Double Skin Glass Facades, Syracuse CoE 2007 Symposium Presentation

DOUBLE ● SKIN GLASS FACADES

Hybrid Ventilated Building Skin Anthony M. Catsimatides, AIA October 22, 2007 Syracuse Center of Excellence in Environmental and Energy Systems

Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Why Double Skin Glass Façades • Support for Green Initiatives

– Part of a larger scope, sustainable design

• External Driving Forces

– Depleting Fossil Fuel (oil, coal, natural gas) – High cost of energy and escalating

• Growing interest in energy efficient buildings – Energy Efficiency driving goal

• Harness power of wind & sun Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Early Modern Example • • • •

Le Corbusier – Cite de Refuge, 1930 – Centrosoyus, 1929 - 1930 The glass façade was intended as a double walled enclosure with mechanical ventilation within the cavity Failure and inability to carry out experiment due to budgets and lack of knowledge base St. Gobain tests of system 1931 revealed third glass skin required

Cite de Refuge, originally constructed façade

Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Modified with brise soleil added

Centrosoyus 1929 - 1930

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Five Primary Ventilation Modes

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Three Primary Ventilation Types

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Four Primary Partition Types

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Narrow Plan

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Deep Plan

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Solar Strategy

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Ventilation Strategy

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Daylight Strategy

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Strategies

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Intelligent Design • Intelligent Building Design – Smart systems reacting to environmental conditions

• Intelligent Skins

– Smart envelopes reacting to environmental conditions

RWE Headquarters, Essen, Germany Ingerhoven Overdiek Kahlen & Partners

Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Value of Green Building • Green Building can add a premium to building value • Productivity in ‘healthy’ buildings can account for .5% to 5% higher productivity • Green construction costs range from 2% to 10% higher than total cost of standard construction • Greater Occupant Comfort using less energy

ARAG 2000 Tower, Dusseldorf, by RKW

Greg Katz Study for The Sustainable Building Task Force, over 40 California state government agencies, 2001 Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Benefits of Double Skin Façades • Support of Healthy Buildings – Natural Ventilation – Indoor Air Quality

• Better Building Envelope Performance • Reduction of energy consumption • Measure towards LEED™ certification Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

GSW, Berlin, Sauerbruch & Hutton

Disadvantages of Double Skin Façades • Higher up front construction costs, – Approximately 20% to 50% higher per square foot of glazing

• Higher design fees • More planning time • Lack of government support, (till recently) - legislation • About 5% to 25% higher maintenance costs than standard curtain walls Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Economical Features

SUN PATH DIAGRAM FOR SYRACUSE, NY LATITUDE = 43°

• Mass-produced or Mass Customized systems • Prefabricated elements • No electric louvers • Outer skin, non closable openings, i.e. fixed vents • Minimize depth for cavity • Cavity access only for maintenance • Fire separation in cavity by selfcontained segments of outer wall • Minimize construction types

LONGITUDE = 76°

Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

European Market • Germany & Switzerland build more DSF’s than any other country (about 50%) – Surveyed 106 in Europe – Surveyed 30 Switzerland & 19 Germany

• Mostly due to higher energy costs and stricter government energy regulations • Also due to government subsidized credits for green building Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

US Market • • • • •

8 Double Skin Façade Buildings in US today Limited due to high initial cost 25 years of performance data No Legislation 40% of all energy consumed in the US is for commercial and residential buildings • Government regulations need to address energy conservation measures to a greater degree • Executive Order D-16-00 – August 2000 Grey Davis, California

• Boston – buildings over 50k sq. ft. - LEED • Energy prices need to go even higher than they are now in the US for DSF’s to be more feasible Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Seattle Justice Center, by NBBJ

DSF Building Survey Mapping

DISTRIBUTION OF DSF BUILDINGS IN NORTH AMERICA 8 BUILDINGS TOTAL

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

DISTRIBUTION OF DSF BUILDINGS IN EUROPE 106 BUILDINGS TOTAL

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

GSW Headquarters Berlin

Levine Hall, Pennsylvania

Center of Excellence Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

SUN PATH DIAGRAM SOLAR DATA: LONGITUDE = 75° LATITUDE = 43° SUMMER SOLSTICE SUN ANGLE @ 73° WINTER SOLSTICE SUN ANGLE @ 26° AVERAGE SUN HOUR DAYS = 4 Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

WIND ROSE DIAGRAM MEASUREMENTS FROM JULY 1 - SEPTEMBER 30 WIND SPEED DATA TAKEN FROM TMY2 SYRACUSE ROCK CUT ROAD, SYRACUSE, NY CALM, NO WIND 3.5% OF THE TIME HEAVIEST WINDS NW @ 12.5% OF THE TIME SOUTH WINDS @ 11% OF THE TIME LIGHTEST WINDS, NE @ 1% OF THE TIME

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

AIR FLOW ANALYSIS

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

CAVITY SHAPE

BAY MODULE

MODULAR FORM Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

BUILDING SECTION

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

SKIN DETAIL

VENTILATION STRATEGY SUMMER OPERATION

HEAT RECOVERY STRATEGY WINTER OPERATION Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

DAYLIGHT STRATEGY

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

CAVITY AS HABITAT

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Net Present Value

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Net Present Value

Net present value is the “present” value of an investment’s future financial benefit over a defined time interval, minus any initial investment cost.

Where: - “Co” is the value of any initial investment (usually a negative value).

- “ratei” is the constant “cost of capital” per unit of time (x.x%/yr).

- “n” is the number of time units (i.e. years) over which value is being calculated.

- “valuei” is the constant investment return per unit of time (in dollars).

Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Net Present Value

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Building: Location: Architect: Ventilation Type: Ventilation Mode: Vertical Partition: Shading Device: Description:

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Dusseldorfer Stadttor, City Gate, 1997 Dusseldorf Petzinka Pink and Partners Naturally Ventilated Outdoor air curtain, air supply/exhaust Single Story, Corridor faรงade none 70m high 16 story rhomboid shaped plan, glass faรงade reduces wind pressure and traffic noise, interior windows wood frame, pivot window wall interior skin for access to cavity

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Building: Location: Architect: Ventilation Type: Ventilation Mode: Vertical Partition:

Commerzbank, 1997 Frankfurt am Main Foster and Partners Naturally Ventilated Outdoor air curtain, air supply/return Single Story

Description:

Vierendeel girder construction, 60 stories, 4 floor units, full height atrium center of building, center pivoting windows in garden floor for ventilation, air rises or falls in atrium depending on temperature and pressure conditions

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Building: Location: Architect: Ventilation Type: Ventilation Mode: Vertical Partition: Shading Device: Description:

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Debis Building Berlin, Potsdamerplatz Renzo Piano Building Workshop Naturally Ventilated Louvered Faรงade, Outdoor air curtain Multi Story glass louver exterior skin In winter louvers are closed and skin acts as thermal buffer, in summer louvers are open and faรงade acts as a single skin with exterior solar protection

Double Skin Glass Faรงade with frameless pivoting glass louvers

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Glass walls integrated with shading system

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

Building: Location: Architect: Ventilation Type: Ventilation Mode: Vertical Partition: Shading Device: Description:

Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Deutsche Post , 2002 Bonn, Germany Murphy/Jahn Architects Hybrid Ventilated Outdoor air curtain Multi Story Sun shades 160 m high, 40 story, split shifted oval plan separated by 7.40 m, minimizes negative wind effects, 9 story divisions, outer shell protects from rain, wind and noise, hydronic heating and cooling in slabs

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007

DOUBLE ● SKIN GLASS FACADES Anthony M. Catsimatides, AIA anthony@openatelier.com

Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture

Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007