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• An affinity to receptors GPR55 and acts to desensitise TRPV1 which is involved in the sensation of pain and heat.7

• Inhibition of mast cell degranulation and subsequent histamine release whilst controlling glial cell behaviours.3

Ultimately, PEA provides analgesic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective benefits Due to its fatty nature, PEA has poor absorption. Levagen+ is considered a superior form of PEA which utilises LipiSperse® technology to increase bioavailability.6

Saffron is a notable adjunct therapy to PEA as chronic pain sufferers are more likely to experience psychological concerns such as depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances.1 Saffron has been shown to provide anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory, analgesic, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects.8

Saffron works through the following mechanisms:

• Attenuates pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-6.8

• Reduces eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes, leading to a down-regulation of leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytokines, ROS and NO.8,9

Partial agonism and selective desensitisation of the TRPA1 channel.10

• Antioxidant activity reduces oxidative damage by attenuating endogenous ROS.11

• Reuptake inhibitor of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.11

For optimal patient results, choose a standardised form of Saffron such as affron®. affron® is standardised by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) to Lepticrosalides® and has been shown to support mood, relaxation and sleep,12 critical for chronic pain sufferers.

REFERENCES UPON REQUEST.