Architecture & Identity: Ziniare Center for Community Empowerment

The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Arts and Architecture

Architecture Identity Center for Community Empowerment

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A Casptone Design Proposal c 2021 Josette Kafando Submitted in Fullfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Architecture

Penn State University | The Stuckeman School Department of Architecture

2021 CAPSTONE DESIGNApril PROPOSAL REQUIREMENTS Architectural Design-Inquiry | MArch Studio

TABLE of CONTENTS

PROBLEM SPACE SYNOPSIS , THESIS & AGENDA

7-9 11 13 - 15

PROJECT TYPE & PROPOSED SITE

17

NARRATIVE & ARCHETYPE

11

ARCHITECTURAL CHALLENGES

13

STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS MAP

19

SITE ANALYSIS & DOCUMENTATION

21 - 31

PRECEDENTS

35 - 39

PROCESS & CONCEPT

41 - 45

DESIGN DOCUMENTATION

47 - 79

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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION COLONIZATION IMPACT ON IDENTITY Colonized in 1894 by France, Burkina Faso went under a resistance period to prevent imperialism and preserve the self-love and identity of the country.

Burkina Faso became independent in 1960, but colonization has left its marks.

In the pre-colonial era ( 1100 - 1886 ), vernacular architecture was the only architecture style used for housing construction. Local artisans built buildings with no academic training, and the design responded to the needs of the communities and respected the local traditions and lifestyle. The primary material used for construction was local, and the typical housing forms were circular to provide passive protection against the harmattan winds.

Colonization brought the western influence that impacted the architecture and lifestyle of communities; buildings are progressively losing their cultural meaning and features.

" Identity is used to describe the way individuals and groups define themselves and are defined by others on the basis of race, ethnicity, religion , language and culture." ( Deng 1995 , 1 )

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NEW FORM OF IDENTITY

Ouagadougou1930

Precolonial era Architecture : - Use of Local materials: adobe , earth, baug , Thacth, and straw - Conic Thatched roof - Flat earth roof - Gurunsi Wall decoration done by women - Construction was done by men - Compounds were one to two levels

Ouagadougou 2016 Ouagadougou 2018

Post- Colonial Era Architecture : - Trained professionals - Low use of non local materials - Significant use of industrial materials - Flat and Hip Roof - Concrete Walls - Building have multiple levels

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" Many things contribute to identity. It's not just a language, clothing, and food . It is also about urban surroundings. " - Claudina de Gyves Architect, Oaxaca, Mexico

PreColonial Era City Block Pattern

Typical Mossi Structure

Post - Colonial Era Restructuring of Nonssin District ,Ouagadougou , 1982

Post-Colonial Structure

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- Change of urban fabric - Construction is no longer a cultural activity - Design and construction is now done by professionals in the postcolonial era ( in most urban areas ) - No preservation of cultural identity and values

PROBLEM SPACE

LACK OF FUNDAMENTAL RESOURCES ( Water , sanitations, food )

MACRO LEVEL

WESTERN ARCHITECTURE

POVERTY

MICRO LEVEL

CLIMATE CHANGE

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TRANSMODERNITY

LOW LITERACY RATE

CHILD LABOR

SOLUTION

SECURITY

EDUCATION

JOBS CREATION

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COLONIZATION / NEOCOLONIALSIM

SYNOPSIS

Project Type : Civic and Cultural Proposed Site: Ziniaré , Burkina Faso Brief: This project aims to provide the Burkinabé communities with a center to educate and empower them through cultural and profitable activities. This center would also foster tourists' and visitors' cultural awareness through community engagement activities.

THESIS

Project Statement During the colonization period (1887 - 1959), colons introduced a modern architecture style that failed to respond to the country’s communities’ realities, cultural identity, and environmental conditions. The imposed architectural style leads to a progressive change of identity; in cities, the architectural style is contemporary with little to no local materials. The vernacular architecture style is still dominant in rural areas but lacks innovative techniques to adapt to the evolution of society and climate change. Besides, The vernacular architecture structures existing in most rural areas are just replica of existing prototypes that did not necessarily respond to the environmental issues, although it uses local materials. This project aims to foster the cultural identity of Burkina Faso through its innovative contemporary vernacular design and environmental control strategies that make it adaptative to change and provides a solution for societal and environmental issues.

AGENDA

Legend Burkina Faso Share of the Population Living in Extreme Poverty( household living per capita below 1.90 international dollars per day ), 2017 (By %)

Sahel Region ( Semiarid belt ) Harmattan Winds Flowing From the Saharan Desert to the Sahel Region (Meningitis Belt) from January to March

Extreme Poverty household living per capita below 1.90 dollars per day ) , 2017 ( by % ) HARMATTAN WIND (TRADE/CONTINENTAL EASTERLY)

Harmattan Wind Flow ( January to March ) MARINE EASTERLIES

INTER-TROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE

Inter - Tropical Convergence Zone Harmattan Wind ( Trade / Continental Easterly ) Marine Easterlies

Map of Africa Penn State University | The Stuckeman School Department of Architecture

This project will be a catalyst for community empowerment, equity, and environmental justice through its sustainable features and community programs (community garden, cultural activities, promotion of vocational training in the school curricula). Using local material and providing sanitation, water storage systems ( water tower, water ponds ) for rainwater collection and supply, and community garden, this project aims to be economical and profitable to the local communities as it reduces the cost of transportation of materials, solves the issues related to the precarity of fundamental resources ( water, food, sanitation ) and creates job opportunity for the local communities.

This project creates an adaptive architecture structure to the tropical climate, uses design to create an inclusive society, provides a network of public gathering spaces to create an inclusive society.

Ziniare is a neighborhood located in Burkina Faso, which has a tropical climate; the design will promote natural ventilation through the perforation of brick walls and roof to ensure indoor comfort during the dry season. The roof structure also provides shading and creates a canopy that protects from sun rays and rain.

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Architectural Intent

ARCHETYPE

Ecological Integrity - Satisfaction of basic human needs - Use of technology to respond to climate change - Protection and enhancement of local and regional ecosystems - Conservation of natural resources such as water and solar energy

Sustainable Community Development

Economic

Social

- Community engagement and empowerment ( equity , leadership , and responsibility )

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Sustainable economic development

Equitable Social Environment

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Sustainable natural and built environment

- Employment Opportunities - Provision of formal and voccational education

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ARCHITECTURAL CHALLENGES The architectural challenges range from societal to ecological dimensions. The postcolonial architectural style is not inclusive and does not preserve the cultural heritage, contributing to a new form of identity and lifestyle, which creates a marginalization of communities living in rural areas. The average temperature in Ziniare is 84 Fahrenheit. The air temperature quality is terrible during the significant part of the year, and the humidity is high, which does not promote comfort. The average precipitation is low ( 29.7 in), which causes soil erosion and low productivity of crops. Besides, The site is dry, has little vegetation, which does not promote green living. The site’s emplacement makes it hidden from the street view; the neighborhood does not have an affordable canteen where students can buy food and accessible community places that bring people together and allow social interactions.

Social and Environmental Issues : - Soil erosion ( low precipitation and lack of vegetation )

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- Scarcity of fundamental resource : food , water , sanitations - Lack of education - Child Labor

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STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS MAP

OBJECTIVES Empower students

Students Visitors PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS

Create a Consistent Communication Acquire Knowledge

Farmers Teachers Administrator

Janitors Parents

SECONDARY STAKEHOLDERS

Support Students Behavior and Learning

Traditional Authorities Traditional Artists Volunteering Organization (Teebo) Local Authority Local Schools Community members

Set a classroom Routine Care for students

Create an equitable environment Farming Have Interactions with Citizens

Secure the school Materials

Clean the environment

Promote Cultural Activities Environmental Well being

Curriculum connected to real world experiences

Ensure Safety and Security Finance Profitable Activities Communication with School Officials Provide Advanced Technologies

Facilitate Networking between schools

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CAUSATIONS Promote Academic Success facilitate Social Development

NEEDS

INTERESTS

Security

Cultural Activities

Fundamental ressoures : sanitations, food, clean Sports water

Facilitate Personal Economic Benefits

Stable Environment

Cause Soil Erosion

Residence

Exposure to ultraviolet rays from the sun

Employment

Exposed to farm chemicals Stress from drought , financial concerns Facilitate Social Development Prevention of Threats Better Learning Environment Better Parental Involvement with school

Community Engagement programs

Provide Education facilities

Humour

Education Core :Formal and Vocational learning classrooms / Offices / Library Workshop area for cultural awareness programs

Dance

Cultural Attractions and Activities

Social Events

Parking

Community Engagement Programs

Exhibition Hall to showcase and sell artworks

Empower communities

Courtyards to facilitate community integrity

Playing Field Good Communication

Partnership

Performance space

Conference Room

Storage Space

Canteen to give access to affordable food

Cultural Activities

Community Engagement Programs

Promote Cultural Awareness Provide Classroom supplies

ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS

DESIGN STRATEGIES

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Rainwater Collection System for water supply

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STAKEHOLDERS

Provide sustainable resources to the community

Community Garden / Market Area

Community Development Programs

Sanitation Areas accessible to the community members

Social Events Community Development Programs

Performance hall for traditional activities Foster cultural identity with cultural activities

Use of Local Materials to foster identity and support local bussinesses

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DEMOGRAPHICS of ZINIARE

PROGRAM Activity Zones The educational core consists of classrooms and administrative areas. The visitors’ hall consists of a performance hall, exhibition hall, and a residential room ( for artists ). The community hall is composed of the marketplace and community garden, and sports field. There are public facilities such as sanitary, water tower and a leisure park accessible to the users and the public. The community garden aims to provide a sustainable food source and economic activity to the local community. The education core offers formal and vocational learning facilities that ensure that students engage in profitable business while going to school ( classrooms and community garden).

Cultural activities such as traditional dancing and sketches, and cultural awareness lectures will be held in the performing hall. The site of this project is 100,000 sf.

Total Population Number : 88,299

Age Group

Gender

Urbanization

4.4%

51.7%

48.3%

49.6%

62.3%

46%

37.7%

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Women

Men

0 - 14 years

!

65 + years

15 - 64 years

Urban

Rural

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EDUCATION CORE !

CENTER FOR COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT VISITORS HALL

COMMUNITY HALL

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SITE DOCUMENTATION

Location & Proximity The site is located in a rural area within a dominantly residential neighborhood in Ziniaré, a town located in the province of Oubritenga in Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso. It is closed to important touristic sites such as the wildlife Park of Ziniare, the sculpture on the granite of Laongo. The neighborhood is also composed of commercial buildings, religious buildings. The site's climate is arid steppe and hot, the average temperature is 28 degrees, and the average precipitation is 61 - 80 mm, and the major wind comes from the south. There are 81 - 100 people person / km2. The site is aligned with a regional corridor that connects the site to the capital city and neighborhood countries, making it accessible for tourism.

National Zoo

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Site

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https://www.google.com/maps/@12.6004033,-1.2997405,1170m/data=!3m1!1e3

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https://earth.google.com/web/@12.59104035,-1.29529323,308.18192806a,800.14505819d,35y,17.44578897h,68.4487232 7t,-0r

Site Arial

Site

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SITE ANALYSIS

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Weather Map

Legend

Average Temperature, degree Fahrenheit 78.8

Rainfall Map

Legend Average Precipitation, in 0.8 - 1.5

80.6

1.6 - 2.3

82.4

2.4 - 3.1

84.2

3.2 - 3.9

86 87.8 Penn State University | The Stuckeman School Department of Architecture

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N

N

Wind Speed mph

Wind Speed mph

2-5

2-5 5-7

E

W

7 - 10

7 - 10

10 - 15

10 - 15

15 - 20

15 - 20

S

Dry Season Wind Rose

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5-7

S

Rainy Season Wind Rose

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W

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Regional Scale Problem

Network and Site Analysis Map

Legend Closed Schools Areas due to terrorism Ziniare Water Bodies

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Vulnerability Classes 1

Legend Population 100 - 149,9 Persons by Km2 > 200 Persons by km2

2

Classified Forest / Gonsé Forest

3

Water Bodies

4 - High

National Road 3 / Regional Corridor National Road 4

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Land Use Map

Local Road Network Analysis Map Legend

Legend Main Roads ( Asphalt Road ) Secondary and Tertiary Roads ( unpaved roads ) Site Water Body

Residential

Mixed Use

Institutional

Cemetery

Natural green space / Farm

Water Body

Parks / Playgrounds Contour Lines

Commercial National Road 3 / Regional Corridor Site

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PROJECT PARAMETERS

Allowable Area and Heights

rt Spo Field

The site is located in a semi-urban area within a dominantly residential neighborhood in Ziniaré, a town situated in the province of Oubritenga in Burkina Faso.

The code of urbanism of Burkina Faso does not impose height limitations on buildings outside of the zone of project Zaca in Ouagadougou and the airport’s neighborhood. The site is 171,990 sf including the residential buildings’ square footage, but the allowable area is 100,000 ft².

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Constraints and Opportunities The site is an infill site with existing residential buildings and a former bus station facing the north side. The existing residential buildings are constraints but, at the same time, opportunities to enable users’ interactions with locals. The current residential building on the site will not be demolished.

The codes of urbanism of Burkina Faso ( Art33. and Art.34. ) do not require any setback for non-residential buildings but require that administrative, school or public buildings accommodate disabled people.

Constraints and Opportunities Analysis

Legend Cemetery

Pedestrian , bicycle path

Existing Residential buildings on site

National Road 3 / Regional Corridor

Vacant Land

Views

High School Sport Field

Wind Direction

Commercial Buildings ( Shops ) Penn State University | The Stuckeman School Department of Architecture

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Limitations / Codes of urbanization

33

Former bus station

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PRECEDENTS

Lycee Schorge Secondary School Location : Koudougou , Burkina Faso Architect : Francis Kéré Client : Stern Stewart Institute Area : 1660 m2 Date completed : 2016 Wind Tunnels

Floor Plan Vaulted Ceiling

Wooden Seating

Compressed Earth Brick Classroom Modules : Rotated Rectangles

Classrooms Floor Outline Embodied in the Concrete Platform

Central Courtyard

Steps

Concrete Platform

Exterior View Trellis / Eucalyptus Screen

Axonometric Analysis

View of Classrooms facade Source : https://www.archdaily.com/885677/lycee-schorgesecondary-school-kere-architecture/5a3865dcb22e3885f9000031lycee-schorge-secondary-school-kere-architecture-photo?next_ project=no

Arial View

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Kere's design integrated sustainable features to adapt to the tropical climate. The design configuration also provides more shading.Each classroom module is 72.4 square meters. The design is composed of two wings. The first wing of the design is composed of the administration and dental clinic located between the library and a classroom, and the second wing is composed of six classrooms.

There is a central courtyard that is accessible from the northwest and the south.

Thread Artist Residency & Cultural Centre Location : Sinthian, Senegal Architect : Toshiko Mori Client : Josef and Anni Albers Foundation Area : 11,285 sq. feet Date completed : 2014

Clay Brick

Floor Plan Spaced Clay Brick Wall

Courtyard Concrete Columns

37 Covered Water Reservoir Water Canal Concrete Step

View from Courtyard

Raised Concrete Plateform

Axonometric Analysis

Source : https://www.archdaily.com/608096/new-artist-residencyin-senegal-toshiko-mori/54ffa574e58ece792b000020-siteplan?next_project=no

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The cultural center provides a marketplace, education areas, performances, and meetings, as well as artists' bedroom areas. The center aims to provide for the local community and the resident artist cultural hub that will encourage the interaction of artists and locals. The building is constructed using local materials such as bamboo, brick, and thatch. Mori design integrated traditional techniques with design innovations. The pitched roof is inverted and used as a rainwater collector ( the collected rainwater is used for about 40% of the villagers' domestic water ).

Overhanging Thatched Roof with a hole ( shed rainwater to the canal and provide shading )

Katiou Library

Pitched Roof ( Translucent corrugated and undulated sheet metal ) : Blocks solar radiation and allows rainwater evacuation

Location : Komsilga Department , Burkina Faso Architect : Albert Faus Client : Josef and Anni Albers Foundation Area : 122 sqm + terrace 25 spm Date completed : 2014

Exterior View

10 mm Rebars Concrete Beams

African Fabric Layer

Site Plan

30 CM Thick Concrete Platform

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Axonometric Analysis Floor Plan

View from the Library

Source : https://www.archdaily.com/637153/katiou-library-albertfaus

Load Bearing Walls BTC ( Compressed Earth brick )

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Wind Analysis Diagram

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Flaus's design provides strategies to adapt to the climatic conditions of the region. This library is composed of a single building; its interior space is composed of bookshelves "pushed to the room's perimeter. " The bookshelves increase the exterior wall thickness and provide better interior cooling. The pitched roof is raised from the exterior walls to prevent direct solar radiation and drain the rainwater. There is a space between the raised pitched roof and the ceiling to allow wind to provide better interior cooling. Flaus placed the windows on the north and south facades. The insulated and translucent windows prevent direct sunlight from getting into the library.

Dry - Laid BTC Earthen Bed

MAIN ENTRANCE

CENTER FOR COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

PERFORMANCE

OFFICES

MAIN ENTRANCE

MARKETP LACE

VISITORS HALL

EXHIBITION BEDROOM UNITS HALL

TRADITIONAL COMPOUNDS DOCUMENTATION & ANALYSIS

SHELTER Traditional Compound

Traditional Analysis

Traditional Compound

GATHERING

Traditional Compound Simplified Version SECONDARY COURTYARD Secondary Courtyard

Central Courtyard CENTRAL COURTYARD COMPOUND

Shed SHED

CENTRAL COURTYARD

MAIN ENTRANCE Main Entrance CENTRAL COURTYARD

MAIN ENTRANCE

SECONDARY COURTYARD

BEDROOM UNITS Bedroom Units

Drawing 38. Concession ronde du type Mossi Source : Etude sur les savoirs constructifs au Burkina Faso, CRATerre-EAG .

Traditional Compounds are arranged in a circular layout, and they are mainly circular; There is the main courtyard in a family compound where people gather together. The traditional compound is composed of COMPOUND a principal compound and two or three secondary compounds connected SANITATION together with low enclosure walls. Each compound has its own courtyard, which 41 CENTRAL COURTYARDprovides privacy to each family’s activities.

Circular Structure provide ressistance to COMMUNITY GARDEN

COMMUNITY GARDEN

wind pressure.

CLASSROOMS

SECONDARY COURTYARD

Analysis of Mossi Granary

MARKETPLACE COURTYARD

CLASSROOMS

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Drawing 25. Axonometric Section of a Kassina ( Gourounsi ethnic ) Complex Source : Etude sur les savoirs constructifs au Burkina Faso, CRATerre-EAG .

GATHERING SPACE

Traditional Compound Concept ADMIN. GATHERING SPACE

COURTYARD PERFORMANCE

MARKETP LACE

OFFICES

PERFORMANCE Traditional Compound Simplified Version HALL

Traditional Compound

EXHIBITION HALL

Operable SECONDARY COURTYARD Thatched Roof

SHELTER

MAIN ENTRA NCE GATHERING SPACE

CENTRAL COURTYARD

EXIBITION HALL

Wooden Columns COMMUNITY GARDEN

SHED MAIN ENTRANCE

Reversed Thatched Roof

COMMUNITY GARDEN MAIN ENTRANCE Main Entrance

CLASSROOMS MARKETPLACE

Drawing 7. Mossi Granary Source : Etude sur les savoirs constructifs au Burkina Faso, CRATerre-EAG

PERFORMANCE

BEDROOM UNITS

Ground

CE AN TR EN IN MA

Drawing 24. Coupe d’une concession Kasséna ( Gourounsi ) Source : Etude sur les savoirs constructifs au Burkina Faso, CRATerre-EAG

COURTYARD

SAN CENTRAL COURTYARD Central Courtyard

OFFICES

GATHERING SP

MARKETP LACE

EXHIBITION HALL

BUBBLE DIAGRAM

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GATHERING SPACE

CONCEPT

Traditional Structure

Proposed Structure

UNIFY : Bring people together

Reverse Conical Roof System

Water Management System

SECURE : provide stability

CONNECT : provide access

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PROCESS

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Grid Diagram

Community Hall /Courtyard Education Core/ Courtyard

Rainwater Storage System ( Ponds and Water Tower )

Circulation Diagram

Visitors Hall /Courtyard Gathering Space Central Courtyard

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Legend 1 - Exhibition Hall 2 - Performance Hall

10

3 - Canteen 4 - Library

1

5 - Artist Residence 2

6 - Community Garden and Water Tower

9

9

5 5

8 - Sanitation

9

4

7 - Basketball Court

9 - Classrooms 6

8

10 - Administration 11 - Parking

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Site Arial without Roof Structure Penn State University | The Stuckeman School Department of Architecture

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Site Arial with Roof Structure Penn State University | The Stuckeman School Department of Architecture

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Site Arial with Roofing System Penn State University | The Stuckeman School Department of Architecture

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Library Exploded Axon

Polycarbonate Roof

Steel Frame

African Cotton Fabric

Reinforced Concrete Beam Louver Windows Terracotta Brick Wall

Raised Concrete Plateform Penn State University | The Stuckeman School Department of Architecture

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Longitudinal Section

Scale : 1’=20”

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PERSPECTIVE VIEWS

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View of the Center from the Regional Road Penn State University | The Stuckeman School Department of Architecture

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View from the Parking Penn State University | The Stuckeman School Department of Architecture

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View from Exhibition Hall

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View of the Performance Hall Penn State University | The Stuckeman School Department of Architecture

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View from Canteen

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View of the Community Gathering Space

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View from Classroom Area

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View from Classroom

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View of the community garden

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View from the Sport Field

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