LAND SWAPS

LAND SWAPS

LAND SWAPS

AA LANDSCAPE URBANISM 2017-18

Directors Alfredo Ramirez Eduardo Rico Design Tutors Clara Oloriz Sanjuan Seminar Tutors Douglas Spencer Technical Tutors Gustavo Romanillos Claudio Campanile Booklet Tutors Elena Longhin Sumitted By Pafun Palwatwichai Tianyi Zhao

Architectural Association School of Architecture London, UK

3

The Discovery of Desire

“We move more sediment and rock annually than all natural processes such as erosion and rivers. We manage three-quarters of all land outside the ice sheets. Greenhouse gas levels this high have not been seen for over one million years. The temperatures are increasing, and we are sinking the world’s deltas due to damming, mining and others.”15 We are facing ‘the intrusion of Gaia’, in the words of Isabelle Stengers. The concept of Anthropocene profoundly shifts our understanding of the contemporary ‘ecological crisis’. (https://ploypafun.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/essay.pdf)

...

Before the late eighteenth century, The historical maps gave only a horizontal dimension. The limitation of understanding the cartography was developed in a practical way. The maps only illustrated the realistic lines between lands and water, drawn and illuminated by hand, which made the distribution of maps extremely limited. The map of William was arguably the actual first national geological map. The color coding to indicate soil type, and he borrowed that convention for his map of rock layers, or “strata.” Color gradations showed where one rock formation gave way to the next.

“the soil is of a mellow brown or umber color, and the subsoil generally the same, although the Stratum deeper is of the color by which I have endeavoured to represent it”, he describes the London Clay. The coloring technique also serves to give added depth to the two-dimensional perspectives of the map, he supplemented the surface map with a cross-section of rock, and the earth, not only display them horizontally but vertically.

In the modern age, the earth is being used for economic and/or industrial purposes, sometimes for amusement. In parallel with this, the hidden aspect of excavation also extended terrestrial time to hundreds of millions of years. Creating biologist, geologist, and anthropocenologist to the modern age. As a result, excavation became a central metaphor for intellectual inquiry in the modern age to explore the knowledge in the core of the earth. Francis Bacon , English philosopher, and a pioneer of modern scientific thought. He published his ideas that the truths of science are never discovered without inchoate fact digging.

The sociologist Bruno Latour, the Anthropocene idea abolishes the break between nature and culture, between human history and the history of life and earth. He leans toward the optimistic side of the scale, we must not disown what he calls the “contemporary Frankenstein” we have created. The earth of the Anthropocene, but rather learn to love and care for the “monster” we have created. On the other hand, geologists and activists, arguments like Latour’s are dangerously misguided: “The earth is not our prisoner, our patient, our machine, or, indeed, our monster. It is our entire world. And the solution to global warming is not to fix the world, it is to fix ourselves.” said Naomi Klein, the social activist, political analyses, and criticism of corporate globalization and of capitalism.

The Mirny mine reveal the distance from the surface of the earth to the center and is going deeper as a desire of human. The formation of a diamond happens deep within the bowels of the Earth, some 250 kilometers below the surface. Is it enough to recognize them as treasures of time? Even before the long processes of cleaning, cutting and polishing them allows us to appreciate their special characteristics,20 “no pressure, no diamonds”.

As the painting of Sandro Botticelli; the Map of Hell (Figure 02). The parchment shows the geography of hell in the classical funnel section. A giant cave leading to the center of Earth, remind me of the William Smith’s cartography “A Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales with part of Scotland”, the beginning of the story. The discovery of the human knowledge of the modern age, from the surface of the earth, leading to the center.

...

The Discovery of Desire Essay by Ploy Pafun https://ploypafun.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/essay.pdf The Map that Changed the World. 1820 Figure 01 The Map of Hell (The Mappa dell’Inferno). 1445–1510 Figure 02

5

The in troduction of Land Swaps Project

“Grimsby is one of coastal community in the UK, the city used to be a village, grew into a port because it stands on a river called the Haven, which flowed into the Humber. There were rich fishing grounds in the North Sea and The Humber was full of fish.

Grimsby was bound to become a fishing port and developed into a busy little port in 19th century.”

In the past, the ports along the Humber Estuary used to be the busiest ports in the UK, the development in terms of the infrastructure of the ports itself was extending rapidly, provoking a geomorphological transformation of the intertidal landscapes through dredging. In the mid-19th century when the Cod Wars happened, the UK lost access to rich fishing areas in the North Atlantic. The fishing industry declined dramatically and changed into the fishing processing and thus, transforming fishing into export and import ship logistics. Meanwhile, if the Brexit happens, the tax for imported and exported fish will also increase as well. The local authorities such as Humber Local Enterprise Partnership released the Humber Enterprise Zones, in order to improve the economy from fishing industry into the energy industry, to develop off-shore wind farms. This plan will create the jobs for residents and the fishermen.

Following the Enterprise Zones, the Humber Nature Partnership released ‘Investing in Natural Capital’ plan, for recreation and natural disaster protection but also to support the Enterprise Zones, to ensure that the deep water channel is maintained,

collecting the sediment from the dredging area along the Humber Estuary.

To analyze the dredging consequences, we ran 3 simulations to see the difference on Humber Estuary between dredging, without dredging and with Managed Realignment according to Humber Enterprise Zones and Natural Capital Plan. The result clearly shows more tidal flood on the simulation with dredging areas. On the other hand, it shows less tidal flood when we added the Managed Realignment areas.

We took the advantages from the development plan, selected the site locations (from three criteria 1.Intertidal area 2. floodable area 3. Managed Realignment area both existing and Natural Capital zones),to shift the sediment from the Enterprise Zones, creating the new landscape for sustainable aquaculture, which is 70% of the area, to support the fishermen and economic growth, and 30% to create space for common land, to limit the Enterprise Zones or the profitable lands, for instance, increasing the areas for wetland to provide the habitat species or public green space for the community.

Grimsby Fish Dock 1915 Figure 03

7

The History of Humber Estuary

The History of Humber 53.5675° N, 0.0808° W

The Weekend in Cleethorpe // Photo by T.Zhao

Grimsby Fish Dock

1906

1903

The Alexandra Dock 1930

“Grimsby is one of coastal community in the UK, the city used to be a village, grew into a port because it stands on a river called the Haven, which flowed into the Humber. There were rich fishing grounds in the North Sea and The Humber was full of fish. Grimsby was bound to become a fishing port and developed into a busy little port in 19th century.”

Grimsby Fish Dock 1930

The Albert Dock

“It is hard to believe now that Hull was one of the world’s biggest fishing ports as recently as the 1970s. Hull’s rise as a major fishing port began with the discovery of the rich Dogger Bank fishing grounds in the mid1800s.”(https://fishingnews.co.uk/news/ports-of-the-past-hull-harbour)

The Development of Humber Estuary’s Ports

“With the focus on the exploration of space, some architecture veterans have honed in on the interaction between the old and the new, and how to build cities for the future.”

The history of The Humber Estuary is the secondlargest coastal plain estuary in the UK, and the largest coastal plain estuary on the east coast of Britain. Coastal plain estuaries are formed when pre-existing valleys were flooded at the end of the last glaciation. The Humber estuary drains a catchment area of some 24,472 sq.km, around 20% of the total land surface of England. Water collected from this catchment flows to the estuary through many rivers and tributaries, the largest of these are the Aire, Derwent, Don, Ouse, Trent and Wharf.

A significant feature of the Humber is the large tidal range, this is due to its position within the North Sea basin; producing a mean spring tidal range of 5.7m at Spurn. The tidal range increases as the tide moves up the estuary; it is 7.4m at Saltend, and 6.9m at Hessle which is 45km inland. The Humber is classified as a macro-tidal estuary because of these large tidal ranges.

At its widest point the Humber Estuary is 14km across and its average depth is 6.5m. It covers over 30,550 ha. The Humber’s muddy appearance is due to suspended sediment. This comes mainly from the eroding boulder clay cliffs along the Holderness coast and also river sediments.

This sediment is vital for the estuary’s function and every tide carries over 1,500 tonnes. It is estimated that up to 1.26 million tonnes of sediment may be present in the water in the estuary. The deposited sediments maintain estuary’s important habitats such as, mudflats, sandflats and saltmarsh. The Humber supports a rich variety of habitats and species and is recognised as one of the most important estuaries in Europe for overwintering birds. It supports 9 species of international importance.

The estuary’s important habitats and species are the reason it has been given a number of nature conservation designations under UK, European and International law, also an important industrial area and trade gateway with an average of 40,000 ship movements per year. The River Humber is lined by the major ports of Kingston upon Hull, Grimsby, and Immingham. Its ports and wharves handle 14% of the UK’s international trade. It is the country’s largest port complex.

Industries along the estuary include, chemical works, oil refinery complexes and power stations.

11

Cod Wars Report, 2012, Hao Huang

Social Aspects on the Humber Estuary’s Economy Cod Wars The Wars for the Territorial Waters

“The Cod Wars were a series of confrontations between the United Kingdom and Iceland on fishing rights in the North Atlantic. As a result, British fishing communities lost access to rich areas and were devastated, with thousands of jobs lost. Since 1982, a 200-nautical-mile (370-kilometre) exclusive economic zone has been the United Nations standard.”

Brexit

“What happened to domestic fishing after the final 1976 cod war?

And what pledges did Gove make on Brexit?”

Departure from the EU was intended to restore the UK’s status as an independent coastal state in fishing negotiations. Britain then hoped to become like Norway, which conducts annual fish negotiations on equal terms with the EU while retaining access to its markets. The need to negotiate a transition phase to delay the impact of a “cliff-edge” departure from the single market on the rest of business has forced the UK to agree to abide by all of the existing rules until at least January 2021. At negotiations last week. Britain would have only a consultative role at any talks during this phase. The EU has also made any future post-Brexit trade deal conditional on maintaining access for its fisherman – something the UK industry fears means further climbdowns will follow. (https://www.theguardian.com/ 1992 business/2018/mar/23/britains-fishing-fleet-and-brexit-promises-keyquestions-answered)

900,000

Fish landing in tons

800,000 700,000 600,000

Collapse of Atlantic cod stocks (East Coast of Newfoundland), 1992

500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 1850

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Grimsby’s Fishing Industry Collapsed -- Fishing Industry to Fish Processing - Nowadays, the main sectors of the Grimsby’s economy are ports and logistics, and food processing, specifically frozen foods and fish processing, chemicals and process industries and digital media. To the east Cleethorpes has a tourist industry, and to the west, along the Humber bank to Immingham, is large-scale industrial activity, established from the 1950s onwards, focused on chemicals, and more recently (1990s) gas power electrical generation. Grimsby is recognised as the main centre of the UK fish-processing industry; 70% of the UK’s fish processing industry is located there.In recent years, this expertise has led to diversification into all forms of frozen and chilled foods. (Assessment of the status, development and diversification of fisheries-dependent communities: Grimsby Case study report. European Commission. July 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2016)

(d.)

The Effects of Infrastructure Development

Geomorphological transformation of intertidal zones

“How has the Humber Estuary changed over the centuries?�

The Humber Estuary is a major shipping route, with large ports such as Grimsby and Immingham sitting on the river banks, the ports along the Humber Estuary used to be the busiest and the largest ports in the UK, there are several jetties, docks and lock gates illustrating the importance of trade within this area. From 18th Century until now, the development along the Estuary, in terms of the infrastructure and construction of the ports itself was extending rapidly, provoking a geomorphological transformation of the intertidal landscapes through dredging activities. According to the dredging activities that creates the geomorphological transformation of the Humber Estuary, it caused the Natural Disasters such as Flooding, Erosion, (c.)and Coastal Squeeze.

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1828 (a.) Intertidal zones (b.) Shipping routes boundaries (c.) Grimsby port (d.) Hull port (e.) Humber Estuary (f.) North East Lincolnshire

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The Swing Bridge, 1872 (d.)

The Construction in the Mid 19th Century 1872-SWING BRIDGE

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1900 (a.) Intertidal zones (b.) Shipping routes boundaries (c.) Grimsby port (d.) Hull port (e.) Humber Estuary (f.) North East Lincolnshire

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The Dredging Vessels in the Humber Estaury

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Rock Cutter Suction Dredge

Trailling Suction Hopper Dredge

Backhoe Dredge

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2007

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(a.) Intertidal zones (b.) Shipping routes boundaries (c.) Grimsby port (d.) Hull port (e.) Humber Estuary (f.) North East Lincolnshire (g.) Immingham port

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Flooding Map (a.) Intertidal zones (b.) Shipping routes boundaries (c.) Grimsby port (d.) Hull port (e.) Humber Estuary (f.) North East Lincolnshire (g.) Immingham port (h.) Flooding Risk 2017

(c.) (b.)

(b.) (f.)

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(a.) Fishing vessel routes

The Vessel’s Routes Due to the situation after the Cod Wars, the number of fishing vessels declines dramatically. To maintain the economic growth, Grimsby Associated British Ports released the Humber Enterprise Zones, supporting the local economy of Grimsby(page 42-43). The plan supports the space for offshore wind Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), available adjacent to the deepwater port, the center for the offshore wind industry is in Grimsby.

The maps show the volume of the dredging vessel routes and the underwater operation vessel routes(red lines) more than the volume of fishing dredging vessels(blue lines) in 2009.

Dredging& Underwater Operation Vessel Routes Map & Fishing Vessel Routes

(b.) Dredging& Under water

operation vessel routes

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Humber Enterprise Zones

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After the final cod war with Iceland in 1976, Britain gradually lost access to these waters and saw a collapse in domestic fishing, even though consumer preference remained for white demersal fish like cod, hake and haddock rather than species more common to inshore waters. To maintain the economic growth, Grimsby Associated British Ports released the Humber Enterprise Zones, supporting the local economy of Grimsby. The plan supports the space for offshore wind Original Equipment Manufacturers, home to a world class offshore wind hub and the UK’s busiest port by tonnage.

(k.) (l.) (c.)

The Strategy of Development Plans (a.) Intertidal zones (b.) Shipping routes boundaries (c.) Grimsby port (d.) Hull port (e.) Humber Estuary (f.) North East Lincolnshire (g.) Immingham port (h.) Flooding Risk 2017 (i.) Potential Managed Realignment(Natural Capital plan) (j.) Existing Managed Realignment (k.) Dredging areas (l.) Humber Enterprise Zones

(f.)

Local Development Plans The Criticize of development plans Enterprise Zones& Investing in Natural Capital

(h.)

“Following the Enterprise Zone, the Humber Nature Partnership released ‘Investing in Natural Capital’ plan, for recreation and natural disaster protection but also to support the Enterprise Zone, to ensure that the deep water channel is maintained, collecting the sediment from the dredging area along the Humber Estuary.”

Many political activism, lecturers, and writers argue that those development plans; the Humber Enterprise Zones, and the Investing in Natural Capital are supporting each other, in terms of economic value for private sectors. To put the price on nature (The dredging vessels shift the sediment along the Estuary, provide the deep water chanel for the off-shore windfarm, according to the Humber Enterprise Zones, into the potential managed realignment areas, which provided by the Investing in the Natural Capital).

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Investing In Natural Capital

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“Capital investment and maintenance costs make the prospect of an impregnable flood barrier for the whole estuary uneconomic. Working with the environment can alleviate some of these costs. For example by taking advantage of the coastal habitats which reduce wave energy allowing smaller, cheaper defences. We have to tackle climate change and working with the environment will help us to achieve this at least cost.

The Humber ports, together some of the most important trading infrastructure in the UK were not located here by luck. They are taking advantage of the unique topographical environment of the estuary. The estuary’s(a.) shape offers calm waters and safe haven. Spurn peninsula protects the estuary from the worst of the North Sea storms. It ensures the deep water channel, so vital to the ports, is maintained only by moderate dredging.

We shouldn’t take these assets for granted.” Chief executive David Talbot and Darren Clarke, Humber Nature Partnership manager. (https://www. humberbusiness.com/news/from-salt-marsh-to-seals-how/story-6136detail/story) (j.)

Potential of Site location A. Intertidal Zones (Mud Land) Increases the Creeks

B. Managed Realignment Creates Lagoons

Sustainable Aquaculture

Argument: is it possible to develop fish farm to support their fishprocessing industry instead of imported fish? A national aquaculture centre will be build in Grimsby.

This map shows that the potential areas for shellfish farm in Grimsby. These off shore aquaculture based on three main physical conditions: 1- seabed type, 2 - current speed, and 3 - water depth. Which the most suitable locations are the areas of Intertidal Zone, and the Managed Realignment Area.

Also,you can see the quantities and price which are transported from UK to foreign counties,also,I calculate area and production in these potential area,compared with the imported fish quantities in Grimsby.

The Potential Areas for Sustainable Aquaculture T. Zhao

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Site Selection 01

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Shifting dock(small vessel)

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(g.) (b.) (k.)

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The Sediment Movement (a.) Intertidal zones (b.) Shipping routes boundaries (c.) Grimsby port (d.) Hull port (e.) Humber Estuary (f.) North East Lincolnshire (g.) Immingham port (h.) Flooding Risk 2017 (i.) Potential Managed Realignment(Natural Capital plan) (j.) Existing Managed Realignment (k.) Dredging areas (l.) Humber Enterprise Zones (m.) Sediment shifting (n.) Sediment movement

(f.)

The locations along the Humber Estuary that have potential to be sustainable aquaculture, in terms of physical conditions are

1. Intertidal Zone, the Intertidal Zone is the area that is above water at low tide and underwater at high tide. This area can include many different types of habitats, with many types of animals.

2. Managed Realignment(Floodable Area), is a coastal management policy that allows the shoreline to move more naturally, however this movement is managed, usually by the construction of defences landward of a breached defence.

3. Dredging Sediment(Shifting Distance), the closest distance from the dredging areas in the Humber Estuary, provided by the Humber Enterprise Zones, into the potential managed realignment areas on the lands, provided by the investing in Natural Capital. Reducing the costs of transportation while shifting the sediment.

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SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE

Site Selection 02

Managed Realignment Floodable Area

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Intertidal Zones

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Dredging Sediment Shifting Distance

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Shifting dock (small vessel) (j.)

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Site Selection 03 (h.) (n.)

Shifting dock (small vessel) Site Selection 04

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(b.)

Oysters-Ireland

2 tonnes 8,000

Cockles-Ireland

41 tonnes 55,000

National Aquaculture Centre

Scallops-Ireland 426 tonnes 62 France 5 tonnes 5,000 Netherlands 10 tonnes

Potential of Site location New Hope for Grimsby - Potential Areas for Sustainable Aquaculture More detail about sustainable aquaculture visit https://issuu.com/pafunpalwatwichai/docs/2018_landswaps-03

22,000 0 s 23,000

The Aquaculture Map T. Zhao

Baseline Lagoon Condition

Seabed/Shore type

Depth/Bathymetry

Current speed

Blue mussel/ Mytlus edulie

Stable sediment shores

Intertidal/ Intertidal to 20m/ >5m below MLWs

Native flat oyster/ Ostera edulis

Stable sedimrnt shorest

Lower intertida/ Lower tidal to 80m below CD/ Surface -5m

King scallop/ Pecten maximus

Stable sediment grounds

5 to 110m below CD

1-2 knots/ 0.4-1.8 knots

European clam/ Ruditapes decussatus

Sand and silty mu shores

Lower intertidal

/

Cockles/ Cerastoperma edulis

Sand/ Muddy sand shores

Mid to lower intertidal

/

General conditions for bottom cultured Bivalves (Containment)

All ground types with the exception of soft mud

MLW to 20m below CD

1-2 knots

General conditions for bottom cultured Bivalves (Ranching)

All ground types with the exception of soft mud and rocky ground

MLW to 20m below CD

1-2 knots

General conditions for suspended Bivalves

All grounds where anchors can be used

>3m below CD depending on species and method

1-2 knots

Shell Culture Aquaculture Species & Cultivation Options

According to the Tidal lagoon Swansea Bay Case Study.

I choose five different types of shellfish These reference number represent three different physical conditions(seabed type, water depth, current speed) in terms of the five different shellfish,(blue mussel,native flat oyster,european clam and cockles). Besides, due to three different technology (containment, ranching and supended bivalves), which also affect physical conditions.

1-2 knots 1-2 knots

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COMMON LAND STRATEGY Sustainable Aquaculture

Common Land (30%)

A

Potential of Site location The strategy of common land

We took the advantages from the development plans, selected the site locations, based on the Intertidal areas, floodable areas of Managed Realignment, and the closest distance between the dredging areas in the Humber Estuary and the land along the Estuary, in order to shift the sediment from the Enterprise Zone, creating the new landscape for sustainable aquaculture, which is 70% of the area, to support the fishermen and economic growth, and 30% to create space for common land, to limit the Enterprise Zone. For instance, increasing the areas for a wetland to provide the habitat species or public green space for the community.

Z

A

Z

COMMON LAND STRATEGY

Land Swaps The Economic System

The Humber Local Enterprise Partnership is committed to purchase the lands along the Humber Estuary, the areas that based on the potential managed realignment of the Investing in Natural Capital, in order to move the dredging material (sediment), supporting the deep water channel for underwater operation vessels of the off-shore wind farm, into the potential managed realignment areas, also to collect the sediment along the estuary to ensure the deep water channel, the ports are maintained only by moderate dredging. The port of Grimsby will take over the lands from the Humber Local Enterprise Partnership, to arrange the system, how to re-locate the sediment on the lands. Creating a new form of landscape, which has the potential to be both sustainable aquaculture, and common land. On one hand is to create job opportunity to the resident of Grimsby, also the new economic system.

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Interface of System

The interface of balancing land swap tool includes three main part, the select menu, main display zone, and information windows. The select menu contains different tools which are visualizing tool, analysis tool, and interactive tool. When users selected different function button of the left side, the scenario in the main display zone will change at the same time. The information windows show the calculated data from calculating the distance, area, economic value, aquaculture production etc. when Interactive tools run. After the design process, the output documents will be generated through “save design� button.

Visualizing Tools Analysis Tools

Interactive Tools

Output Documents

Select Menu

Main Display Zone

Information Windows

The Processing Analysis

The Processing Simulation Tool. At first, we ran the simulation to selected the closest area, in order to shift the sediment from the river into the site selection on intertidal areas, and looking at the result where is the best location for both aquaculture and common land. For example, to grow the shellfish farms, oysters or mussels on the nature reserve. We might have to compensate more areas for the common lands.

Zone3

Unworkable Area

Zone2 Zone1

R=d R = 2d

R

= d R

=

2d R

=

3d

R = 3d

The plots are selected for aquaculture production, the habitat will be generated next to existing natural resources. The quantity of expanded natural habitats is decided by the distance between original habitat and new one. The number of the habitat will increase as the distance is far. The new green could only be generated in workable plots, such as plots with lower elevation and bad fertility.common lands.

Workable Plots

Case Study

LIBIELAND, Van der Zee Architects Waterboarding Organization

Structure Wetland

Public Space Agriculture Livestock

High Highmarsh marsh--only onlystorm stormsurrges surrges

Middle Middlemarsh marsh<<50 50days/year days/year (start (starthabitat*) habitat*) Lower Lowermarsh marsh--50-200 50-200days/year days/year Pioneer Pioneerzone zone-> ->200 200days/year days/year (between (betweentidal tidalflat flatand andMHW) MHW) Tidal Tidalflat flat--twice twiceaaday day

Aquaculture

Land Swaps Terp& Thorpe

“The Technique of adding artificial mounds on the tidal flooded areas is not a new technique, it is a system that has been used for centuries”

The most sustainable way to create a new landscape from shifting the sediment into the site selection is the technique called ‘Terp’. Terp is an artificial dwelling mound found on the North European Plain that has been created to provide safe ground during storm surges, high tides, and sea or river flooding, creating the land from mounds, which is able to grow the plant or crop, also to build the house or structure. The various terms used reflect the regional dialects of the North European region. In English sources, terp appears to be by far the most common term used. These mounds occur in the coastal parts of the Netherlands (in the provinces of Zeeland, Friesland and Groningen), in southern parts of Denmark and in Germany where, before dykes were made, floodwater interfered with daily life. They also occur in the Rhine and Meuse river plains in the central part of the Netherlands.

“When ‘Terp’ is increasing the size that could provide space as a agiculture land, and small village, it becomes ‘Thorpe’.”

Danthrope, Yorkshire Garthrope, North Lincolnshire

Althorpe, North Lincolnshire

Theddlethorpe, Lincolnshire Scunthrope, North Lincolnshire

Authorpe, Lincolnshire Mablethorpe, Lincolnshire

TERP >>> THORPE

Woodthrope, Lincolnshire Claythorpe, Lincolnshire

trustthorpe, Lincolnshire

Land Use Zoni

Zoning Diagram A EXTENSIVE AQUACU

Semi-extensive Aquaculture

Case Study top predators

SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE Veta la Palma grazers

Sustainable Aquaculture Cycle

birds predators

Extensive Aquaculture

Zoning Diagram A: Combining the Exte Aquaculture in the Land) on the moun flood.

Case Study: Veta la

Zoning Diagram B INTEGRATED FARMI

producers

Fish Farm 69% Agriculture 12%

Case Study INTEGRATED FARMING Rice& Fish Technique

Case Study

Common Land 19%

Zoning Diagram B: Integrated Combining the Sustainable Aqu or Farming and Wetland (Comm higher than the tidal flood.

Case Study: Rice& Fish Mixed

Zoning Diagram C SUSTAINABLE AQUA

RENATURATION OF THE RIVER AIRE Restoring the River

Zoning Diagram C: Sustaina Combining the Sustainable A Wetland (Common Land) o than the tidal flood.

Case Study: Renaturation of

ing Strategy

ULTURE: Extensive Aquaculture + Semi-Extensive Aquaculture + Wetland (Common Land) Paths connect the Lands Semi-extensive Aquaculture

Adding Mounds

: Extensive Aquaculture ensive Aquaculture, Semi-Extensive lagoons, and Wetland (Common nds that are higher than the tidal

Palma

ING: Aquaculture + Agriculture + Wetland (Common Land)

Adding Mounds

Farming uaculturein the lagoons, Agriculture mon Land) on the mounds that are

Agriculture Technique

ACULTURE: Aquaculture + Wetland (Common Land)

able Aquaculture Aquaculturein the lagoons, and on the mounds that are higher

f the River Aire

Paths connect the Lands

Zoning Diagram B INTEGRATED FARMING: Aquaculture + Agriculture + Wetland(Common Land)

Fish Farm 69%

Fish Farm 69%

444 m

Fish Farm 69%

Adding Mounds Fish Farm 69%

Agriculture Common Land 12% 19%

Common Land Agriculture 12% 19%

Common Land Agriculture 12% 19% 260 m

Land Swaps Land Use Zoning Strategy

We selected the most flexible strategy, which is the integrated farming. Combining the areas of sustainable aquaculture or fish farm; 69%, the areas of agriculture; 12%, and the areas of wetland or common land 19%.

The overall, the non-profitable areas are 31%, combining the agriculture plots, and the wetland. On the other hand, it contains 69% of the fish farm as a profitable areas.

The higher area of the mounds or dry-land, above the tidal flood, it is using as a agriculture. The semi dry-land has the potential to be a wetland.

Conversely, the areas below the tidal flood, create lagoon, which has the potential to be sustainable aquaculture.

Agriculture

Wetland

Sustainable Aquaculture

Floating Aquaculture

La

agoon

Fish Farm 69% Paths connect the Lands

Wetland (Common Land) + Agriculture

Wetland (Common Land) + Agriculture

Expand to the new plots

Wetland

Constructed Pathways

Public Space (Eco- Tourism)

Wetland

Agriculture

A

Mounded Landscapes Criteria of Adding Mounds Water Direction

In order to reduce the issue of coastal squeeze, erosion and tidal flooding, generate more creeks, create wetland and new habitats, we broke some part of existing hard defences to let water flows into the site selections, called Managed Realignment. Through this method, Some lagoons were generated which could be used for aquaculture production. From the Ceasar simulations, we observed the whole process, distinguishing the different part in agricultural plots. Utilizing wet and dry area, according physical conditions and species requirements, dividing the plots into aquacultural farms and common land.

A

Z

Z

Mounded Landscapes Criteria of Adding Mounds Water Direction

When the water flows through the mounds, it creates both sediment and erosion. The sediment area has a potential to create a new form of landscape for common land(wetland or public space). On the other hand the erosion area has a potential to create a lagoon, adding the fish farm, according to the citeria of sustainable aquaculture.

Physical Tank Simulation Test Study 1 Before

Input Water

After

Test 1 Distance

Test 2 Angel

Test 3 Shape

Test 4 Size

Test study 2

We test the physical tank the sediment moves, and t collecting sediment throu ventions, we found that, te way to generate a high lan

Physical tank simulation

Elevation change simulation

Conclusion Compare with Caesar simulation, we can see very obvious topo put several mounds and intervention together. see how the sed

Tidal Input

One of the most important inputs in the Caesar software is water. There are two different methods of imputing water into the model within Caesar, the first is reach mode, this is more appropriate for testing river systems, the second method is tidal, due to my site being on a tidal estuary this is the best method of inputting water into my model. To acquire better results on the input [txt.file], as shown below. This file accurately represents real tidal data from the wash estuary. However to help the Caesar models run faster the model and the water input has been scaled down to 1/4 of its original size. The text files that there is 2 high and 2 low tides each day, each tide has 5 data inputs. This process is then repeated every 7 days.

Tidal Data

-1.242

2.345

-0.942

-0.276

2.634

-1.867

1.912

0.792

-0.344

3.144

-1.358

2.022

2.618

-1.648

3.025

0.781

0.241

1.765

0.001

2.299

-0.604

0.792

2.632

-1.855

2.158

0.983

-0.474

3.1

-1.229

2.017

2.034

-1.806

3.295

-0.163

0.293

2.017

-1.779

2.562

-0.435

-1.594

3.074

-1.97

0.329

1.321

-1.048

DEM txt file

Ncols and Nrows are referring to the number of columns that the raster has. The cell size is indicating the resolution of the DEM, that will influence the speed and accuracy of the simulation.

k to study how the different of ugh the interest 4 is the best nd.

ography change, we diment will move.

The DEM information will come in a .txt file that will appear like this:

Sediment Grain size

Sand

Silt

Clay

0.05mm-2mm

0.002mm-0.05mm

<0.002mm

Different grain size and proportion can represent different kind of soil.

The sediment information can be input like this:

Site Selection

The Simulation on the Marshland, Grimsby Test Study

Erosion and Deposition

Increase creeks Most intensive way Normal tidal simulation

Maintain creeks Medium size Normal grain size

Short term 0 month Elevation

3 months

6 months

Long term

1 year

Ele:

high low

Water depth

Conclusion deep shallow

Contour Ele:

We have tried the most intensive way to increase and maintain creek, trying to compare this case with the normal tidal simulation with no farms, when the farm is used to maintain creek. In the end, we find that farms could collect more sediment and maintain creek much longer than natural process.

high low

Creek

Water flow Test 1

Test 2

add new farms unselected farms

Deposition

Lagoons

Erosion

Water Depth

Contour

Site Selection

The Simulation on the Marshland, Grimsby

We have studied the simulations in many ways to see how the sediment moves, and what is the best solution to collect the sediment, in order to create a new landscape.

Test Study 1; Research on the Size of Mounds - Reach Mode Test 1: Smaller Size

20 days

30 days

Height: -16 - 23 height decrease

Height: -15 - 23 height increase

10 days

Water Flow Original Height: 0-23

Erosion Deposition

Height: -11 - 23 height decrease

Test Study 2; Research on the Height of the Mounds 90 days later

180 days later

270 days later

Water flow Erosion

Water flow Erosion

Water flow Erosion

Test Study 3; Research on the Slope of the Mounds soil rest angle tidal mode large water input area short time

365 days later

Water flow Erosion

Land rest angle Name of soil

long time

soil water content dry

moisture

clay

45

35

15

soil

50

40

30

humus

40

35

25

Test Study 4; Research on the Distribution of Mounds - 30 degree Distribute around the Plat

Test Study 4; Research on the Intervention on Mounds

Before

deep

shallow

After Barrier

Ele:

high

Mound low

Water flow

wet

Erosion

Contour

Water depth

Site Selection

The Catalog of Reach Mode

Test Study; Research on the Intervention on Mounds Test 1

Test 2

Agriculture + Aquaculture

Test 4

Test 3

Wetland

Common land +Aquaculture

Common land +Aquaculture

Group Subdivide Branching Clustering Intensive Extensive Isolated

Intensive

Clustering Extensive

Test 5

Test 6

Wetland

Common land + Aquaculture

Timeline Experient set-up

Size

Erosion area

Erosion height

Deposition area

Dry area

3 month

6 month

9 month

12 month

Small size

H L H

Medium size Large size

L H L

Opening angle1

H L

Opening angle2

H

High slope

H L

L

Low slope

H L H L

High height Low height

H L

The shortest distance

H L

Longer distance

H L

H L

Shorter distance

The longest distance

H L H L

Distribution1

H L

Distribution2

H L

Distribution3 Distribution4

H L

H-high water velocity L-low water velocity

Site Selection

20m 30m

Mound Catalogue

40m

Based on the different soil percentage and distance. these are different ways in which the distribution of sediments would take place and this also could be a set of guideline for the place we dradge the material.

50m 10 percentage

15 percentage

Distance

20m

35m Distance

20m

20m

60m 70m

20 percentage

Distance

wetland

30

Distance test 2

20m

20m

30m

0m

m

m

Distance test 1

30

soil percentage

50m

intensive aquaculture

4

20m

common land + aquaculture

30m

Distance test 3

m

30

agriculture +aquaculture

Distance test 4

40m

Distance test 5

40

m

common land +aquaculture

30m

common land + aquaculture

50m

Distance test 6

soil percentage

30m

10 percentage

Distance

15 percentage

Distance

20 percentage

Distance wetland

Distance test 1

intensive aquaculture Distance test 2

common land + aquaculture Distance test 3

Distance test 4

Distance test 5

Distance test 6

agriculture +aquaculture

common land +aquaculture

common land + aquaculture

Site Selection

Managed Realignment Site

Test Study; Creating the Common Land

Wetland

Wetland Water Input Area Water Input Area Wetland

Intensive Aquaculture

Water Input Area

Common Land Wetland Extensive Aquaculture Agricultural Land

Agricultural Land

Water Input Area

Wetland

Water Input Area

Structure

Lagoon Agricultural Land Common Land

The manage realignment area is made up by 6 agricultural plots. The green area is the existing lower area, we decided to add the mounds around water bodies and it flows to accelerate the erosion and excavation, creates the deeper areas for sustainable aquaculture, also to maintain the lagoon. On the other hand, the site location is surrounded by agriculture plots, in the North, there is an area of wetland, in order to expand the wetland area from the existing. At the same time, we decided to create common land on the East, to connect each agricultural plot. The area in the middle of the map created more erosion, which has the potential to be used as an aquaculture.

Water depth simulation(2 year) 0 day

Main Water Flow

Lagoon

Mound 30m

Mound 10m

Water Direction

2 year

Step1: mound 1, farm 0

Step 4: mound 2, farm 2

After adding mounds, the lagoon areas were expanded, the topography around water input area change dramatically, some parts of the area generates the commom land.

In this step, the farm areas changed.

Common land Lagoon

Step 2: mound 1, farm 1

Step 5: mound 3, farm 2

Then we find the deepest area to put farm, and discovered the soil start to flow away.

In t he end, t he top ography changed dramatically, the site generates several common lands in the North (white area).

Common land Lagoon

Step 3: mound 2, farm 1

Step 6: mound 3, farm 3

In this step, we added more mounds around the lagoons, the red line which is the main water flow direction, guiding us to locate the mounds.

In this step, we re-put the shellfish farms in the same rule. We are going to use this final outcome to develop our purposal.

Common land Lagoon

Main Water Flow

Lagoon

Mound 30m

Mound 10m

Shellfish Farm

Water Direction

Site Selection

Managed Realignment Site

Site Selection's Criteria: Physical Condition

Zoom in to one plot, we found when we put a lot of mounds, in the end, these mounds grow together and generate large common land and lagoon. We see varioue water velocity and direction in the picture, Basicly, water flow is very strong in the water input area and the space between the mounds.

Plot 1

Plot 2

Plot 3

In terms of the physical condition of the site selection, the lagoon, and the intertidal area are generated for aquaculture. On the other hand, the highland area also has a potential to develop as an area for common land.

Low Tidal-Lagoons

High Land

Common Land

Intertidal Zone

High Tidal

Mounds

Site Selection

Managed Realignment Site

Site Selection's Criteria: Physical Condition Water flows from plot 1 to plot 3, in the long term, it means plot 1 has a possibility to create more aquaculture area, and plot 3, to provide the areas for common land at the same time.

Step 1: Add mounds: mound1, farm0

Step 2: Add farms: mound1, farm1

Step 3: Add mounds: mound2, farm1

Step 5: Add mounds: mound3, farm2

Step 4: Add farms: mound2, farm2

Step 6: Add farms: mound3, farm3

Physical Artificial Mounds Manufactured Ground

Site Selection

Manufactured Ground

Zonning Diagram - New Form of Landscape; Sustainable Aquaculture& Common Land Containment

Fish Farm's Structure

Ranching

Sticks

Shellfish Farm's Path

10m 50m

20m 10m

Floating Material Common Land Wetland or Public Space

The aquaculture techniques are required different steps, foe example, the containment is supposed to be the first step, which is not required the dept of water. On the other hand, the aquaculture floating material requires the certain dept of water(lagoon), it takes time to create the erosion, in order to create the lagoon. Besides, the structure is used for both dry shellfish, and wet shellfish , and also connect the shellfish farm path.

57

Balancing Economic Growth and Sustainable Environment The Possibility for the UK Coastal

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Could we take the advantage from the Enterprise Zones and the Natural Capital Plan, to intervene in the fishing processing industry of Grimsby?

Looking at the overall project, how we developed the project through the existing development plans; the Humber Enterprise Zones and the Investing in Natural Capital create a new form of the landscape through the dredging material(shifting, from the sea to the land). Producing the aquaculture productivities. In order to support the fishing industry, the local economy on the Estuary.

Nowadays, there are some cases in the UK coastal, which are in the same situation. They provided the Enterprise Zones, In order to improve the economic growth. Following the Enterprise Zones, the Natural capital was released, to support the Enterprise Zones.

Could we take the advantage from the Enterprise Zones and the Natural Capital Plan, to intervene in the fishing processing industry of Grimsby? Taking the advantages, adapt to the strategy of the Common Land.

To limit the Enterprise Zones, to limit the profitable land, and to limit pricing the nature to the UK coastal areas.

The Sediment Movements