The Crow's Nest - Issue 1

A community where you can flourish

THE CROW’S NEST AN ACADEMIC JOURNAL FROM THE HIGH POTENTIAL ACHIEVERS PROGRAMME (ISSUE 1, 2021)

An independent, co-educational boarding and day school for pupils 11-18

Samantha Greenwood, Deputy Head Academic This publication demonstrates the fantastic response we have seen among our pupils to the opportunity offered to them to develop their academic programme this year.

Teachers have worked with individual pupils to help them foster a love of learning in an area of the academic curriculum that interests them. John Holt said “Learning is not the product of teaching. Learning is the product of the activity of learners”, and I hope that this journal gives you some insight into the activity of some of our amazing learners.

Jack Sims, Head of HPA HPA was established this year to challenge our most academically-able pupils across the school. There has been a momentous response to this across Pangbourne College and both students and staff have contributed to the success of the programme.

The Crow’s Nest was designed to be a journal that showcases our very finest exemplar work in the idea that each HPA pupil should be an academic role model to the rest of their cohort. In this very first issue, you will be treated to outstanding pieces of work taken from all Key Stages, ranging from The History of Maths to The Evolutionary History of Bears.

All of our pupils featured in this journal have worked tirelessly to bring you the very best of academic success at Pangbourne College and we very much hope that you enjoy reading.

With very best wishes, Jack Sims, MSc, PGCE 2

FOREWORD BY GEORGIE PATERSON On behalf of the Senior Scholars 20/21 Failure and Success The definition of ‘success’ is the accomplishment of an aim, or purpose, and the definition of ‘failure’ is a lack of success. However, I believe that there is a very fine line between these two words. I believe that in order to truly understand the brilliance of success you need to be familiar with failure. Every failure leads you closer to a success. It teaches you what to do and what not to do. It teaches you how to fight for what you want. It motivates you to work towards success.

From a young age I’ve been given every ‘DIS’ possible. You name it, I had it.

Dyslexic, Dyspraxic, Dyscalculia. And more recently ‘the cherry on top’ - I was awarded ‘slow processing’! From an early age I naturally found things hard and there was a time when I believed that I was simply bound for failure. I got used to struggling, failing tests and the feeling of ‘losing’. I felt like I had been written off by my prep school as being stupid and that that was ultimately the end of my road. I believed there was no coming back. My mum was constantly called in and told that my academics were never good enough and that I needed a lot of extra help.

People who know me will tell you I’m not someone who is good at being told what I can and cannot do, even stubborn some would say, so I hated the feeling of

being boxed in and told I was not good enough. I decided that it was the end of it.

I was going to smash the next assignment I sat. I worked hard and I started with Maths, as it was my favourite. I practiced as much as I could and tried as hard as possible. A few months later my teacher went to find my mum and said that she was bowled over by my Maths and that I might actually have a natural ability. This was my first ever success, age 9.

Then I joined Pangbourne in Year 7. I was put in the smaller set where there was a Teaching Assistant to help. Here I discovered a new love for Science. This gave me the motivation to put effort in and try and drive for the possibility of success.

My next big breakthrough came when Mr. Paynter put me forward for a Year 9 Academic Scholarship for my Maths and Science. I didn’t go for the Scholarship as my English and Languages were still too weak, but I got something far better; I got someone believing in me.

This was such a surprise to me as I never thought someone with all of my learning difficulties could ever be considered ‘smart’. It made me think that maybe I could change the route of my journey.

This gave me the motivation to work hard, and push myself to drive for success.

3

I started with my GCSEs. I worked hard and ended up succeeding with my results and being awarded a Honorary Academic Scholarship.

Wow, I’ve never felt more proud.

I can’t say that constantly failing when you’re young is all good... It does make me doubt my abilities, such as believing I wasn’t good enough to do Further Maths at A Level – luckily Mrs Greenwood was able to persuade me otherwise, and I doubt I would be hoping to go to university to study Maths if she had not! Today, after all of this, I am writing this, as one of the three Senior Scholars this year, and I couldn’t be more proud.

So, what have I learnt from my journey?

1. I learnt that failure for me is a positive motivator. It spurred me on to put in more effort and gave me the ‘fight’ I needed.

isn’t a weakness. To the contrary, failing teaches us how to succeed. If we don’t fail it means we aren’t pushing ourselves enough. I learnt that you learn more from failing than succeeding and I learnt that if we fear failure, we will limit ourselves. I have learnt that a label is not a weakness.

It is a strength waiting to be developed.

On the other side of the coin I have also learnt a lot about how to react to successes.

I have learnt that success is relative to each individual and I have also learnt the importance of being humble with success. For someone who isn’t a stranger to unsuccessful outcomes, I understand the importance of a humble approach from others. Cockiness and arrogance to me devalues success. Failure or success does not define us. How we react to both, does. We determine our own success.

Never let anyone tell you you are not good enough.

2. I learnt that every failure can be turned into a positive.

3. I have learnt not to fear failure.

I failed a lot in my early years and I got used to it. What was there to worry about? The upside to this is that I will have a go at anything. My family used to call me ‘Have a go Georgie’. I would often fall flat on my face and nearly died trying – but I would always have a go. It took me months to learn to ride a bicycle, so imagine what it was like trying to hit a tennis ball. I was the definition of a dyspraxic kid missing 9 out of 10 shots but I got there in the end! I learnt that failure

4

CONTENTS KEY STAGE 5 ENTRIES 6

Callum Bond How to Hide an Empire: a Short History of the Greater United States

11 Alice Moody The Evolutionary History of Bears 14 Katharine Haper The Ethics of Archaeology: Property, Conservation and Destruction

KEY STAGE 4 ENTRIES 17 Tara Hogan, Phoebe Ormerod & Annabelle Usher What is more Influential on Behaviour; Nurture vs. Nature 20 Eva Griffin How Do Noncommunicable Diseases Affect Developing and Low-Income Countries?

24 Frederika Goodwin-Scott Power and Morality 27 Reuben Heppelthwaite How have the different Sporting Industries and Businesses been affected by the Covid-19 Pandemic?

KEY STAGE 3 ENTRIES 30 Cherise Lamptey-Palmer Broken Glass 31 Freddy Stokes The History of Maths 34 Erika Bevis My Biscuit Project

CALLUM BOND, UPPER SIXTH Callum is a keen Geography student who is hoping to study the subject at some of the top universities in the UK. He wrote this book review earlier this year and has since managed to get it published in the journal ‘Routes’, which is a tremendous achievement.

A Review of ‘How to Hide an Empire: A Short History of the Greater United States’ Abstract The growth and decline of the British, or the Roman Empire, are well documented, but the American Empire less so. How is it ‘hidden’ from history and the inevitable criticism that comes along with any discussion of the history of imperialism across the world? How to Hide an Empire

by Daniel Immerwahr is a detailed and all-encompassing, but easily accessible and even occasionally entertaining, read.

With discussion turning towards the decolonisation of Geography, this feels a very timely publication. It uncovers a history that has been neglected, misunderstood or outright ignored. It is a vital study for Geography students as it exposes alternative perspectives and the very real impact of American expansion.

As the US features so heavily in our daily lives, this is also an important book for any student who wants to better understand the background and development of one of today’s largest global superpowers.

Introduction There is scarcely a nation that does not have some form of US embassy, outpost or military base within its borders. In fact, ‘the United States still maintains nearly 800 military bases in more than 70 countries and territories abroad’ (David Vine, July/ August 2015, Politico Magazine). The spread of American culture, English language, influence and money across

the world is undeniable. Yet the USA is often still seen as quite contained and isolationist, with the common perception that Americans rarely travel outside their own borders. How can both these things be true?

This dichotomy forms the basis for this book: Immerwahr details the often overlooked or unknown history of the US Empire and aims to explore exactly how the US came to dominate global politics and the maps of the world today whilst maintaining the American belief that they are not imperialist in any way.

He doesn’t just refer to military and governmental outposts, but also covers trade, standardisation, globalisation and language and as such is a useful read for any Geographer who wishes to understand more about geopolitics, land borders and the evolution of the modern world.

Immerwahr said in an interview that the colonies “are not usually emphasised when we talk about US history” (Democracy Now! 5 March 2019) and that he seeks to redress that by collecting together extensive archival evidence, anecdotes and work done by previous historians and presenting the US “differently than I had had it presented” (Immerwahr, Democracy Now! 5 March 2019). It encourages a shift in perception from the traditional idea of the US to considering 6

and understanding the impact that American expansionism had upon the occupied territories. It is sometimes an uncomfortable read, brutal and unapologetically so, but feels like a necessary next step in accepting the realities of history from other viewpoints rather than just the victor.

Immerwahr is a History professor at Northwestern University. He is a scholar of US and global history who specialises in empires and their development. Although a History professor, Immerwahr’s work is also a valuable read for Geography and Politics students, as How to Hide an Empire is an exploration of global dominance, disruption and influence through historical events such as the development of the territories of Hawaii, the Philippines and the Marshall Islands.

[Image 2. Pictured above: Daniel Immerwahr]

Chapters on how the US holdings in the Pacific drew the US into the war (171), or on the technological and logistical developments after the Second World War (216) which allowed the US to rise in international prominence, clearly show the links between history, politics and geographical borders. As those who are familiar with work from authors like Tim Marshall will know, power and influence are inextricably linked with land holdings

and Immerwahr’s analysis of these examples help to cement this knowledge.

Of particular interest is the power that can be gained by giving up or signing over land ownership at the right time. After reading this book, I found myself looking more deeply into the position of Puerto Rico and its population’s viewpoints on US statehood or independence. The real skill of this book is to engage you with current events after reading the history, and you realise how complex and often ongoing the issues are.

This makes it an excellent study companion for A Level and beyond as it piques interest and brings new layers of understanding to modern US and global issues.

A comprehensive chronological pathway through complex geographical history Immerwahr has written chronologically and accessibly, with each chapter discussing the next stage of US imperialism or event that impacted the empire and people within it. It begins with the first examples of westward expansion by Daniel Boone, past the Appalachian Mountains and the line drawn by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and ends with how the history of empire affected the US under President Trump. Rather than jumping between topics and concepts, How to Hide an Empire allows any reader to gain the best overview and to see the changing face of geopolitics with its ebbs and flows.

The book is structured in two parts to give even greater clarity, and divides the empire building in a useful way: first a land-driven dominance and second a more logistical, technological approach.

7

Part One covers the colonial empire typified by Roosevelt and the Spanish American war (pg. 69) or invasion of the Philippines in 1898 (pg. 67) - both events driven by Roosevelt in order to gain the US the most important resource of the late 19th and early 20th century; land. Controlling these areas would mean increased influence in the final years of the period of colonisation. This rush for land is best demonstrated in Chapter 5, ‘Empire State of Mind’, and the opportunistic nature of the building of the Greater United States is shown in the invasion of the Philippines which were formerly controlled by Spain.

The President of the time, William McKinley, ‘saw only one option: take the Philippines, educate and uplift them’ (pg.

74). This is part of the ‘hidden’ nature, where the US believed themselves to be freeing their conquests and not acting as imperialists. Whilst generally objective in tone, Immerwahr is critical of the United States in several areas, especially in its neglect and treatment of the islands and their inhabitants during World War Two, such as the abandoning of the Philippines and lack of resources that were given to defend many of the islands from the Japanese (pg. 166 and 170) or the alleged cover-ups of the actions of Cornelius Rhoads in Puerto Rico (pgs. 143-146).

He details shockingly that many ‘inhabitants of the US Empire have been shot, shelled, starved, interned, dispossessed and tortured’ (pg. 19) but due to the well-known logo map skewing public perception, and the focus on the US mainland by US politicians and historymakers, what the territories ‘haven’t been, by and large, is seen’ (pg. 19). This book

seeks to overturn that.

Part Two of How to Hide an Empire covers the post-war empire that emerged as technical, logistical and economic developments allowed the US to concentrate its power into military bases and strategic locations rather than controlling large areas of land as it had done previously. By the end of the war the USA held ‘two thousand overseas base sites’ and ‘thirty thousand other installations’ (pg. 19). When combined with increased global trade, synthetics development (discussed below) and other ‘empire killing’ technology it ‘rendered colonies unnecessary’ (pg. 279).

[Image 3.]

Which, rather than mark the end of the empire, simply marked a new chapter in empire-building and shifted focus from land to technology and standardisation - of language, equipment and resources.

8

These developments, reliance on US technology and leftover bases across the world allowed the USA to assert influence and power without needing direct territorial control (pg. 279). A power they retain today showing ‘America’s geopolitical power footprint’ (Marshall, 2015). How to Hide an Empire is skilful in its explanation of how colonialism has shifted forms and instead focuses on systems and a network of interdependence.

Immerwahr is undoubtedly keen to expose the brutal impact on the oft-forgotten territories, to tell the real stories of the people affected, but he also refers to the developments made possible by empire and war. Japan invaded many territories of both the US and Britain during World War Two, this created a scarcity of raw materials crucial for manufacturing and industry. This scarcity forced greater scientific development outlined in the chapter called ‘Synthetica’.

[Image 4. Pictured above: Laboratory workers test synthetic rubber]

One of the major developments of the wartime period within the USA was synthetic rubber. These and other technologies, such as radio development and increased use of plastics and, finally, the increase in mechanised production within the US, removed the need for a

fixed empire and, instead, many in the US pursued a policy of ‘globalisation rather than colonisation’ (pg. 264). Empirebuilding under another name. The synthetic materials developed are now part of our daily lives, from synthetic rubber in tyres and rubber seals, to the plastics of milk bottles and crucially in plastic packaging which revolutionised food preservation and hygiene.

These developments further changed the policies of many former imperial colonies and changed the foreign policy and geopolitics of the 20th century as ‘secure access to raw materials- one of the chief benefits of colonisation-no longer mattered’ (pg. 275). Immerwahr provides a great deal of context to many of the issues and topics found in Geography, especially the flow of trade and economics.

These developments and others, such as containerisation, helped shape the world into what it is today. In total there are five chapters devoted to the topic of globalisation and trade, and this makes it especially useful for any Geographer.

In the final chapters, Immerwahr asserts that the US ‘put down the imperialist paint roller and picked up the pointillist’s brush’ (344). Describing the more subtle approach: changing from a metaphor describing large scale, perhaps clumsy, coverage with the more delicate Impressionist-inspired metaphor, shows Immerwahr at his narrative best. He writes in a skilful and engaging way, making How to Hide an Empire stand out amongst some of the more classicalstyle scholarly times. At times, this may seem a little too glib, as chapter titles such as ‘Power is Sovereignty, Mister Bond’ are clever and amusing but may come across

9

as a little dismissive for the subject matter.

‘Doctors Without Borders’ is a deft title for the chapter on Cornelius Rhoads but the interplay between Médecins sans frontiers and personal ethical borders might seem a little too light for a chapter that highlights murder, medical experimentation and a complete absence of regard for the humanity of the Puerto Rican subjects. However, since this engages debate, then arguably the pitch is just right as engagement is Immerwahr’s skill. Although fairly long, it is difficult to imagine anyone not getting something from this book.

It also adds balance in that it documents the unbelievable fact of Rhoads’ lack of punishment for his crimes but also highlights his legacy of discovering chemotherapy.

History is rarely straightforward. The legacies of empire are both negative and positive, but either way deserve to be known. How to Hide an Empire is a book that makes you question everything and it seamlessly links the origins of the US empire with the US today, giving much needed grounding for students of Geography, History and Politics. In Chapter 21, ‘Baselandia’, Immerwahr gives us a geographical and historical insight into where modern US foreign policy is born and develops and provides great contemporary references for those studying Human Geography.

Conclusion Immerwahr successfully helps us understand the history of the United States and how this history influences today’s America and the whole of the modern world. It shows the history of empire, but it also shows us that the concept of empire isn’t one that just exists in history

- empire is something that continues today. It may be under different guises as it’s no longer just physical - the remaining territories and bases across the world are small enclaves of power – but empire now also spreads through currency, power, language, influence and messaging.

This book is compelling in its humanity and you are utterly convinced by Immerwahr’s assertion that he “wanted to see the country differently, to map it differently” (Immerwahr, Democracy Now! 5 March 2019). He passionately cares about his subject matter. In terms of decolonisation of Geography, it is invaluable for challenging common perceptions and addressing bias, racism, subjugation and politically and economically driven behaviour.

This is a must-read for anyone who wants to challenge their world view and gain an understanding of what modern empire looks like, and for all students of Geography it is a useful book for adding context, developing analysis and quotable case studies. Plus, you will never look at guano in the same way again.

References

Immerwahr D (2019) How to Hide an Empire A Short History of the Greater United States, USA: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Immerwahr D (5 March 2015) interview with Democracy Now! (accessed on YouTube March 2020 and transcribed myself) Marshall, T (2015) Prisoners of Geography: Ten Maps That Tell You Everything You Need to Know About Global Politics, London: Elliott & Thompson Vine, D Where in the World is the U.S. Military?

(Politico Magazine, July/August 2015)

10

ALICE MOODY, UPPER SIXTH Alice wrote this exemplary piece in the Lent Term of Lower Sixth and discusses, in great detail, the evolutionary pathway of bears. She is a keen Biologist who is able to analyse even the most challenging of studies and offers a wonderful insight into some of the most exciting animals on the planet.

The Evolutionary History of Bears Introduction Bears are part of the Ursidae family and can be classified as caniforms, which are doglike carnivorans and evolved over the past 5 million years.

There are eight species which are currently alive: brown bears (Ursus arctos), the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), American black bears (Ursus americanus), sloth bears (Melursus ursinus), sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) and spectacled bears (Tremarctos ornatus).

The bears are found throughout North and South America, Europe and Asia.

They all have varied diets, with polar bears (U.maritimus) being the only bear to be a full carnivore, the other seven bears are omnivores.

Each of the different bears has a specific niche that they occupy within their environments. Their niches include seed dispersal from eating fruits and controlling insect population which sun bears, American black bears and Asiatic black bears carry out. Panda bears have a close connection with bamboo as this is their main source of food. Although brown bears (U.arctos) are carnivores, they again help with seed dispersal of fruit.

Arguments for evolutionary history There has been significant research into

the complex evolutionary history of bears with some arguing that the gene flow (the transfer of genetic material from one species to another) among the species of bears is more closely related than what was originally predicted and is therefore not just limited to the suspected U.arctos and U.maritimus. Genome analysis of the bear family was undertaken using the eight extant species to aid the research of the gene flow. ‘Phylogenomic analyses of 869 mega base pairs were divided into 18,621 genome fragments’ [1] enabling the researchers to coalesce a species tree showing the gene flow across the species.

They also used statistical methods to show that the gene flow is not limited to closely related pairs of species. There was a strong indication of ancestral gene flow between the ancestors of U.maritimus, U.americanus, U.arctos and U.thibetanus. This discovery explains the unpredictability of constructing the bear phylogeny, which is the evolutionary development and history and trait of a species or higher taxonomic grouping of organisms.

In addition to this, the evolutionary history of bears is deemed more complex as some species of bears have hybridised [2], meaning they have produced fertile offspring between two different species.

This was originally thought to of occured due to the Bering land bridge, which 11

when broken, caused a geological barrier between species of bears. In 2007, Yu et

al. [3] analysed the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of bears in order to gain a better understanding of the evolution of a family of animals that expercined rapid speciation.

The results provided strong evidence that the spectacled bear was the first to diverge, whilst within the genus Ursus the sloth bear (M.ursinus) is the sister species of the other five ursines. Their results helped to resolve the previous arguments of using partial mt genes and are displayed in the cladogram labelled Figure 1. So the study that was undertaken provides other researchers with a strong framework of Ursidae phylogeny and also helps aid other researchers in resolving similarly challenging phylogenetic investigations of other families and their species.

[Figure 1 - a cladogram based on the phylogenetic work of Yu et al. (2007) of

Ursidae (image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Bear)

More research was undertaken into the evolutionary history of U.maritimus when a Pleistocene jawbone [4][5] of an ancient polar bear was discovered. The researchers used sequencing technology to create a complete mt genome from the jawbone as well six more mt genomes from extant U.maritimus and U.arctos from Alaska.

The results from the genome sequencing supports the idea of U.maritimus and U.arctos being very closely related, as the phylogenetic position from the fossil lies directly at the branching point between the two bears, thus clearly identifying specific morphological (form and structure) and molecular links between the ancient polar bear jawbone and the current living species of the bear.

Therefore, the research conducted further supports the idea that the closely related bear species including U.maritimus and U.arctos, which are thought to be the most closely related species to each other, evolved from a single common ancestor.

Another study was undertaken to look more closely at the evolution of U.maritimus and it was suggested that the evolution is marked by rapid changes [6] in the gene copy number, in response to dietary shift [7]. A gene copy number is the number of copies of a particular gene in the genome of an organism. Variation occurs when the number of copies of the particular gene is different from one individual to the next, and this was explored by the researchers as this form of genetic variation between individuals

12

within U.maritimus had not been investigated following their evolutionary history.

In this study, they analysed CN profiles of 17 individuals of U.maritimus, 2 of U.americanus and 9 of U.arctos. The study found that, on average, 318 genes per individual showed evidence for copy number variation. Also, nearly 200 genes showed species-specific copy number variations between the U.arctos and U.maritimus. These results provide evidence to support the idea that copy number variations evolved rapidly in the ancestry of U.maritimus, which mainly resulted in copy number loss. They also found that there were significantly fewer copies of several genes that are involved with fatty acid metabolism, as well as the salivary amylase encoding gene (AMY1B) in U.maritimus, thus suggesting that the process of natural selection shaped patterns of copy number variation in response from an omnivorous to a predominantly carnivorous diet throughout their evolution. Therefore, the research that was undertaken into the copy number variations shows the genomic underpinnings of ecological adaptation throughout the evolutionary history of U.maritimus.

Conclusions In conclusion, the evolutionary history of bears is one which is vastly complex, as the different species are more closely related than originally thought to be.

Although there has been research into the evolution into the Ursidae family, the research varies as different techniques and species have been used.

As previously mentioned, there has been clear research into the evolutionary

relationship between U.maritimus and U.arctos as they are thought to have evolved from the same ancestor. This was supported by the evidence provided from the ancient Pleistocene jawbone research. However, there has not been too much research into the evolutionary history of the other species of bears, only that of looking at their mitochondrial DNA to see where they might lie on the cladogram and enabling the researchers to look at the evolutionary relationships between species. So, therefore, there is still more research to be done in regards to the complex evolutionary history of the eight extant species of bear.

References

Kumar, V., Lammers, F., Bidon, T. et al. The evolutionary history of bears is characterized by gene flow across species. Sci Rep 7, 46487 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46487 Taylor, S.A., Larson, E.L. Insights from genomes into the evolutionary importance and prevalence of hybridization in nature. Nat Ecol Evol 3, 170–177 (2019). https://doi. org/10.1038/s41559-018-0777-y Yu, L., Li, YW., Ryder, O.A. et al. Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation. BMC Evol Biol 7, 198 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-198 Lindhurst, C., Schuster, S., Sun, Y. et al. Complete mitochondrial genome of a Pleistocene jawbone unveils the origin of polar bears. PNAS March 16, 2010 107 (11) 5053-5057; https://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/5053 Hailer, F,. Kutschera, V,. Hallström, et al. Nuclear genomic sequences reveal that polar bears are old and have a distinct bear lineage. Science April 20, 2012 10.1126/science.1216424;https://science.sciencemag.org/ content/336/6079/344.abstract Liu, S,. Lorenzen, E., Fumagalli, M. et al. Population genomics reveal recent speciation and rapid evolutionary adaptation in polar bears. Cell, May 8, 2014 0092-8674; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.054.

Rinker, D., Specian, N., Zhao, S. et al. Polar bear evolution is marked by rapid changes in gene copy number in response to dietary shift. PNAS July 2, 2019 116 (27) 13446-13451;https://www.pnas.org/ content/116/27/13446

13

KATHARINE HARPER, UPPER SIXTH Katharine chose the topic of Ethic of Archaeology because excavation can be such a destructive action and preservation can be sensitive ground. She wanted to explore these problems and how, perhaps, they could be solved.

The Ethics of Archaeology: Property, Conservation and Destruction The question of ‘who owns the past?’ is, and always will be, complex, manylayered and difficult to navigate. Of course, there are the factors of culture, communities, religion and spirituality, and respect to consider when excavating and displaying archaeological finds. The answer to the question may be individual to each case or site: can we weigh the importance of the past against ownership of land, cultural traditions and respect to the community that lives or has lived there?

The most prominent problem has to do with the numerous building, and in some instances, the collapse of the more recent empires, particularly Western European or British, and the imposition of cultural imperialism upon colonies.

When taking the northern American colonisation as an example, where Indigenous communities and culture were overridden and almost extinguished by settlers, there arises a problem with excavation in the present day. This problem presents itself with the spiritual importance of death in many indigenous American communities, where for many years, ceremonies were forbidden by imperialistic legislation such as the Indian Laws. It is only right, therefore, that all Indigenous Americans should have the dignity of their traditions, their land and

their dead, undisturbed. This may interfere with the construction of the past through archaeology, so the answer remains that restorative history may only progress so far as is ethical and respectful, given the long periods of suffering dealt by some to many, and the significant importance of reinvigorating cultures that may have otherwise been lost to imperialism and time.

Seminole bones uncovered at Wounded Knee in the 1980s were re-buried at the request of the Seminole tribe to honour the dead and the spiritual importance and privacy of burial. The right course of action was to restore the tribe member to their resting place, and as the bones had already been studied by the American Institute of Archaeology, they had no problem with giving the skeleton over.

[Image 6. Pictured above: Seminole Tribe]

Another issue arose with the weathering 14

of a cliff, where the ancient skeleton of a member of the Apache tribe happened to be uncovered from the side of the cliff as the rock was eroded away.

The destruction of land through attempts at excavation without proper knowledge or resources hinders the historical findings dramatically.

The Apache tribe refused to allow the skeleton to be excavated and preserved for study, preferring for nature to run its course. While this brought forth some frustrations, it is important that people and their history are treated with respect and deference, especially considering the near wipe-out of Indigenous American tribes and traditions from mostly British and Spanish colonisation.

Heinrich Schliemann at the excavation of Troy in the late 1860s became famous for becoming one of the first archaeologists, but unfortunately also garnered a reputation for all but destroying the history in the hill of Hisarlik in his frantic search for the mythical city of Troy. Schliemann, while excavating, had no site plan other than to carve sections out of the hill in his hunt for the city; in doing so, he destroyed centuries of historical evidence, leaving later excavators with only the remnants of extremely historically important places, such as Troy VII, which is thought to be the actual setting of Homer’s Iliad.

There can be a solution, however, to the halt of archaeological study according to excavation giving way with respect to cultures, land and traditions. Many cultures record history orally, especially those of indigenous or island communities, and this history can take root in generational stories which are well-known. An alternative of excavation, therefore, would be to consult the indigenous or native people of the area of their own recorded history to gain a centuries-old picture of the past without disturbing communities who are attempting to rebuild from the devastation that empires and cultural imperialism has forced upon them and which continues to disrupt many traditions.

The land for a site to be excavated in modern times has to be carefully selected, assessed and prepped using survey methods, surface and subsurface investigation and clearing of the soil.

However, the techniques used for these are modern inventions, for example, satellite imagery, so many sites that undertook excavation before technology like this was available were irreparably damaged.

[Image 7. Pictured above: Troy archeological site]

Being an amateur archaeologist at best, and also desperate to find what he was sure he was looking for, Schliemann had simply told workers to dig out the hill in the hope that he might stumble upon Troy.

A lack of experience, present-modern tools and preparation of the site can cause extreme problems for future work on the site, so the pursuit of a specific building, set of artefacts or civilisation in one place is unwise.

15

Another problem with excavation, reckless like Schliemann’s, or even with properly prepared and surveyed sites, is that land can be delicate - artefacts are almost always extremely fragile and ecosystems can be disturbed. It is for all these reasons that shallow geophysical techniques were developed, such as magnetic surveying.

This cannot really be a replacement for physical excavation, but there is huge value in scoping the site remotely before digging to avoid the destruction of important records of the land.

The danger of disturbing habitats, especially those of endangered animals, must be carefully weighed against the value of the site: animals can be relocated in some instances, and safety of the inhabitants around archaeological excavations is tantamount, especially as the development of the land and animals may be studied as a crucial axis to how it may have been hundreds, or even thousands, of years ago. Another ecological problem is preservation of land, especially historic land and places central to migration patterns, or private land belonging to communities who have spiritual or traditional relationships to their land. Excavation sites are chosen very carefully with many factors in mind, but many things can unfortunately hinder the progression of the study of the past.

belonged.

The land, people and excavation techniques all have a large bearing on how digging should proceed on a site and what should be done with the results once the site is exhausted or excavation finishes.

There will always be difficult questions to be answered in archaeology in respect to when it is acceptable to study dead bodies, how to negotiate for the rights of study and research, and the preservation of land stacked against the furthering of archaeological study.

Finally, there is the question of ownership once artefacts are found. Governments will of course take possession of valuable historical objects for study and research, but circling back to the first point made in this article, when excavation is carried out on indigenous or warring land, it becomes a matter of respect and deference to the culture which the artefact or body

16

TARA HOGAN; PHOEBE ORMEROD; ANNABELLE USHER, YEAR 10 As a Psychology HPA Group, Tara, Phoebe and Annabelle are very curious about criminology and the different influences and motives behind comprehending a crime, as well as taking action upon one. They decided to tackle the Nature vs. Nurture debate as they are all interested in it. They all hope that this essay interests you and is as thought provoking as they find it.

What is more influential on behaviour; nurture vs. nature Nature refers to all of the genetics and hereditary factors that influence who we are, from our personality characteristics to our physical appearance. There have been many studies to show how the effect on having brain deficiencies and genetic build up can affect how a person acts. The main gene that scientists look out for is Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA genes) also known as the ‘warrior genes’. This condition affects behavioral problems, including violent outburst and aggressive behavior. Studies within the idea of nature suggest that behaviour is more influenced by biological factors rather than situational influences.

The list of serial killers brought up in a good childhood and homelife (a good nurture), rather than a house of violence, is long. This shows the effect nature and brain deficits can have on someone’s actions. Famous serial killers such as Ted Bundy, Jeff Dahmer and Dennis Rader grew up in healthy and loving households with supportive family members, which subsequently questions the impact of genetic factors rather than life experiences and upbringings, as the family members of these murderers have not shown similar levels of violence.

Adrian Raine is a well respected psychologist targeting neurocriminology, he did a study that suggests how the brain abnormalities in the convicted violent criminals might translate into violence or anti-social behaviour. He found out about the prefrontal lobe, (a part of the brain just above the eyes) and how it affects rational thinking, self restraint and memory.

[Image 8. Pictured above: Adrian Raine]

Deficits in the corpus callosum, (a large, C-shaped nerve fiber bundle that sketches across the middle of the brain) make it harder for the brain’s hemispheres to communicate, resulting in difficulties with making decisions and thinking about the long term consequences of an action. A shortfall of development in the limbic system (a set of brain functions) might make someone aggressive and may 17

make it hard for someone to understand their emotions and learn from their mistakes.

Areas like the parietal lobe (which is one of the major lobes in the brain, roughly located at the upper back area in the skull), amygdala and hippocampus (found in the frontal proportion) have a part to play in recognition; a lack of development here might make it harder for someone to judge social situations, which can lead them to overreact. Raine concludes that there is a link between brain structure and aggression.

He is optimistic that these brain deficits can be prevented if they are identified early enough. Adrain Raine says ‘Early health intervention and prevention studies may provide the most effective way of reversing biological deficits that predispose to antisocial and aggressive behaviour in children and adults.’ This leads onto the affect nurture can have on someone’s behavior.

Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception, for example the product of life experiences, exposure, and learning of an individual.

Some examples of things that are under the title of nurture are someone’s upbringing, surroundings, family and education. For example, if you are brought up in a loving home around people who are supporting you, then you are more likely to be a more compassionate and caring person compared to someone who is brought up in a house and family full of violence.

An example that proves this is an incident that happened in England, 1993. There were two ten year old boys named Robert Thompson and Jon Venables who had

been brought up in a house around sexual and physical violence. These two boys abducted, tortured and killed a 2 year old boy who was named James Bulger. It was decided that Robert and Jon did this as a result of their upbringing and did not have any MAOA genes or clear brain deficits also known as the ‘warrior genes’.

This suggests that nurture overweighs the boys’ genetics.

The neuroscientist, James Fallon, had been studying brain scans of murderers for years and had learnt to recognize what murderers brains looked like. As a result of the so-called ‘warrior gene’ present, he found that it results in neurons in the frontal lobe being fired differently.

He then saw his own brain scans for the first time, he noticed that his brain scans matched up to those of the serial killers and that he had the ‘warrior gene’. However, he was obviously not a murderer, and this shows that because he was brought up in a loving, supportive family, despite having the MAOA gene, he turned out to be an untroubled man.

[Image 9. Pictured above: James Fallon]

This again shows an example of nurture overcoming nature but in the opposite way to the paragraph above. In this case someone with the same brain deficits but with the correct upbringing and nurture 18

resulted in having a normal life. Then opposing this the boys didn’t have any brain deficits but due to their nurture and violent upbringing they resulted in violent acts. This emphasises the effect nurture can have on someone’s behavior.

In 1960, an experiment was conducted on a set of genetically identical triplets which were separated at birth. This was the only study which consisted of following siblings since infancy. Identical twin studies, and in this case triplet studies, help give scientists insights into how people with the same genetic makeup (genome) can be affected by different habits, treatments and lifestyles. One of the triplets was sent to a high class family, one to a middle class and one to a lower class. They all had very different childhoods and upbringings yet they all did the same thing when they were under stress, which was to bang their head against a wall repeatedly, this showed scientists that despite different upbringings they all had the same natural instinct in a certain circumstance.

experiment had started, these boys were not 18, therefore, they would not have been able to give informed consent and even if a guardian or parent had consented on their behalf they still didn’t give any agreement or approval. Even when they were older they were never asked for their consent and as they weren’t aware of the experiment they were never able to withdraw.

Although the birth mother was incapable of looking after the children to an acceptable level, they were separated unwillingly. In experiments, all data and results are kept confidential meaning that these boys would never know any of the results or any of the findings that the scientists had discovered. There is also the idea of deception where the people who had adopted these boys were not aware that the adoption process was not normal and were never told these three boys were involved in a science experiment.

In conclusion, psychology takes an interactionist view towards nature and nurture, where the fact that both nature and nurture have an effect on a person’s behaviour is accepted and it is almost impossible to decide which has a greater effect as there are scientific experiments to support both sides of the argument.

[Image 10. Pictured above: Anatomy of the brain]

Although experiments like these are very useful for scientists to see how nurture and nature affects twins and triplets, there is the argument of whether this was ethically acceptable for the scientists to do. One point being that when the 19

EVA GRIFFIN, YEAR 10 Eva decided to write her piece on how non-communicable diseases affect developing countries as she is really interested in studying Medicine later in life. She also wanted to understand the extent to which they burden developing healthcare systems. It was interesting to perceive how non-communicable diseases don’t just affect the individual, however, the overall population and economy as well. Eva found the outcome of my piece very interesting, especially as many non-communicable diseases, for instance, type 2 diabetes, can be prevented if the right precautionary measures are taken and a healthy lifestyle is lived.

How Do Non-communicable Diseases Affect Developing and Low-Income Countries?

This article addresses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) contracted as a result of poor living conditions, lack of sanitation and poor dietary choices, and how they are becoming an increasing burden to public healthcare systems in developing countries.

NCDs are a variant of diseases that are not caused by a microorganism and therefore cannot be spread person-to-person. These can include genetic diseases, for example, Cystic Fibrosis, or diseases which patients contract as a result of lifestyle choices, for example, lung cancer due to smoking.

This article will mainly address noncommunicable diseases that are contracted as a subsequent cause of poor lifestyle choices. It will aim to outline how NCDs are wholly preventable if people are educated on them, as well as show how they are becoming an increasing burden to healthcare systems in developing countries.

This question intrigued me because I would love to pursue a career in medicine. The current pandemic has also prompted me

to explore how other healthcare systems are affected by different types of diseases.

In England we’re fortunate to have plenty of information available on what can affect our health, and I am interested to learn about how other healthcare systems in developing countries spread awareness for wholly preventable NCDs such as Type 2 Diabetes or obesity.

Firstly, to understand the burden that NCDs have on healthcare systems in developing countries, it is important to assess how the citizens of that country spend their money. For example, lowerincome families in India spend the majority of their income on energy (9.43%) and clothing (6.62% ) (Bansal, 2017). This shows that the majority of their income goes towards the essentials and necessities which families in Low Income Countries (LICs) require in order to survive.

Higher-income families in India, however, spend the majority of their income on housing (38.69%) and transport (20.2%) (Bansal, 2017). This, in comparison to how low-income families spend their income, displays how high20

income families tend to spend more of their income on things that would personally benefit them and increase their quality of life.

71% of deaths per year are due to NCDs, and the majority of these deaths occur in low and middle-income countries (“Noncommunicable diseases”, n.d.).

Using India as an example, to further comprehend the burden which NCDs hold on LICs, it is vital to assess what percentage of GDP India spends on healthcare in comparison to higher income countries. Just 3.6% of GDP in India is spent on healthcare (Mehra, 2020), whereas the majority of GDP in 2019 was spent on services (49.88%) (Plecher, 2020). This shows that in LICs, governments tend to spend much less money on improving healthcare systems, although this may have changed significantly in regards to the current Covid-19 pandemic. However, Switzerland and Japan, both High Income Countries (HICs), on average spend 12.1% (Health policy in Switzerland, 2017) and 10.95% (“Japan Healthcare Spending 2000-2021”, n.d.) of GDP per capita on healthcare respectively every year. This data may have changed as a result of the current Covid-19 pandemic.

From the data above, this could potentially be because governments aren’t spending adequate amounts of money on improving healthcare systems and spreading awareness for NCDs. However, many other factors also contribute to a rise in NCDs. Globalisation of produce, such as tobacco, processed foods and fast food chains have been responsible for a large increase in NCDs such as coronary heart disease, and the availability of these harmful products has also increased in recent years (Beaglehole & Yach, 2003) & (Islam et al., 2014).

[Image 11. Designed by Pangbourne College]

In conclusion, LICs spend much less on healthcare than HICs do and more on necessities such as energy and clothing.

NCDs don’t just affect developing countries, however, the majority of the population as a whole, including HICs.

With fast food franchises, such as McDonalds, being worldwide now, the availability of unbalanced, unhealthy and cheap meals has increased significantly.

Previously, families would eat traditional foods that are cultural and balanced, whereas now, more people are opting for inexpensive and readily prepared meals.

Lack of nutrition is a massive risk factor for NCDs and can cause a wide range of life-threatening health conditions, for example, heart attacks. Large amounts of lipid consumption results in high levels of cholesterol. A build-up of cholesterol causes the formation of fatty lumps, which could get dislodged and be carried around the body in the bloodstream. These lumps could then block vital arteries, causing a heart attack (myocardial infarction) as no blood and oxygen can reach the heart

(“Coronary heart disease - The circulatory system - GCSE Biology Single Science) Revision ( - BBC Bitesize”, n.d.).

21

The availability of carcinogens, such as tobacco, are also responsible for a large increase in NCDs such as cancers.

Substances within cigarettes, for example tar, restrict airways and can cause certain cancers to form, for instance lung cancer.

This places an immense strain on healthcare systems, which are underfunded and already under stress from communicable diseases (for example COVID-19), as well as accidents. Cigarettes can also be accessed across the counter, and advertisements including vapes are still shown on worldwide platforms such as YouTube. Therefore, as LICs begin to develop, it becomes apparent that there is an increased risk of NCDs developing in the population as a subsequent cause of globalisation of produce.

The WHO has addressed NCDs as ‘tomorrows pandemic’ (Islam et al., 2014) and has outlined how NCDs don’t just place strain on healthcare systems but play a large factor in causing poverty (“NCDs, poverty and development”, n.d.).

Costs for care, surgery and treatments of NCDs are high and place a vast strain on individuals as well as healthcare providers, since healthcare systems have to find the correct resources in order to carry out treatments.

NCDs, such as cancers, cause patients to have to take time off work, meaning that they lose income and production rates decrease (“NCDs, poverty and development”, n.d.), resulting in the possible formation of mental health issues, for example, depression. It’s estimated that 100 million people in Africa per year are impoverished as a direct result of the cost implications of treating NCDs (“NCDs, poverty and development”, n.d.). This proves that NCDs

don’t just affect healthcare systems, however, the country as a whole.

On further research, a possible cause for the increase in deaths as a result of NCDs in LICs and MICs is because of the lack of adequate medical devices to scan, diagnose and treat NCDs (Sabet Sarvestani & Sienko, 2018) (Gupta et al., n.d.). These articles (Sabet

Sarvestani & Sienko, 2018) (Gupta et al., n.d.)

outlined how LICs often haven’t got enough medical devices to prescribe and diagnose NCDs that could otherwise be dealt with in HICs.

[Image 12.]

The devices that are available for use and work efficiently are commonly used to treat and diagnose infectious diseases and to care for newborns, with much fewer being used for the diagnosis and treatment of NCDs. These websites displayed how the most deaths were caused as a result of cardiovascular NCDs over every other medical condition, however, the number of machinery and devices used to diagnose and treat such conditions is the lowest amount in comparison to the amount of medical devices used to diagnose and treat other healthcare conditions (Sabet Sarvestani & Sienko, 2018). This resultantly proves that an increase in deaths as a result of NCDs could be linked to the lack of machinery and medical devices. In HICs, this machinery is often abundant and used 22

daily to diagnose and treat all kinds of conditions, whereas LICs don’t have the money and experience required to perform such tasks on a daily basis.

In conclusion, I have found that NCDs don’t just affect diagnosed individuals and families, however, they impact the population and country as a whole. An increased rate in the contraction of NCDs has caused multiple workers to have to take time out of work for convalescence, resulting in a lower industrial output and lower individual income. This has subsequently caused the development of other health conditions as well, for example, depression or anxiety.

NCDs are also responsible for an increase in poverty, as the cost for care and treatment is extremely high. HICs, for example England, are fortunate to have the NHS, which is readily available at any time of day to diagnose and treat NCDs in emergency scenarios. HICs also have the healthcare professionals and diagnostic and treatment machinery necessary to provide patients with the best possible care, whereas LICs don’t.

I have also found why there is an increasing number of deaths as a result of NCDs in LICs and middle-income countries, and how the government and individuals spend the majority of their income.

23

FREDERIKA GOODWIN-SCOTT, YEAR 10 Fredi writes about the relationship between morality and power, and whether they can coexist, or, if one exists without the other. She chose this topic as it ties in to her interests of ethics, politics and psychology of how we define power. This essay topic made her question whether the people in power of our world are acting out of self interest and corruption, or the greater good.

Power and Morality is completely correct, as we see time and time again throughout history, those who abuse their power and act without morality end up losing everything, a prime example being Adolf Hitler.

[Image 13.]

The never ending debate and conflict between power and morality has baffled society and politicians for centuries. I wonder if the two can equally coexist, or if in every case power corrupts morality, and whether immoral impulses are heightened.

Can power and morality co-exist together?

James Baldwin was an American novelist, playwright and activist, who explored intricacies of racial, sexual and class distinctions in the Western society of the United States during the mid twentiethcentury.

He stated that, ‘The relationship between morality and power is a very subtle one. Because ultimately power without morality is no longer power”. This quote

Contrasting is the case of Martin Luther King, a politician whose ideals were driven by morality and justice, with strong ideals came into power which heightened and strengthened his ethical impulses. He achieved so much for the freedom and civil rights of African American people, especially in his famous ‘I have a dream’ speech.

This clearly supports the idea of a coexistence, if the individual to begin with had strong will power and a certain ‘goodness’. The moral arguments made

by Martin Luther King and others that were critical. Furthermore, it was not just the arguments that King and other clergy made, but their moral status and standing as ministers that was influential.

Both men had Christian moral ideals, just on opposite sides of the scale. Hitler taking it as God wanting him to wipe out certain people, whereas Luther King took the Christian message as everyone was made in God’s image, and everyone is equal in his eyes.

24

Although this is true, power affects selffocus and, thus, unethical propensities toward self and others. Power can both undermine and elevate morality.

Standing up to power proves morality One very recent example of the two concepts differing, and an ultimate showdown must take place, is for weeks on end, citizens of the U.S have protested the travel ban as Trump is willing to keep American people trapped in these countries, stopping them from coming to America. Many believe he was turning his back on the suffering, and since he had so much power, his moral ambiguity was thrown out the window, his ideals were able to influence his power.

There are two ways to approach morality: 1. The deontological theory This theory of morality focuses on the actions themselves being right or wrong. One issue with all morality is that an individual has differing opinions on what is right and wrong, due to their influences, time period and what the law deems right. Actions themselves, like murder, are clearly wrong, yet paired with power, seem to loose the person being held accountable. We see daily in the media and news that another wealthy white male has made bail and escaped prosecution due to him being in a state of power. Why should morality diminish according to social status?

2. The teleological theory This theory of morality focuses on the consequences and outcomes or outcomes of actions, and whether that affects the process of making a moral decision. This also in turn plays an

important role in moral obligation and duty from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved. For example, if you knew your belief would lead to an outcome of violence would you change your morals? Or must the ends justify the means?

[Image 14. Designed by Pangbourne College]

Balance between power and morality, is morality based on social roles?

There is a striking parallel between morality and power, in that people who have more power have less morals and vice-versa, but is this strictly true?

One prominent example of this abuse of power is the shocking domestic abuse in the NFL with Ray Rice. He had so much power and popularity in society that he lost morals and had abused his fiancée. A similar case is when Trump (2016) said this: “I could stand in the middle of Fifth Avenue and shoot somebody, okay, and I wouldn’t lose any voters, okay?”.

This is the underlying concept of ‘untouchable-ness’, both men’s high societal roles allowed them to get away with brutally beating his fiancée in Ray Rice’s case, and in Trump’s case, the 25

potential to get away with murder, therefore, showing that power without morality causes pain and shows it is dangerous for human development and even a dehumanizing weapon. If a person has strong morals and gains power, they could become corrupted and ‘poisoned’, unable to revisit their previous morals when they were in a different financial situation, where in that position of no power they could afford to be more ‘morally ambiguous and good’, enabling them to be less sympathetic and ruthless.

Yet, could morality be an ego defense mechanism that helps to prevent dangerous desires from being exposed by endorsing opposite types of behaviour as ‘barriers’ against them? Moral sentiments could inflict one’s personal behaviour and lead to extremist ideals. Since morals can be good or bad paired with power, radicalisation is very common.

Does power corrupt?

To conclude, people with a strong moral identity are more likely to act upon and are more likely to act in self-interest when subjectively experiencing power.

Psychologically, the experience of power enhances moral awareness, yet decreases the moral awareness in those with a weak moral identity.

Power allows people to undermine their previous beliefs when they were in a worse position. It is easy to be moral when you are in a state of poverty, or disadvantage, but when in power, in order to keep it you may have to act immorally. They can consist together, yet it depends on the individual.

26

REUBEN HEPPELWAITHE, YEAR 10 Reuben has always been interested in Business and has chosen to do this as part of his HPA Programme. Being a keen sportsman as well led him to combine the two to look at how the most recent economic crisis has affected some of the largest businesses on the planet.

How have the different Sporting Industries and Businesses been affected by the Covid-19 Pandemic?

It seems like an eternity ago when we began to discover the possible outcome of a deadly virus impacting all daily life as we know it. I am sitting here today in May of 2021, and, whilst the situation has improved, we are still not at the end of the tunnel. In this essay, I am going to discuss how the sporting industry has been affected by this extreme turn of events.

I am going to discuss how the Sports Clothing industry, the Sports Marketing industry and the Football industry have been affected by these unprecedented turn of events.

their aim to improve.

Being agile and having good adaptation skills are key for these businesses. The main thing for sports clothing industries is meeting the demands and needs of the customer. As everyone was stuck at home, Gymshark would have begun to push for launches in products such as loungewear.

Another way in which Gymshark adapted was through hosting live home workouts.

This encourages more customers to depend on the brand, as the brand has become ‘sticky.’

The sports clothing industry took a heavy hit when having to adapt to the ‘new way of life.’ Due to retailers being forced to shut, revenue that is being generated for these businesses has plummeted.

Businesses have seen a decrease in sales by up to 10%. However, some companies have thrived throughout the coronavirus period. The example that I am going to use for this is Gymshark LTD. Due to the fact that Gymshark is an e-commerce brand, this has seen a rise in sales as more people are working out from home due to the closing of gyms and the art of convenience. However, using Gymshark as an example, there are still a plethora of challenges that they’ve had to overcome to survive and make it

[Image 15. Pictured above: Gymshark home workouts]

This phrase refers to a customer relying so heavily on the business, that the customer goes to the business to fulfill their specific needs, hence the term ‘sticky’. I think that because most sports clothing companies 27

are able to sell products online, the pandemic was not such a big issue as the other industries. However, there were major complications for these businesses.

Another industry that has been affected by these extreme turn of events is the Sports Marketing and Promoting industry. Sporting events are economic events, however, they are also social events for fans as well as athletes. A lot changed for the typical sports marketer when fixtures and major events were forced into becoming postponed.

The postponement of sporting events forced the sports marketing industry to become agile in the face of adversity.

As there weren’t any sports events to promote, promoters had to become creative, or accept the fact that these events were going to have to wait a while. To overcome the challenge marketing businesses faced, they would have to come up with a new ‘playbook’.

The example that I am going to use is the boxing promoter Eddie Hearn.

[Image 16. Pictured above: Eddie Hearn]

Eddie Hearn, the infamous boxing promoter working for the company Matchroom, had to be creative in this time. He faced the initial facts that boxing events could not go ahead under the rules and regulations that the government had

set. His agility in the business held strong and he came up with something which was known as Fight Camp, which was a boxing event held in his family’s back garden. This event created revenue from the broadcast contract alongside with Sky Sports, who were also in dire need of something to present that was not along the lines of ‘Garry Linekar’s best goals back in the 1980s’. This is without a doubt the most creative idea that I have seen throughout this period, where world class fighters, such as Povetkin, could shine under the stars of Eddie Hearns backyard.

Finally, the football industry has also been affected by Covid-19. The main issue that the industry is concerned with is the lost revenue from ticket sales to fans. When Coronavirus hit, sport clubs’ gameday income was suddenly frozen. The main source of income for these football clubs now is the capital that they acquire from broadcasting. Due to this, there was very little that Premiership football clubs could do in the face of adversity apart from providing support to those that need it most. I think that the only way that football clubs may be able to overcome this is through diversification.

Diversification is the process of businesses enlarging the number of niches that they are involved in. This is a risk management strategy that is constructed to acquire different types of assets.

Risk diversification can mitigate these dramatic circumstances, which is in this case Covid-19, by expanding either into new products - beyond replica kits, or merchandise or spreading to geographical locations. I think that this is the only way in which football clubs would be able to cope with the heavy sanctions that the government has placed upon them.

28

An example of this is the Fenway Sports Group, which is the owner of Liverpool FC. Fenway Sports Groups diversified by creating a portfolio that consisted of different sports such as rugby, golf and cricket. Another example of diversification is that Premiership football clubs have recently invested in Esports, a game that could be played under covid regulations.

[Image 17.]

Clubs like Chelsea FC have also invested in expensive and high quality hotels to try and make up some of the lost revenue that may have cost the football club in the long run. This is how football clubs were affected by the Coronavirus and how they became agile in the face of adversity.

In this essay I have summarised the initial problems that three different sporting industries faced and how they overcame them through agility and creativity. It is clear to say that some industries had more opportunities than others to thrive as much as they could. However, the Coronavirus has posed a challenge to these industries as much as an inconvenience.

The challenge that is presented to these industries is whether knowing what they know now, will they take the necessary action to make sure that if something such as this were to happen again, that they would be prepared.

29

CHERISE LAMPTEY-PALMER, YEAR 9 Cherise wrote this poem about a middle-aged woman, who lives a seemingly perfect life, but each time she looks in the mirror she is greeted with a pain that is reflected in this poem.

Broken Glass They watched, they observed The ocean of trees danced in the richness of the evening sky Wavering and wobbling in the wild wind Their acquisitive eyes stared at the woman behind a window She picked up her mirror The mirror stared back She studied her face Every line Every wrinkle Every flaw She was so beautiful and yet she felt so far from Her tired eyes hung at the sight of her own reflection When you find the empty shell of beauty embodied in a woman Tell her, let her know, give her something to fight for because right now, she is nothing but...

Broken glass She carried the world on her shoulders Not the world, but galaxies Galaxies sat upon her shoulders like kings on a throne.

Her eyes were pools, no, lagoons Lagoons of unfathomable pain that she disguised with a smile And when she was all alone And everyone stopped watching She broke Just as glass breaks at the sound of a scream She had become so good at acting She didn’t know when to yell ‘Cut’ They say expectation is the root of all heartache For she expected too much and was left with nothing but a broken heart What happens when you are strong for too long?

You break Just as glass breaks when it falls to the ground Broken glass.

30

FREDDY STOKES, YEAR 9 Freddy has always been fascinated by Mathematics and, in particular, how it has been used by humans to fulfil numerous functions within our lives.

The History of Maths Maths is a skill used all over the world.

Scientists believe the concept of maths has been around for about 2,500 years in ancient Greece, but some could say the general idea of maths has been around for tens of thousands of years through evidence such as the Ishango bone.

Maths can be used to simplify problems, structure the day, analyse data and engineer famous landmarks that are widely known, as well as aiding people in many other important parts of life. The Fibonacci spiral, generally seen in flowers and branches, was an advantageous adaptation for trees as it allowed the leaves to avoid shading one another. Outside our planet, maths has also been seen as a form of communication towards unknown extraterrestrial life forms that may be out there, similar to how we use music.

[Image 18. Pictured above: Fibonacci spiral]

Maths has been around as a concept for about 2,500 years but evidence has given an insight into prehistoric maths

and the very early ideas of maths. The Ishango bone was found in 1950 by Jean de Heinzelin de Braucourt while he was exploring what was the Belgian Congo.

It is thought to be a mathematical object and the most recent theory is that the Ishango bone is a counting tool using the base 12 and sub-bases 3 and 4.

[Image 19. Pictured above: Ishango bone]

If this is true, this would prove the theories of prehistoric maths, which prehistoric people would have needed for measurements (mainly used for building purposes) and storing data (mainly tallies as seen on the Ishango bone). This would also prove that maths is a skill that has been used for many thousands of years before ancient Greece as it had originally been thought.

Maths is known to develop at a very early age, but experiments have shown that babies can understand maths even before they can speak. Experiments with 14 to 18-month old babies took a picture of 4 objects and then showed these to the 31

babies. Then, they showed a picture of 2 objects and the babies failed to differentiate between the two pictures, but, when the objects were counted aloud before hiding them, the subjects succeeded, proving that the babies could recognize counting as numerically relevant, years before understanding the meaning of number words. (Wang and Feigusson, 2019) Maths is also known to be a great skill as a child, for example, in an altruistic sense of sharing a packet of sweets or just for those unconscious acts like counting a different number of objects. This is a skill that is developed through repetition in the early stages of life and soon becomes embedded in our minds when trying to differentiate between two or more objects, as well as being able to figure out the numerical value of the individual objects. People can also learn to analyse data such as time and distance through their own experience, such as counting how long it takes somebody to run a specific distance.

Later on in a person’s life, maths becomes a more relevant skill when trying to apply our qualifications or analysing a set of data and finding the probability of something.

Maths is used to figure out the time cost and distance of travel, planning a holiday, managing money, and through fitness and diet. Maths isn’t only one subject on its own though and can often be linked in with science, for example, calculating the ratio of one substance to another to create an effective reaction.

Maths can also be used in science to prove a statement, for example, without the analysis of statistics, it is very difficult to show relationships between variables. We can use maths in TT tests to measure the

time it takes for a fibrin clot to form in the plasma of a blood sample.

Scientists have discovered that Maths can be seen as a form of art and can create the same emotional reactions in the brain that are used to appreciate art. In a study set up by Semir Zeki, John Paul Romaya, Dionigi M. T. Benincasa and Michael F. Atiyah, mathematicians were given a set of ‘ugly’ and ‘beautiful’ equations while in a brain scanner and the same parts of the brain that are used to appreciate art were being activated, which allowed the researchers to suggest that there may be a neurobiological basis to beauty.

15 mathematicians were given 60 equations to rate and the more beautiful they rated the equation, the greater the surge in activity detected in the fMRI scans which proves the theory of maths as a form of art, as a similar surge in activity is detected when used to appreciate art.

[Image 20. Pictured above: fMRI scan]

With all this data that has been collected from software about people, from their food shops to what they enjoy watching, technology could have the capabilities to analyse and predict the future. For example, it may be able to tell somebody what job they will most likely get or where they will theoretically live based

32

on the money they might earn and their interests. If somebody’s whole life was an entire database then their actions could be set in stone before they even started to think about their future and what they see themselves being. This is because a person’s life can be dictated by every action they make and from the day humans are born they are making choices and decisions that can make the difference between a successful and unsuccessful life.

fnhum.2014.00068/full

Maths is present everywhere in the world and becomes an unconscious and unrecognisable skill. It is part of almost everything in the world to some degree and is constantly supporting humanity, though we don’t always recognise it.

Maths is very much concentrated on the human brain and it makes up the world that is seen today. This may be in measurements or numerical values but it allows humans to view the world through a lens and leads to a common understanding of everything in the Universe.

References

Wang, J and Feigenson, L. 2019. Infants recognize counting as numerically relevant.

Internet resource: https://onlinelibrary.wiley. com/doi/epdf/10.1111/desc.12805 O. Keller, “The fables of Ishango, or the irresistible temptation of mathematical fiction”: https://www.bibnum.education.fr/sites/default/ files/ishango-analysis.pdf Aiden, Grade 7, New York - 2011. The Secret of the Fibonacci Sequence in Trees: https://www.amnh.org/learn-teach/curriculumcollections/young-naturalist-awards/winningessays/2011/the-secret-of-the-fibonaccisequence-in-trees

The experience of mathematical beauty and its neural correlates: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ 33

ERIKA BEVIS, YEAR 8 Erika wrote this piece for an assignment within English. She spent weeks on this and thoroughly enjoyed the research into marketing. She is very proud of this piece and wishes to thank her teachers and friends for their help and support.

My Biscuit Project Hello Everyone, I am really excited to share my biscuit idea with you and hopefully by the end of reading, your mouths will be watering!

I hope you enjoy the thought and effort I have put into creating a biscuit that will please everyone.

the biscuit, inside is filled with a smooth orange jaffa cake orange filling as a surprise.

My biscuit has a play-on-word name: CheckBreak. It is a sweet combination of chocolate and orange which go together nicely! This delicacy is structured by a base of digestive biscuit, which I have chosen because it is a sturdy base, sure not to collapse.

[Image 22. Pictured above: Designed by Erika Bevis]

I have decided to pitch this biscuit from ages five to fifteen. The reason for this is because it is tempting to parents to buy it for their children as a nice treat and the whole reason it is in the shape of a Chess Board is so that it is slightly educational.

[Image 21. Pictured above: Designed by Erika Bevis]

The orange flavour is mixed with the base to give a tangy taste, and on the base is decorated with squares of milk chocolate and white chocolate, however, this layer is very thin so as not to overpower the orange. As the name suggests you break

The fact that it includes oranges is slightly healthier than other chocolate coated biscuits. The packaging has vibrant colours and has glow in the dark chess pieces to stand out on the shelf and the orange tells the buyers that it has orange in it. I have designed it to be very eyecatching and enticing. The slogan is: Biscuits are like a game of chess, to win you have to make a move.

34

The actual chess boards are 9cm in length and width and the packet is 20 centimeters wide and 30 centimeters long. The packet contains 15 mini chess boards. However, the package also contains 1 glow in the dark chess figure (for them to collect), and a guide so that children can learn to play chess if they want to.

My target market is 5 to 15 year olds as the biscuit is meant to be for younger children who still have a lot to learn and parents would want this for their children to learn a new skill.

[Image 23. Pictured above: Designed by Erika Bevis]

My unique selling point is that there are barely any biscuits in the shape of a chessboard so it is coming across to your supermarkets as an educational alternative and a sweet treat which kids can interact with and have fun!

I hope by now you understand my ideas and look out for Check Break at a supermarket near you.

35

IMAGE REFERENCES Image 1, Page 2: https://wordhistories. net/2018/08/16/crows-nest-origin/

Image 14, Page 25: Designed by Pangbourne College

Image 2, Page 7: https://www.utdailybeacon. com/daniel-immerwahr/image_7f59b04c-cea711e9-895d-53289c959cf2.html

Image 15, Page 27: https://www.ccamonash. com.au/articles/gymshark-finding-niche-inmarket

Image 3, Page 8: https://www.amazon. co.uk/How-Hide-Empire-History-Greater/ dp/0374172145

Image 16, Page 28: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eddie_Hearn_2015. png

Image 4, Page 9: https://www.flickr.com/ photos/lac-bac/4679199010

Image 17, Page 29: https://www.facebook. com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww. facebook.com%2FFenwaySports%2F

Figure 1, Page 12: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Bear?scrlybrkr=0959eafe Image 6, Page 14: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_ TROPENMUSEUM_Res._Tapanoeli._TobaBataksche_familie_tot_het_Christendom_ bekeerd_TMnr_10000662.jpg Image 7, Page 15: https://www.flickr.com/ photos/jlascar/8708438455 Image 8, Page 17: https://alchetron.com/ Adrian-Raine Image 9, Page 18: https://www.theverge. com/2013/10/31/5025744/james-fallon-thepsychopath-inside-interview Image 10, Page 19: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human%2BBrain.png Image 11, Page 21: Designed by Pangbourne College Image 12, Page 22: https://www.weforum. org/agenda/2021/10/how-can-we-improvesupport-for-people-with-non-communicablediseases/ Image 13, Page 24: https://pixabay. com/vectors/balance-ethics-values-rightwrong-6097898/

Image 18, Page 31: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fibonacci_spiral_2019. svg Image 19, Page 31: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Huesos_de_ishango. jpg?scrlybrkr=765e1468 Image 20, Page 32: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schizophrenia_fMRI_ working_memory.jpg Images 21 & 22, Page 34: Designed by Erika Bevis, Pangbourne College Image 23, Page 35: Designed by Erika Bevis, Pangbourne College

CONTACT DETAILS Mr Jack Sims, Head of HPA jack.sims@pangbourne.com Ms Samantha Greenwood, Deputy Head Academic samantha.greenwood@pangbourne.com

A community where you can flourish

pangbourne.com

An independent, co-educational boarding and day school for pupils 11-18