URBAN AVIARY | a Place to Learn about Birds

PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTUREFOR KAMPUNG BARU PUBLIC REALM Hafiz RidzWan Pauzi

PLACEMAKING BIRDING. CULTURE KAMPUNG.BARU.PUBLIC REALM

.THROUGH .FOR

WAN MOHAMMAH HAFIZ RIDZWAN B. WAN PAUZI

PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE FOR KAMPUNG BARU PUBLIC REALM

This book has been submitted as a dissertation in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree Master of Architecture.

First Published in August 2019 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. http://www.utm.my/

Copyright © 2019 Wan Mohammad Hafiz Ridzwan B. Wan Pauzi Universiti Teknologi Malaysia All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study,research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission or the publisher and writer, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. This book is a work of non-fiction. Names, characters, businesses, organizations, places, events and incidents either are the product of the author’s imagination or are used may be fictitiously but any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is intentional.

Master of Architecture Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Design Thesis Dissertation . 2019

I declare that this dissertation entitled “Placemaking Through Birding Culture for Kampung Baru Public Realm” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references.

The dissertation has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree

Signature Name Date

: : :

…………………………………………………………………………

Wan Mohammad Hafiz Ridzwan B. Wan Pauzi 15th August 2019

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. I would like to express my upmost gratitude to God almighty for his grace in completing this dissertation. To My dearest wife and daughter who motivate and inspire this journey. My family for being supportive and patient. Friends who offer and share their time, joy and guidance.

To all individuals and organizations for their assistance. Not to forget, to my supervisor, Dr. Sharifah Salwa Syed Mahdzar for her wisdom and knowledge, and to my external supervisor, Assoc.Prof Dr Abdullah Sani Ahmad for his insight throughout this journey. I thank you all and godspeed.

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ABSTRACT

Kampung Baru has been a ‘Malay’ settlement area since the 1900s. Throughout time it evolve and mature thus become much more liveable and sensational. Kampung Baru today is perceive as Urban Village which now under treat from rapid urbanization and gentrification surrounding its context. The culture of this Urban Village revolves around its dwellers and their set of activities which sustain the way they live. To maintain the livelihood of this unique environment, its public realm should be apprehend. The places for community must contribute to domestic activity, form, and image which interact with existing or diminished local culture and customs. Therefore, inspire thus enhance the wellbeing of its dwellers. Urban or architectural intervention and typology around creative ‘placemaking’ principles can aspire to fill in these cultural and communal gap. This urban village in the heart of Kuala Lumpur city centre longing for revitalization that fits.

It deserve to be conserve thus sustain its image and identity as a unique settlement in the urban setting. ‘Urban Aviary’, a proposal driven by relevance in ‘sense of place’ concept, generated to serves as infill and threshold to Kampung Baru realm. The proposal includes cultural and communal spaces for activities and interactions among locals and public to enjoy this sanctuary in a common pursuit for vitality and delight.

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to my dearest family

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DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDEGMENT iii ABSTRACT v TABLE OF CONTENTS chapter 1

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INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study 02 1.2 Problem Statement 03 1.3 Aim 06 1.4 Objectives 06 1.5 Research Questions 07 1.6 Significance of Study 07 1.7 Scope of Research 08 1.8 Theoretical Framework 10 1.9 Hypothesis 10 1.10 Methodology 12 1.11 Summary 15 chapter 2

literature review

2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Culture 20 2.3 Architecture and Culture 21 2.4 Birding 22 2.4.1 Understanding Birding 22

2.4.2 Birding as Culture 23

2.4.3 Birding in Malaysia 26 2.5 Ornithology 28 2.6 Aviary 29

2.6.1 Types of Aviaries 30

2.6.2 Avian Architecture 32 2.7 Placemaking 34

2.7.1 Concept of Place 36

2.7.2 Placemaking Principles 38 2.8 Sense of Place 43 2.9 The Public Realm and Urban Vitality 45 2.10 Summary 47

chapter 3

METHODLOGY

3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Context-Led Methodology 52 3.3 Methodological Framework 53 3.4 Data Collection and Analysis 54

3.4.1 Literature Review 54 3.4.2 Case Study 55 3.4.3 Site Analysis 56 3.5 Summary 59

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table

of

content chapter 4

KAMPUNG BARU URBAN VILLAGE

4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Overview of Kampung Baru 64 4.3 Urban Village 66 4.4 PPKB Redevelopment Plan 69 4.5 Jalan Khatib Koyan 71 4.6 Birding in Kampung Baru 72 4.7 Kampung Baru Public Realm 76 4.8 Summary 79

chapter 5

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Findings 83

5.2.1 Literature Review 83

5.2.1.1 Placemaking Principles 84

5.2.1.2 Public Realm and Urban Vitality 88

5.2.1.3 Birding Culture 90 5.2.2 Case Study 92

5.2.2.1 Kuala Lumpur Bird Park 92

5.2.2.2 Snowdon Aviary 94

5.2.2.3 Cornell Lab of Ornithology 96 5.2.3 Site Analysis 98 5.3 Discussion 100 5.4 Summary 101 chapter 6

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5

Introduction Design Synthesis Urban Aviary Further Research Conclusion

CONCLUSION 104 105 108 110 111

BIBLIOGRAPHY 113 LIST OF TABLES 117 LIST OF FIGURES 118 LIST OF APPENDICES 119 APPENDICES 121

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sharing the public realm http://nomastudio.com.au

INTRODUCTION

chapter one

PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE

Birding is a term used and associated with the activity of observing birds in their natural habitat. Birding sets at the world of nature where it disclosed our peculiar relationship with the natural world and its vitality (Dunne, 2003). This activity is the opposite of bird watching where people notably view birds confined in aviaries, cages or glass boxes. Birding is known as a recreational activity as well as a community science (Oddie, 1980).

However, due to progress in human society, it is fitting to consider

birding as a culture.

Montgomery (1995) suggested that urban vitality consist of vibrant influences of place, liveliness, human presence on streets at their intervals and demographic variety. In simpler terms, they are activities, trades and diversification of urban life which illustrates several cultural importance of place and its public realm. These cultural inferences are performed by its community through various undertakings in which autonomously accomplishes

placemaking principles.

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Placemaking is a planning approach in design and management with a multi-faceted method for public spaces (Smith & Bender, 2001).

Mainly are people centric which suites the behavioral pattern of its context. It capitalizes on the existing communal potential, resources, and inspiration.

Placemaking intends to generate public spaces that encourage wellbeing of people along with healthy lives and delight (Steuteville, 2014). Therefore, placemaking is responsive to human needs and necessities around

the public realm.

“Architecture is produced when building and a culture come into contact thus connect in such a way that something valuable happens�

(Ballantyne, 2002). This paper attempts to explore and provide with architectural proposal that utilize placemaking principles and urban vitality theory in which driven by the culture of birding.

Subsequently as justification to realize a new public realm for

Kampung Baru redevelopment.

1.1

Background of Study

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PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE

“Architecture is produced when building and a culture come into contact thus connect in such a way that something valuable happens�

Ballantyne, 2002

KAMPUNG BARU today coexists in disengagement to its larger context.

Juxtaposed by the scale and appearance to its modern surrounding, it is perceived as an urban village trapped behind time. Since the 1900, Kampung Baru has been a Malay settlement area. Like any settlement, it includes residential dwellings with some commercial entity, public amenities and facilities as well as spaces for the community which then formed this village (Alhabshi,2010). Kampung Baru is also identified as a major social place for the city where people gather for many socio-cultural activities. Throughout time it evolves and matures thus become a unique cultural nucleus, particularly for the Malay population in Kuala Lumpur City Centre which bridge the gap between tradition and modernity.

Any proposed development or regeneration to this urban village would be a culturally sensitive venture. At the moment, Kampung Baru is gradually being developed under the administration of a special body known as Perbadanan Kampung Baru due to its heritage significance and unique land matters. Although redevelopment occurs to help maintain livable and operative condition, any regeneration to this urban village should take into account its existing contextual character as well as their social and cultural values which had sustained Kampung Baru as a unique place in the heart of Kuala Lumpur city center throughout time. Hence, this urban village is in need for betterment which benefit the people who perform their lives there.

1.2 problem statement page 04

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For any urban village, their senses of place are its existing structures and people. “Architectural quality, historical interest or strong and pleasing character, strengthen these senses of place thus historical continuity should be exploited as visual and physiological assets” (Nesbitt, 1996). Kampung Baru had since developed its own unique character that is different to any other context. Its historical progression, social and cultural image, as well as its current everyday urban influences are explicit to the city’s overall framework. The identity of Kampung Baru as public realm for everyday urbanism is demonstrated by its social and contextual wellbeing.

Public realm is an essential urban component which collectively forms a sense of place (Eyck,1969). Human being feel attached to a place through cognitive and perceptual factors as well as physical characteristic (Canter,1977).

People inclined themselves to places that provide them with emotional meaning, behavioral function and cognitive form (Steele, 1981). These are modes of interaction between human and place to which perception on tangible contextual character, social and cultural attachments together with the intangible response to human expectation are factors that define their environment with a sense of place.

In achieving a good public realm, placemaking principles and urban vitality measures are vital implementation into influencing human perception around the sense of place (Cheshmehzangi,2012). Sense of place is also noted as the ‘genius loci’ (Norberg-Schulz,1980) which translate as ‘spirit of place’ that heighten, influence and restore our environments. This authenticity in sense of place is parallel to the urban vitality concept which Lynch (1987) defines as the degree of individual survival in comfort, wellbeing and nutrition around its environment. However, Relph (1976) indicated that a sense of place is merely an authentic placemaking.

At the moment, Kampung Baru lacks public places that benefits thus sustains its communal and cultural existence.

Through placemaking principles that are in sync with urban vitality theory as well as sense of place concept, responsive measures to the redevelopment plan for this urban village could be enhanced. New forms of architectural and urban intervention must inherit the ideals of ‘Kampung Baru as public realm for everyday urbanism’.

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The aim of this study is to enhance the indistinct public realm existence in Kampung Baru through findings in literatures and investigations. By associating Kampung Baru sense of place, an architecture proposal that dwells around birding culture, placemaking principles and urban vitality concept would be generated for the revitalization of this urban village. Hence, valuable meanings to the lives of this urban village could be sustained and heightened.

1.3

AIM

1.6 significance of study This study anticipates to discuss on placemaking architecture particularly with the association of birding culture and community.

Placemaking and urban vitality are parallel in their main approach which is to utilize existing context for betterment of community.

Both seeks to improve and cultivate its liveliness and economic activities (Maas, 1984).

Urban Aviary; a place to learn about birds is the final architectural scheme proposed and was designed using placemaking principles and urban vitality theory explored in this research. The scheme is inclusive to birding culture in Malaysia and the context of Kampung Baru for its new public realm which were also reviewed in this paper.

Activity, trades and diversity around birding culture and Kampung Baru context were core values that significantly programmed in forming the final architectural expression. By doing so, it’s cultural assets and sense of place is hoped to be retained thus a desired continuity can be advanced as part of its redevelopment.

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•

To identify Kampung Baru contextual characters and their relationships with its sense of place mainly at the proposed site of Jalan Khatib Koyan.

•

To evaluate and verify birding culture undertakings particularly in Malaysia that would drive the architectural design decision and proposal of the proposed site.

•

To establish the principles of placemaking and urban vitality concept with an inclusion of birding culture that would enhance Kampung Baru public realm.

1.4

objectives

What are the character of Kampung Baru urban setting and its public realm?

How can architecture integrate with birding culture and be part of Kampung Baru redevelopment agenda thus improve its public realm for the community?

What are placemaking principles suitable for Kampung Baru public realm in which therefore succeed to provide urban vitality measures through birding culture?

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

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PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE

s

Kampung Baru Urban Village

Birding Culture

Placemaking Urban Vitality

Kampung Baru Public Realm

figure 1.1 Research Concept Diagram (source:Author)

This research will be focusing on Kampung Baru context and particularly at the proposed site of Jalan Khatib Koyan. The findings apply to a particular urban village and redevelopment plan, which in this case to Kampung Baru. In addition, the exploration for public realm is only within the parameters of some placemaking principles, basicgeneralization of urban vitality and the overview of birding culture especially in Malaysia.

Placemaking principles were explored from several viewpoints of planning bodies and agencies as well as few theoretical publications by key urban planning figures. Urban vitality derived through and around concepts of public realm, public space and public place.

Validation for birding culture in Malaysia were suggested from audiences of Malaysia Nature Society. Hence, a more in depth inquiry were conducted and provided by a non-profit project run by the Bird Conservation Council of Malaysia Nature Society known as My Garden Birdwatch.

The final design proposal to incorporate birding culture as part of new communal building in Kampung Baru are justifiable here due to historical findings which were enhanced by the sense of place theory.

Therefore, it rationalized the setting of a placemaking architecture at this proposed site and context.

This research may be extended or conducted in similar scope of placemaking principles and urban vitality theory for any other culture and community at any other contextual setting.

1.7 SCOPE OF RESEARCH page 08

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figure: Field guide for birding and Wall of Birds (source:google image)

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This research is design around a conceptual diagram as shown in Figure 1.1. The result for this research is to justify a propose new communal architecture which function as a place to learn about birds.

It will also perform as part of Kampung Baru public realm. This research encompasses around birding culture, placemaking principles and urban vitality.

Theoretically, this research is structured (Figure 1.2) to establish placemaking principles which suits the redevelopment plan for Kampung Baru. In addition, through the association with birding culture which come about from the concept of sense of place and its site context, a unique urban and architectural intervention would contribute towards the vitality of this urban village

1.8

theoretical Framework

Kampung Baru public realm needs adaptation around placemaking principles and with association of birding culture as part of its redevelopment. By doing so, its sense of place can be heightened therefore

sustain and improve its cultural values and urban vitality

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1.9

Hypothesis

FOR KAMPUNG BARU PUBLIC REALM

ISSUES the lack of Public Spaces and Public Realm in Kampung Baru urban redevelopment disregards its Sense of Place placemaking is vital for cultural continuity and urban vitality RESEARCH AIM the aim of this study is to enhanced the faint public realm existence in Kampung Baru by associating its sense of place. Consequently, by proposing a suitable architecture typology around placemaking principles and include with urban vitality theory; thus create valuable meanings to the lives of this modern urban setting OBJECTIVES

METHODOLOGY

to identify Kampung Baru contextual characters and their relationships with its sense of place mainly at the proposed site of Jalan Khatib Koyan

Data Collection Literature Review Case Studies Site Analysis

to evaluate and verify birding culture undertakings particularly in Malaysia that would drive the architectural design decision and proposal of the proposed site

Placemaking Principles Urban Vitality Theory Birding Culture Kampung Baru Urban Village

to establish the principles of placemaking and urban vitality concept with an inclusion of birding culture that would enhance Kampung Baru public realm.

Data Analysis Content Analysis SWOT Analysis Mapping and Diagram

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE FOR KAMPUNG BARU PUBLIC REALM

RESULT Communal Centre as part of Kampung Baru Redevelopment Plan

Urban Aviary; a place to learn about birds

figure 1.2 Theoretical Framework

(source:Author)

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1.10

Methodology

table 1.1 Research Methodology (source:Author) AIM To enhance the indistinct public realm existence in Kampung Baru through findings in literatures and investigations by associating its sense of place. Hence, an architecture proposal that dwells around birding culture, placemaking principles and urban vitality concept would be generated for the revitalization of this urban village.

OBJECTIVES

METHODOLOGY

To identify Kampung Baru contextual characters and their relationships with its sense of place mainly at the proposed site of Jalan Khatib Koyan.

- Site Analysis - Literatute Review

To evaluate and verify birding culture undertakings particularly in Malaysia that would drive the architectural design decision and proposal of the proposed site.

- Literatute Review - Content Analysis

To establish the principles of placemaking and urban vitality concept with an inclusion of birding culture that would enhance Kampung Baru public realm.

- Literature Review - Case Study - Content and SWOT Analysis

This research paper adapt the methodologies used as shown in Table 1.1 to reach the research objective and eventually achieve its aim.

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figure: Urban Birds (source:google)

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1.11

summary This chapter provided an overview to the research. Background of study was first introduced which then identified with the problem statement. Aim, objectives and relevant research questions derived from both the background of study and problem statement were stated. Followed by significant of study and scope of research, which they were formed as limitation and set out the parameters to this paper. Theoretical framework which was constructed to organize this paper and a hypothesis section were produced before ending this chapter. Finally, the research methodology was briefly indicated to understand how the research will be conducted.

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looking through antwerp aviary https://divisare.com

LITERATURE REVIEW

chapter two

PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE

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This chapter discuss on several literature reviews in relation to the title of this research. Key terms such as culture, birding, placemaking and public realm are reviewed to understand its rationale. In addition, other terms such as sense of place, urban vitality and public realm were also looked into as they are in close association to the main key terms mentioned. Furthermore, literatures on ornithology and aviary are explored to expand the field of study on birding.

2.1

introduction page 19

PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE

Figure 2.1: Categories in definition of culture by Raymond Williams (Source: Author).

CULTURE

IDEAL

DOCUMENTARY

SOCIAL

Culture is a state or process of human perfection.

Culture is the body of intellectual and imaginative work, in which, in a detailed way, human thought and experience are variously recorded.

Culture is a description of a particular traditions and societies in which they appeared.

The word culture itself embodies complexity and multi significance. Raymond Williams (1983) referred that culture is one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language. This is so partly because of its intricate historical development, in several European languages, but mainly because it has now come to be used for important concepts in several distinct intellectual disciplines and in several distinct and incompatible systems of thought (Williams, 1983).

Culture is also defined in three general categories by Williams through his writing in ‘The Analysis of Culture’ (Storey, 1998). They are categorized in terms of ideal, documentary and social as shown in Figure 2.1. From all three categories there are values and variation which would illustrate particular importance of certain culture. By analyzing them, there are certain relations within these three categories that suggest culture is actually nothing more than a process and progression of human society.

Contextual properties such as geographical condition and location, environmental factors and suitable human activities in relation to that context are also factors which further influence these three categories. Therefore, culture is unique to each particular setting and would not be similar anywhere else if all three categories are combined and are then related to one particular context.

2.2 CULTURE page 20

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“Buildings are constructed so as to solve practical problems, but they often do more than that, and when they do, then we feel inclined to call them “architecture”, because they have cultural dimension.”

Ballantyne, 2002 Architecture can carry in them cultural memory of the past, and when there has been a need to give a sense of decorum or authority to a building, one of the most frequent way used by architects is to make the building in a way that recalls aspects of the architecture of the past, often the ancient past (Ballantyne, 2002). For example, a mosque will always include architectural component such dome and minaret (Figure 2.2). These inclusions identify a mosque as a cultural and religious place for Muslims thus inform certain cultural continuity in aspects of religion and its demographic.

Culture could also be a functional purpose of architecture.

Due to it’s a complexity and multi significance, culture is an applicable concept in driving any design decision and approaches. Culture also closely defines social assumptions in human material and practices which knowledge and progression of a certain context are complementary. In architecture; a building’s function, user and context are integrated and with relation to each other. Architecture is then progress as it is being occupied and used.

Figure 2.2: Mosque with minarets and dome.

(Source: https://algedra.ae).

2.3 Architecture and Culture page 21

PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE

Birding is an act where people identify and observe birds in their natural habitats (collinsdictionary.com., n.d). Birdwatchers are also known as birders. They are usually well versed, affluent and committed. This activity consumes high expenses on travel and time in order to meet these creatures in their localities which also depending around the calendar year (Cordell & Herbert, 2002). Birding has value to economic and environmental impact. It benefits the vitality of a place and its local communities (King & Stewart, 1996). It creates incentives in preserving existing nature around local measures.

2.4

Birding

Birding is done visually using the naked eye or with binoculars and telescopes. In addition, auditory aspect of identification through bird sounds also considered as birding which makes it unique as different bird species produces different calls and songs which are much easily recognized with (Dunne, 2003).

Unlike ornithologist who scientifically study birds, birders pursue this activity as social or recreational purpose.

Birds was aesthetically studied in the works on Gilbert White, Thomas Bewick, George Montagu and John Clare in the late 18th century. Collection of eggs, feathers, skins and exotic species were used and kept by wealthy collectors gathered from around the world. The call for bird protection which only occurred in the late 19th century lead towards conservation of these species to which give rise and popularity for birding activity in natural habitat (Moss, 2004).

The demographic of birders are people who identified themselves as birders when asked and normally are people with binoculars (Kerlinger & Wiedner, 1991). Certainly, there are different levels of birders. The committed birder would able to identify 40 different species. While casual birders are familiar with less than ten species that are commonly identifiable taxonomically general. On the other hand, there are active birders who participate in the yearly bird count activities (Kellert, 1985).

2.4.1

Understanding Birding page 22

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Figure 2.3: Birding. (Source: http://birdingandlife.blogspot.com).

2.4.2

Birding as culture Edmund Selous in 1901 wrote a book with the title ‘Bird Watching’ which introduced to the world to the phrase of ‘bird watching’ (Moss, 2004).

In the glossary section of Birding magazine (1969), birding was defined as ‘a hobby in which individuals enjoy the challenge of bird study, listing or other general activities involving bird life’. This includes identifying birds for knowledge sharing and intellectual exposure around the community of birders. Some birders consider it as challenge in which to overcome them is by identifying rare birds thus improve their birding skills (Sali, Kuehn & Zhang, 2008).

This activity today had occupied most countries as people become more aware and interested in the authenticity of this species. Watching birds in their natural environment gives a sense of pleasure that is fulfilling in many ways. People are connected to their native surrounding which rarely occurred to their everyday lives.

Bird race as competitive event are organized in many parts of the world.

Individuals and teams compete to collect total number of bird species observed in the given specific time and place with sets of special rules (Sheard, 1999). There are also larger competitive birding events that runs throughout the year such as the ‘Big Year’ where people invest time and money to count birds by following their migration pattern.

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PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE

West Pacific Flyway

East Atlantic Flyway

Mississipi Americas Flyway Atlantic Americas Flyway Pacific Americas Flyway

Central Asian Flyway

West Pacific Flyway

Black Sea Mediterranean Flyway

West Asian East African Flyway

East Asian Australasian Flyway

Most rare birds travel along a migratory path to escape cold weather (Figure 2.4). However, birders may still observe them locally depending on the times of the year when these birds are passing through. Weather conditions influence the presence of rare birds as they flight along suitable wind conditions that assist their migration journey (Moss, 1995). Local and common birds which are found in urban setting along human being usually referred as urban or garden birds (Cox,2015).

Several birds such as garden and urban birds are prominently visible and can be easily seen. These species adapt and habits around the society.

Birds convey a message that we need to respect nature and protect the ecosystem. Therefore, birds are tools which aid to address environmental issues and creating awareness thus educating people to care about nature and its flora and fauna. Studies are conducted toward birding out of interest in sociological science (Law&Lynch,1990).

2.4.2

Birding as culture page 24

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Figure 2.4: Bird Migration Pattern.

(Source: http://migrantlandbirds.org/index.php/conservation).

In the view of ecotourism, birders travel to places in pursuing their birding activity contributed towards economic factors thus protect and ensure the environment are sustained to preserve these important bird areas (Sekercioglu, 2002). However, there are indications which suggest both negative and positive impacts of this activity which needs different areas and subject of research to mitigate these issues.

The scientific side of this activity is viewed in ornithology aspect.

Organization and institutional bodies such as Cornell Lab of Ornithology are dedicated in studying this unique species. Recording, understanding and tracking this species around theur evolutionary patterns and data collection from censuses by birders could asses any changes on yearly basis which are for the benefit of human, nature and the bird species itself (Greenwood, 2007).

Therefore, due to ideals, documentary and social substances around birding which were gathered and discussed in this literature section, it is fit to pronounce that birding demonstrated the properties of a culture.

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PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE

About 831 species of bird species in which 62 of these species are endangered were recorded in Malaysia (Lepage, 2019). Following Clements Checklist (2018) on Birds of the World, these species are listed in taxonomic order, know to be the designation of bird species according to families classified systematically in scientific order. The total count in recording these species has been tagged as shown in table 2.1 which highlight their categories of occurrence and counts:

Malaysia’s diverse tropical setting of muddy mangroves and misty mountain are habitats to varieties of bird species. This country also welcomes around 120 migratory birds travelling along the Australasian cross-migratory path which they stop by at either coastal mangroves, lowland rainforest or mountain forest which covered half of Malaysia’s land. These birds can be observed at most parks and forest reserves around the Peninsular and Malaysia Borneo (Bird-malaysia.com., n.d.).

Initiatives from various nature and conservation bodies in regards to birding has lately been active in promoting the appreciation of this wildlife. Malaysia had now emerged as a birding sanctuary.

Notable cultural and organization setup which take into their own hands around appreciation and awareness of birds in Malaysia is the Malaysia Nature Society or known as MNS. Bird Conservation Council of Malaysia is setup as part of MNS as a special division to nurture birdlife in various subjects from conservation to appreciation of this species. There are also small communal based group such as MY Garden Bird Watch and Wild Bird Club Malaysia which performs birding activity in a more focused group and happenings. These committees hosted and organized various events and projects such as the yearly event in Tanjung Tuan, Malacca which known as Raptor Watch (Figure 2.5).

Malaysia offers unique birding experience. Birdlife habitats in different ecological zones, promotes birding events and activities thus benefits local and international ecotourism.

Therefore, birding domestically enriches the context and places they encounter.

2.4.3

birding in malaysia page 26

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CATEGORIES

DEFINITION

TOTAL COUNT

Accidental or Rare Endemic

a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Malaysia.

80

a species endemic to Malaysia.

15

Introduced

a species introduced to Malaysia as a consequence, direct or 17 indirect, of human actions. * not all species are tagged , which are commonly found and native, these makes the number for total count, * Total number of species are 831, which 62 of these species are endangered

Table 2.1: Birds species recorded in Malaysia from avibase.bsc-eoc.org. (Source: Author)

Figure 2.5: Raptor Watch 2019 event poster.

(Source: https://mnsraptorwatch.wordpress.com/2017/01/16/raptor-watch-2019/).

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PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE

The scientific study of birds is known as ornithology. It is one of the division in zoology where differs from the main discipline because of the aesthetic appeal and high visibility of this species (Newton, 1998). The study of birds had helped develop various theories around the subjects of evolution, behaviour and ecology. Ornithology was earlier concerned about describing species and their habitats. Today, ornithologist carry forward their study on birds to conserve and understand relationship of these creatures with other species and the natural environment (Walters, 2005). In Malaysia, no prominent ornithology centre as found elsewhere were established. Since Malaysia are currently a prominent Birding destination, this scientific institution would enhance the cultural properties of birding.

2.5 Ornithology

Figure 2.6: Cornell Ornithology Laboratory in Ithaca, NY, USA. (Source https://www.archdaily.com/19263/cornell-ornithology-laboratory-rmjm).

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Aviary are sometimes known as flight cages.

Unlike birdcages, an aviary is a spacious area which allow birds to fly and habits in a confined space (Dictionary.com, n.d.). They often include landscape that simulate the natural environment of these species.

2.6 Aviary

Figure: Aviary.

(Source: google image).

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Figure 2.7: Snowdon Aviary in London.

(Source: https://www.mirror.co.uk) Figure 2.8: Raven’s Home at the Tower of London.

(Source: https://www.archdaily.com) Figure 2.9: Illustrated guide of Kuala Lumpur Bird Park.

(Source: https://www.klbirdpark.com)

There are various types of aviaries found to house these species which confining them are for the purpose of either for exhibition, conservation as well as for research. Large aviaries are constructed as individual structures or as a unique architectural typology such as the Snowdon Aviary in London and Edward Youde Aviary in Hong Kong. However, it is more often that these large aviaries are among the components of zoo settings.

Few small aviaries can be found as part of a host architecture settings. These aviaries a complementary to the main feature of that place or building such as aviaries at memorial gardens or at the Tower of London where aviaries houses ravens as part of its overall architectural and historical setting.

Aside from public aviaries, there are also home aviaries that are categorized in two, which are grounded and suspended aviaries. Grounded aviaries a fixed on ground while suspended aviaries are placed above ground to protect the birds from their predators or other threats (Martin, 1984). These home aviaries are owned by bird enthusiast which they either bought or built by themselves.

Public aviaries attract people from various demographic. Be it a birder or just plain bird watcher, these aviaries provide recreational and communal activities to its domestic population as well as tourists. Few notable aviaries around the world are Jurong Bird Park in Singapore, Birds of Eden in South Africa and Malaysia’s own Kuala Lumpur Bird Park which is the world’s largest free flight aviary.

2.6.1

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From oxford dictionary online, architecture is defined as the complex or carefully designed and construction of building in regards to specific place, period or culture with association to variety of technique, style and functions (lexico.com, n.d.).

Avian is translated as adjective to anything related to birds (lexico.com, n.d.). Avian Architecture would be interpreted as any architecture that relates to birds in various components of form and functions.

These architectural indications can be either be places for birds to dwell or observed, birding culture related buildings and infrastructure such as bird conservatory, aviary or ornithology buildings as well as bird inspired architecture that suggest bird properties for example to showcase flight, birds nest or even imitating bird’s anatomy and form in the overall look of the building and architecture. Avian architecture are illustrated in Figure 2.10 below to verify different properties to bird related buildings and structures.

Another perspective to avian architecture is considered at how birds design, engineer and build their nest. Birds are consistent and inventive builders which they occupy nature in the most functional ways of design. Different types of nests are unique to variety of species in various context to their construction methods (Goodfellow,2011).

Figure 2.10: Avian Architecture. (Source: Author)

2.6.2

avian Architecture

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AVIAN ARCHITECTURE BY BIRDS

different types of birds nest

AVIAN ARCHITECTURE BY HUMANS

bird confined structures of aviaries and cages

ornithology, bird museum and centres as well as immmitation of birds to architecture

birding hides, bird feeders and houses

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The multi-faceted approach to public space in planning, design, and management is known as placemaking. Through utilizing local resources, potential and inspiration, placemaking intend to create spaces that nurtures joy, health and well-being of its community (Schneekloth & Shibley, 1995).

2.7

Placemaking Placemaking perceived as both process and concept in urban design and planning. (Stilgoe & Olin, 2008). Various literatures explored the term “place’ as concept. In creating and to provide vitality to the ‘place’ it is however a process.

Placemaking are often creative. These underutilized places are revitalized thus given added meaning to them.

Placemaking provide the community with activities or features that stimulate their mind.

Many public spaces are not being used in the most efficient ways and how it was initially intended to function. This is where and when placemaking come into the picture. Basic and general urban components such as the streets and back alley ways are also considered as public spaces where creative placemaking methods and principles could apply thus creates meaningful urban setting (Courage & McKeown, 2019). Placemaking and its link between health supplements both physical and mental sustenance. There are studies which proof how human health and wellbeing are influenced by the place they live and the opportunities they offer as well as how and where they spend their lives.

Placemaking often relates to other concepts such as the sense of place, urban vitality as well as public realm. Terms such as ‘the arts and creative placemaking’, ‘community attachement’ and ‘liveable streetscapes’ are all subject matters in understanding placemaking (Schneekloth & Shibley, 1995). Good placemaking enhance abundant spaces thus provide greater urban experience at human scale which the community feels the sense of place thus habits this places as their routine towards the vitality of everyday lives (Fleming, 2007). Ultimately placemaking is all about local people and their everyday lives around their immediate the public realm.

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Figure 2.11: Creative Placemaking.

(Source https://states. aarp.org/communityplacemaking-minigrants-announced) Table 2.2: What is placemaking by Project for Public Space.

(Source: https://www. pps.org/article/whatis-placemaking)

PLACEMAKING IS Community-driven Visionary Function before form Adaptable Inclusive Focused on creating destinations Context-specific Dynamic Trans-disciplinary Transformative Flexible Collaborative Sociable

PLACEMAKING IS NOT Top-down Reactionary Design-driven A blanket solution or quick fix Exclusionary Car-centric One-size-fits-all Static Discipline-driven One-dimensional Dependent on regulatory controls A cost/benefit analysis Project-focused

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The concept of place is of one most difficult theory which various literature measures and valuate its definition and parameters to conclude a specific reinterpretation. In Lynch’s (1960) imageability study, place is defined as unique because it includes the surrounding character that are tangible and can be identified through form, feel and color. This indication suggest that the concept of place is merely physical.

However, Trancik (1986) argues that place is not just manmade and tangible. Place includes emotional and cognitive aspect to it. Place includes social lives and their culture. “It is not merely a manipulation of form to make space but to create a place the components of the total environment, including the social aspect, need to be synthesized” (Trancik, 1986). In other words, place has meaning, historical components and characterized by demographic and their customs.

The term ‘place’ has breath of definition that relates to geography, architecture, and socio-cultural references (Canter, 1977). A place, is a space, which termed as genius loci, or the spirit of a place (Norberg-Schulz, 1988). Trancik states that in abstract and physical terms, space is void with potential to link physical things and purpose. ‘Space’ turn into ‘place’ when it is given contextual meaning that came from cultural or local content.

2.7.1

Concept of Place

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Figure : MVRDV Placemaking (SOurce: https://www.mvrdv.nl/)

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To generate a successful placemaking, PPS establish that four key qualities need to be evaluate and validated in the outcome of making the place.

They are, accessibility and linkages to the place, comfort and images in those spaces, uses and activities the people engage within them and the sociability measures which found to be the most difficult to achieve.

The quality and quantity of connecting people in the public realm of placemaking spaces are what sociability is about.

2.7.2

Placemaking Principles Cities should include places that are culturally diverse (Montgomery, 1995). The diversity is depicted through architecture and urban settings. Designed around found elements and contextually local and regional which reflects the social demographics and at the same time capable to adapt and inspire changes (Bentley, 1985).

Placemaking is concerned with spaces in cities and urban context that contribute to human interactive. Often, placemaking is communal participation that gather people at a place which offers interaction. Placemaking is about people, place and interaction. Project for Public Spaces (2014), define placemaking as a multidisciplinary approach that involves the process of planning, design and management of public spaces. It is the art of developing public spaces that attract people and bring people together that creates local identity (Project For Public Spaces, 2014). Placemaking is for the existing community hence establish their attachment to a place that supplies to their needs. Placemaking principles described by Project for Public Space, an organization movement that actively shares views on placemaking, illustrated in figure 2.12.

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Figure 2.12: Principles of placemaking by Project for Public Spaces.

(Source: https://www.pps.org/article/what-is-placemaking)

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Figure 2.13: 11 key principles transforming public spaces into vibrant public realm.

(Source: Author)

The Community is the Expert

Create a Place, Not a Design

Start with the Petunias: Lighter, Quicker, Cheaper

Have a Vision

Money Is Not the Issue

9

7

You Are Never Finished

10

4

They Always Say "It Can't Be Done"

Triangulate

6

5

Form Supports Function

3

2

1

You Can See a Lot Just By Observing

Look for Partners

8

Future of Placemaking

11

Bernhart and Still (2010) suggest that placemaking within urban context enables spatial relationship with their environment perceived through social values. Placemaking could also be created as process and physical aspects through the local customs and beliefs which illustrated by architecture which in turn gave meaning and attachments to the place (Shim & Santos, 2014). Madden, K., & Wiley-Schwartz, A. (2010), in their book ‘How to turn a place around: A handbook for creating successful public spaces’, suggest 11 key principles and elements in transforming public spaces into a vibrant community public realm. This book was a definitive moment to the movement of placemaking.

2.7.2

Placemaking Principles

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Figure 2.14: Placemaking Fundementals by Montgomery.

(Source: Author)

u n d e m e n t a ls b y M o

nt g

om

Pl

gF

diversity vitality street life people watching cafe culture events & local traditions pastimes opening hours flow attractors transaction base fine grain economy

er

y

em ac

in ak

FORM

ACTIVITY PLACE

scale intensity permeability landmarks space to building ratios stock adaptability range vertical grain public realm space systems

IMAGE

(cognitive, perception and information)

symbolism & memory, imageability & legibility, sensory experience and associations, knowledgeability, receptivity, psychological access, cosmopolitan, sophistication, fear

Placemaking encompasses three fundamentals around activity, form and image (Montgomery, 1998). Illustrated as in figure 2.14, the thee components accompanied by qualities that foster a place which when these three fundamentals overlapped with each other suggests the sense of place uniqueness that is fundamental to placemaking process.

The components identified and qualities identified above are fundamental to the morphological of urban fabric. However, the overall context of city cannot function without the integration of each places and their components that accompany them. To deliver a good place. No one quality alone can disassociate with each other.

Placemaking requires variations of each to deliver an inclusive, safe, vibrant and just place for urban vitality (Carmona& Tiesdell, 2007).

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Table 2. 3: Sense of place concept and related measures by Deutsch & Goulias.

(Source: Author) // image for illustration purpose (source:google)

SENSE OF PLACE CONCEPTS

RELATED SURVEY TOPIC

Place Attchment

Ability or likelihood to relax, happiness due to place, importance of existance, level of importance compared to other places Needs, met, diversity, underlying existence of reason for a trip Identification with atmosphere, place as reflecetion of the individual, level of freedom to be self Satisfaction with food, product, parking, level of service, entertainment, crowd size Views on architecture, beauty of the place, balance of decorative and fuctional attributes, artistic value, peaceful and relaxing atmosphere Social atmosphere, reflects culture of the area, risk of unpleasant encounters, level of crowdedness, amout of activity, safety of walking around, family-and kid-friedly, level of friendliness of people

Place Dependence Place Identity Place Satisfaction Aesthetic Social and Cultural

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Sense of place is the ability to relate and recognize with different places thus orientate oneself and in close relation to concept of place (Relph, 1976).

Image, attachment and symbolic means of a place in urban environment are spatially relates to the individual.

2.8

Sense of Place

Sense of place derived also when local customs introduce their culture and shapes their environment in concretized matter through physical structures and intellectual manner, which in turn give them a meaning and an attachment to a place.

Deutsch & Goulias (2010) proposed a list of related sense of place concept as shown in table 2.3. ‘Place’ concept are of attachment, dependence, identity, satisfaction, aesthetic as well as social and cultural inclination to human discovery and knowledge.

For example, in a city, by utilizing urban form through colour, shape or scale of a building, one can place oneself around the scenario of the context. This implies that architecture not only resulted in the formation of the existence, but also contributes to the way people perceive their environment and predict social values.

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The Public Realm generally refers to all places and spaces to which the public has access to. Mainly are roads, streets, lanes, parks, squares and bridges and open spaces. This includes the publicly available space between buildings, along with the spaces and the buildings or other structures that enclose them where people can utilize (Dixon,1999).

Municipal Development Plan (MDP) defined public realm as the space around, between and within buildings that are publicly accessible, including streets, squares, parks and open spaces.

These areas and settings support or facilitate public life and social interaction.

Cities are made of buildings and their ‘in-between’ spaces primarily of streets and squares (Krier, 1979, Gehl, 1980, Moughtin, 1992, Carter, 2002 and others) included with different functions and activities of people (Gehl, 1980 and Chapman, 1996).

More and more people are appreciating that architecture and urban design of streets and public spaces have the power to connect, engage, and inspire us. Krier’s diagram (1983) clarified that public realm and civic building were an important part of a true city. And the street was an important part of the public realm as connector between public spaces.

These connectors if occupied with various activity and features that benefits the community would enhance the urban vitality condition.

Every town and city consists of solid and voids with buildings and intervening spaces like streets and squares (Krier, 1979; Moughtin, 1992). It holds variety of people activities and functions that stimulate community life (Chapman, 1996; Gehl, 1987). Urban public open space is a space or place with distinctive physical form that attracts human activities improve attractiveness of urban area and establish sense of place (Wan Abdullah, 2008). Not only it enhances the quality of urban environment but also promotes a healthier urban lifestyle.

2.9

The Public Realm

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and Urban Vitality

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Figure 2. 15: Léon Krier’s diagram on city knitting together public and private buildings (Source:https://www.cnu.org/publicsquare/2017/07/20/great-idea-public-realm)

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2.11

summary This chapter discussed through various literature around the research title in subjects of birding, placemaking and public realm realm. Literatures on culture, architecture and birding was reviewed to help data collection as part of primary data in the methodology of this research. Areas around birding such as ornithology and aviary were also conversed. Placemaking literatures and its virtue within concept of place, placemaking principles, the public realm and urban vitality were also reviewed in this chapter.

This protion of literatures would develop and drive the results in findings thus suggest suitable architecture and urban design systematics for the proposed project.

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harvard GSD kampung baru project http://gsd.harvard.edu

METHODOLOGY

chapter three

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The objective of research methodology is to rationalized methods for conducting research. It is strongly associated with research aim and objectives thus answer the research questioned. The purpose of methodology is as a way of finding something about the research topic in a set of practical and pragmatic activities.

Mainly qualitative measures are used in this paper which are much more valid to the research topic.

Therefore, determined the appropriate methodologies to be conducted.

3.1

introduction

Project 360 degrees and the transects are of paths made through site visit inAmsterdam.

(Source:https://freeassociationdesign.wordpress.com/2009/12/20/urban-transects-revisited-2/)

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From the proposed site chosen to this research, it allows the context to take the lead in research process.

Hence, establish primary importance of the context in physical, social or historical setting. Therefore, the research can determine anomalies to conditions found elsewhere to be evaluated and analysed. Contextual study seeks to understand what it is that sets a place apart as different and specific, rather from normal occurrences. By doing so, the context studied and discussed is unique (Lucas, 2016) and is relevant to this research topic because Kampung Baru context is one of its own.

METHODOLOGY LITERATURE // THEORY

CONTEXT KAMPUNG BARU URBAN VILLAGE

contex-led methodology 3.2

Figure 3.1: Context Led Methodology

by Raymond Lucas.

(Source: Author)

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION RESULT // CONCLUSION

Research methodology framework as shown in Figure 3.1 is structured to accomplish aim and objectives of research thus answers the research question derived from problem statement and background of study.

Methods for data collection are of literature review, case and precedent studies as well as site analysis. Data are analysed through SWOT, comparative and content analysis and through mappings and diagrams.

The analysed data will be discussed in the fifth chapter thus provide conclusion to end the research.

3.3

Methodology Framework

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PROBLEM STATEMENT THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

BACKGROUND OF STUDY AIM // OBJECTIVES // QUESTIONS

METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

DATA COLLECTION

INPUT

Primary Data Literature Review Case Studies

Placemaking Principles Urban Vitality Theory Birding Culture Kampung Baru Urban Village

Secondary Data Context- Led // Site Analysis

Birding Culture Kampung Baru Urban Village

DATA ANALYSIS

OUTPUT

Primary Data Literature Review Case Studies

SWOT Analysis Content Analysis Comparative Analysis

Secondary Data Site Analysis

Mapping Diagram

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

RESULT

PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE FOR KAMPUNG BARU PUBLIC REALM

Communal Centre as part of Kampung Baru Redevelopment Plan

Urban Aviary; a place to learn about birds

Figure 3.2: Methodological Framework (Source: Author).

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3.4 Data Collection and Analysis The method of collecting data for this research are from qualitative measures due to the ambiguity of problem statement and background of study. Therefore, primary data will be collected by reviewing various literature and precedent turned case studies (Groat & Wang, 2002). For this research which designed around context-led method, secondary data were gathered from site analysis which are reinforced by literature reviews and case studies in relation to the context studied (Lucas, 2016).

3.4.1 Literature Review Literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research around the topics that interest the research conducted (Machi, & McEvoy, 2016). It consists articles, books, and other relevant sources in the particular area of research. It provides theoretical base for research and qualitative measures and data to compute the research paper.

The primary data of research methodology in qualitative measures are employed through literature review. The literatures that were reviewed will provide wide range of perspective to the subject matter in relation to the research title and from variety of sources. These literatures would guide to establish the breath of existing research and discussions that relates to key terms of placemaking principles, urban vitality, birding culture, Kampung Baru and Urban Village.

Prior collecting data through literature review, the tools to analyze these data are by either SWOT analysis or comparative and content analysis. Using SWOT in tabulating placemaking principles, urban vitality and birding culture would identify the parameters between the pro and contra of these subjects. To further analyze these literatures, comparative and content analysis are conducted again to these key terms. These analyses will determine the appropriate measures into the application of proposed architectural and urban intervention for Kampung Baru public realm.

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3.4.2 Case Study Case studies are regarded as empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident (Yin,2003). It allows researchers to closely examined data within specific context.

However, for this research purpose, the case study methods are of literature case study and precedent study which is a secondary interpretation from the original case study done by another individual. In addition, due to context of the proposed site that are within reach and local, local observation to any content in relation to key terms may be measured thus become part of the case study data being collected.Case studies are selected from various precedents that relates mainly to placemaking and birding culture. To further focus on these scope, placemaking are valued around urban vitality theory and sense of place. For birding culture, studies of domestic avian architecture and birding in Malaysia were conducted.

Similar to literature review, measures and tools of data analysis based on case studies will be SWOT analysis, comparative study and content analysis. Due to the nature of case study being a qualitative variables and data, these are the most efficient tools to analyze the data collected from case studies.

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3.4.3

site Analysis

Urban design and architecture adopts the method of site analysis at early phase of design process. This technique uncovers many aspect of the particular context and proposed site from the perspective of climate, geography, demography, history, legal, infrastructure and other forces of rationalizing design to the specific chosen site.

(White, 1983). In most design process involving site and context, three sections of research phase, analysis phase and synthesis phase are gone through. These phases are methods in site analysis.

Elements for site analysis mentioned by white (1982) which were used in categorizing the site analysis are tabulated in table 3.1 shown below. These elements are depicted in the form or mapping and diagramming to communicate effectively the data collected through site visits and studies. Visits are done physically to the proposed site while site studies may use other medium to complete the analysis such as maps form other sources and literatures as well as publications.

Site analysis conducted for this research done to the context of Kampung Baru in urban measures and to the proposed site at Jalan Khatib Koyan Kampung Baru in micro level. Various diagram and mapping produced as data analysis tools from data collected through site visits and information from publication as well as from literatures.

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Table 3.1:

Site Analysis Elements by Edward T. White. (Source: Author)

ELEMENTS

DESCRIPTIONS

PRESENTATION

Location

realtion to to streets or landmarks. Aerial photographs to help in assessment stage. Documentation of distances and time from major places, by driving or walking distance, etc.

Photograph Montage Mapping and Diagram

Neighborhood context

Zoning of the neighborhood. May require direct observation.

Architectural patterns, street lighting, and condition of existing buildings with immediate surroundings. The reaction of the surrounding buildings towards the site. People movement and demographics. Components of the neighbourhood such as existing paths of pedestrian, cyclist, and vehicle. Landmarks and nodes, way finding and character of neighbourhood. Key public places that encourage people to linger and socialize, etc.

Photograph Montage Mapping and Diagram

Site and zoning

Site boundaries. Verified physically or from surveyors info.

Zoning classification, set backs, height restriction, allowable coverage, plinth, plot ration, uses, and parking. Other requirements from the city planning department.

Photograph Montage Mapping and Diagram

Infrastructure, social, and Documentary or evidents from historical and existing publicapolitical boundaries tions, events, interviews and observations Legal

Legal information obtained from the deed to the property.

Diagram Information such as the property description, ownership, and the governmental jurisdiction to the site located in the city or county.

Natural physical features

Topographic features on the site. Contour map from the survey engineer. Drainage and existing natural features of trees, ground cover, ground texture, and soil conditions.

Photographs Mapping and Diagram

Man made features

Features such as buildings, walls, fences, patios, plazas, bus stop shelters. Documentation of existing historical districts. Information can be gathered through the municipal planning.

Photographs Mapping and Diagram

Circulation

Uses of streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks, and plazas to be analyze of their elements and of what occurs on these circulation.

Mapping and Diagram

Utilities

Information for utilities concerning the local area. Information Mapping includes the location of all utilities and around or on the site itself.

Sensory

Sensory information collected through first hand experience. The information obtained from sketching and photographs. Direct observation of other sensory elements of noise, odors, smoke, and pollutant areas must also be analyzed.

Photographs Montage Mapping and Diagram

Human and cultural

Through census statistics on the neighborhood. Information available from local municipal planning. Information includes activities among people on the site and their relationships to these activities.

Photograph Mapping and Diagram

Climate

Obtained through local weather service or any third party services. Conditions such as rainfall, snowfall, humidity, and temperature over months to be analyzed. To note sun-path and vertical sun angles throughout an entire year.

Mapping and Diagram

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Figure 3.3: Site Analysis Example.

(Source: http://www.except.nl/present/systemmapssystemmapping.html)

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3.5

summary This chapter provided the overview on research methodology used and conducted for this research. The methodological framework structures the process of data collection and data analysis which leads toward the findings and discussions upon analysing these data. The result of these findings would provide summary to reflect against the problem statement and background of study which leads towards a result that would drive the architectural proposal around this research topic.

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aerial view Kampung Baru http://google image

KAMPUNG BARU URBAN VILLAGE

chapter four

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This chapter provide a focus review on Kampung Baru as urban village in the city centre of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

The proposed site of this research and architectural proposal as well as urban intervention located at Jalan Khatib Koyan in Kampung Baru.

The site is situated along Jalan Raja Abdullah. As the main spine of this urban village, Jalan Raja Abdullah lack public space and place that would be vital in weaving its overall urban context.

Contextually Jalan Raja Abdullah is a main road axis, a linear node which physically separate Kampung Baru context where the western district consists majorly by commercial developments and the eastern edges are occupied by mainly traditional and other residential homes.

Contents of this chapter deals with items from problem statement thus valued as data collection in context led methodology research which help generates the findings and discussions conducted in this study.

4.1

introduction

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Situated in the middle of the Kuala Lumpur city centre, it is surrounded by Tuanku Abdul Rahman Street, Raja Muda Abdul Aziz Street and Ampang Elevated Highway Kuala Lumpur (AKLEH). Other significant places near or surrounding Kampung Baru are Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Jamek Mosque and KLCC tower (Figure 4.1).

Reflected as living heritage in Kuala Lumpur, its character has been somewhat diluted over the years by progress and development. Located just next to Kuala Lumpur City Centre, Kampung Baru remains very much a ‘Kampung’ (Village) due to historical reasons, architectural and urban form or setting as well as its existing people and their behavioural activities. Until today, Kampung Baru is still regarded as the focal point of mainly the Malays in this peninsula.

Figure 4.1: Kampung Baru and its surrounding context. (source: PPKB, 2012)

4.2

Overview of Kampung Baru

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Existing urban and architectural language of Kampung Baru consists of small dwellings with disarray networks of individual shops and food stalls that generates through time. The pedestrianize quality of its location held together by its fine grain urban fabric. The formation of activities held around Kampung Baru retains the character, identity and image of its people.

Hence, around 70 percent of its existing people had left and now Kampung Baru dwellers are mainly of immigrants and people who take advantage from the location and cheap rent this place offers. The people of Kampung Baru, which has called this land as their home would then have to leave. Newcomers would come in and take over thus its culture would then slowly fade. Today, the original Kampung Baru has much evolve through time and in course of adaptation.

From research observation and multiple site visits conducted to Kampung Baru, it is apparent that Kampung Baru lacks prominent public place and space that could benefit the community and in some way would also enhance thus preserve its cultural values.

A village lost in time: inside Kampung Baru estate - CNN Style (Source: CNN online)

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4.3 urban village An urban village is a concept of settlement which is small enough to create a community in the truest sense of the word. Group of people support each other, but big enough to maintain reasonable cross section of facilities. Walking determines the size of the village. To provide a sufficiently the population and maintain a range of community facilities all within a walking distance. Density of development must be high. Urban village is densely developed in the centre, with town squares and key community focal points, density eases away from centre, and the boundary of the village is marked by green space (Neal, 2003).

Dictionary.com defines ‘urban’ as ‘living in a city’, and ‘village’ as a small community or group of dwellings in a rural area. Sometimes incorporated as a municipality (Dictionary.com, n.d.). Village could be a considered as community that is relatively clustered, small, local and rural, cultural and traditional, with a rich sociological heritage.

The Hutong in Beijing, the small wooden houses in Tokyo, the villages in Malaysia, Singapore or Jakarta, the individual houses in Taipei and many informal and unique architecture of other East Asian cities are under threat from modernisation and progress (Maas, 2012). These urban villages form mostly intense and socially highly-connected communities, with enormous individual identities and differentiations.

One can speak of urban ecologies as communities that have evolved over the course of centuries (Maas, 2012). What comes after are identical, repetitive and mostly inconsiderable apartment units which offer Western standards of living at an almost unaffordable price. These replacements had buried the unique character of East Asian living context that embraces differentiation, flexibility and individual expression.

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Figure 4.2: Transformation of Urban Village in Seoul.

(Source: http://bustler.net/news/tags/the-why-factory/11561).

“Urban Village, its sense of place are the existing buildings of architectural quality, historical interest or strong pleasing character, strengthen the sense of place and historical continuity; they should be exploited as visual and physiological assets.“ Nesbitt, 1996

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Figure 4.3: PPKB Mater Plan Proposal and artist impression for the development.

(Source: PPKB, 2012)

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On 7 December 2011, Akta Perbadanan Pembangunan Perbadanan 2011 [Act 733] was approved by Parliament. Kampong Bharu Development Corporation (PPKB) was established on April 1, 2012. PPKB has been entrusted as a coordinating agency. Apart from DBKL, PPKB also has its own vision, which is to generate potential of the land property and value thus transforming economic ideals of Kampung Baru towards a better well-being and balanced lifestyle while preserving historical values, traditional and cultural significant of Malay heritage.

One can speak of urban ecologies, which communities evolved over the course of century needs modernization (Maas, 2012). However, what PPKB is after are identical,repetitive and mostly inconsiderable architectural and urban reconstruction, rather than revitalization in maintaining its unique context. PPKB is offering western standards of living at an almost ambiguous character similar to any other modern development. These replacements would bury the unique character of Kampung Baru urban village that embraces differentiation, flexibility and individual expression through its urban sphere and architectural morphologies.

Land issues in Kampung Baru are considered as both blessing and mishaps to the proposal of developing this place. This living historical landmark, by any means to the country and people who does relate to it, wishes for proper regeneration that is appropriate; and sensitive towards the vicinity which stamp this place to many historical events in the past and which could be sustain for coming times.

4.4 PPKB Redevelopment Plan

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The proposed site is situated between Jalan Raja Abdullah and Jalan Khatib Koyan. About 25 meters away from the main urban road of Jalan Sultan Ismail.

Most road names in Kampung Baru were named after the board members of Malay Agriculture Settlement.

Jalan Khatib Koyan is a minor road comprises two branches joined together to form the letter ‘h’ that opens at two ends to Jalan Raja Abdullah (Isa & Kaut, 2015).

Dato’ Khatib Koyan bin Abdullah was the penghulu of Setapak. The Sumatra-born Malay settled in Kuala Lumpur and contributed in tin mining activities as well as building mosques in setapak and a madrasah in Kampung Baru which still stood there today.

From a radio interview, it was told that reason for the mosque being built was to serve as place of worship and teaching religious knowledge for the Kampung. It is also built as a resting place for Khatib Koyan as he always visits the area to perform one of his hobby which was ‘memikat burung’ or bird watching or birding.

4.5

jalan

khatib koyan

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Figure 4.4.1: Khatib Koyan and (source: google image)

Figure 4.4.2: Surau Ar Rahmaniah at Jalan Khatib Koyan (source: google image)

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Figure 4.5: Bird Corridor at Kuala Lumpur (source: author)

Kampung Baru situated in the heart of Kuala Lumpur City Centre and surrounded by prominent green spaces of Kuala Lumpur such as Eco Park at Bukit Nanas, Taman Tasik Perdana which houses Kuala Lumpur Botanical Garden and Tasik Titiwangsa.

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4.6

birding in kampung baru

The edge of Kampung Baru towards east locates part of Klang River.

These natural environments in urban setting are places where birds linger and occupy to find food and shelter. These avian nodes when connected draws a bird corridor around Kuala Lumpur urban setting.

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Figure 4.7: Bird Singing Competition. (source: google image search)

History recorded that birding was a cultural past activity where people enjoy locally in Kampung Baru. They would build small aviaries at their home compound or kept birds in rattan and wooden cages. Bird singing competition known as a famous event held around Kuala Lumpur before the late 90s which now a very rare occasion. Today there are still events alike in rural areas of northern part Malaysia where its neighboring country Thailand host one of the largest bird-singing contest every year. This cultural events and activity which once important to local community of Kuala Lumpur had extinct. However, there are likelihoods and favorable ways to bring back this unique event into Kampung Baru as part of its redevelopment plan and as its future public realm.

4.6

birding in kampung baru

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Figure 4.6: E-bird Map showing bird observe near proposed site. (source: https://ebird.org/malaysia/home)

Places such as Eco Park and Botanical Garden, welcomes casual birders from the local community and tourists who perform birding activities.

Recorded in E-bird, which is an app developed by Cornel Ornithology Institute, rare and native bird species are found at these places. These birds are either local birds or migrant birds that flight along nature pockets surrounded by the concrete jungle of the city center.

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Kampung Baru public realm often associated with Malay Muslim heritage and culture. The happenings are closely related with religious events occurs mainly in the month of Ramadhan, during Eid festivals as well as Friday prayers. Besides that, Kampung Baru public realm are also described through foods where local cuisines from nasi lemak to ikan bakar are enjoyed by locals and people from outside of Kampung Baru as well as tourist who crave for traditional and local experience. Dining the local food around this urban village context provide different experience which are unique to Kampung Baru.

4.7 Kampung Baru Public Realm

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Public places that are prominent to Kampung Baru which considered also as landmark are Masjid Jamek Kampung Baru, the Sultan Sulaiman Club and Jalan Raja Muda Musa where the whole stretch of this street occupied by various food stalls and delicacies. The street also holds a weekly market and in the month of Ramadhan the food bazaar is held.

Spaces between and within buildings are known as public realm.

Kampung Baru holds unique public realm enjoyed by many people from various demographic. Development to this urban village must retain these unique heritage and character. Conservation and protection to historical entity around Kampung Baru are vital in maintain the overall character of Kuala Lumpur. There are many opportunities to introduce or reintroduce new realms for the public in Kampung Baru vicinity through various setting and reference of its history and sense of place.

Figure 4.8: Kampung Baru Public Realm. (Source: Google image search)

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Kampung Baru Public Realm. (Source: Google image search)

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4.8

Summary This chapter covers the topics of Kampung Baru in the perspective of urban village. The redevelopment plan by Perbadanan Pembangunan Kampung Baru were reviewed and constructively criticized. Briefly, the proposed site at Jalan Khatib Koyan were presented to associate the relationship in sense of place concept with birding. The capacity for Kampung Baru in hosting Birding as cultural activity were verified. This chapter ends with the discussion about Kampung Baru Public Realm

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sharing the public realm http://nomastudio.com.au

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

chapter five

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5.1 INTRODUCTION Through data collected and reviewed from literatures, case studies done to few selected precedents and to the proposed site as well as site analysis elements and processes conducted to initiate the design, this chapter will discuss their findings. Analysis of these data will be conducted by using SWOT analysis, content analysis and comparative analysis to the primary data of literature reviews and case studies.

The secondary data of site analysis will be showcased in mapping and diagramming techniques. Few data of site analysis based on context led methodology and research that came from literatures will be evaluated using SWOT and content analysis.

5.2 FINDINGS In the methodology chapter, findings were defined as the consisting data collected being analysed. Primary data consist of literature review in subjects of Placemaking principles, urban vitality theory, birding culture, Kampung Baru and urban village will first to be analysed using SWOT technique as well as content and comparative analysis structured in the form or either tables, diagrams or montages. The other primary data collected through precedents will be studied and analyse using the same method mentioned previously.

These precedent that undergone the analysis process turns into case studies. Secondary data which collected through site visit and review of literature and publication relating to the context of Kampung Baru are analysed and represent their findings using mapping and diagram techniques. These findings will be summarized at the end of this chapter to allow for conclusion to be made.

5.3 LITERATURE REVIEW Literatures in chapter two and four discussed throughout this paper are utilized to come out with the finding and analysis following to this section. Literatures in chapter two mainly deals with the subject of birding and placemaking. While in chapter four a combination of literature and site visit will be examined.

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“Placemaking encompasses three fundamentals around activity, form and image. These fundamentals accompanied by various qualities that foster a place and when overlapped suggests the sense of place that is fundamental to placemaking process.�

Montgomery, 1998

Table 5.1: Content analysis on the concept of place through Montgomery fundamentals.

MONTGOMERY CONCEPT TO PLACEMAKING ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS MEASURES FOR PLACEMAKING

Form

Activity

Image

Placemaking

Human scale, visible and intervention of life between buildings

Promote local people to engage with activity by utilize the existing

Creative and engage interactively as well as in diversity

Urban Vitality

Places that promotes and sustain health and well-being

Recreational and health activities

Healthy lifestyle people of diverse demography and age

Birding Culture

Natural, nature and sometimes urban

Birding and avian related associations

Wildlife, make people close to nature

Kampung Baru

Rural, scattered, low rise and with numbers of individual residential building from past

Food network and other association to Muslim and Malay cultures

Village trapped behind time, historic and culturally visible in urban and architecture

Urban VIllage

Depending to the surrounding urban environment however normally historic

Daily lives of people practice local custom and lives thus live in urban condition

Juxtapose to the modernity surrounds it, normally are threaten by developments

Literatures in chapter two were discussed around principles of placemaking subjects. Culture and architecture initially defined to create and overview to relate with both birding and placemaking.

Table 5.1 tabulates 3 fundamentals of placemaking by Montgomery in relation to key terms of this research.

5.2.1.1

Placemaking Principles page 84

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Sense of place is the ability to relate and recognize with different places thus orientate oneself and in close relation to concept of place

Relph, 1976

Table 5.2: SWOT analysis on placemaking through sense of place.

PLACEMAKING AND SENSE OF PLACE

ANALYSIS MEASURES FOR PLACEMAKING

Place Attachment

Place Dependence

Place Identity

Place Satisfaction

Aesthetic Measures

SocioCultural

Strenght

Intangible and unique to context

Provide to local basic necessity and diverse

Unique and tangible

Comfort level to living condition in vitality

Feeling of joy and comfort

Feel belong to the place

Weakness

Hard to measure and describe without experience

At distance with and to other people non local

Bias to the local, feel like outsider if not familiar

May cause overcrowded situation and dense as well as lack on supply

Intangible and individually perceived

Might cause dissociation

Opportunity

Can be made tangible

Mean and reason for trip can produce

Measures in placemaking can make it universal yet local

Increase local revenue and quality or place

Enhance vitality in urban life and surrounding

Bring back and maintain historical values

Threat

Repetition to other places

Some other needs to be find elsewhere that is more local

May become non-specific to the context

May invite and add crime rate lower safety and insecurities

unfamiliar forces from external reduce its values

Development tend to push away locals leave the place

Through the literatures around placemaking relating to sense of place the concluding definition to placemaking are figured in following table 5.2. Sense of place is the ability to relate and recognize with different places thus orientate oneself, in close relation to concept of place (Relph, 1976). Image, attachment and symbolic means of a place in urban environment are spatially relates to the individual.

5.2.1.1

sense of placemaking page 85

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5.2.1.1

Placemaking Principles

Table 5.3: Placemaking Principles through four key qualities by Project for Puclic Space.

FOUR KEY QUALITIES BY PROJECT FOR PUBLIC SPACE

ANALYSIS MEASURES FOR PLACEMAKING

Definition of terms

Accessibility and linkages

Tangible and unique. The access is connected and link to surroundings visually and physically. Easy to get through visible from distance. The edge of the place is important as well how they direct people to these places to be utilize.

Comfort and Image

Whether a space is comfortable and presents itself well - has a good image - is key to its success. Comfort includes perceptions about safety, cleanliness, and the availability of places to sit - the importance of giving people the choice to sit where they want is generally underestimated.

Uses and activities

Activities are the basic building blocks of great places: They are the reasons why people visit in the first place, and why they continue to return. They are also what makes a place special or unique. When there is nothing to do in a place, it will sit empty and unused, a sure sign something needs to change.

Sociability

This is a difficult quality for a place to achieve, but once attained it becomes an unmistakable feature. When people see, meet and greet their neighbours, and feel comfortable interacting with strangers, they feel a stronger sense of place or attachment to community - and place that fosters these social activities.

To generate a successful placemaking, PPS establish that four key qualities need to be evaluate and validated in the outcome of making the place. They are, accessibility and linkages to the place, comfort and images in those spaces..Table 5.3 analyse the principles of placemaking through the four key qualities that needed to be evaluated in the outcome of making the place.

“Great public spaces are those places where celebrations are held, social and economic exchanges occur, friends run into each other, and cultures mix. They are the “front porches” of our public institutions – libraries, field houses, schools – where we interact with each other and government. When theses spaces work well, they serve as the stage for our public lives.”

Project for Public Space, www.pps.org

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Accessibility and linkages

Comfort and Image

Uses and activities

Sociability

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“The concept of vitality – and the viability of its urban public open spaces, on the other hand, depends on the steady flows of people, a high degree of visibility, a mixture of activity types and different age groups of people.”

Literatures in chapter two were regarding public realm and urban vitality are measured through diagram in figure 5.1 as shown below. The diagram is constructed through literatures regarding placemaking around the concept of place, senseofplace and placemaking principles.

5.2.1.2

Public Realm and Urban Vitality

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Montgomery, 1995

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Figure 5.1:

Public Realm and Urban Vitality (Source: Author)

More and more people are appreciating that architecture and urban design of streets and public spaces have the power to connect, engage, and inspire us. Krier’s diagram clarified that public realm and civic building were an important part of a true city. And the street was an important part of the public realm as connector between public spaces

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Figure: Urban Birding (Source: google)

Birding was reviewed in literatures in the content of chapter two where terms such as aviary, avian architecture, ornithology was coined out. Overview to birding culture in Malaysia was also verified.

Below in table 5.4 the fie ‘w’ and 1 ‘h’ used to analyse the literature as one of the analysis methods of content analysis.

5.2.1.3

Birding Culture

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“Birds are tools which aid to address environmental issues and creating awareness thus educating people to care about nature and its flora and fauna. Studies are conducted toward birding out of interest in communal and sociological science.�

Law & Lynch, 1990 BIRDING CULTURE

ANALYSIS MEASURES TO LITERATURES

WHO

WHAT

WHY

WHERE

WHEN

note

Understanding Birding

Birds and Birders

Observation of birds in nature

Recreational activity and community science

Bird natural habitat

Follow the flight path and to weather

Include auditory identification

Birding as culture

Community and institutional

Bird related awareness and movements

ideals documentary and customs of birding

Any bird

In events or social gathering

Growing in popularity in various places

Birding in Malaysia

Malaysia Nature Society ,etc

Bird conservation communities in Malaysia

Home to 831 species and tropical nature

Bird park, public parks and forest reserves

In events, social gathering, anytime

Lots of important bird area preserved

Ornithology

Cornell Institute of Ornithology

Scientific study of birds in zoology

Understand bird in relation with human

Research institute and online

Depends on operation hours

Nonexistence in Malaysia at the moment

Aviary

Birds and Visitors

Object and structures where birds are kept

To conserve and breed birds and education

Backyard, parks, garden, in the wild

Operation hours and owner convenience

Unique ways in construction and form

Avian Architecture

Architects, birders, and bird lovers

Relationship with bird in form and concept of design

Push boundaries in and to architecture related filed

In urban and rural context

In projects that has relation to avian and birds

Suggest flight and imitation easily recognized

relatd place in nature and urban

Table 5.4: Content analysis of birding literatures (Source: Author)

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5.2.2 Case Study Case Study allows researchers to closely examined data within specific context. This case studies derived through analysis of several architectural precedents that are closely related to birding in order to mainly evaluate their placemaking validity.

5.2.2.1 Kuala Lumpur Bird Park The Kuala Lumpur Bird Park is located part of Kuala Lumpur Lake Gardens in the city centre. It is the largest free flight aviary in the world sprawling approximately 20.9 acres which divided into four zones. Zone one and two is the free flight zone where birds flight freely among visitors. Zone three houses Hornbill which Malaysia has more than ten different species living in its rainforest of the Peninsular and Borneo. Zone 4 is where birds housed in small aviaries and mini cages.

The bird park architecture blends to the surrounding context of Lake Gardens. It creates continuity to the nature and context. Bird park doesn’t house sufficient place for educational purpose mainly the function is more of exhibition purposes. Kuala Lumpur lack places that educates the public about important of conservation to wildlife such as birds. The last bird interpretive centre in Fraser’s Hill is now closed due to complications in sustaining the place and operation.

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Figure 5.2: Kuala Lumpur Bird Park blends with its context.

(Source: https://www.klbirdpark.com/about/About_Us)

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5.2.2.2 Snowdon Aviary The structure of Snowdon Aviary is listed as grade two conservation level. Built in 1964 it was designed by Cedric Price, Frank Newby and Anthony Armstrong-James, commissioned by Lord Snowdon, it was the first walk-through aviary in Britain. The iconic design is prominent as feature to the Reagent’s Canal which was inspired by graceful movement of birds. The aviary exposed to visitors about birds around their nature and as an important part of London Zoo setting. The aviary is under a rebirth project by Norman Foster to revamp,preserve it original structure thus add new elements to its overall realm.

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Figure 5.3: Norman Foster, Cedric price and Lord Snowdon.

(Source: https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/projects- -cedric-price-works-1952-)

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Figure 5.4: The wonderful world of birds, painted in life size at Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

(Source: https://www.treehugger.com)

5.2.2.3 Cornell Lab of Ornithology In June 2002, the Cornell Lab of Ornithology was opened with a Visitor Center as part of the building in the new Imogene Powers Johnson Center for Birds and Biodiversity. It is located in the Sapsucker Woods Sanctuary of Ithaca, New York. Surrounded by trails for bird watchers of all levels, it contains exhibits designed to enhance knowledge of birds and bird biology, and encourage participation in its Citizen Science Program. Sapsucker Woods Pond and the Treman Bird Feeding Garden are visible through walls of windows in the Morgens Observatory part of the Visitor Center. The building, pond,garden, and trails make an enjoyable destination for birders in a range of ages and abilities.

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Figure 5.5: Example of Site Analysis during Design Thesis.

(Source: Author)

Site analysis method mainly used in the preliminary stages of designing. Urban and architectural design needs to evaluate the basic components of the site and surrounding context in order to find practical and theoretical ways to form the given proposed site. For this research the site analysis done in the exercise of the Design Thesis subject.

Therefore, the research paper will only display a typical site analysis done during the tenure.

Further evidence of this methodology and findings can be referred in the appendices section where the proposed Urban Aviary is illustrated in architectural representation.

M.A.S.B

SURAU AL HIDAYAH

PLAZA RAH PASAR MASJID JAMEK KAMPUNG BARU

KELAB SULTAN SULAIMAN

SURAU RAJAYAH

LRT KAMPUNG BARU

MADRASAH AR RAHMANIAH

SEVEN KAMPUNG // DISTRICTS IN KAMPUNG BARU AND THEIR PROMINENTS FOCAL POINTS

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Site Analysis

KHATIB KOYAN BUILT THE FOCAL POINT OF KAMPUNG HUJUNG PASIR

In any Urban Village, its sense of place are the existing buildings of architectural quality, historical interest or strong and pleasing character which strengthe

Municipal Development Plan (MDP) defined public realm as the space around, between and within buildings that are publicly accessible, including streets, squares, parks and open spaces. These areas and settings support or facilitate public life and social interaction.

5.2.3

MADRASAH AR RAHMANIAH

Buildings are constructed so as to solve practical problems, buTt they often do more than that, and when they do, then we feel inclined to call them “architecture”, because they have cultural dimension (Ballantyne, 2002).

FOR KAMPUNG BARU PUBLIC REALM

BIRDING

MADRASAH AR RAHMANIAH

REASON BEING TO EASE HIS HOBBY WHICH WAS ‘MEMIKAT BURUNG’

ANJUNG BANDAR

AN URBAN AVIARY AS ARCHITECTURAL REINTERPRETATION OF HIS ACTIVITY A REMEMBRANCE TO ITS SENSE PLACE

en the sense Of place and historical continuity; they should be exploited as visual and physiological assets (Nesbitt, 1996).

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Kampung Baru in the context of greater Kuala Lumpur is an important public realm to the lives of people who gone through their daily lives in this city. Through data gathered and analysed, the principles of placemaking in subjects of sense of place, urban vitality and public realm was valued. It is safe to conclude that placemaking revolves around community that drives its creation, sense of place as indicator for people belonging and connection with its surrounding, public realm and vitality of everyday life encounters.

Literature on birding which dwells around its culture and architecture were also synthesized. Birding is measured as culture performed by birders and bird enthusiast or people who has interest to this species.

People observed birds for leisure and sometimes sport. Birds are of one most common species as they are highly visible and some lives among humans. Birds inspires and complete the environment in many cognitive and physical aspects and measures.

Case study also been done to few key precedents into helping the application of what works and unique to them. They were also criticized to what is lacking thus help the proposal and study to find improvement in perfecting the applications. Site analysis is the basic, preliminary however most important method to any architectural and urban design process. It covers wide range of criteria in tangible and intangible forms.

Public realm sense of place can be heightened therefore sustain and improve its cultural values and urban vitality

5.3 discussion

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5.4 summary

This chapter synthesized the data collected and findings in literatures as well as other data collected to evaluate and analysed them where then concluded to understand the key term into a better form of understanding. The analysis helps to answer mainly the research question, and validate the aim and objective to measure what are achieved throughout this study.

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kampung baru realm http://hssl.c.photoshelter.com

CONCLUSION

chapter six

PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE

Through methodology, finding and discussion performed in this research, this chapter conclude and synthesize the result of this study which were based upon aim, objectives and research question laid out in the introduction chapter. The research concludes that measures in placemaking principles and birding culture are appropriate into enhancing and conserve Kampung Baru public realm. Results obtained would help other research to widen the research key terms and title, thus become basis for dealing with any architectural and urban design measures which consider placemaking principles, urban vitality and birding culture. The proposed architecture, functions as a place to learn about bird known by locals as urban aviary.

learn birding (source: google)

“More and more people are appreciating that architecture and urban design of streets and public spaces have the power to connect, engage, and inspire all of us.�

Steuteville, 2014

6.1 introduction

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Architecure that incorporates placemaking principles can enhance vitality to urban lives.Communal and cultural incorporation are important aspects in creative placemaking. This urban movement however has obvious and basis into generalizing therefore characterized main and basic principles.

Kampung Baru development plan suggest to revitalized the who urban fabric which currently of many individual buildings in human scale into sky-scraping architecture that is common to any other places can be found around the world. Although they may incorporate elements of local community and cultural image of Malay and Muslim customs, these representations are merely imitation and only at a surface level.

Therefore, another assessment into these development plan is vital to nurture and conserve this urban heritage which has been an important public realm to the city centre.

Placemaking is always about the local community and the local public context or the public realm. Life is the spaces between buildings are important cognitive aspects to the human being to live a better life in urban setting. People needs interaction, social inclusions, basic commodity and connection with their surrounding in physical and emotional aspects.

6.2 Design Synthesis

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Figure 6.1: Urban Aviary proposal in Kampung Baru (Source: Author). page 107

PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE

Urban Aviary (Source: Author).

6.3

URBAN AVIARY

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Urban Aviary took place in the attempt to reimagine Kampung Baru public realm for its redevelopment plan which romanticized through the sense of place.

The proposed public realm holds significant value as green infrastructure with creative plaemaking values thus validates the idea that culture ot birding is an important urban asset for Kampung Baru development.

Many great places around the world are synonymous to something that gives them a sense of place. It could either be tangible (buildings) or intangible (activities) perception which illustrates the context. Kampung Baru embedded with both these values which had helped shape its fabric.

The main spine for this urban village is Jalan Raja Abdullah. Known before as Hale Road, it links all seven villages which formed the ‘Malay Agricultural Settlement’. Despite being the main path and linear node, Jalan Raja Abdullah lacks various urban character. Poor public realm, inaccessible public building and open spaces deteriorate the community to engage with its environment.

Therefore, to preserve the vitality of this urban village, urban and architectural intervention with cultural and communal typology is introduced. Urban regeneration to this unique public realm must nurture it’s the sense of place.

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avian architecture (Source: google).

6.4

fuRther research This study is limited to the references listed in the bibliography. There are opportunities to widen the scope of research in other various literatures discussed in chapter two and four. Other modes of methodology could also be conducted to compute different variables in data collection and data analysis.

Other proposed sites could also be utilized to further access the validity of placemaking or birding culture. This research values and valid mainly to tems of placemaking, sense of place, urban vitality, birding and Kampung Baru.

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6.5

conclusion This research, introducted an architectural intervention for ampung Baru urban setting with cultural and communal dimensions can enhances its public realm. . Creative placemaking principles shall be incorporated to create good public places especially for its local community. This study validates that through association of birding culture, into Kampung Baru public realm will develop urban vitality measures.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE

BIBLIOGRAPHY publications Alhabshi, S.M. (2010) Surviving urban renewal program: Case study of a traditional urban village in Kuala Lumpur. In: Proceedings Seminar on Nasional Resilience (SNAR 2010) “Political Managements and Policies in Malaysia”. pp. 227-313.

Ballantyne, A. (2002). Architecture: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Canter, D. (1977). The Psychology of Place. London: Architectural Press.

Carmona, H. and Tiesdell, S. (2007). Urban Design Reader. Oxford: Architectural Press Clements, J. F. (2018). Birds of the World: a Checklist. New York: Cornell University Press.

Cheshmehzangi, A. (2012) Identity and Public Realm, Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences, 50, pp. 307-17.

Cordell, H.K. & Herbert, N.G. (2002). The popularity of birding is still growing.

Birding, 34, pp. 54–59 Courage, C., & McKeown, A. (2019). Creative placemaking: Research, theory and practice. London; New York Routledge Cox, D. T. C. et al. (2018). Covariation in urban birds providing cultural services or disservices and people. J. Appl Ecol. 55. pp. 2308–2319.

Cox, D. T. C. & Gaston, K. J. (2015). Likeability of garden birds: Importance of species knowledge & richness in connecting people to nature. PLOS ONE 10, e0141505 Dunne, P. (2003). Pete Dunne on Bird Watching. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Eyck, A. V. (1969). A Miracle of Moderation; in Jencks, C. and Baird, G. (eds.)

Meaning in Architecture. London: The Cresset Press Fleming, R. L. (2007). The art of placemaking: Interpreting community through public art and urban design. London: Merrell.

Greenwood, J.J.D. (2007). Citizens, science and bird conservation. Journal of Ornithology. 148 (1), pp. 77–124.

Groat, L. N. & Wang, D. (2002). Architectural research methods. New York: J. Wiley.

Isa, M & Kaut, M. (2015) Kuala Lumpur Street Names. Kuala Lumpur: Marshall Cavendish.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY online Bird-malaysia.com. (n.d). Birding in Malaysia (Online) Available from: https://bird- malaysia.com (Accessed 24th July 2019) Collinsdictionary.com. (n.d) Birding (Online) Available from: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/ english/birding (Accessed 21st July 2019).

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LIST OF TABLES NO.

TITLE

PAGE

1.1 Research Methodology 8 2.1

Birds species recorded in Malaysia from avibase.org

15

2.2

What is placemaking by Project for Public Space

23

2.3

3.1

Sense of place concept and related topics by Deutsch & Goulias

28

Site Analysis Elements by Edward T. White

36

5.1

Content analysis on the concept of place through Montgomery fundementals

50

5.2

SWOT analysis on placemaking through sense of place

51

5.3

5.4

Placemaking Principles through four key qualities

52

Placemaking Principles through four key qualities

by Project for Puclic Space.

54

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PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE

LIST OF figures NO.

TITLE

PAGE

1.1 Research Concept Diagram 6 1.2 Theoretical framework 7 2.1

Categories in definition of culture by Raymond Williams

10

2.2 Mosque with minarets and dome. 11 2.3 Birding 12 2.4 Bird Migration Pattern 14 2.5 Raptor Watch 2019 event poster 16 2.6

Cornell Ornithology Laboratory in Ithaca, NY, USA

17

2.7 Snowdon Aviary in London 18 2.8

Raven’s Home at the Tower of London

19

2.9

Illustrated guide of Kuala Lumpur Bird Park

20

2.10 Avian Architecture 21 2.11 Creative Placemaking 22

2.12 Principles of placemaking by Project foe Public Spaces 25 2.13

11 key principles transforming public spaces into vibrant public realm

26

2.14 Placemaking Fundementals by Montgomery 27 2.15

3.1

Léon Krier’s diagram on city knitting together public and private buildings

30

Context Led Methodology by Raymond Lucas

32

3.2 Methodological Framework 33 3.3 Site Analysis Example 37 4.1

Kampung Baru and its surrounding context

39

4.2

Transformation of Urban Village in Seoul

40

4.3

PPKB Mater Plan Proposal and artist impression for Kampung Baru development

42

4.4

Surau Ar Rahmaniah at Jalan Khatib Koyan and Khatib Koyan

43

4.5

Bird Corridor at Kuala Lumpur

44

4.6

E-bird Map showing bird observe near proposed site

45

4.7 Bird Singing Competition 46 4.8 Kampung Baru Public Realm 47

5.1 Public Realm and Urban Vitality 53 5.2

Kuala Lumpur Bird Park blends with its context

55

5.3

Norman Foster, Cedric price and Lord Snowdon

56

5.4

5.5

Wonderful world of birds, painted in life size at Cornell Ornithology

57

Example of Site Analysis during Design Thesis

58

6.1

Urban Aviary proposal in Kampung Baru

61

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LIST OF appendices NO.

TITLE

PAGE

1.

Avibase Malaysia Bird Data Info

122

2.

MY Garden Birdwatch Club Malaysia count sheet

123

3.

Jalan Raja Abdullah Cultural Infill Master Plan

124

4.

Dissertation Thesis Book Cover

125

5.

Urban Aviary - Design Thesis (Author)

126

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appendices

page 122 4 5

C ol 1 2 3

Location

Silver-rumped Spinetailed Swift Glossy Swiftlet Himalayan Swiftlet Black-nest Swiftlet Edible-nest Swiftlet Asian Palm Swift Dark-rumped Swift Fork-tailed Swift House Swift Greater Coucal Lesser Coucal Raffles's Malkoha Black-bellied Malkoha Chestnut-bellied Malkoha Green-billed Malkoha Chestnut-breasted Malkoha Chestnut-winged Cuckoo Common Koel Little Bronze Cuckoo Violet Cuckoo Banded Bay Cuckoo Plaintive Cuckoo Rusty-breasted Cuckoo Drongo Cuckoo Whistling Hawk Cuckoo Hodgson's Hawk Cuckoo Indian Cuckoo Himalayan Cuckoo

Green Peafowl [ex] Great Argus Crested Argus

Malayan Peacock Pheasant Mountain Peacock Pheasant Blue-breasted Quail

Red Junglefowl Little Grebe Rock Dove

Red Collared Dove Spotted-necked Dove Little Cuckoo Dove

Zebra Dove Little Green Pigeon Pink-necked Green Pigeon Orange-breasted Green Pigeon Thick-billed Green Pigeon Large Green Pigeon Nicobar Pigeon Emerald Dove Pied Imperial Pigeon Jambu Fruit Dove Large-tailed Nightjar Savanna Nightjar Grey-rumped Treeswift Whiskered Treeswift

Avibase

https : //a viba s e . bs c -

Date

S tart time

Page 1of 5

Lesser Adjutant Milky Stork Painted Stork Asian Openbill [x] Yellow Bittern Schrenck's Bittern Cinnamon Bittern Black Bittern Malaysian Night Heron Black-crowned Night Heron Striated Heron Chinese Pond Heron Javan Pond Heron Cattle Egret

Common Coot [x] Masked Finfoot Sarus Crane [ex]

Watercock Purple Swamphen Common Moorhen

Baillon's Crake White-breasted Waterhen White-browed Crake

Slaty-breasted Rail Ruddy-breasted Crake Band-bellied Crake

Red-legged Crake Slaty-legged Crake

ebird.org - Legend: [x] accidental [ex] extirpated [EX] extinct [EW] extinct in the wild [E] endemic [e] endemic (country/region)

Lesser Whistling Duck Asian Pygmy Goose

Make your observations count! Submit your data to

e oc . org/c he c k lis t. js p? la ng=E N & re gion=myma k l& lis t=howa rdmoore & forma t=2 [16/08/2019]. e

Recommended citation: Lepage, D. 2019. Checklist of the birds of Kuala Lumpur. Avibase, the world bird database. Retrieved from .

Number of species: 369 Number of endemics: 0 Number of breeding endemics: 0 Number of globally threatened species: 23 Number of extinct species: 0 Number of introduced species: 7

Avibas e - B ird C hecklis ts of the World C ountry or region: K uala Lumpur

Duration

Dis tance

PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTURE

Not widespread in Sabah & Sarawak

Not found in Sabah & Sarawak

©2015 Malaysian Nature Society www.mygardenbirdwatch.com Photos by David Lai, John Steed, Ooi Beng Yean, Khoo Swee Seng and Caroline Ho

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Master of Architecture Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Design Thesis Dissertation . 2019

Placemaking Through Birding Culture for Kampung Baru Public Realm

Copyright Š 2019 Wan Mohammad Hafiz Ridzwan B. Wan Pauzi Universiti Teknologi Malaysia All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study,research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission or the publisher and writer, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. This book is a work of non-fiction. Names, characters, businesses, organizations, places, events and incidents either are the product of the author’s imagination or are used may be fictitiously but any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is intentional.

First Published in August 2019 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. http://www.utm.my/

Placemaking Through Birding Culture for Kampung Baru Public Realm This book has been submitted as a dissertation in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree Master of Architecture.

Hafiz RidzWan Pauzi

PLACEMAKING THROUGH BIRDING CULTUREFOR KAMPUNG BARU PUBLIC REALM

FOR KAMPUNG BARU PUBLIC REALM

Hafiz RidzWan Pauzi

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end

Placemaking Through Birding Culture for Kampung Baru Public Realm This book has been submitted as a dissertation in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree Master of Architecture.

First Published in August 2019 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. http://www.utm.my/

Copyright Š 2019 Wan Mohammad Hafiz Ridzwan B. Wan Pauzi Universiti Teknologi Malaysia All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study,research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission or the publisher and writer, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. This book is a work of non-fiction. Names, characters, businesses, organizations, places, events and incidents either are the product of the author’s imagination or are used may be fictitiously but any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is intentional.

Master of Architecture Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Design Thesis Dissertation . 2019