Peanut grower january 2018

The

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

2 018

Pesticide Guide Disease, Insect and Weed Management

JANUARY 2018

PG0118 Layout_CF 11/13 template 12/18/17 8:58 AM Page 2

Every day, the National Peanut Board works to help America’s 7,000 peanut-farming families improve production practices and put the world’s highest-quality peanut

can continue to farm the land you love. Learn what we’re doing to improve economics

By Growers For Growers For The Future

The

JANUARY 2018

PEANUTGROWER JANUARY 2018

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

Volume 30 • Number 1 2 018

Pesticide Guide Disease, Insect and Weed Management

Departments 4

Editor’s Note New Year, Old Problem

5

News Briefs Ag committee creates Farm Bill web page

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Market Watch Will estimate shortfall affect contracts?

22 New Products AGCO expands used equipment offering

10 Features

10 Looking Ahead To The 2018 Season Warm weather, pesticide shortages and significant acreage planted to peanuts could spell increased problems for producers.

13 Breakthrough In Aflatoxin Suppression Aflatoxins, which can infect peanuts, corn and other crops, are a major health risk worldwide.

Supplement Planting Tips

CornSouth ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

Southern Production & Marketing Strategies

14 Insect Management

Research-based ratings are offered for insect problems.

January 2018

16 Entomology Notes

For effective insect management, it is all about scouting and getting the pest identified correctly.

A Supplement to Cotton Farming and The Peanut Grower Magazines

Look for the Corn South supplement following page 12 in the Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi versions of The Peanut Grower.

T WIT TER: @PE ANUTGROWER

18 Weed Management

Study the herbicide response charts before selecting products.

Cover photo by Amanda Huber JANUARY 2 018 • THE PE ANUT GROWER /

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EDITORIAL/PRODUCTION Editor Amanda Huber ahuber@onegrower.com Copy Editor Carroll Smith csmith@onegrower.com Art Director Ashley Kumpe

ADMINISTRATION Publisher/Vice President Lia Guthrie (901) 497-3689 lguthrie@onegrower.com Associate Publisher Carroll Smith (901) 326-4443 Sales Manager Scott Emerson (386) 462-1532 semerson@onegrower.com Circulation Manager Charlie Beek (847) 559-7324 Production Manager Kathy Killingsworth (901) 767-4020 kkillingsworth@onegrower.com

For circulation changes or change of address, call (847) 559-7578

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD John Beasley Extension Agronomist Auburn University Dell Cotton Peanut Growers Cooperative Marketing Assn., Franklin, VA Kris Balkcom Agri-Program Associate Auburn University Craig Kvien Coastal Plain Experiment Station,Tifton, GA

Jason Woodward Extension Plant Pathologist Texas A & M University David Jordan Extension Agronomist North Carolina State University Glen Harris Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Jason Ferrell Extension Weed Specialist University of Florida

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC Mike Lamensdorf President/Treasurer Lia Guthrie Publisher/Vice President The Peanut Grower (ISSN 1042-9379) is an agribusiness magazine for U.S. peanut producers. Published in eight monthly issues, January through July and November. Annual subscriptions are $40.00. Single Copy price is $5.00. Annual overseas subscriptions are $70.00, including Canada/Mexico.

Periodicals postage paid at Memphis, TN. Copyright © 2018 One Grower Publishing, LLC, all rights reserved except where otherwise noted. The Peanut Grower ® is a registered trademark, which reserves all rights granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in association with the registration. POSTMASTER: SEND ADDRESS CHANGES TO OMEDA COMMUNICATIONS, CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT, P.O. BOX 1388, NORTHBROOK, IL 600651388. All statements, including product claims, are those of the person or organization making the statement or claim.

The publisher does not adopt any such statement or claim as its own, and any such statement or claim does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the publisher. Printed in the USA.

New Year, Old Problem

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t’s hard to get through the holiday season without gaining a little extra weight, and it’s not just the Christmas cookies and treats, but also turkey and cornbread dressing and gravy — yum! The fruitcake is certainly safe with me — where do they grow those oddly colored fruit anyway? But it seems nothing much else is.

Stuffed is a pretty good way to describe peanut warehouses right now as well. As you can read from Tyron Spearman’s Market Watch on page 6, Amanda Huber all markets are aware that there are too Editor, The Peanut Grower many peanuts. Even if the final numbers are not what USDA NASS had estimated, it is still too many.

As Spearman further writes in his Peanut Farm Market News, some additional factors impacting marketing decisions are as follows: • Producers have until Jan. 31, 2018, to place peanuts in the Market Loan Program.

• Peanuts in the Market Loan can be stored for nine months at which time the peanuts must be sold to a handler or forfeited to the government as a farmer receives only the loan value.

• Offers: $20 per ton above the loan rate or about $375 per ton for un-contracted runner peanuts.

Another offer from Spearman’s report is a flex contract for unsold 2017 crop farmer stock. The base option is $ 0 - $ 354.32 per ton. The mediums price range is $.45 minimum to $.55 maximum, with the maximum the seller could collect at $ 135 per ton. For each cent per pound that the medium price exceeds $.45, the seller is eligible to collect an additional $ 13.50 per ton. The current medium price reported is $.46 pound. With the current $.46 per pound for mediums, contracts would be about $355 per ton plus $13.50 or $368.50 per ton.

Spearman says this contract will allow the farmer to ride with the market.

The New Year may usher in a fresh feeling and renewed enthusiasm to start another planting season, but it doesn’t bring easy answers to the peanut marketing dilemma.

One Grower Publishing, LLC, also publishes Cotton Farming, Rice Farming, Soybean South and Corn South.

One Grower Publishing, LLC 6515 Goodman Rd., Box 360, Olive Branch, MS 38654 Phone: 901-767-4020

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THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2 018

PE ANUTGROWER.COM

Farm Bill Landing Page

Ahead of the 2018 Farm Bill, House Agriculture Committee Chairman K. Michael Conaway (TX-11) announced the launch of a new online resource that can be accessed through the committee’s current website, https:// agriculture.house.gov/farmbill. This landing page is designed to provide updates and information related to the 2018 Farm Bill.

Following its launch, Chairman Conaway, said, “I’m committed to completing a Farm Bill on time. We’ve spent the past three years preparing – holding 113 hearings and six listening sessions around the country. We recognize what’s at stake. We’re working on getting the policy right and will use this site as a resource as we advance the next Farm Bill.”

Change Made On Damage Limit

USDA A gricultura l Marketing Service final rule as published in the Federal Register revises the minimum quality and handling standards for domestic and imported peanuts marketed in the United States.

This action relaxes the allowance for damaged kernels in farmer-stock peanuts when determining segregation.

This change increases the allowance for damaged kernels under Segregation 1 from not more than 2.49 percent to not more than 3.49 percent.

The requirements for Segregation 2 are also adjusted to reflect this change.

The board recommended this change to align the incoming standards with recent changes to the outgoing quality standards and to help increase returns to producers. This final rule becomes effective Feb. 1, 2018, and did not include the 2017 peanut crop.

This rule implements a recommendation from the Peanut Standards Board to revise the minimum quality and handling standards for domestic and imported peanuts marketed in the United States (Standards). The Board T WIT TER: @PE ANUTGROWER

advises the Secretary of Agriculture regarding potential changes to the Standards and is comprised of producers and industry representatives.

2018 Program Enrollment

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) today announced that starting Nov. 1, 2017, farmers and ranchers with base acres in the Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC) or Price Loss Coverage (PLC) safety net program may enroll for the 2018 crop year. The enrollment period will end on Aug. 1, 2018.

“Since shares and ownership of a farm can change year-to-year, producers must enroll by signing a contract each program year,” said Farm Service Agency (FSA) Acting Administrator Steve Peterson. “I encourage producers to contact their local FSA office to schedule an appointment to enroll.”

The producers on a farm that are not enrolled for the 2018 enrollment period will not be eligible for financial assistance from the ARC or PLC programs for the 2018 crop should crop prices or farm revenues fall below the historical price or revenue benchmarks established by the program. Producers who made their elections in previous years must still enroll during the 2018 enrollment period.

For more details regarding these programs, go to www.fsa.usda.gov/arc-plc.

GPC Favors Ruling

“I applaud efforts by USDA to update the peanut standards and raise the grading score. A farmer having a majority of their crop graded as Segregation 2 is an economic devastation that could lead to bankruptcy while the true value seems to be significantly higher,” says Armond Morris, chairman of the Georgia Peanut Commission. “This change will greatly reduce the burden on peanut growers. A similar action was granted to the peanut processors last year on outgoing regulations so it only

In Brief: • Bookmark the Farm Bill landing page for up-to-date news.

• Sign up for 2018 ARC or PLC program.

• Seg. 1 damage allowance limit relaxed.

• Expansion planned for humanitarian food product plant.

• New peanut products launch in 2018, including peanut milk.

makes sense growers should be afforded the same revision in the rules.”

From a nationwide perspective, Seg. 2 peanuts usually constitute less than 1 percent of the entire U.S. crop. However, producers have experienced some very challenging weather conditions in recent years, especially with rain at harvest time, which has increased the percentage of peanuts being graded as Seg. 2. This adjustment to the grading score will not affect the quality of peanuts being delivered to the market.

MANA Announces Expansion

Mark Moore, CEO of M A NA, recently announced plans for an expansion of the manufacturing plant in Fitzgerald, Ga. MANA will invest $3 million in the expansion which will double the space to 50,000 square feet.

Moore says, “We expect to double again in f ive years.” M A NA is the largest producer of Ready to Use Therapeutic Food for children with severe malnutrition and is introducing a new product called Humanitarian Supply Ration. Recent projects in Puerto Rico indicated a need for a peanut product fortified with twice the protein. Moore says it is also excellent for Federal Emergency Management Agency projects and even cancer patients.

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JANUARY 2 018 • THE PE ANUT GROWER /

Peanut Institute Redefines Mission Founded by the American Peanut Shellers A ssociation, the Peanut Institute recently redefined their mission: Doing our part in creating a healthier world…we grow awareness of the health and wellness benefits of peanuts and peanut products through targeted research and communication.

The new study in the Journal of A merican College of Cardiolog y reports that consuming peanuts two or more times a week had a 15 percent lower risk of Coronary Heart Disease than those who never or almost never consumed peanuts. The Health Study looked at more than 169,000 women and 41,000 men over two decades.

Further, people who consume peanuts two or more times per week had a 13 percent lower risk of Cardiovascular Disease and people eating peanuts around two times per week had a 10 percent lower risk of stroke than those who ate peanut occasionally.

Darlene Cowart, chairwoman of the Peanut Institute, said, “We’ve seen data that nut consumption could help with weight loss, with diabetes, now with this multi-year study, we see that peanuts could help prevent heart disease. We are happy to share this good news.” For more information

on The Peanut Institute, go to www. peanut-institute.com.

Summit To Sharpen Messages High-yielding crops are a challenge to the industry and grower marketing stakeholders who take care of communications and promotions activities on behalf of the peanut industry.

Recently, the National Peanut Board hosted marketing and grower stakeholders from state peanut producer organizations for a Marketing Summit at the Chicago headquarters of Golin, NPB’s marketing and public relations agency.

The purpose of the meeting was to keep marketing messages sharp and consistent across the peanut industry and to focus on how to increase peanut consumption.

To reach these goals, three strategies for 2018 were discussed: • Continue with the Peanut Vendor (@PeanutsHere), who will bring his humor and peanut passion to fans in new ways.

• Promote National Institute of Health guidelines for introducing appropriate peanut products to infants for the prevention of peanut allergies. NPB will focus on working with parents to build

Calendar • Jan. 18, 2018, Georgia Peanut Farm Show, University of Georgia Tifton Campus Conference Center, Tifton, Ga. Show opens at 8:30 a.m. For more information visit gapeanuts.com.

• Jan. 25, 2018, 39th Annual South Carolina Peanut Growers’ Meeting, Santee Conference Center, Santee, S.C. • Feb. 7, 2018, Georgia Peanut Commission Research Report Day, NESPAL, Tifton, Ga. For more information visit gapeanuts.com.

• Feb. 8, 2018, Alabama-Florida Peanut Trade Show, National Peanut Festival Fairgrounds, Dothan, Ala. Show opens at 8:30 a.m. until 1:30 p.m., lunch provided.

awareness, educate and offer support about feeding infants peanut-containing foods.

• Support marketing efforts of Elmhurst Milked Peanuts and Peanuts-Chocolate as these new products hit retail shelves in January.

NPB Officers Elected

Greg Gill, a peanut farmer from Walnut Ridge, Ark., was elected chairman of the 12-member National Peanut Board at the recent quarterly meeting in Washington, D.C. Gill, who served last year as vice-chairman, began his one-year term Jan. 1.

“I’m honored to serve as chairman of the National Peanut Board this year,” says Gill. “We have a strong program of work to implement in 2018—such as supporting the launch of the first-ever peanut milk in retail stores nationwide and educating health professionals and parents about the NIH guidelines for introducing peanut products to infants. It should be a very busy and productive year.”

Also, elected as officers were Dan Ward of Clarkton, N.C., as vice-chairman; Peter Froese Jr. of Seminole,

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THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2 018

NPB officers for 2018 are (l-r) Andy Bell, secretary; Dan Ward, vice-chairman; and Greg Gill, chairman. Not pictured: Peter Froese Jr., treasurer.

Texas, as treasurer; and Andy Bell of Climax, Ga., as secretary. These officers will serve one-year terms beginning Jan. 1.

PE ANUTGROWER.COM

New Year, New Peanut Products

Peanuts are a tasty and convenient snack and new product introductions ref lect the popular snacking trend. The National Peanut Board reports that in the past quarter, new product introductions in the snack category increased 46 percent compared to last year.

A look at some recently announced product introductions are as follows: • Hershey’s has launched its first new candy bar in 22 years. Hershey’s Gold is a caramelized crème bar with crunchy peanuts and pretzels that delivers a complex combination of sweet and salty, crunchy and creamy. The new product will be promoted with the 2018 Olympic Winter Games with several Olympic athletes including Apollo Ono. • Snickers will launch three new flavors in summer 2018: Espresso, Fiery and Salty & Sweet. Snickers has experimented with different nuts in the past but these new flavors focus on peanuts and the flavor will be included in the inner nougat.

• M&Ms has launched a new seasonal flavor exclusively at Target. Peanut Brrr-ittle M&Ms feature the sweet roasted taste of peanut brittle.

• Chobani Flip has introduced a limited batch of Buttercrunch Blast yogurt. It features chocolate low-fat yogurt with roasted peanuts, toffee pieces,

chocolate cookies and peanut butter clusters.

• Doritos’ ventures outside of chips with the new Crunch Nuts and Crunch Mix in Nacho Cheese and Cool Ranch flavors. Crunch Nuts are peanuts with a crunchy Doritos-flavored coating. Crunch Mix features the coated peanuts with other salty, crunchy elements like pretzel nuggets, corn puffs, corn sticks.

• Smaller brands are also innovating with peanut ingredients. Clover Sonoma’s premium ice cream line has a new chocolate peanut butter f lavor.

Dairy-free No Cow Cookies in Chunky Peanut Butter have 21 grams of protein and only one gram of sugar.

While snacks are a strong category leader for peanuts, additional top areas of growth for peanuts include sweet spreads, up 87 percent, and pet food, up 83 percent.

The group also discussed ways to tell the industry’s sustainability story by sharing resources that show peanuts are good for our health, our environment and the economy. A toolkit that aids in telling the industry’s sustainability story can be found online at SustainablePeanut.org.

High Protein Peanut Milk Elmhurst Milked is hoping to make a splash in the plant-based dairy arena with “milked peanut” beverages that offer more protein, less sugar, a creamier mouthfeel and a shorter, cleaner label.

Manufactured by Steduben Foods in Elma, New York, via a patented, proprietary cold milling process that begins with whole nuts, the peanut milk contains five ingredients – filtered water, peanuts, cane sugar, natT WIT TER: @PE ANUTGROWER

ural f lavors and salt – and has 150 calories per eight-ounce serving, has four times the nuts, 31 peanuts in every glass, six times the protein and less sugar than almond milk brands Silk and Almond Breeze. The chocolate version, featuring Dutched cocoa, contains slightly more protein and sugar, but fewer calories.

Elmhurst Milked product manager says, “To increase consumption in a

mature market will require new usage occasions or new products and this is a product that has the potential to drive significant growth. What’s also exciting is that there is so much potential to create other peanut-based products from yogurts and ice cream to creamers.”

Consumption of almond and soy milks and other plant-based milks has increased 20 percent over the past few years.

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Will a reduced crop estimate make a difference in contract offers?

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aking plans for the 2018 peanut marketing year will be difficult. All markets are aware that we have a few too many peanuts. The U.S. peanut crop for 2017/18 was revised down 2 percent in the November Crop Production report to 7.64 billion pounds (3,819,500 tons) based on slightly lower yields. Georgia, Alabama and Florida account for most of this month’s crop reduction.

The downward revision to 4,176 pounds per acre reduces the yield to the second highest ever after 2012/13 (4,211 pounds). Moderation of this supply may temper the expected increase in season-ending stocks to 2.55 billion pounds (1,344,000 tons) from 1.44 billion in 2016/17. As of mid-December, the Federal-State Inspection Service had recorded 3,450,799 tons, 90 percent of the estimate. At this point, final numbers may be short of USDA’s optimistic figures.

Stock Disappearance The big question is will that final number be a game changer for farmer-stock contracts next year? There are other factors, mainly the price of cotton and corn. The competition for land and contract prices will help farmers to decide what to plant.

If USDA’s disappearance numbers are correct, there may not be too many excess peanuts. Production is estimated at 3,820,000 tons, with a demand of 3,301,000 tons, that is only 519,000 tons. The final production number will be closer to 3,700,000 tons.

With exports coming back to another record, backed by an excellent quality crop, and predictions for domestic consumption continuing up 3.6 percent, peanuts will have a total ending stocks 8 /

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2 018

J. Tyron Spearman

Contributing Editor, The Peanut Grower

Leading Marketing Indicators (Dec. 12, 2017) 2017 Acreage Planted Up 19% ....................................... 1,829,000 acres 2017 Production Est. (4,176 lbs/A) ..................................... 3,819,500 tons 2017 FSIS Inspections (12-10-17) ........................................ 3,450,799 tons 2016 Market Loan For 2017 ................................................ 2,269,962 tons 2016 Loan Remaining ..................................................................... 0 tons 2017-18 Domestic Usage (3 Mo.) ................................................. Up 2.9% 2016-17 Exports (Aug- July) .................................................. Down 23.7% NATIONAL POSTED PRICE (per ton) Runners - $424.43; Spanish - $409.00; Valencia/Virginias - $429.97

of 1,276,000 tons or less. If the pipeline takes 600,000 tons, the markets should stabilize for next year and give farmers a reasonable contract. Talking with manufacturers of peanut harvesting equipment, orders are strong for delivery next year.

Domestic Usage Domestic food demand for peanuts in 2017/18 is forecast up 3.6 percent to 3.2 billion pounds. Strong export demand for U.S. peanuts may continue as well – the level predicted is 1.5 billion pounds (750,000 tons). October was another good month for peanut usage, per the Stocks and Processing Report.

Peanut butter posted an amazing increase of 8.8 percent boosting the three-month run with a 5.6 percent increase. Peanut candy was up only 1.5 percent when the category seems to doing better. Peanut snacks struggled again down 6 percent for the month and now down 5.5 percent for the threemonth period.

In-shells are looking good, up 16.3

percent for the month and up 13.4 percent for the year. A good quality crop with lots of bright shells should boost this category. With lots of peanuts at reasonable prices, it is time to plan for promotions, including March is National Peanut Month. Overall, peanut usage is up 3.0 percent.

Selling Of All 2016 Peanuts At the end of the 2016 marketing year for peanuts, shellers had forfeited 39,144 farmer-stock tons to the Commodity Credit Corporation, the commodity sales agent for USDA. The lots were offered for an exchange for peanut butter. All bulk peanuts from the 2016 peanut crop were available for the exchange. The top bidder was announced Nov. 21. CCC-owned peanuts totaled 54,253,460 pounds from Birdsong Peanut Corporation.

The successful offer was submitted by Golden Peanut and Tree Nut exchanging 8,709,120 pounds of peanut butter delivered to CCC. That is good news for USDA management. A total PE ANUTGROWER.COM

of 2,269,963 tons of peanuts were processed through the loan program for 2016. Forfeited peanuts were sold as an exchange, and all other peanut loans have been repaid to the government.

What About Exports?

Anticipating a large domestic crop at a low price, marketing year 17/18 imports are forecast at 250,000 tons, down from the estimated 300,000 tons of 16/17. Peanut imports reached a record of 541,000 tons in the marketing year 15/16 primarily because of favorable prices. Imports of peanuts for food use remains low due to sufficient domestic supplies.

Peanut oil imports are forecast at 100,000 tons for marketing year 17/18, slightly down from 16/17 (equivalent to 315,000 tons of in-shell peanuts). Peanut imports remain a small volume compared to China’s large domestic production. Peanut imports are highly affected by domestic production and price.

Forecast marketing year 17/18 peanut production is at a historical high of 17.5 MMT. However, the price is lower compared to previous years. U.S. sellers are confident that China will be buying U.S. peanuts again, especially lower-priced grades that would be destined for peanut oil mills.

Be Ready On Planning In February, Congress should give some indication of the direction of the new 2018 Farm Bill, which will be implemented with the 2019 peanut crop.

Peanut leaders have strongly supported the present peanut program. Stay in touch with your buying point to book contracts for 2018 peanuts. It is not likely that shellers will be as aggressive as last year, that is until manufacturers order for the next season. PG

Stay informed with digital offerings from The Peanut Grower T WIT TER: @PE ANUTGROWER

Crop Area Planted and Harvested, United States: 2016 and 2017 Area Planted (1,000 acres)

Area Harvested (1,000 acres)

2016

2017

2016

2017

1,671.0

1,881.0

1,536.0

1,829.0

Source: USDA NASS Crop Production Report

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LOO K I NG A H E A D to the

2018 SEASON Warm weather, pesticide shortages and significant acreage planted to peanuts could spell increased problems for producers.

By Robert C. Kemerait, Jr., Extension plant pathologist, University of Georgia

I

f the 2017 field season was any indication, disease and nematode management issues will continue to be of increasing concern in 2018.

Looming on the horizon for 2018 will be the impact of a warmer and drier winter, shortages in popular fungicides and nematicides, and large acreages planted once again to peanuts. These three factors could add up to cause real headaches for peanut farmers.

Warm Weather To Continue The winter of 2017-2018 has been characterized as a “La Niña”. During a La Niña winter, cooler-than-normal temperatures along the equator in the eastern Pacific Ocean create conditions that are warmer and drier than normal in the southeastern United States.

This does not mean that farmers in this region will not experience periods of cold and wet, only that overall temperatures will tend to be warmer and precipitation lower than normal.

Warmer and drier conditions may make for a comfortable winter season; however it does not help farmers with disease and nematode management in the upcoming year. Warmer temperatures allow “volunteers” sprouting after

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THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2 018

Primary Disease Management Issues For 2018 Warm Temperatures: • Allow volunteers to survive well into December, extending the life-cycles of pathogens and nematodes.

• In early season soils, increase risk from nematodes and diseases such as white mold and Aspergillus crown rot.

• Combined with shorter rotations greatly increases the risk of diseases and nematodes.

Pesticide Supplies: • Telone II, AgLogic and Vydate-CLV will be in restricted supply.

• Production issues in China will cause significant shortages in some fungicides, (chlorothalonil) and increase costs of others (tebuconazole).

• Because of continued restrictions from the European Union, propiconazole (the active ingredient in Tilt fungicide) will not be used by most producers.

Other Means of Reducing Disease/Nematode Pressure: • Crop rotation remains as the most important and effective ways to minimize losses.

• Invest in “premium” fungicide programs and pay careful attention to application timing.

• Use Peanut Rx to integrate production practices to achieve the lowest risk to spotted wilt, white mold and leaf spot.

harvest to survive well into December.

Volunteers extend the life-cycles of disease-causing-pathogens and plant-parasitic nematodes. Warmer-than-normal soils early in the growing season may also increase risk to nematodes and diseases like white mold (southern stem rot) and Aspergillus crown rot.

Rotate, Rotate, Rotate Crop rotation is one of the most important and effective ways to mini-

mize losses to disease and nematodes.

Peanut farmers are encouraged to plant peanuts in the same field only once every three years. Acreage planted to peanut is expected to remain high in 2018, continuing to put pressure on growers to find ways to implement good rotation between crop rotation.

As years between peanut crops dwindle in a field, risk to white mold and leaf Continued on page 12 PE ANUTGROWER.COM

PEANUT DISEASE IDENTIFICATION

Aspergillus Crown Rot

CBR

Spotted Wilt

Aspergillus crown rot causes pre- and postemergence damping off and sometimes kills up to five weeks after planting. Seedlings rapidly collapse and die. Dark brown discoloration is common on decayed roots and hypocotyls. Later, these areas often are covered with masses of black spores that look similar to bread mold. Aspergillus crown rot generally is of minor importance when high-quality, fungicide-treated seed are planted in well-rotated fields. Rotation and seed treatments are an effective control for this disease.

Cylindrocladium Black Rot (CBR) infected plants are initially chlorotic with foliage becoming brown to black as the disease develops. The symptom unique to CBR is the presence of brick red reproductive structures growing from the crown of infected plants, while the crown, itself, is usually black.

Root systems of severely infected plants are deteriorated, void of secondary roots and are also black.

Infection occurs at planting during cool, wet weather. However, symptom expression does not occur until mid-July.

Given its wide range of symptoms, spotted wilt disease is sometimes confused with white mold and CBR. Spotted wilt is a viral disease spread by thrips.

Foliar symptoms can be one or more of the following: concentric light green to yellow ringspots (predominant on young foliage), chlorosis (yellowing), necrotic terminals and/or necrotic leaf spots, nondescript tan spots or blotches, oakleafing or streaking and mottling. Foliage of infected plants may be reduced in size. Plants infected early in the season are usually stunted, have reduced pod production and may die.

Peanut Root-Knot Nematode

Late Leaf Spot

Early Leaf Spot

Peanut root-knot nematode infected plants are usually stunted and chlorotic. Typically, injury is not uniform in the field. Infected areas in a field are typically circular. Roots, pegs and pods of infected plants are galled. Galls on pods are wart-like in appearance and dark in color.

Late leaf spot symptoms are similar to those of early leaf spot, but lesions are usually dark brown to black. Conditions for disease development are the same as for early leaf spot. During favorable conditions, spores of this fungus can be seen on the underside of the leaf. Under extreme pressure, lesions can develop on stems.

Early leaf spot lesions are initially very small and light brown in color. Under favorable conditions, lesions enlarge up to one-half inch in diameter and are usually surrounded by a yellow halo (halo not always present). Lesions may be evident within 10 to 14 days after infection. During or after periods of warm temperatures in the 70s or above and during periods of high humidity, spores of the fungus can be observed on mature leaf spot lesions.

3Stem Rot or White Mold

Rhizoctonia Limb Rot

Stem rot or white mold is favored by hot, wet weather. Initially, foliage of the infected plants is chlorotic; this may include the whole plant or be limited to a branch. As the disease develops, the foliage turns brown to black. The crown area is usually light to dark brown depending on the stage of disease development. Symptoms unique to stem rot are white strands of fungus and white to brown sclerotia. These are usually found in the crown area of infected plants. Fields where stem rot is suspected should be scouted late in the season, 24 to 48 hours after a rain or irrigation event, beginning in late July and until digging.

Symptoms of Rhizoctonia limb rot are usually not noticed until after digging of the plants. Infected branches that were in contact with the soil are black and rotten. Infection often starts near the tip of a branch, killing the tip and then progressing down the branch.

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In Memoriam: Pat Phipps Dr. Patrick M. Phipps, Emeritus Professor and well-known plant pathologist at Virginia Tech, passed away in October from complications with cancer.

Phipps’ life and career truly embodied the spirit of service. Dr. Phipps was a member of American Peanut Research and Education Society for 38 years and during this time he attended 35 meetings, serving as President in 2005, Vice President in 2004, and, as a member of the Board of Directors, from 1999-2001.

Phipps had a distinguished career in research and Extension with a focus on disease control in peanuts, work that is considered the industry standard in peanut production, and recognized

by Virginia Tech, APRES and American Phytopathological Society as noted by the following: elected Fellow of APRES in 2002; received the Coyt T. Wilson Distinguished Service Award in 2012; the American Peanut Council’s Peanut Research and Education Award in 2000; the Excellence in Extension Award in 1994, and the Outstanding Alumnus Award in 2006, from the Virginia Tech College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Alumni Association; awarded the APRES Wallace K. Bailey Award for best paper presentation in 1985, 1990 and 2007; the APRES Dow AgroSciences Award for Excellence in Education in 1999; the Excellence in Extension Award from the APS in 1994; presented or served as

Continued from page 10

spot increase and yields drop. The best crops for rotation with peanuts include grass crops like bahiagrass and corn. Cotton is a good crop to rotate with peanuts. Soybeans, which are affected by CBR, white mold, and the peanut root-knot nematodes, should be avoided if possible.

What Else Can You Do? Shorter rotations and a La Niña winter increase risk to diseases and nematodes. Growers can reduce, but not eliminate such risk by planting resistant varieties where appropriate, investing in better “premium” fungicide programs and by careful timing of the application of fungicides. In 2018, growers can battle peanut root-knot nematodes using varieties like TifNV-HiOL, TifGuard, and Georgia-14N and with nematicides to include Telone II, Velum Total, Propulse, AgLogic, and Vydate-CLV. In addition to selecting a “best” fungicide program, growers can improve performance of a fungicides by planting varieties with better disease resistance, considering in-furrow and early-emergence applications, spraying fungicides at night and timing applications around irrigation and rain events.

Pesticide Shortages Expected Disease and nematode management will be further complicated in 2018 by tight supply of a number of important products. Telone II, AgLogic and Vydate-CLV will be in restricted supply in 2018. Production issues in China are predicted to cause significant shortages in some fungicides, like chlorothalonil, and increases in cost of other fungicides, to include tebuconazole. Due to continued restrictions from the European Union, propiconazole (the active ingredient in Tilt fungicide) will not be used by most peanut farmers again in 2018.

12 /

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2 018

a co-author with graduate students and colleagues at each of the 35 APRES meetings that he attended.

Phipps was born in New Martinsville, W.V., and he earned a Bachelor of Science in 1970 in biology from Fairmont State College, a Master’s in 1972 in plant pathology from Virginia Tech, and a Ph.D. in 1974 in plant pathology from West Virginia University. He accepted a post-doctoral position at North Carolina State University, where he remained until accepting an assistant professorship in the Department of Plant Pathology at Virginia Tech in 1978. At Virginia Tech, he climbed the ranks of the professorship including Associate (1983), Full (1989), and Emeritus (2010).

Phipps is survived by his wife Janet and his son Jamie and his family. PG

Because of restrictions and shortages, growers should plan early to ensure that they have the management program they need for the new season. Growers can begin to talk with distributors to check on availability for seed, nematicides and fungicides. Growers should begin to develop fungicide programs appropriate for the disease risk in their fields. Where shortages exist, growers should look for suitable alternatives. Growers can get more information through the local Extension agents, industry representatives, consultants and distributors.

Use All Portions Of Peanut Rx The 2018 version of Peanut Rx is an excellent tool by which growers can integrate production practices to achieve the lowest risk to tomato spotted wilt, white mold and leaf spot diseases. Peanut Rx assigns risk points to factors including variety, planting date, crop rotation, tillage, seeding rate/plant stand, use of at-plant insecticide, row pattern and irrigation. Using Peanut Rx, growers can both work to reduce risk in a field and also adopt fungicide programs appropriate for the level of risk in the field.

Peanut Rx will be available in various forms to include industry fungicide guide and a free smart-phone app available at the App Store and Google Play.

Disease and nematode management may be more difficult in 2018 because of our winter, reduced product availability and tight rotations. However, with careful planning, peanut farmers can develop a management program to help them achieve strong yields in the coming season. PG PE ANUTGROWER.COM

Breakthrough In Aflatoxin Suppression Aflatoxins, which can infect peanuts, corn and other crops, are a major health risk worldwide.

Genetic Resistance In his work in the AgCenter, Chen has developed a method of changing the genetics of corn plants to impart resistance to Aspergillus flavus, the fungus that causes aflatoxin. He has produced a vector carrying the partial sequences of genes from A. flavus for inserting into plants susceptible to the fungus, such as corn.

Through collaboration with scientists at Iowa State University, the genetic material from the pathogen was inserted into the corn in such a way that the plant sees it as invasive and triggers a defense response to generate resistance, Chen says.

The program at the ICRISAT is led

by Pooja Bhatnagar-Mathur, who had collaborated previously with Chen on a peanut proteomics project and learned about Chen’s novel “pre-immune” disease control strategy during one of her visits to LSU. T WIT TER: @PE ANUTGROWER

RICK BOGREN/LSU AGCENTER

A

worldwide group of plant scientists have made a significant research breakthrough by suppressing the fungus that produces aflatoxin in peanuts.

Zhi-Yuan Chen, a researcher in the LSU AgCenter Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, is one of the collaborators in the project headed by scientists at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in Hyderabad, India.

Other participating institutions are the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center in St. Louis, Missouri, and the United States Department of Agriculture.

Af latoxins are a major health risk worldwide, and infected crops are not suitable for human consumption. Along with peanuts, af latoxin infects corn, cottonseed, tree nuts and chilies.

A. flavus ‘Vaccination’ The research team at ICRISAT used the same vectors designed and constructed by Chen’s team for corn to introduce into peanuts genetic material that causes the peanut plant to recognize the A. flavus infection and institute a defense against it.

It’s like a vaccination. “When a portion of the gene sequence is introduced into the plant, the plant recognizes and attacks the pathogen after ‘seeing’ the sequence. It binds to the pathogen like an antibody so the pathogen doesn’t increase,” Chen says.

“The construct was developed here for corn, then moved to peanuts,” he says of the five-year collaboration to evaluate peanut lines. The transgenic corn plants carrying the same genes have gone through several years of isolated field evaluation at LSU AgCenter under strict governmental regulations for changes in aflatoxin resistance.

Because of tight restrictions in working with transgenic materials, field evaluation of the new corn lines takes longer to complete in the United States, Chen says.

Chen’s work with corn is continuing, and he hopes to publish the study in the coming year. PG Information provided by LSU AgCenter.

Zhi-Yuan Chen, a researcher in the LSU AgCenter Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, explains the apparatus he uses in his lab to analyze aflatoxin resistance in corn seeds.

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13

JANUARY 2 018 • THE PE ANUT GROWER /

PEANUT INSECTICIDE GUIDE Beet armyworm Burrower bug

Mustang Max

Asana

Baythroid

Brigade

B.t.1

Danitol

Diamond EC

Comite/Omite

Warrior II

Lanna

P(LS)

P(LS)

P/F

P/F

P

NL

G

NL

P

P/F

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Corn earworm

G/E

G/E

G/E

G/E

P

G

NL

NL

G/E

E

Fall armyworm

P(LS)

P/F(LS)

P/F

P/F

NL

F

E

NL

P/F

G

P/F

P/F

P/F

P/F

P

NL

NL

NL

P/F

G

Leafhoppers

E

E

G

G

NL

G

NL

NL

E

E

Lesser cornstalk borer

P

P(LS)

NL

NL

NL

NL

F/G

NL

P(LS)

NL

P(LS)

NL

P/F

P/F

P

NL

G

NL

NL

P/F

Granulate cutworm

Loopers Rednecked peanutworm

G

G

G

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

Southern corn rootworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Spider mites

NL

NL

NL

P/F

NL

P-F

NL

G

P(LS)

NL

Threecornered alfalfa hopper

NL

G

G

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

Thrips

F/G

NL

G

G

NL

G (with Orthene)

LS

NL

G

F

Velvetbean caterpillar

G/E

E

G/E

G/E

F

NL

G

NL

E

E

Whitefringed beetle (larvae)

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Wireworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Tobacco budworm

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

Lesser Cornstalk Borer

Fall Armyworm

Lesser cornstalk borer is an important pest in the Southeastern and Southwestern growing areas. It is usually a problem during hot, dry weather and is more often a problem on coarse, sandy soils than on heavier soils. Lesser cornstalk borer larvae will feed on underground pegs and pods in addition to any part of the plant above ground that contacts the soil surface.

Fall armyworms are one of several foliage feeders that may attack peanuts. In some years, they can be the predominant foliage feeder. Caterpillars, gray, light brown or mottled green in color, reach approximately 1½ inches in length when fully grown and have a prominant inverted “Y” on their head. When abundant, fall armyworms can strip plants of foliage and “march” to other host plants. Female moths lay egg masses of about 150 each and cover them with scales from their body.

Southern Corn Rootworm Damage Southern corn rootworms are most often found on heavy soils that are poorly drained. During extremely wet weather, they may become a problem even on sandy soils. This pest is a subterranean feeder. It may feed on the roots of peanut plants to some extent, but its most important damage is due to peg and pod feeding. Usually the holes cut into pegs and pods will appear as if they were created by a tiny drill bit. In contrast to lesser cornstalk borer feeding, there is no webbing associated with this pest.

Leafhoppers Leafhoppers are small wedge-shaped, green, brown or black insects about 1/ 8 to ¼ inch in length. Leafhoppers insert their beak into the midrib on the lower side of peanut leaves and suck plant juices. Leaves turn yellow from the point where the feeding has occured to the tip of the leaf and may die in severe cases. This damage is often referred to as “hopper burn.”

14 /

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2 018

Corn Earworm/Tobacco Budworm In peanuts, these two closely related insects are usually referred to as corn earworms, but tobacco budworms are often a significant percentage of the total population. Larvae of both species feed on peanut foliage and are very similar in appearance. The corn earworm moth (above) and the tobacco budworm moth are often seen in peanut fields and may indicate that larvae will soon follow.

PE ANUTGROWER.COM

rior II

E = Excellent Control; G = Good Control; F = Fair Control; P = Poor Control; NL = Not Labeled; 1 Dipel and others; * Insufficient data LS = Labeled for suppression only

Lannate

Lorsban 4E

Chlorpyrifos 15G

Orthene

Radiant SC

Sevin

Steward

Thimet 20G

Blackhawk

Dimilin

Intrepid

Prevathon

P

P/F

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

G/E

NL

G

G

E

G

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

G/E

E

NL

NL

G

E

F

G

NL

G

NL

NL

G

P/F

G

NL

NL

F/G

G

F/G

G/E

NL

G/E

G

NL

G

P/F

G

NL

P/F

NL

NL

F

G

NL

G

NL

NL

E/G

E

E

NL

NL

G/E

NL

G/E

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

F

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

P

NL

F/G

NL

P/F

NL

NL

P/F

G

NL

NL

NL

G

F/G

E

E/G

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

F/G

NL

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

LS)

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

G/E

NL

G

NL

NL

NL

NL

G

F

NL

NL

G/E

NL

P

NL

G/E

NL

NL

NL

NL

E

E

NL

NL

E

G

G

NL

NL

E

G/E

E

E/G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

F/G

F/G

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

NL

E/G

LS)

Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension Entomologist

Three-Cornered Alfalfa Hopper

Burrower Bug

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Burrower bugs can be hard to identify in the field and an infestation is often not detected until harvest.

Burrower bugs have a black-tobrown body, small red eyes on a small-sized head. The upper wings of burrower bugs are shiny and semi-hardened with the membranous tip overlapping. Its legs are Page spiny,1and needle-like, piercing, sucking mouth parts are visible with a hand lens. Burrower bug is closely related to stink bugs.

Three-cornered alfalfa hoppers are light green and wedgeshaped. They stand about ¼ inch high and are about ¼ inch long. Both adults and nymphs have piercing mouthparts and feed by penetrating the stem and sucking plant juices.

They tend to feed in a circular fashion around a stem, making feeding punctures as they go. The damaged area typically swells and above ground root growth may occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs.

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JANUARY 2 018 • THE PE ANUT GROWER /

Entomology Notes For insect management, it is all about scouting and getting the pest identified correctly.

A

s you prepare for 2018, use these entomology notes made by UGA Extension entomologist, Mark Abney, and your own field notes to plan next year’s crop management strategy.

GFH in peanut has been only mediocre. Bryce Sutherland, a graduate student in the UGA Peanut Entomology program, is currently evaluating the activity of several insecticides on GFH in peanut.

Garden Fleahopper It has been a while since anyone asked me about garden fleahopper in peanut. After a couple years with more fleahoppers than “normal,” populations in Georgia peanut fields in 2016 were low or nonexistent. This season, we saw increased numbers of adult and nymph garden fleahopper in our research plots around Tifton, so I figured now would be a good time to remind folks about the insect and the injury it causes.

Garden fleahoppers (GFH) are small insects that feed by sucking juices from plant leaves. The feeding results in stippling on the leaves that looks a lot like spider mite injury. The undersides of leaves that have been fed on by GFH will have tiny black “tar spots.” We want to be sure not to confuse spider mite injury, which can be a much more serious problem, with fleahopper injury.

Adult GFH come in three forms: short winged females, long winged females and long winged males. There is no published economic threshold for this insect in peanut, and populations have rarely been high enough to cause much concern. That said, we do not want to ignore GFHs. Some fields were treated in 2015 when defoliation was associated with very heavy infestations. In the past, pyrethroid efficacy against

Scouting For Caterpillars Overlooking a field with an increasing infestation of Velvetbean caterpillar, which should be relatively easy to manage, can lead to rapid defoliation. For growers who may not have a professional crop consultant or scout, you need to check your fields for this and other insect pests so that decisions can be made on current pest activity.

We scouted a field this season that was at threshold with a mixed population of velvetbean caterpillar (70 percent) and soybean looper (30 percent). Most of the larvae were small, and there were a lot of VBC moths, which told me that feeding damage was likely to ramp up quickly in that field over the next 10 to 20 days if no treatment was applied. Not far away, we checked a different field that had virtually no caterpillar pressure or moth activity.

Folks who are not scouting on a regular basis should remember to check multiple locations (10 stops is a good number) within a field before making a management decision.

Many times I have been called to look at a field that was “at threshold” for caterpillars only to find a hot spot in one area of the field and low numbers everywhere else.

Our caterpillar thresholds are calculated in number of lar-

Garden fleahopper (GFH) causes stippling on leaf tops and tiny black spots underneath. It is similar to spider mite injury, which can be a much more serious problem than GFH.

16 /

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2 018

PE ANUTGROWER.COM

While scouting, take notice of the number of moths, the adult form of many caterpillars, as an indication of the number of pest generations present.

vae per row foot. If you check three feet of row, the number of larvae counted should be divided by three. A standard beat sheet is three feet long; 12 caterpillars on the beat sheet is only 4 caterpillars per row foot and is not threshold for healthy, actively growing vines that have lapped the row middles.

UGA county Extension agents can help with choosing the most cost effective and efficacious insecticides when caterpillar populations reach economic thresholds. Preserve profit potential by monitoring pests and making timely management decisions.

Hopper Burn I received some hopper burn pictures on peanuts this season. The insect responsible for this damage is the potato leaf hopper (PLH). It is a tiny, bright yellow-green insect that feeds on the mid-vein of the leaf causing the characteristic “v” shaped yellowing at the tips of leaflets. Hopper burn is not caused by three cornered alfalfa hopper.

Potato leaf hopper is present in Georgia every year, but large populations and damage are usually sporadic. Because the insect is small, which is hard to see from the tractor or truck, and many of our acres are not routinely scouted, leaf hopper infestations are often overlooked until the field begins to yellow from hopper burn.

The decision to treat a PLH infestation should consider the extent of the hopper burn and the number of adult and immature leaf hoppers present. Because hopper burn will persist even after the insects are gone, you need to confirm that the pest is still present before applying an insecticide to a damaged field. If nymphs are present – nymphs do not have wings and cannot fly – we know that the insects are reproducing and are likely to be around for a while. Leaf hopper infestations often start near field borders, so scouts should not T WIT TER: @PE ANUTGROWER

Potato leaf hopper, not three cornered alfalfa hopper, causes the familiar v-shaped yellowing on leaves known as hopper burn.

neglect these areas.

We tested the efficacy of several insecticides against PLH a couple years ago and found that they were easy to kill. The only problem is that most of the products we tested were broad-spectrum insecticides (pyrethroid, organophosphates and carbamate) that can increase the risk of secondary pest outbreaks.

If you have questions about potato leaf hopper or other pest management issues in peanut, contact your county Extension agent. PG JANUARY 2 018 • THE PE ANUT GROWER /

17

Weed Management

E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor, PPI=Preplant Incorporated, PRE=Preemergence, AC=At-Cracking (usually 6-14 days after planting).

1 Ratings for this product are similar for use both PPI and PRE. 2 Ratings for tropical spiderwort are similar. If no letter is given, response is unknown.

Generic formulations are available for many products.

Compiled by Dr. Jason Ferrell and Dr. Ramon Leon, University of Florida Weed Science.

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS

PPI

PERENNIALS

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

Treflan

bermudagrass

P

P

P

johnson grass (rhizome)

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

nutsedge, purple

P

P

P

G

F

P-F

P

P

nutsedge, yellow

P

P

F-G

F-G

F

F

P

F G

Pursuit1

Strongarm1

Dual Magnum

Valor

Dual Magnum

P

P

P

P

P

broadleaf signalgrass

G

G

G

G

P

G-E

P

crabgrass

E

E

E

F

P

E

P

G

crowfootgrass

E

E

E

P

P

E

P

G

fall panicum

G

G

G

P-F

P

G

P

G

foxtail

E

G-E

E

G

P

E

P

E

goosegrass

E

G-E

E

F

P

E

P

G P-F

G

G

F

G

P

P-F

P

sandbur

G-E

G-E

F-G

P

P

F-G

P

F

Texas panicum

G-E

G-E

P-F

P-F

P

P-F

P

P

bristly starbur

P

P

P

F

E

F-G

F-G

F

burgherkin

P

P

P

E

F

G

F-G

P

citronmelon

P

P

P

P-F

F

F

P

cocklebur

P

P

P

G-E

G

P-F

F

P

coffee senna

P

P

P

F-G

P

F

P-F

P

copperleaf

P

P

P

P

E

P

G-E

P

cowpea

P

P

P

P

F

P

P-F

P

crotalaria

P

P

P

P-F

F

P-F

P

croton, tropic or woolly

P

P

P

P

P-F

G

G

P F-G

P

P

G-F

P

G

G-E

F-G

eclipta

P

P

P-F

P

G-E

P-F

G-E

P-F

Florida beggarweed

P

P

P-F

P

G

P-F

E

P-F G

day flower

2

Florida pusley

E

E

G-E

G

G-E

G-E

G-E

hairy indigo

P

P

P

P

G

F

G

F

jimsonweed

P

P

P

G

G-E

F-G

G

P G

lambsquarters

E

E

F

F

F-G

F

E

morningglory spp.

P

P

P

G

F-G

P-F

G

P

morningglory, cypressvine

P

P

P

G

F-G

F

G

P

morningglory, pitted

P

P

P

G-E

F-G

P-F

G

P

morningglory, smallflower

P

P

P

E

G-E

F

E

P

G-E

G-E

G

E

G-E

G

E

G

prickly sida

P

P

F

G-E

F-G

G-E

G-E

F

ragweed

P

P

P

P

E

G

G

P

redweed

P

P

P

G

G

G

G

F-G F-G

pigweeds

sicklepod smartweed spider flower

18 /

AC

Prowl, Sonalan

johnsongrass (seedling)

BROADLEAVES

PRE

Dual Magnum or like product

P

P

P

P

P

F-G

P

P-G

P-G

P

G

G

F

P

P

P

G

P

P F-G

spurred anoda

P

P

P

G

F-G

F

G

velvetleaf

P

P

P

F-G

G-E

F-G

F

P

wild poinsettia

P

P

P

E

G

P

G

P

wild radish

P

P

P

E

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2 018

F

P

P PE ANUTGROWER.COM

Florida Pusley

Lambsquarter

Small Flower Morningglory

(Richardia scabra)

(Chenopodium album)

(Jaquemontia tamnifolia)

Florida pusley is a low-growing, annual weed species that appears almost prostrate. It can be effectively controlled only with pre-plant incorporated herbicides. Florida pusley has bright green leaves with a distinctive recessed mid-vein. The stems are very hairy and may have a purplish appearance. The flowers are white with six petals in a star-shaped whorl.

Common lambsquarter is a small seeded annual broad-leaf species particularly troublesome in the Virginia-Carolina region. It is an upright plant, which can exceed seven feet at maturity. Its arrowhead-shaped leaves grow alternately and often have a whitish dusty appearance on their undersides even in the seedling stage.

Small flower morningglory is probably the most common morningglory species in the Southeast.

The cotyledon stage resembles a wild radish seedling with heart-shaped cotyledons. As it grows, small flower morningglory will stand nearly erect until 12 to 18 inches tall, then it will begin to run. It has heart or spear-shaped leaves and produces small blue flowers in a cluster.

Tropical Spiderwort

Tall Morningglory

(Commelina benghalensis)

(Ipomoea purpurea)

Tropical spiderwort is an annual species similar to common dayflower. It is distinguished from dayflower by the presence of subterranean (underground) flowers. Leaves are spoon-shaped with parallel venation and blue above-ground flowers. Stems are succulent, and the plant re-roots quickly after cultivation. It spreads by seeds. Spiderwort germinates throughout the season, hampering control efforts.

Similar to other morningglory species, tall morningglory has a vining, prostrate appearance that envelopes the peanut canopy. It has heart-shaped leaves with overlapping lobes at the base and slightly hairy stems.

Spurred Anoda

Tropic Croton

Red Morningglory

(Anoda cristata)

(Croton glandulosus)

(Ipomoea coccinea)

Spurred anoda is a troublesome broadleaf member of the Mallow or Cotton family. Its alternate toothed leaves are two to four inches long and sometimes have purplish veins. It produces small, pale blue flowers and a unique fruit that looks like a fancy ribbed pie surrounded by a star.

Tropic croton is an upright, branching annual broadleaf with serrated leaves. Tropic croton has a rough hairy stem, but it is not as hairy as the related species, wooly croton. Its gray-brown seed are desired food for doves.

Red morningglory is a relatively common annual morningglory species, but often doesn’t appear until later in the season. The key identifying features are the distinct points on the leaf margin and relatively small red flowers.

T WIT TER: @PE ANUTGROWER

19

JANUARY 2 018 • THE PE ANUT GROWER /

Weed Management Compiled by Dr. Jason Ferrell and Dr. Ramon Leon, University of Florida Weed Science.

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS

POSTEMERGENCE

bermudagrass

PERENNIALS

johnson grass (rhizome)

Paraquat+ Storm

2,4-DB

Pursuit

Basagran

Ultra Blazer

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

Sto

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

F

F

F

P

F-G

P

P

P

nutsedge, yellow

P-F

F-G

G

F-G

P

F

F-G

P

F

G

G

G

G

P

P

P

P

P

F-G

F-G

G

F-G

P

P-F

P

P

P

crowfootgrass

G

G

G

G

P

P-F

P

P

P

fall panicum

G

G

G

G

P

P

P

F

P

foxtail

E

E

E

E

P

F

P

P-F

P

F-G

F-G

G

F-G

P

P

P

P

P

johnsongrass (seedling)

G

G

G

G

P

F

P

P-F

P

sandbur

F

F

F-G

F

P

F

P

P

P

G-E

G

E

G

P

P-F

P

P

P

bristly starbur

F

G

G

G

F

P-F

G

F

F-G

burgherkin

F

F

F

G

F

F

P

G

F

citronmelon

F

G

G

G

G

P

P

F

F

E

goosegrass

Texas panicum

cocklebur

F-G

E

G

G-E

E

E

E

G

coffee senna

F

G

G

G-E

F-G

F

F-G

P

F

copperleaf

P

P

P

G

P

P

P

G-E

G

cowpea

F

F

F-G

F

P-F

P

P

P-F

crotalaria

P

P

P-F

E

F

P

P

E

G-

P-F

P-F

P-F

G

P

P

P

E

G-

croton, tropic or woolly day flower/tropical spiderwort

F

F

F-G

G-E

G

F-G

P

F

F-G

F

eclipta

P-F

P-F

P-F

F-G

P

P

G

F-G

E

Florida beggarweed

G-E

G-E

E

G-E

P

P

P

P

P

P

Florida pusley

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

hairy indigo

G

G

G

G

F

P

P

G

F

jimsonweed

E

E

E

E

P

F-G

E

E

G

lambsquarters

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

P-F

P

F

F-G

G

morningglory spp.

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

F-G

G

F-G

G

G

morningglory, cypressvine

F-G

G-E

G-E

F-G

F

G

G

G

G

morningglory, pitted

F

F-G

F-G

G

P-F

F-G

F

G

morningglory, smallflower

P

G-E

G-E

G-E

F-G

G

E

G-E

pigweeds

G

F

G-E

G

F-G

E

P

G

G

prickly sida

F

G

G

F

P

P-F

G

P

G

ragweed

F

F-G

F-G

G

P-F

P

F

E

G

redweed

G

G

G

G

P

G

P

G

sicklepod

G

G-

G-E

G

G-E

G

F-G

P

P

P

smartweed

G

G-E

G-E

G-E

P-F

G

G-E

G-E

spider flower

F

F

F

F

F

F

G

F-G

F

spurred anoda

P

G-

P

F-G

F-G

F-G

P

F-G

F-G

P

P-F

F-G

F-G

F-G

P

F-G

G

P

F

wild poinsettia

F

G-E

G-E

G-E

P

P-F

P

E

G

wild radish

F

F

F

G

P

E

P-F

E

G

velvetleaf

20 /

Paraquat+ Basagran+ Dual Magnum

P-F

crabgrass

BROADLEAVES

Paraquat+ Basagran

nutsedge, purple

broadleaf signalgrass

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

Paraquat

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2 018

PE ANUTGROWER.COM

E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor.

If no letter is given, response is unknown.

Generic formulations are available for many products.

tra zer

Storm

Classic

Cadre

Select

Cobra

P

P

P

P

G

P

P

P

P

G

G-E

P

P

P

P

G-E

P

P

P

F

P-F

G-E

P

P

P

P

P

G

E

P

P

P

P

G

E

P-F

P

P

P

G

G-E

P

F

P

P

G

-F

P

P

P

P

P

G

P

G-E

P

P

G

P

-F

P

P

G-E

G-E

P

P

P

P

G-E

G

P-F

P

P

P

G

E

P

Hophornbeam Copperleaf

Palmer Amaranth

(Acalypha ostryifolia)

(Amaranthus palmeri)

Hophornbeam copperleaf is a freely branching annual broadleaf weed with finely serrated leaf edges. Copperleaf has bright green leaves throughout most of the growing season, but these turn a characteristic copper color as the plant reaches maturity in the fall. There is a related species referred to as Virginia copperleaf.

Palmer amaranth, an annual pigweed, has become an increasing problem because of herbicide resistance in some areas. It can reach heights well over six feet and can be very difficult to control once established. Unlike other pigweed species, Palmer amaranth has a long, slender seed head and a more robust appearance.

F

F-G

F-G

F-G

P

G

G

F

P

E

P

G

F

F

P

G-E

P

G

G

E

G-E

E

P

G-E

P

F

P

E

P

P-F

Bristly Starbur

Wild Radish

-E

G

P

P

P

G-E

(Acanthospermum hispidum)

(Raphanus raphanistrum)

P

P-F

P

E

P

E

Bristly starbur is an annual broadleaf weed common in much of the Southeast. In addition to the accepted common name, it is also called “goatspur” or “Texas sandspur.” It has rough textured “fuzzy” leaves and an upright but profusely branching growth habit. Its seed form with two sharp pointed prongs that make the mature plant extremely “bristly.”

Wild radish is thought to be a problem in winter crops, such as small grains and canola. However, wild radish has become an increasing problem in peanuts in recent years. This plant forms a rosette of leaves that looks similar to mustard greens. The leaves have deeply indented lobes and are covered with numerous stiff hairs. As the plant matures, pale yellow flowers are produced on a seed-stalk that arises from the rosette.

-F

F

F

E

G-E

P

E

G-E

P

P-F

P

G

F

P

F

F

P

G

E

P

P-F

P

F-G

P

P

F-G

F-G

P

P-F

P

P

P

P

P

P

G

F

F-G

F

P

E

E

G

P

G

P

E

G

P

P-F

P

F

G

G

G

P

G-E

P

G-E

G

G

P

G

P

G

G

G

P

G

P

G-E

G-E

P

G

P

G

G

G

P-F

E

P

G

P

G

P

G

P

G

E

G

P-F

P-F

P

E

P

G

P

G

P

F

Texas Panicum

Wild Poinsettia

P

P

P-F

G

P

P-F

(Panicum texanum)

(Euphorbia heterophylla)

-E

G-E

P

G

P

G-E

G

F-G

F-G

G

P

G

P

F

P

F-G

P

P

F

P

F-G

P

F

E

G

P

G-E

P

G-E

Texas panicum is an aggressive, relatively large-seeded annual grass, which is common in much of the peanut acreage in the United States.

It has wide, almost-frizzy leaf blades and forms numerous tillers. Its vigorous fibrous root system makes clean harvest of peanuts nearly impossible.

E

G

P

E

P

E

Wild poinsetta is an exotic weed pest spreading in many parts of the Southeast. As a member of the Spurge Family, it has hollow stems and milky, latex-like sap. In the cotyledon stage, it resembles a weak, pale green cocklebur seedling. Mature plants can have numerous leaf shapes even on a single specimen.

-E

T WIT TER: @PE ANUTGROWER

21

JANUARY 2 018 • THE PE ANUT GROWER /

Advanced Guidance From Deere John Deere has introduced its latest advanced guidance and machine data sharing technology with the addition of AutoTrac Turn Automation, AutoTrac I mple m e nt G u id a nc e , A ut oTr a c Vision for Tractors and In-Field Data Sharing applications, which are bundled activations for the John Deere 4600 CommandCenter or bundled subscriptions for 4640 Universal Displays.

AutoTrac Turn Automation makes end turns smooth, consistent and comfortable for operators during tillage, planting, seeding or other pre-emerge applications when using straight-track guidance modes. AutoTrac Implement Guidance enables the tractor to move off the intended path or guidance line in order to achieve expected accuracy of the implement.

AutoTrac Vision can be used to detect the crop row and provide input to the machine’s AutoTrac system to

keep wheels or tracks between the crop rows. This level of precision can be beneficial when side-dressing fertilizer, postemerge spraying and cultivating.

In-Field Data Sharing makes it easier for producers to coordinate multiple machines working in the same field.

Operators can use the application to share coverage, application, yield and moisture maps along with straight tracks and circle tracks with up to six other machines.

Each application is compatible with the John Deere 4640 Universal Display and with Gen 4 4600 CommandCenter displays. Activations and subscriptions are immediately available for ordering.

Delivery will begin in February 2018.

For more information, visit John Deere at www.JohnDeere.com.

Valley ICON Series Smart Panels Valley ICON smart panels provide center-pivot irrigation operators equipment with an intuitive, customizable graphical user interface they can utilize at the pivot point or from a tablet or smartphone. The panels are compatible with most pivot brands, are easy to upgrade and have plenty of memory.

All four smart panels come equipped with A gSense ICON Link, exclusive to Valley ICON smart panels. It provides full remote programming of

AGCO Expands Used Equipment Offering AGCO Corporation now has the industry’s broadest offering of equipment available as Certified Pre-Owned with the addition of application machines and the longest extended service coverage (ESC) available up to 36 months.

“With low commodity prices, farmers are looking to upgrade equipment to take advantage of technology and improved efficiency, while optimizing their cost of ownership,” says Matt O’Brien, AGCO manager. “But, they still need reliability and uptime available with a new machine.

The AGCO Certified Pre-owned (CPO) program is now available on TerraGator high-f loatation applicators and RoGator row-crop applicators under four years of age and with less than 1,800 hours. The program includes a 140+point inspection completed by an AGCO-certified technician. Machines undergo rigorous reconditioning so it is in field-ready condition. In addition, every CPO machine is backed by an enhanced one-year protection plan that can be extended to up to 36 months.

22 /

THE PE ANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2 018

control panel functions and monitoring of center-pivot operations via the AgSense mobile app. Growers also have the opportunity to connect their ICON smart panels through their Valley BaseStation3.

The ICON10 has a 10-inch, full-color touchscreen, is GPS ready and offers VR I Speed Control and VR I Zone Control. The Valley ICON5 features a 5-inch touchscreen interface with softtouch keys that mirror the touch control functions. The ICON1 eliminates the need for growers to go to the pivot point, because it provides full remote pivot control from the Valley ICON app on a smartphone or tablet. The ICONX takes control of any existing center pivot panel using that panel’s circuits to deliver full Valley ICON control, giving growers the ability to bring pivots of every brand into the same network.

For more information, please visit valley irrigation.com.

The program is available on Challenger combines, windrowers and utility, mid-range, high horsepower, track and articulated tractors; Massey Ferguson combines, windrowers, sub-compact, compact, utility, mid-range and high horsepower tractors; Fendt high horsepower tractors; Gleaner Class 6, 7 and 8 combines; RoGator and TerraGator application machines.

For details on AGCO programs, including restrictions and coverage limitations, visit your Challenger or Massey Ferguson dealer or visit www.agcocorp.com/cpo.html.

PE ANUTGROWER.COM

PG0118 Layout_CF 11/13 template 12/18/17 8:53 AM Page 23

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

Providing profitable production strategies to improve your bottom line.

Cotton Farming ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

PROFITABLE PRODUCTION STRATEGIES

The

www.ricefarming.com

®

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

PROFITABLE PRODUCTION STRATEGIES

MAY 2017

2017 Market Outlook

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

JULY 2017

CornSouth

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

JULY 2017

Southern Production & Marketing Strategies

www.cottonfarming.com

NOMINATIONS OPEN FOR 2017 CCOY MY TURN: DOROTHY YOUNG

Horizon Ag, BASF ink pact to launch Provisia Rice System Handheld device helps predict midseason nitrogen needs

TURNAGE FARMS Cotton Legacy Thrives In The Missouri Bootheel

Know The Sustainability Message

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

MAY 2017

Prepare Your Equipment For Harvest

PEACE of

MIND Computerized bin system fine-tunes rice drying

Weighing Optimum Maturity In The

Digging Decision

A ‘game changer’ Mild weather could prompt redbanded stink bug buildup, surprising growers

■ Target spot outbreak in trial sheds light on disease’s complexity

■ Scientists delve deeper into genetics behind PPO-resistant pigweed

A Supplement to Cotton Farming and The Peanut Grower Magazines

To advertise, contact Sales Manager Scott Emerson · 386-462-1532 · semerson@onegrower.com

February 2017

PG0118 Layout_CF 11/13 template 12/18/17 8:52 AM Page 24

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