows also attract many people to come and spend some time here with family and friends.

The Indian National Flag is located at one edge near the main entrance depicting the culture and patriotic values of the place.

People like to come mostly during early morning for various recreational activities like exercises, yoga walking and playing along with their children.

Various festivals and occasions can be celebrated here only after taking the permission from NDMC office nearby.

People like to visit this park as its easily accessible, have many green and natural features, is free of cost to enter, is well maintained and clean.

Hence, making it a good public place for the people of the city .

7.1.9 Inferences The place fulfils many functions and purposes being a park as public space such as it is easily approachable, is clean and have good aesthetics but lack of engagement of people as a community is seen there . People are less aware about the park and its features and those who come they just sit, relax and go which means they just bother about their personal individuality.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

57

CHAPTER – 7 Secondary Case Studies

7.2 (B) Open space outside the Select Citywalk Mall, Saket, New Delhi “This case study is done considering increase in privatisation of spaces which if used wisely keeping in mind the accessibility to everyone can be converted into a useful public space from a waste or only private space.”

Plate 10. Location and Accessibility

7.2.1 Introduction to project LOCATION : PRESS ENCLAVE MARG, KHIRKI GAON, A3, SAKET DIST CENTRE, SOUTH DELHI ACCESSIBILITY : CAN BE ACCESED FROMMALVIYA NAGAR (1KM) & SAKET(2.6KM) METRO STATIONS, KHIRKI VILLAGE BUS STOP(100 M) & ISADJACENT TO SAKET DISTRICT COURT(1.6KM) & MAX HOSPITAL(800M)) CATCHMENT AREAS : SAKET, MALVIYA NAGAR,GITANJALI ENCL., CHITTARANJAN PARK, CHIRAG DELHI, PANCHSHEEL, PUSHP VIHAR, LADO SARAI SITE AREA : 10 Acres

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

58

CHAPTER – 7 Secondary Case Studies

ARCHITECT : ROBERT TOR RUSSEL(IN1933) LATER DEMOLISHED AND THEN REDESIGNED BY DMRC (IN 2000) AFTER METRO CONSTRUCTION TIMINGS : 10 AM - 11 PM FOOTFALL HOLIDAYS)

:

30,000

(WEEKDAYS)

&70,000

(WEKKENDS

/

ARCHITECT : JOINTLY DEVELOPED BY DP ARCHITECTS AND TCS (DFI) LANDSCAPE CONSULTANT : ICN DESIGN INTERNATIONAL, GURGAON BUILT/OPEN SPACE RATIO : 6 Acres (app.) / 2 Acres (app.) = 3 : 1 SITE AREA : 6 Acres BUILT-UP AREA : 25 Acres LANDSCAPE PLAZA: 2 Acres

LEGEND

Plate 11. Open Spaces and built mass site Layout

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

59

CHAPTER – 7 Secondary Case Studies

Plate12. Site Plan

NOTE : The highlighted area in site plan is studied as it is the main open plaza space of the select citywalk mall .

7.2.2 Key points of the area            

Lush landscaping Surrounded by large commercial complex More hardscape area than soft-scape Seating spaces surrounded by trees Art and Crafts display areas Feel of a culturally rich and socially engaged space Open to all but majority are the visitors coming to mall High footfall Well maintenance and security Large open space in area Activities and functions happened on regular basis Community participation should be incorporated more to provide access to people who are talented and have skills in various fields and also in maintaining the place

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

60

CHAPTER – 7 Secondary Case Studies

7.2.2 Open Plaza space layout

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

61

CHAPTER – 7 Secondary Case Studies

Plate 13 Sectional Elevation XX

Plate 14. Sectional Elevation YY

7.2.4 Vegetation Noticed

Fig.68 Vegetation inside open plaza space

7.2.5 FACADE ELEMENTS & FEATURES

 Fountains, terrace gardens & green spaces around seating area  Pots for plants as façade treatment on all levels ,combination of modern materials and traditional elements makes the area more vibrant and beautiful  Miniature wall of Jantar Mantar and canvas material umbrellas.

Fig.69 Facade and other elements

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

62

CHAPTER – 7 Secondary Case Studies

7.2.6 Major Activities

Social interaction

Shared space

Seating areas in large courtyard

Open air sanskriti plaza

Separate assembly areas

Recreational zones with rich plants and trees

Sculptures and statues

Various function and festivals are celebrated

Plate 15. ACTIVITIES

7.2.7 Inferences Since, the space is outside the mall building, visitors like to spend their time here and also the place is rich with facilities and elements of an open public space. Thus it can be termed as shared space or semi-public open place. More local public access should be there to have the sense of place by meeting others and understand their perception of a public space.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

63

DISSERTATION 2017

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

CHAPTER – 8 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

CHAPTER – 8 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

8.2 Analysis based on the Questionnaire

Fig.1 : PIE CHART SHOWING % OF AGE GROUPS

Fig.2 : GRAPH SHOWING % OF TYPES OF OPEN PUBLIC SPACES

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

64

CHAPTER – 8 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

Fig.3 : PIE CHART SHOWING % OF SATISFACTION LEVEL OF PEOPLE ABOUT NEIGHBOURHOOD PUBLIC SPACES

Fig.4 : PIE CHART SHOWING % OF ARE THESE SPACES ACCESSIBLE OR NOT

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

65

CHAPTER – 8 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

Fig.5 : BAR GRAPH SHOWING % OF USAGE OF OPEN PUBLIC SPACES BY PEOPLE

Fig.6 : BAR GRAPH SHOWING % OF OTHER USES OF OPEN PUBLIC SPACES BY PEOPLE

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

66

CHAPTER – 8 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

Fig.7 : PIE CHART SHOWING % THAT WHY ARE THESE SPACES NOT ACCESSIBLE TO MANY

Fig.8 : PIE CHART SHOWING THE % OF PREFERENCE OF QUALITY OF OPEN PUBLIC SPACES TO PEOPLE

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

67

CHAPTER – 8 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

Fig.9 : PIE CHART SHOWING % THAT IS COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IS IMPORTANT OR NOT

Fig.10 : PIE CHART SHOWING % OF THAT IF THERE IS A NEED OF OPEN PUBLIC SPACES OR NOT

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

68

CHAPTER – 8 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

8.3 Conclusion As I have discussed in previous chapters, the community involvement is must in the development of a place, city or region. Communities are strong groups of experts because they reside, work and live in these places.

Considering the needs of people, qualities or attributes, characteristics and elements of design towards a “community integrated public space”. Therefore, there are certain principles which should be followed and understand through diagrams, how these communities can actually be formed and work together to revive their lost public spaces.These principles are :-

1.

Community Is The Expert :

PLACE

PEOPLE

PEOPLE

PLACE PEOPLE

PLACE

Individual Needs Common needs leads to “Community integration” Plate 16 : Community Is The Expert

o People are dependent on places because their individual needs lies in there. When they come together on common ground and meet they have common needs and not individual. Hence, they form a Community.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

69

CHAPTER – 8 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

2.

Create a place, not a design :

PLACE

PEOPLE Plate 17 : Create a place, not a design

o When people are kept away from a place by providing barriers on access of that place, then that design becomes a failure. And when there is no such barriers then it becomes an active place and not only the design.

3.

You can see a lot just by observing a place :

WHAT’S MISSING? WHAT’S EXTRA? Plate 18. You can see a lot just by observing a place COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

70

CHAPTER – 8 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

o We can judge a place also by just looking at a place and not always going to that place by seeing what that place is lacking and what it holds extra or over which is not appropriate.

4.

Make people comfortable and at home : WE BELONGS TO THIS PLACE

PEOPLE

PEOPLE

PLACE

PEOPLE

PEOPLE

Plate 19 : Make people comfortable and at home

o People are the users of a particular place. That is why a place is termed as public place because of the people / public. Hence, the first expectation after accessibility is the comfort feeling at that place physically and mentally both.

5.

Form supports function :

ORIGINAL FORM OF SPACE

HOW IT CHANGES ACCORDING TO FUNCTION Plate 20 : Form supports function COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

71

CHAPTER – 8 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

o The design or form of a particular place is justified only through its function or how it’s being used by oeople.

6.

Slow people down :

Plate 21 : Slow people down

o A public place should have clear access and should be visible to everybody without any barriers so that people can experience the essence of that place.

7.

Create spaces that leave impression on mind :

Plate 22 : Create spaces that leave impression on mind

o A place should be such that it should leave impression on mind of the people as beauty lies in the eyes of beholder.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

72

CHAPTER – 8 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

8.

Create multi-functional spaces :

Plate 23 : Create multi-functional spaces

o The public place / space should be multi-functional or should not be kept empty or utilised just for a specifc purpose for specific time in a day.

9.

Lighter, Quicker and Cheap space :

Plate 24 : Lighter, Quicker and Cheap space

o The space should be lighter, quicker and cheaper which means everybody can afford its access and use .Hence, it should be universal design.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

73

CHAPTER – 8 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

10.

Triangulation :

Plate 25 : Triangulation

o Triangulation is the method of arranging elements in such a way that it is balanced and attracts the attention of public towards it.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACES

74

Questionnaire for General Public and Architecture Students

1 of 3

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/16MKIW-WDNd9KxJDRhOtrrpyOiqr...

Questionnaire for General Public and Architecture Students * Required

1. Email address *

Open Public Spaces Dear Sir/Madam This questionnaire is designed to know the perception of people about the open public spaces in general. Please answer the following questions carefully. Thanks for your attention .

Note : Public Spaces in this research is dedicated to "Open Public Spaces ".

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Your Name *

3. Age * Mark only one oval.

15-25 25-40 40-55 55 or above 4. Choose among the following your favourite open public spaces :- * Check all that apply.

PARKS/GARDENS AMUSEMENT PARK PLAYGROUNDS SPORTS COMPLEXES SHOPPING STREETS MARKET PLACES OPEN SPACE OUTSIDE BUILDING (SHOPPING MALL, MONUMENTS etc.)

10-12-2017, 09:48

Questionnaire for General Public and Architecture Students

2 of 3

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/16MKIW-WDNd9KxJDRhOtrrpyOiqr...

5. Other spaces (please specify, if any) :-

6. How much are you satisfied with the public spaces in your local neighbourhood / community? * Mark only one oval.

Very satisfied Satisfied Neutral Unsatisfied 7. Are these spaces easily accessible from where you are currently living? * Mark only one oval.

Yes No 8. If your answer is yes, then how do you currently use it for?

Check all that apply.

Walking/Exercise Walking the dog/pet Formal Sports Playground use Picnic Organizing functions/Celebrating festivals 9. Other Uses or how you wish to improve the use of these spaces (please specify, if any) :-

10. If you answered no, please indicate the reason ?

Mark only one oval.

Too far to walk Significant physical barriers, such as busy road, railway line, river etc. that limits the accessibility Safety issues

10-12-2017, 09:48

Questionnaire for General Public and Architecture Students

3 of 3

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/16MKIW-WDNd9KxJDRhOtrrpyOiqr...

11. Other reasons (please specify in brief below) :-

12. What qualities of an open public space do you think is your first priority? * Mark only one oval.

Accessibility Social Interaction Comfort Design features/aesthetics Multifunctional use Type of activities 13. Do you think community involvement is important to make these spaces more userfriendly? * Mark only one oval.

Yes No Maybe 14. Do you think there is a need of open public spaces in a city or your local community? * Mark only one oval.

Yes No 15. What do you understand by open public space according to your personal experience ? (explain in few words) *

Powered by

10-12-2017, 09:48

BIBLIOGRAPHY https://www.pps.org/reference/grplacefeat/ https://www.cdext.purdue.edu/signature-programs/quality-places/enhancing-the-value-of-publicspaces/ http://inhabitat.com/infographic-how-to-create-community-through-quality-public-spaces/ http://www.greatcommunities.org/wpcontent/uploads/pdf/2009%2010%20Creating%20Quality%20Public%20Spaces.pdf https://dezwijger.nl/programma/connecting-communities-through-urban-design http://www.culturalfoundation.eu/events/public-space-connecting-communities-through-urban-design http://delhi-architecture.weebly.com/post-1947-developments-buildings-part1.html http://www.gounesco.com/dilly-dallying-in-delhi-public-spaces-in-the-capital/ http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhi https://www.pps.org/reference/what_is_placemaking/ https://issuu.com/ar.amitb/docs/publication https://www.pps.org/blog/sweet-rebellion-reclaiming-indias-streets-with-raahgiri-day/ https://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2014/04/25/why-public-places-are-key-transforming-our-communities http://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/public-spaces-make-cities-44492 https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/03/22/urban-journal-putting-the-public-in-public-spaces/ https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/03/22/urban-journal-putting-the-public-in-public-spaces/ http://www.academia.edu/21059625/PERCEPTION_OF_URBAN_PUBLIC_SQUARES_IN_INDIA_F aculty_of_Architecture http://architectureupdate.in/news/time-to-build-delhi-around-its-people/ https://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?lang=%2A%2A&page=1&q=public+spaces&qid=0f78 e184-844b-45bb-83c5-88e7643c3099&searchfrom=header&sort=relevance https://issuu.com/ar.amitb/docs/publication https://winnetkadowntownplan.com/2016/04/25/infrastructure-urban-design-meeting-tonight-7pm/ https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_burden_how_public_spaces_make_cities_work/transcript