Rice Farming February 2024

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PROFITABLE PRODUCTION STRATEGIES

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FEBRUARY 2024

Specialists Outline Fertility Management Strategies for Rice

Building on Success California Rice Experiment Station Extending Legacy

INSIDE: 2023 RICE CONSULTANT OF THE YEAR RUST Y ELSTON

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February 2024

Columns

Vol. 58, No. 3

Cover Story

4

From the Editor

6

USA Rice Update

Welcoming the Challenge

Global Harvest: Nurturing Success through International Promotion

D e pa rt m e n t s 16 Industry News

Rice Experiment Station Legacy

Rice business scene

20 Specialists Speaking Fertility Management

ON THE COVER: Photo by Irish83 / unsplash.com

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Since its establishment in 1912, the California Rice Experiment Station has held up a long legacy of providing new rice varieties, developing technologies, and collaborating throughout the state to effectively bring more resources to California rice growers and production systems

F e at u r e s 15 FEBRUARY 2024

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

The Importance of the Check-off A Look at Current and Future Soybean Research Across Two States in the South

A Supplement to Cotton Farming and Rice Farming Magazines

18

Waterfowl Migration Numbers

Aerial waterfowl survey data show duck abundance in the Southeastern U.S. is well below average

15

Land Trust Legal Considerations Legal Issues with Land Trusts: What is a Land Trust?

Look for the Soybean South supplement following page 22 in the the Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas versions of Rice Farming.

18 GET CONNECTED Stay up to date with the latest from Rice Farming. www.facebook.com/ RiceFarming1

Rusty Elston

2023 Rice Consultant of the Year Rusty Elston of Cheneyville, Louisiana, is the 2023 recipient of this esteemed award. Read more about him beginning on page 11.

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FEBRUARY 2024 | RICE FARMING

3

From The

Editor

Welcoming the Challenge It’s been a cold, snowy weather pattern here in Knoxville, Tennessee, lately, and, being a native Texan who sees only the occasional snow flurry, I am overjoyed and all on board. Many around me have been over it for some time now, and that got me thinking about how so many things are shaped by our perspectives on different matters.

Some see planting time as a stage to get through to reach harvest; others see it as just the beginning of what could be. At the end of the season, many see harvest as reaping the rewards of a job well done and are ready for a break, while others are already eagerly thinking about the potential for starting again the next year.

Cassidy Nemec There are challenging aspects to all parts of Editor the season, but I like to think back to something someone told me recently: “I look at challenge and opportunity as almost the same thing.” That’s perspective. I would wholeheartedly agree with this as I’ve observed time and time again the inability to grow without some kind of challenge. Getting through challenge, learning how to improve, and seeing development on the other side are things we can see in our lives as well as that of another growing season.

This month’s edition of Rice Farming shines light on multiple examples of successful individuals who or organizations that have surely embraced the challenge of their occupation and sought to improve over time.

The California Rice Experiment Station has a full staff of highly qualified people who work to bring new rice herbicides, techniques, and varieties to market. Dustin Harrell, station director and former Louisiana rice specialist, shares information on current and future innovations from the station starting on page 8.

Land trusts are a challenging, yet growing, topic in the industry. Pages 18 and 19 include part one of an article from the National Agricultural Law Center out of Arkansas. It details some of the subject matter to consider when approaching this concept. We will dive back in with part two in next month’s issue.

Our 2023 Rice Consultant of the Year is discussed on pages 11 through 14. This esteemed individual is honored for their dedication, innovation, and leadership in their role as rice consultant. They will be presented with this prestigious award at the RCOY reception the evening prior to the opening of the Mid-South Farm & Gin Show this month in Memphis, Tennessee. Go check it out!

So, as the snow melts here in Tennessee, I wish you all a successful beginning to the season as we begin to ramp up over the next few months. I look forward to hearing the (hopefully positive) perspective and stories that have yet to be told!

Cassidy

EDITORIAL/PRODUCTION Editor Cassidy Nemec cnemec@onegrower.com Copy Editor Carroll Smith csmith@onegrower.com Digital Content Editor Katie Guthrie kguthrie@onegrower.com Art Director Ashley Kumpe akumpe@onegrower.com

ADMINISTRATION Publisher/Vice President Lia Guthrie 901-497-3689 lguthrie@onegrower.com Associate Publisher/Editor-In-Chief Carroll Smith 901-326-4443 csmith@onegrower.com Associate Publisher/Sales Manager Scott Emerson 386-462-1532 semerson@onegrower.com Production Manager David Boyd dboyd@onegrower.com Audience Services Kate Thomas 847-559-7514 For subscription changes or change of address, call 847-559-7578 or email ricefarming@omeda.com.

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC Mike Lamensdorf President/Treasurer Lia Guthrie Publisher/Vice President ASSOCIATED PUBLICATIONS — One Grower Publishing LLC also publishes COTTON FARMING, THE PEANUT GROWER, SOYBEAN SOUTH and CORN SOUTH magazines.

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Five Reasons to Plant Horizon Ag Varieties in 2024 As planting time nears, rice farmers are making seed decisions based on factors like yield potential, consistency, milling quality, disease resistance, maturity, weed control and stewardship. With a strong variety lineup, plus services designed to help rice farmers be more profitable, Horizon Ag is committed to providing the seed, tools, and support needed to set the stage for a successful 2024.

Five reasons to plant Horizon Ag varieties this year are: #

1. The Benefits of New CLL19

New CLL19 is garnering a lot of attention heading into its first year of commercial production, based on attributes like high yield potential, stalk strength, blast resistance, and milling quality. The long-grain Clearfield® variety was developed at the LSU AgCenter H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station near Crowley and has consistently performed well in multilocation testing across the region since 2018.

“CLL19 has shown extremely high and very stable yields in trials we’ve done throughout Louisiana and in Arkansas, too,” said Dr. Adam Famoso, an LSU AgCenter rice breeder. “It’s higher yielding and more stable than what we’ve seen in our previous Clearfield varieties. It yields right up there with CLL16 and CLL18.”

Dr. Famoso says the variety has shown promising ratoon crop capacity, improved milling quality, and is early maturing, similar to CL111, which decreases time in the field and potential damage from weather events. #

2. Cleaner Field with Provisia® Varieties

There is a lot of momentum for PVL03 and new PVL04 coming out of the 2023 season.

Despite PVL03 acreage increasing to almost 30% of Louisiana rice plantings, the weedy rice outcrossing issues identified the previous season were significantly reduced, as many farmers adopted best management practices recommended by the Provisia Working Group.

“Last summer, we kept hearing that rice fields throughout the region were significantly cleaner, overall, than had been seen in many years, with farmers effectively managing the threat of weedy rice and resistant red rice with the Provisia Rice System,” said Horizon Ag general manager Dr. Tim Walker. “Average yields were consistently good and milling quality with PVL03 was superior to other varieties. This season, new PVL04 from the University of Arkansas rice breeding program, will give farmers another high-yielding option to control weedy rice and resistant red rice.”

Always read and follow label directions. Clearfield® and Provisia® are registered trademarks of BASF. * Other limitations may apply. See full program terms and conditions for further details. Credit is subject to Rabo AgriFinance approval, terms and conditions. Must be a Rabo AgriFinance authorized retailer. Qualifying transactions must be submitted for payment by the program dates noted above to receive the incentive interest rate. * * Offer limited to Multi-Use Account Agricultural customers with an available Special Terms limit. Subject to the Multi-Use Account credit agreement and approval. Offer is subject to change without prior notice due to unpredicted changes in market conditions. Changes to offer will not impact previously posted transactions. Offer may be limited to qualifying products. $5,000 minimum purchase required.

#

3. Elite Varieties with a Range of Maturities

One critical topic during winter meetings this year was the generally lower milling quality reported in many areas of the South. A contributing factor was that a near-perfect planting season and early-season cold spell led to much of the crop reaching maturity at about the same time. Farmers were hard-pressed to harvest the large crop at optimum moisture levels, which adversely impacted milling quality.

One solution is to plant elite-performing varieties with a broad geographic fit that have a range of maturities. For example, start with new CLL19, a very early maturing semi-dwarf variety that has outstanding yield potential. Next, plant CLL18, Horizon Ag’s highest-yielding pure line variety and that matures a few days later than CLL19. Finally, finish up planting with CLL16, a longer-maturing rice that has consistently performed well throughout the region.

“This is the variety portfolio we’ve ever had,” says Dr. Walker. “All the varieties have a fit and complement each other.” #

4. Fixed Financing on Horizon Ag Varieties

Horizon Ag and BASF are working with financing partners to offer low-interest financing for Clearfield and Provisia varieties this season.

Qualifying Horizon Ag customers can get 0%* APR financing through Rabo AgriFinance, and 1.99%** APR through March 15, 2024, or 2.99% APR** on purchases March 16 to Sept. 30, 2024, with John Deere Financial.

“Heading into a year where high rates threaten to have a significant impact on farmer profitability and cash flow, we are excited to join with other industry leaders to offer low-rate financing for high-yielding new varieties like CLL19 and PVL04, as well as proven leaders like CLL18, CLL16 and PVL03,” says Dr. Walker.

Additional information about these programs, terms and conditions is available at horizonseed.com/news. #

5. The Horizon Ag Productivity App

Horizon Ag has created a mobile app that rice farmers will find a valuable resource when it comes to planning, variety selection, and planting.

The Horizon Ag Productivity App provides easy access to seeding rate information, a profitability calculator, a drill calibration tool, and other decision-making features. It is available by searching “Horizon Ag” in the App Store or Google Play on your mobile device.

More information about Horizon Ag varieties and services available this season can be found at HorizonSeed.com or by contacting your Horizon Ag District Field Representative.

Subject to merchant participation, see your local merchant for complete details. Multi-Use Accounts are a service of John Deere Financial, f.s.b. 2Offer valid on qualifying purchases made 01 October 2023 through 15 March 2024. Fixed 1.99% APR from date of purchase, which may be prior to delivery, until November 2024, when the entire purchase amount and accrued interest are due in full. Regular Multi-Use Account rates will apply after that date. Offer valid on qualifying purchases made 16 March 2024 through 30 September 2024. Fixed 2.99% APR from date of purchase, which may be prior to delivery, until November 2024, when the entire purchase amount and accrued interest are due in full. Regular Multi-Use Account rates will apply after that date. © 2024 Horizon Ag LLC. All Rights Reserved.

USA Rice

Update

Global Harvest: Nurturing Success through International Promotion

W

By Sarah Moran

Chief Operating Officer USA Rice

hile the majority of rice consumed in the United States is homegrown, nearly half of our annual crop finds its way to international markets. This balance underscores the vital role of USA Rice’s international promotion programs in ensuring the enduring success of the U.S. rice industry as a whole. Our mission is clear: to get the rice you grow where it needs to go, whether destined for our neighbors in Central America or consumers on the other side of the globe.

Our promotional programs build, cultivate, and expand global export opportunities for U.S.-grown rice, and they are made possible by a combination of your state checkoff dollars, industry dues, and federal funding.

These funds are anything but guaranteed.

Every year, we engage in a highly competitive application process to secure Market Access Program (MAP) and Foreign Market Development (FMD) funds from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Foreign Agriculture Service (USDA/FAS). In 2024, thanks to the expertise and diligence of USA Rice committee members and the International Promotion team, we secured $5.2 million (with an additional $78,000 for wild rice) to promote U.S.-grown rice across global markets.

To capitalize on this substantial resource,

6 RICE FARMING | FEBRUARY 2024

Our mission is clear: to get the rice you grow where it needs to go, whether destined for our neighbors in Central America or consumers on the other side of the globe. the USA Rice International Promotion Committee and the USA Rice Council collaborate to develop a comprehensive international marketing budget each year.

Matched by your hard-earned dues and check-off dollars, MAP and FMD funds have facilitated U.S. rice exports to Japan and the United Kingdom, cultivated consumer preference in Mexico and the West Bank, and introduced U.S. rice to new importers worldwide. From the annual U.S. Rice Quality Symposium to a successful tour of the MidSouth for Central American importers— which resulted in more than a quarter of a million dollars in anticipated sales and regained market share—our efforts have made a significant impact.

Promotional activities at overseas supermarket chains have further strengthened U.S. rice’s presence in the UK, Colombia, and Taiwan—evidenced by a remarkable 500% spike in sales during an in-store demo at 14 Taiwan Costco stores, to highlight just one example.

Beyond marketing, these funds enable vital collaborations with export countries: our work with chemical registrants ensures acceptable Minimum Residue Levels (MRL) on pesticides so that our exports aren’t restricted or rejected, and our Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Iraq helps facilitate sales of at least 200,000 MT of U.S. long grain rice annually.

The partnership between USDA/FAS and the U.S. rice industry doesn’t just expand the volume and value of our exports; it improves farm income and strengthens the entire U.S. economy. The application of MAP, FMD, dues, and checkoff funds to our international programs yields measurable benefits, and we will continue to build upon our global successes in 2024.

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The California Rice Experiment Station Moving Forward on a Foundation of Past Success

By Dustin Harrell

California Rice Experiment Station

T

he California Rice Experiment Station (RES) has a long legacy of supporting the California rice industry by providing new and improved rice varieties. The original and current Calrose varieties are known worldwide for their superior quality. To date, the RES has released 57 varieties since it was first established

in 1912.

Unlike other public and private rice breeding programs, the California RES and its developed varieties are uniquely owned by California rice growers. This feat was accomplished by the formation of the California Cooperative Rice Research Foundation (CCRRF), a grower owned non-profit [501(c)(5)] research foundation. Guidance for the RES activities and asset management is provided by the 11-member board of directors of the CCRRF. In addition to variety development, the RES also supports the California rice industry by providing quality foundation seed, developing new technologies, and collaborating with university and Extension partners to help provide agronomic and pest management (weed, insect, and disease) research and develop rice best management practices for rice production systems.

8 RICE FARMING | FEBRUARY 2024

A new Foundation Seed Portal (FSP) is set to be launched in February of this year. The FSP is an online portal where California seed rice growers can request and buy RES foundation seed. Seed rice growers will have their own log-in account where they can do the following: ■ Request an allocation of available varieties from the California Crop Improvement Association (CCIA).

■ Receive their allocation back from CCIA. ■ Modify their allocation.

■ Sign warranty and disclaimer forms and retired variety MTAs. ■ Pay their bills online.

The FSP accounts will also serve as a digital warehouse for all associated paperwork.

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The Rice Breeding Team The RES has seen its fair share of success in variety development over the last 111 years. More recently, the RES has seen an influx of new leadership at the RES. Approximately 66% of the current staff were hired after 2021. These new leaders will usher in the next generation of improved rice varieties for California.

Current leadership of the prominent medium grain breeding program is Dr. Teresa De Leon. The long grain and short grain breeding programs are led by Dr. Nirmal Sharma and Dr. Frank Maulana, respectively. While no new rice varieties are planned for release in 2024, two varieties were released in 2023 and two more varieties are being considered for release in 2025.

Calhikari-203 The first variety released in 2023 was Calhikari-203 (CH-203).

Calhikari-203 is a high-yielding, premium-quality, short grain rice variety. It has an astonishing average yield advantage of 10.9% over Calhikari-202 all while maintaining exceptional grain quality. The yield advantage was consistent across all state-wide variety trial locations.

Calhikari-203 reaches 50% heading in 89 days, which is two days earlier than Calhikari-201 and two days later than Calhikari-202. It is approximately 1 inch taller than Calhikari-202, but it is more resistant to lodging. However, the variety will still lodge and nitrogen use should be limited to around 90 pounds of N per acre to mitigate the potential for lodging.

Last, but not least, the new Calhikari-203 is the first variety in the premium quality short grain class that is non-pubescent (glabrous). This means that the rice variety does not have hairs on the rice hulls or leaves of the plant. This alone makes Calhikari-203 a more desirable variety compared to its predecessors.

Calhikari-203 was grown in registered seed production in 2023;

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The California Rice Experiment Station is home to the annual California Rice Field Day in Biggs, California. Many varieties and herbicide options are shown and discussed by breeding and Extension experts throughout the day.

therefore, registered and certified seed should be available for the 2024 season.

M-521 The second variety release of 2023 was M-521. M-521 is the first ever release of a Calrose medium grain variety with the ROXY® herbicide tolerance trait. The variety was developed from an initial cross with an M-206 line containing the ROXY® trait and M-210, which contains the Pi-b blast resistance gene.

The variety has consistent grain quality with M-206 and M-210 and reaches 50% heading in 81-days. The yield potential of M-521

FEBRUARY 2024 | RICE FARMING

9

still suspectable to lodging. The 18Y2070 is also the first non-pubescent (glabrous) variety in this class.

Anytime a new specialty variety like an arborio is released, it is important to have it tested by chefs and connoisseurs of the specialty variety. The new 18Y2070 variety was distributed to over 20 different prominent chefs across the U.S. from New York City to San Francisco and from Dallas to Chicago for cooking and taste evaluations in comparison to the original Arborio and the 89Y235.

The results from the chef surveys were overwhelmingly in favor of the new 18Y2070 as compared to the older Arborio varieties.

While a name for the variety has not been decided yet, the RES staff is leaning towards the name Calamore-201 which acknowledges the Italian heritage of arborio varieties and the California origin of the 18Y2070.

A new aromatic Calrose medium grain variety is being considered for release in 2025. The variety has the same grain quality and cooking characteristics expected from California Calrose varieties but also contains a lightly fragrant aroma when cooking.

(when grown without the ROXY® companion herbicide from Albaugh, LLC) is approximately 1% to 2% less than M-206 and M-210. This is not too bad considering the first Clearfield and Provisia variety releases had a yield drag over 10%.

Although the M-521 variety has been released, the new-use label for the companion ROXY® herbicide that will be partnered with the ROXY® variety to make up the ROXY® Rice Production System (ROXY® RPS) is awaiting EPA approval. Therefore, seed production and the commercial launch of the ROXY® RPS will be on hold until the herbicide label is approved.

The only M-521 in production for 2024 will include research acres, foundation seed production at the RES, and a limited number of acres in the Mill Quality Evaluation Program.

20Y4033 – a Fragrant Calrose A new aromatic Calrose medium grain variety is being considered for release in 2025. The variety has the same grain quality and cooking characteristics expected from California Calrose varieties but also contains a lightly fragrant aroma when cooking. The variety is derived from an initial cross between a M-206 selection and A-202 followed by two backcrosses to M-206.

The variety has been met with a lot of excitement by taste testers and the local community. The variety will target a small domestic niche market that likes the aroma of long grain Jasmine type varieties but prefers the cooking and eating characteristics of Calrose medium grains.

18Y2070 – a New Arborio Another variety being considered for release in 2025 is a new arborio rice variety tested as 18Y2070. Arborio rice varieties are medium grains that have a bold, fat grain with a chalky white center. Arborio varieties have an Italian heritage and are often used to cook Italian dishes like risottos.

The new 18Y2070 outyields both the original Arborio and the most prominent Arborio rice currently being grown in California (89Y235) by over 12%. This yield advantage is achieved all while improved milling characteristics over its predecessors. In addition, it has a stronger stalk strength than its predecessors although it is

10 RICE FARMING | FEBRUARY 2024

Improving Tools for California Rice Growers While rice variety development is the focal point of research for the RES, the RES has been diligently working on improving communication and disseminating information to California rice growers. A new website (www.crrf.org) was launched in 2022. The new website has a wealth of information on the varieties developed at the RES. In addition, rice statistical information for the state can also be found on the site. One feature that has become the most utilized is an interactive map of all the state-wide variety trials. Growers are able to select a location on the map and pull up the official variety trial results for that location for the current year. New for 2023 was the addition of a pulldown menu where you can see the variety trial results at that location for previous years.

A new Foundation Seed Portal (FSP) is set to be launched in February of this year. The FSP is an online portal where California seed rice growers can request and buy RES foundation seed. Seed rice growers will have their own log-in account where they can do the following: 1) request an allocation of available varieties from the California Crop Improvement Association (CCIA), 2) receive their allocation back from CCIA, 3) modify their allocation, 4) sign warranty and disclaimer forms and retired variety MTAs, and 5) pay their bills online. The FSP accounts will also serve as a digital warehouse for all associated paperwork.

Abolish preplant (left) versus ALB 2023 preplant (right) with resistant watergrass as part of a 2023 ROXY® RPS Albaugh Efficacy Test in M-521.

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Rusty Elston

COURTESY OF RUSTY ELSTON

Rusty Elston is pictured with his wife, Karen, and their grandchildren. From left are Payton Jaques, Preston Jaques, Pearson Jaques, Paxton Jaques, Parker Jaques and Lorelai Elston.

L

ouisiana rice consultant, Rusty Elston, said his father, Willard Elston, made sure his children knew how to work beginning at an early age. “This is where the training for my career actually began,” Rusty said. “My father set the example and taught us to always do our best and be willing to go the extra mile.” The young boy took notice of this important lesson and has maintained that mindset through the years in every aspect of his life.

While growing up, Rusty always worked. During that time, he held a variety of jobs ranging from cutting yards to hauling hay to helping a veterinarian and more. When he was 16, he talked to his father about getting a summer job that had to be outside. One of their relatives, Joe Averett, was a cotton farmer who gave them a good lead.

“He told us that the Louisiana Department of Agriculture had a program to train young people how to scout cotton,” Rusty said. “I was interested. As soon as school was out, it was time to go to my new job. Two college students from LSU taught me the basics of cotton scouting. They were under the supervision of Dr. Grady Coburn, who was in charge of the Cotton Pest Management Program for the state at that time.”

Rusty said he learned a lot that summer, but when it was over, he said to himself, ‘I’ll never do that again.’ However, as every summer came around, he felt drawn back to the farm to scout and work as a farm hand when he could. He said he couldn’t get the love of being on the farm out of his system.

When he graduated from Louisiana Tech in 1981, he met with Dr. Coburn who had started Pest Management Enterprises, Inc. in Cheneyville. In 1982, Rusty began his career with Coburn’s company where they worked with all the major row

crops and did contract research. But at the time, they didn’t consult on rice.

“In 1998, Dr. Coburn hired Glenn Johnson to be a rice consultant for Pest Management Enterprises,” Rusty said. “Glenn was very good and well respected for his rice knowledge. Early in the growing season before we got busy with the row crops, I helped Glenn as much as I could. The time I spent with him before he passed away was invaluable to me.

“Two of Glenn’s clients farmed in an area in which I worked, and they asked me to be their rice consultant. I was excited and scared at the same time. We had all of Glenn’s reports and recommendations, and I studied them. The two farmers worked with me that year and, praise God, we made a good rice crop.”

Rusty and Karen decided to start their own business — Elston Crop Management, Inc. — in 2003 and consulted on rice, soybeans, corn, grain sorghum and wheat.

Farmer/Consultant Interaction “I have been honored and privileged to work with what I consider some of the finest farmers in the country,” Rusty said.

“I’ve been on several of these farms for more than 40 years. I feel as if these farmers have taught me as much as I have taught them. We have a tremendous trust relationship.”

Louisiana rice specialist Dr. Ronnie Levy said, “Not enough can be said about Rusty’s dedication to the rice industry. He spends many hours in producers’ fields providing the latest and best information to his clientele. He is involved in the Louisiana Agricultural Consultants Association (LACA) and attends LSU AgCenter production meetings and workshops. Everyone who works with Rusty recognizes his excellent work and dedication.”

Services provided to farmer clients by Elston Crop Management include weed, insect and disease monitoring and management as required; soil fertility management; water management decisions; conventional and grid soil sampling and plant tissue analysis. Rusty said one of the challenges he faces is trying to keep input costs in line while maintaining high, profitable yields.

“In my area, we have numerous weeds and a disease that have become resistant to herbicides and fungicides we’ve relied on,” Rusty said. “Fortunately, we have an arsenal of herbicides to work with and a fungicide to battle this situation. We try to start clean and stay clean. Using residual chemistry, different effective modes of action and overlapping residuals, we have great tools in the toolbox. Also, getting a permanent flood on the field as early as the rice will tolerate it really helps.

“As far as my style of consulting, it’s building that trust relationship and trying to communicate well. We have a lot of tools and resources to make excellent crops, but nothing replaces spending time in the fields. You’ve got to be there.

Don’t assume anything. Mother Nature can surprise you when you are not looking.”

LEFT: Rusty Elston (from left) shares an interest in agriculture with local rice farmer Britton Schexnyder, Avoyelles Parish county agent Justin Dufour, rice farmers Wyn Allen and Chris Lyles, rice farmer and President of Louisiana Farm Bureau Jim Harper and Dr. Ronnie Levy, LSU AgCenter rice specialist.

RIGHT: Louisiana rice specialist Dr. Ronnie Levy and Rusty Elston often collaborate on rice production best practices.

PHOTOS AND COVER PHOTO BY BRUCE SCHULTZ

“Nothing replaces spending time in the fields,” Rusty said. “You’ve got to be there.”

A Day In The Life In the heat of the season, time is precious. One more day or even one more hour in the day would be a gift.

However, you have to work with what you have been blessed with and do your best. Here is how Rusty Elston describes his typical day.

“It begins the night before as my wife prepares lunch, snacks, the ice chest and even lays out my clothes,” he said. “I get up early, usually 4:30 to 5 a.m. I like to get in my truck at least 30 minutes before my scout arrives at 6.

This gives me time to pray and get mentally prepared for the day. My preference is to arrive at the first farm by or before daylight. As soon as the light is good, and there is no lightning or hard rain, we are in the fields.

“Notes are taken, reports are filled out and sent electronically to the farmer. We discuss field reports as required. Normally, I bring my scout home at 4. I spend 20 to 30 minutes with my wife drinking a huge glass of iced tea. Then it’s back to the fields until around 7:30. When the workday is over, I come home to a beautiful smile, a hug, supper and a little baseball to unwind.”

Responding To A Calling When asked what keeps him motivated to get up every day and do the best he can for his farmer clients, Rusty said, “It’s knowing this is the career God has called me to do — working for a lot of great people who don’t expect any more than my best. I count my blessings that often seem impossible to count.

“I love to see a crop respond to good management. I really enjoy the people in the rice business. They are unique. I’ve always loved being around water. Where there’s water, there’s life. A rice field is home to so much more than just rice.”

After hearing he had been chosen as the 2023 Rice

Rice Consultant of the Year Award Recipients, 2017-2022 2017 Robb Dedman, Rison, Arkansas 2018 Richard Costello, Oak Grove, Louisiana 2019 Cliff Mock, Alvin, Texas 2020 Amy Beth Dowdy, Dexter, Missouri 2021 BD Fontenot, Eunice, Louisiana 2022 Keith Shelton, Lonoke, Arkansas

in 1980. Today, he and his wife, Karen, have been married 39 years and reside in the Meeker area near Cheneyville. They have a son, Daniel; a daughter, Laura; and six grandchildren.

He is a member of the First Baptist Church of Lecompte, which is a campus of the First Baptist Church of Pineville.

Rusty’s hobbies include hunting and fishing with his wife and spending time with their grandchildren.

Consultant of the Year, Rusty said, in his opinion, the farmers are the ones who deserve the awards.

“They are the people who feed the world,” he said. “I am just privileged to be there to help them through it.”

S P O N S O R E D

™®

B Y

Trademarks of Corteva Agriscience and its affiliated companies. © 2024 Corteva.

PHOTOS COURTESY OF RUSTY ELSTON

Professional Relationships As is true with all the rice states across the country, Louisiana has a wonderful group of consultants who work together, not as competitors. “It’s nice to be able to communicate and share information with each other in times of need,” Rusty said. “The LSU AgCenter is outstanding, too. Our various rice specialists, such as Dr. Ronnie Levy, are always ready and willing to help. I’m also fortunate to have a very good relationship with my industry reps who have supported me through the years.”

Malori Lansing, Rusty’s Corteva territory manager, said, “I’ve had the pleasure of working with Rusty for the past five years, and I can honestly say he is the most genuine person I have ever met. His dedication shines through his work as he goes above and beyond to be sure he is making the best field recommendations for his farmers every single day. Rusty has not only taught me a whole lot over the Rusty Elston and his wife, Karen, enjoy fishing and hunting together when time permits. years about rice production, but he has also taught me how to treat others with grace and sincerity in Rusty Elston At A Glance the ag industry. I am very lucky to have Rusty in my territory.”

Rusty also finds time to give back to the rice industry Career by participating in the Louisiana Agricultural Consultants  Completed a Bachelor of Science in agronomy (soil Association. science) and a Bachelor of Science in wildlife Denise Wright, executive director of LACA, said, “Rusty’s management, Louisiana Tech University, 1981. contributions to our Louisiana consultants’ meeting have been  Employed at Pest Management Enterprises, Inc. from invaluable! His thoughtful consideration of topics and the best 1982-2002. speakers to deliver for the rice sessions is something we’ve  Established Elston Crop Management, Inc. in come to count on over the years. In addition to Rusty serving Cheneyville, Louisiana, in 2003. as LACA president in 2008 and working on several commit Consults on rice, soybeans, corn, grain sorghum and tees within LACA, he has been so helpful to me in locating wheat in Rapides, Avoyelles and Evangeline parishes. rice areas on his grower fields to place research trials.  Past president of the Louisiana Agricultural Consultants “I can always count on Rusty to know pesticide history Association and has served on several LACA committees. and what was put on the rice crop during the current year, as well as planting and irrigation dates. I’ve worked with many Family Life growers without using a consultant as a liaison, and it was a Rusty Elston, son of Willard and Ann Elston, grew up in logistical nightmare at times. Having Rusty to count on has Shreveport, Louisiana, and moved to Cheneyville, Louisiana, made this a much less stressful effort!”

Weather, Drought Impact Waterfowl Migration

By Robert Nathan Gregory

Mississippi State University Extension Service

W

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PHOTO COURTESY OF ANDREW GREEN

“

here are all the ducks?” It’s a question James Callicutt fields with more frequency and urgency from hunters and birders in Mississippi by the year.

Callicutt, a Mississippi State University Extension Service instructor specializing in waterfowl and wetlands ecology, said aerial waterfowl survey data show duck abundance in the Southeastern United States is well below average.

“Earlier this year, forecasts for an El Niño year producing a cold and wet winter had waterfowl hunters and watchers optimistic for the coming season,” he said. “Up to early January, this has been a heartbreaking year to be a duck hunter in Mississippi. Milder winter weather or dry conditions have been experienced from time to time over the years, but in the 2023-24 season, we have experienced both at great extremes.”

Wetlands are popular stopping points for early- Aerial waterfowl survey data show duck abundance in the Southeastern United and late-migrating birds alike, but drought con- States is well below average. ditions along the flyway have left those sources of habitat drier than normal. Houston Havens, waterfowl program times of the year, so this makes managed flooded and naturally coordinator with the Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisher- flooded wetlands very important for these birds.” ies and Parks (MDWFP), said the complete drying of many wetColder weather events in the northern United States had also lands has already taken place. been lacking until mid-January, he said, which drove waterfowl “Drought conditions have prevented many seasonal wetlands abundance down more. from filling due to rainfall or from groundwater well pumping,” “Research suggests that in addition to colder temperatures, Havens said. “Winter rains have not yet been sufficient to rebound factors such as snow cover are highly influential in pushing birds moisture levels in many low-lying areas that would typically be south, particularly mallards,” Callicutt said. “Snow cover and flooded during winter across the state. However, some larger wet- depth at this time of year in northern latitudes are much less lands like lakes, cypress brakes, and sloughs were able to maintain than in recent years. Additionally, waterfowl surveys conducted enough water through the summer and fall.” at mid-latitudes in the Mississippi Flyway report much greatWeather patterns and habitat availability play pivotal roles in er-than-average waterfowl abundance compared to recent years.”

A single, large-scale weather event like the winter storm that determining whether ducks arrive in big numbers, Callicutt said.

“The drought-like conditions may have stalled early migrant brought ice to Mississippi in mid-January can push more southducks at northern latitudes as well,” he said. “If it appears dry to bound waterfowl into the state. Havens said MDWFP is conductducks to the north of us, then it might be drier south, making an ing an aerial waterfall survey in late January, and biologists expect to observe increased numbers during the flights. energetically costly migration a risky endeavor.”

“Many of Mississippi’s quality managed, shallow wetlands, In Mississippi, waterfowl numbers typically peak in mid-to-late January, but some ducks and geese begin arriving here as early as which produce a lot of waterfowl forage sources, froze during the late October and early November. For those populations, the re- extreme cold temperatures,” he noted, “so ducks will likely become sources found in wetlands — particularly forage — are sometimes concentrated on large, deep, or flowing water bodies until shallow in shorter supply, unless sufficient rainfall or water-pumping efforts wetlands thaw.” occur to make these resources available to foraging waterfowl.

“Many early migrants move south in the absence of severe win- This article is provided by Mississippi State University Extension ter weather,” Callicutt said. “Early fall is typically one of the driest Service.

Industry

News

Karah Fissel has joined USA Rice as the new director for international trade policy. Karah will manage the International Trade Policy Committee and its subcommittees, and her first week will be spent traveling to Costa Rica for the International Promotion Planning Committee meetings.

Most recently, Karah Karah served at the U.S. DeFissel partment of Agriculture’s (USDA) Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) where, since 2020, she oversaw regional coverage of first, Central America and then, Mexico. She was instrumental in coordinating USDA strategy for the U.S.-Mexico agricultural trade relationship including liaising with the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) during the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) dispute settlement panel with Mexico regarding measures related to biotechnology. She also led USDA efforts to address trade barriers, including on rice, and enforce bilateral trade commitments amid increasingly protectionist policy actions in Central America.

Prior to joining FAS, Karah served at USTR in both the Offices of Agricultural Affairs and the General Counsel where she worked on various trade issues including the Generalized System of Preferences, disputes at the World Trade Organization (WTO), and negotiations of the USMCA Chapter on Intellectual Property.

Karah graduated from James Madison University where she earned both bachelor’s and master’s degrees in political science. In her free time, she enjoys running, baking, and advising young women leaders of the Alpha Sigma Tau national sorority.

“USA Rice staff have worked with Karah over the past six years through her roles at USDA and USTR,” said USA Rice president and CEO Peter Bachmann. “I believe she will make a great addition to our team at a time when we’re exploring the many opportunities for growing our exports in global markets.”

— Deborah Willenborg, USA Rice

16 RICE FARMING | FEBRUARY 2024

LSU AGCENTER FILE PHOTO

USA Rice Welcomes New International Trade Policy Director

LSU AgCenter rice breeder Adam Famoso speaks during a field day at the H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station. Famoso was recently named director of the station.

Famoso named director of LSU AgCenter H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station The LSU AgCenter has named Adam Famoso resident director and research coordinator of its H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station near Crowley.

Famoso, a rice breeder who has been central to the station’s variety development efforts, assumed the role Jan. 1.

He now oversees an acclaimed research facility where scientists not only create new rice varieties but also study strategies for managing pests and overcoming agronomic challenges — work that is critical to keeping farmers profitable.

Rice has an annual economic impact of more than $550 million in Louisiana. And the benefits of the station’s research can be seen in countries around the world where rice is a staple crop.

“By becoming resident director and research coordinator while still directing the LSU AgCenter rice variety development program, Dr. Famoso will be able to maximize the efficient use of Rice Research Station resources going forward to continue to support and enhance the development of rice varieties, which are so critical to the economic viability of the Louisiana rice industry,” said Michael Salassi, executive associate vice president of the AgCenter and director of its research arm, the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station.

Kurt Guidry, an economist and the previous resident director, is now an assistant resident director providing support to Famoso and helping lead station operations.

Famoso came to the AgCenter in 2015. A native of New Jersey, he earned his doctorate in plant breeding and genetics from Cornell University in 2010. He previously worked for DuPont Pioneer (Corteva).

At the AgCenter, he has used his expertise in molecular genetics and incorporated new technologies to advance the rice breeding program.

“I am excited to work with our faculty, administration, producers, and the rice industry in this capacity,” Famoso said. “Our commitment remains steadfast in optimizing resources to deliver industry-focused and impactful research and Extension services.”

— Olivia McClure, LSU AgCenter Communications RICEFARMING.COM

Industry Mississippi Farm Bureau YF&R Scholarship Application Period Open The Mississippi Farm Bureau Federation Young Farmers & Ranchers Committee is excited to offer 11 competitive scholarships for college agriculture students for the 2024-2025 academic year.

This year, the scholarship deadline has been moved to May 1, 2024, and all scholarship applications MUST be submitted online via the following link: https://form.jotform.com/231346541948057 11 competitive scholarships will be awarded through the Mississippi Farm Bureau Federation (MFBF) Young Farmers & Ranchers (YF&R) Scholarship Foundation: a. Six General Young Farmers & Ranchers Scholarships in the amount of $3,000 each for those attending any Mississippi university or community college. b. Hugh Arant Memorial Scholarship in the amount of $3,000 for a student attending Mississippi State University. c. Don Waller Honorarium Scholarship in the amount of $3,000 for a student attending any Mississippi university or community college. d. David Waide YF&R Scholarship in the amount of $3,000 for a student attending any Mississippi university or community college. e. Mississippi Farm Bureau Leaders in Agriculture Scholarship in the amount of $3,000 for a student attending Alcorn State University. f. MFBF Region 8 Young Farmers & Ranchers Scholarship in the amount of $3,000 for a student who is a county Farm Bureau mem-

News ber in Forrest, George, Greene, Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Lamar, Marion, Pearl River, Perry, or Stone counties attending any Mississippi university or community college.

— Mississippi Farm Bureau

2024 Mid-South Farm & Gin Show The 72nd annual Mid-South Farm & Gin Show returns in March to the Renasant Convention Center in Memphis, Tennessee. Show hours are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Friday and 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Saturday.

Parking is available at the Renasant Convention Center parking garage and other nearby lots. For more information and to register for the show, please visit https://www.farmandginshow.com/.

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FEBRUARY 2024 | RICE FARMING

17

AG LAW AND POLICY UPDATE

Legal Issues with Land Trusts: What is a Land Trust?

A

s an interest in land conservation has grown among both the public and private sectors in the past decade, land trusts have become an increasingly popular avenue for encouraging and enforcing conservation practices.

While there are various types of land trusts, nonprofit land trusts protect lands for conservation and preservation purposes through legal tools like conservation easements and restricted deeds. For example, restricted deeds accomplish conservation goals by prohibiting development on specific parcels of land. This is part one of a series discussing the legal challenges that can arise with nonprofit land trusts. This article provides an overview of nonprofit land trusts and looks ahead to the legal challenges the series will cover.

Defining Land Trusts While there are various types of land trusts, this article will focus on land trusts that operate as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit for the purpose of preserving or protecting open space. This type of land trust is not a trust in the traditional legal definition, but rather a nonprofit, charitable organization which manages land either through outright ownership or conservation easements. Because these land trusts operate as 501(c)(3) nonprofits, landowners who donate land or sell their development rights to a land trust will enjoy certain tax benefits.

A land trust may be on a national, regional, or local level, and

18 RICE FARMING | FEBRUARY 2024

can serve different purposes for the land it manages. For example, land trusts can be created for conservation purposes, such as protecting wildlife habitats or wetlands, or community preservation purposes, such as preserving historic sites or farmland. With the varying goals of each land trust, the terms of land trust agreements with landowners will differ depending on the needs of the area.

How are Land Trusts Used in Agriculture?

Nonprofit land trusts can be used for preserving a space for agricultural uses. A farmer or rancher may enter into an agreement with a land trust to ensure their land remains operational farmland. By entering into this agreement, a farmer can give their rights of development to the land trust while still maintaining ownership of the land.

A farmer might seek to do this for income tax benefits or for the purpose of prohibiting the advancement of urban encroachment.

To learn more about farmland preservation programs please visit NALC’s Urban Encroachment reading room.

Conservation Easements Used in Land Trusts A conservation easement is a tool that is often utilized by a land trust to accomplish certain conservation goals. Property is often described as a bundle of sticks with the bundle representing the property as a whole and each stick representing a different right

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the property owner possesses. The property owner therefore can still own the whole bundle but designate individual sticks to others to possess a certain right.

For example, a land trust that possesses a conservation easement on a piece of land will usually possess the development rights of the property, but they do not outright own the property itself. As a result, the landowner and the land trust generally enter into an agreement to define the terms of the arrangement between the parties. Additionally, landowners who donate their land to a nonprofit land trust through a conservation easement will be entitled to certain tax benefits.

Restricted Deeds in Land Trusts Another legal tool used by nonprofit land trusts is a deed restriction. In some instances, a property owner will deed the entire property over to a land trust. The deed may contain a restrictive covenant that runs with the land. A covenant running with the land is an agreement between two or more parties regarding the use of the land that will continue with subsequent owners of the property.

Unlike a conservation easement, there are no federal tax benefits for a restricted deed. Additionally, when land with restrictions is donated to a tax-exempt charitable organization, the resulting tax deduction will be diminished by the reduced value the restrictions created on the land.

Legal Issues with Land Trusts As land trusts have become a more popular method of conservation and preservation, several legal issues have developed.

While most nonprofit land trusts will have agreements that determine uses or activities allowed on the land, a dispute can arise when either the land trust or the property owner seeks to develop the property. Depending on the terms of the agreement, the landowner will likely be restricted from certain activities and may be required to obtain approval from the land trust before building structures on the land or engaging in certain recreational or agricultural activities.

Additionally, disputes around who has the authority to enforce the agreement may arise. This issue is particularly relevant when a land trust goes out of business or merges with another land trust with different agreement terms.

Certain tax benefits are enjoyed by landowners who donate their land or developINSTAGRAM: @RICEFARMING

ment rights to a nonprofit land trust. Since the land will be without the capacity for development, its value will decrease. This reality can be used as an estate planning tool for landowners; however, in recent years, the Internal Revenue Service has sought to crack down on what they have perceived as abuse in land appraisals and resulting improperly large deductions.

Conclusion Nonprofit land trusts are 501(c)(3) charitable organizations that protect land for

conservation and preservation purposes.

Through tools like conservation easements and restricted deeds, nonprofit land trusts are a great resource to protect open space while providing benefits to landowners.

A myriad of legal issues has come to light as nonprofit land trusts have grown more popular in use. The next article in this series will focus on what constitutes a development on a land trust.

This article is provided by the National Agricultural Law Center.

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Specialists

Speaking

Thoughts on Managing Nitrogen Fertilizer DR. BRUCE LINQUIST CALIFORNIA UCCE Rice Specialist balinquist@ucdavis.edu For the past three years, we have been doing research at the Rice Experiment Station on how to manage N fertilizer in a rice field when the previous year, the rice was in fallow. Here is what we have found from that research. First, the yield potential in rice after fallow is similar to rice after rice. While this may be a bit surprising, it is similar to what we found in an analysis of our Yield Contest data.

While the yield potential is similar, more N fertilizer is required in rice after rice to achieve those yields. Most plant-available N comes from applied-fertilizer N and from the soil. Using labeled N fertilizer, we found that the fertilizer N was used similarly between the two systems. However, what was available from the soil differed. In rice after fallow, there was more soil N available from PI to harvest than for rice after rice. Thus, comparing these two systems, rice after rice needs more N to reach its yield potential compared to rice after fallow.

I mentioned above the analysis of our Yield Contest data. We have run the Yield Contest from 2015 to 2023 and have recently done a complete analysis of that data. A lot of interesting things have come out. Related to fertility, we found two important things that I would like to mention.

In considering when to apply the starter fertilizer application to rice, growers have two options: apply preflood or 20 to 30 days after seeding. The later option helps to avoid scum and allows a grower to move an operation to later in the season when it is less busy. From the Yield Contest, we saw high and winning yields for both practices.

Secondly, I have talked a lot about top-dress N and if it is needed. Our data have shown that you can apply all of the required N up front (as aqua and starter N) and do not need to plan for a top-dress. However, we do recommend monitoring the crop at PI to see if a top-dress is necessary. The Yield Contest data support this. We saw high and winning yields for both growers who apply a top-dress and for those that apply all of their N up front.

These data are helpful in that it demonstrates flexibility on how and when to apply fertilizers.

The Yield Contest data also showed that M-211 has higher yield potential than many of the other medium grain varieties being grown. In our variety trials, we typically see yields being 200 pounds to 400 pounds per acre more than other varieties. A higher yield potential suggests higher N rates are needed to achieve that potential. Assuming there is a 300 pounds per acre yield advantage, the crop will take up an extra 5 pounds per acre of N. Assuming a fertilizer N recovery of 50%, growers would need to add an extra 10 pounds of N per acre to achieve those yields.

20 RICE FARMING | FEBRUARY 2024

Fertility is a Balance DR. JARROD T. HARDKE ARKANSAS Professor/Rice Extension Agronomist University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture jhardke@uada.edu The 2023 season was one for near-record yields across crops in Arkansas. That level of production will most certainly have an impact on nutrient availability in the 2024 season. Last year was riddled with reports of nutrient-deficient rice, especially potash, which was most likely the result of record-high fertilizer prices in the preceding years.

With some moderate improvement in fertilizer prices and the amount of nutrients removed from fields in the harvested grain, we need to make sure we are putting back adequate nutrients for the upcoming crop. Let’s take a close look at our fertility programs going into the upcoming season.

Phosphorus (P) fertilization in flooded rice is straightforward, and soil test recommendations should be followed. If growing furrow-irrigated rice, there is a definitive need to apply the minimum recommended rate, and it is likely beneficial to increase that rate to some degree. Our current P rate recommendations are based on delayed, continuous flooded rice. Flooding makes P more available in the soil, so when we don’t flood, we have to fertilize to manage that shortfall.

Potassium (K) has a few new wrinkles for recommendations.

Check out the Potash Rate Calculator (https://agribusiness.uark. edu/decision-support-software.php) for assistance. Basically, using historical K rate trials, our K fertilizer rate can be better tailored to the individual field using crop price, fertilizer price, and yield expectation. Using the Potash Rate Calculator gives us the most economical K fertilization program as a starting point. With this, we can more accurately spend our money.

Additionally, we now recognize the ability to take Y-leaf samples during reproductive growth to determine our K levels and whether we would benefit from additional K fertilizer. The window of opportunity to effectively manage K in-season doesn’t close until late reproductive stages, so we have time to make adjustments post flood if warranted and economical.

Zinc (Zn) has not appeared to be as great a problem in recent years. However, this can be a continual problem with hidden hunger implications. Seed treatments can help manage or sometimes mask moderate deficiencies, but lower soil test levels need to be met with real corrections through proper fertilization.

Zinc sulfate is not cheap but serves to build Zn soil test levels and should be considered in high pH, low Zn soil test fields. Following the current soil test guidelines for Zn will ensure that it is not limiting and will help avoid potential yield-limiting disasters in season.

Balance is always a key for rice production. If we’re going to push nitrogen (N) rates to attempt to push yield, we need to push our base fertility to keep up and balance out the plant. A balanced RICEFARMING.COM

Specialists

nutritional program will provide the rice plant the greatest opportunity for consistently high yields. Good luck and let us know if we can help.

Early Fertilization for Rice DR. RONNIE LEVY LOUISIANA Extension Rice Specialist Louisiana State University RLevy@agcenter.lsu.edu Rice seed is mostly carbohydrates stored in tissue called endosperm. The embryo makes up most of the rest of the seed. Germination begins with imbibition of water. The seed swells and gains weight. The conversion of carbohydrates to sugars begins, and the embryo is activated.

Nutrition from the endosperm can supply the growing embryo for about three weeks. Fertilization timing and water management are similar for both drill-seeded and dry-broadcast-seeded rice. Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and micronutrient fertilizers should be applied preplant or pre-flush based on soil texture and soil test results.

The addition of 15 to 20 pounds of preplant or pre-flush nitrogen (N) is generally recommended to ensure against nitrogen deficiency in seedling rice. Early nitrogen deficiency can reduce tillering and yield potential. Application of large amounts of preplant nitrogen should also be avoided in a dry-seeded system since wetting and drying cycles before the permanent flood is established can lead to the loss of much of this nitrogen.

The majority of the nitrogen fertilizer should be applied to a dry soil surface within 3 days prior to permanently flooding the field. The remainder of the nitrogen requirement should be ap-

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Speaking

plied mid-season. In some cases, all of the nitrogen fertilizer can be applied ahead of the permanent flood if the precise nitrogen requirement for a field is known and if the permanent flood can be maintained throughout the season. If a field must be drained, however, for any unforeseen reason such as water weevil larva control or straighthead, appreciable amounts of nitrogen can be lost requiring reapplication of nitrogen.

When the required nitrogen fertilizer rate is not known or the field will be drained before harvest for any reason, apply 60% to 70% of the estimated nitrogen fertilizer requirement prior to flood establishment. Additional nitrogen fertilizer should be applied at mid-season at the beginning of internode elongation (IE) green ring.

Native soil fertility, soil type, and other factors affect nitrogen fertilizer efficiency. Rice growers should determine the nitrogen rate that provides optimal grain yield on their soil and production system.

Fertility Management DR. HUNTER BOWMAN MISSISSIPPI Assistant Research Professor/ Extension Rice Agronomist Mississippi State University hdb207@msstate.edu When looking at 2024 fertility plans, it is important to remember what happened in 2023. First, we ran into some situations with nitrogen (N) in which we had to be creative last year. One of the few rains and probably the biggest came at a time when we were just preparing to apply our pre-flood N. This left fields that had not had their biggest N application flooded

FEBRUARY 2024 | RICE FARMING

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Specialists

Speaking

before we were ready.

The first option here was to go with a spoon-fed approach like has commonly been used in furrow-irrigated rice. The second option was to drain the field and wait for the ground to get nearly dry and apply a N source treated with a N-stabilizing product. It is important to note the second approach provides the best yield response due to achieving greater nitrogen efficiency, but growers have to consider many factors and make the best decision for their operation.

The next issue that arose often in 2023 was potassium (K) deficiency. Rice needs K to perform many important roles within the plant. Two of these roles include the ability of rice to resist disease and grain quality. With the K deficiencies observed last year, late-season disease became an issue. Often, this disease was low in the canopy and not problematic, but there were cases where foliar K and fungicides were applied as a “band-aid” to finish the crop. Additionally, the K deficiencies were likely a contributor to the milling issues seen with the 2023 rice crop.

The final issue we ran into in Mississippi was artificially high soil pH due to groundwater quality. In areas where our groundwater is high in bicarbonates, the soil pH is raised by irrigation. This leads to phosphorus (P) in the soil becoming unavailable for plant uptake. To combat this, we often make in-season applications of a readily available P source.

Going into 2024, I like to remind people to plan on two N applications in flood-irrigated rice. The first of these is the most important. The first application should be about 2/3 of the total N, treated with a N stabilizer, and applied to dry ground. Immediately following this application, establish and maintain the flood.

Also, with what we saw last year, check soil-available K and, if necessary, plan to at least apply maintenance rates of K. Finally, test your water source so you know what you are dealing with.

With acres on the rise in Mississippi the past couple of years, I am excited to see what 2024 holds.

Fertility Adjustments for Rice Following Rice DR. JUSTIN CHLAPECKA MISSOURI Assistant Research Professor/ Rice Extension Specialist University of Missouri jchlapecka@missouri.edu With the way markets and prices look in the beginning of 2024, combined with a reasonably high rice acreage in 2023, it makes sense that additional ground will be rice following rice for the 2024 season. Typically, we see 10% to 20% of the Missouri rice crop as rice following rice, so this may be a rare practice for some farmers. We should be cognizant of the potential need for additional fertilizer when following rice.

First thing first is the obvious and usually most yield-influencing nutrient, nitrogen (N). We typically recommend increasing

22 RICE FARMING | FEBRUARY 2024

N rate by 20 pounds per acre (43 pounds of urea per acre) for flood-irrigated rice following rice. Regardless of whether the field was burnt, we expect to have less N availability following rice compared to soybean. As a conservative estimate, burning rice straw can release well over 120 pounds of N per acre. If rice straw is left in the field, the very high C:N ratio of rice residue causes the tie up of a lot of N in order to break down the residue. Bottom line, less N for the short-term regardless of management practice.

Most other nutrients do not require more input for rice following rice, but we should pay attention to notes from the previous year and whether we had any deficiency issues. If P, K, or Zn deficiency was an issue in 2023, then applying the proper amount of the limiting nutrient near planting could increase our likelihood for maximizing yield potential. One exception could be with potassium (K). A 200-bushel rice crop will remove an average of 32 pounds of K2O per acre, while a 70-bushel soybean crop can remove over 80 pounds K2O per acre. Theoretically, that leaves 50 additional pounds of K2O after rice compared to after soybean, BUT it’s best to run another soil test before gambling on whether a nutrient may or may not be available.

It’s always worth noting that in-season tissue testing is a great tool to help diagnose any possible nutrient deficiencies, especially if using reduced fertilizer rates or if you’re lacking a current soil test report.

If you have fertility questions now or in-season, you can always contact us via e-mail at jchlapecka@missouri.edu or catch us at some of the upcoming meetings and conferences through the first of March, including the Missouri Rice extension meeting Feb. 13 and the Missouri Rice Council annual meeting Feb. 27. As always, God bless and eat MO rice!

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