Junho 2024 Edition

ENGLISH SPECIAL EDITION - ONLINE DIGITAL - JUNE 2024

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WHO WAS THE WOMAN BEHIND THE STATUE OF LIBERTY?

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Nature

ANIMAL FACTS A COW GIVES NEARLY 200,000 GLASSES OF MILK IN A LIFETIME

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hen it comes to cows who W are confined within the indus-

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trial agricultural food system, the word “gives” is a euphemism. Mothers are forcibly impregnated, then separated from their babies, sometimes only hours after birth. The baby is prevented from nursing, enabling farmers to harvest milk for humans instead.

Calves frequently wind up in the veal industry, where they are killed at a very young age.

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While a single cow can be made to produce 200,000 glasses of milk in her lifetime, the truth is that humans don’t need to drink a single glass to remain healthy.

PIGEONS CAN DO MATH

Articles, messages, interviews, and studies published in this Newspaper, by each author, do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Editor.

Numerical problems can inspire fear and anxiety in many of us (the author included), but some species tackle these things handily.

Each writer is responsible for their own content.

A study in 2011 determined pigeons’ ability to reason using abstract rules about

Therefore, each author is available to answer the reader's questions.

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math—with skill levels on a par with monkeys.

GIRAFFES CAN HUM, BUT ONLY AT NIGHT

Hopefully, they were soon released into the fresh air after the study concluded.

It was long suspected that giraffes made no noise because people listening to them— both in the wild and captive environments—hadn’t heard them make any vocalizations.

Scientists previously assumed that the characteristic long necks of these ruminants contained vocal cords that were essentially useless, despite being fully developed and apparently functional.

Recently, however, it was discovered that giraffes do make vocalizations—they hum, and only at night. Take a listen here.

WILD CHIMPS LIKE TO DRINK There’s nothing wrong with enjoying a nice fruity cocktail every so often—even the chimps are doing it!

KOALAS SLEEP UP TO 22 HOURS A DAY Because koalas’ primary source of food—the eucalyptus tree—is toxic, their digestive systems need to work overtime to break the toxins down.

This process is energy-consuming and is why they sleep for 18 to 22 hours per day.

Maybe eating toxic food isn’t the best approach to leading a lively life, but a life of sleeping doesn’t sound too bad either.

Fermented sap from a palm tree is the preference of one group of chimps, who were observed sopping up this naturally occurring bevy using leaf sponges.

KANGAROOS DO, IN FACT, FART It was once believed that kangaroos didn’t produce methane, a greenhouse gas commonly found in the flatulence of herbivores (and a major driver of climate change).

This is how the rumor got going that kangaroos can’t fart.

However, after locking a group into a sealed room, feeding them a variety of food types, and measuring the resulting air quality, it was found that they do, in fact, fart.

ELEPHANTS ARE THE ONLY ANIMAL THAT CAN’T JUMP It’s true that adult elephants can’t jump, but they are far from being the only land animal lacking this ability.

The portly rhino and mostly aquatic hippo don’t jump either.

Jumping tends to be a mechanism for evading predators, and when you’re big enough, the need to run away becomes unnecessary.

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It should be noted that young elephants can jump, as they are far more susceptible to predation than adults.

Red squirrels were observed adopting young particularly if they were related.

OCTOPUSES CAN TASTE WITH THEIR ARMS The suckers lining the undersides of an octopus’s arm are for more than just gripping.

These structures are similar to taste buds on human tongues, only these enable both taste and smell.

Each arm is filled with neurons, so these cephalopods are also thinking with their arms, too.

SLOTHS CAN TAKE UP TO A MONTH TO COMPLETELY DIGEST A SINGLE LEAF Everything about sloths is slow—including their digestion.

Because a sloth’s diet consists largely of toxic leaves which are difficult to digest—with a single leaf sometimes taking 30 days there is little energy left over for fast movement.

BUTTERFLIES TASTE WITH THEIR FEET Imagine being able to taste the floor. This is something most of us would find unappetizing—but if you spent your days stepping on fragrant flower petals, it might be a different story.

And in this case, you would be a butterfly, since these insects have receptors on their feet and legs similar to that of human taste buds.

But who needs it when you’ve got a coat covered in algae to camouflage you from predators?

SQUIRRELS WILL ADOPT ORPHANS Many species of the animal kingdom aside from humans adopt youngsters of their own kind, and sometimes even of different species.

What makes this behavior notable in squirrels is that they tend to be asocial—meaning that they live in relative isolation from one another, as opposed to social species such as lions or elk.

SQUIRRELS PLANT THOUSANDS OF NEW TREES EACH YEAR According to one study, squirrels fail to recover up to 74 percent of the acorns they store.

Many of these are buried in the ground, which one reCONTINUES ON PAGE 5

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searcher points out is “practically planting” baby trees.

The question these studies haven’t answered so far is whether squirrels are intentionally planting trees, rather than forgetting where they stored nuts. Since squirrels have an interest in the growth of more trees, which provide them with more food and shelter, the idea may not be that far-fetched.

COWS HAVE BEST FRIENDS An experiment was conducted placing together cows who’d known one another— AKA, their best friend—and those who were strangers.

When placed with their best friends, the cow’s heart rates were significantly lower, as were cortisol levels (lower cortisol indicates lower stress). Both of these indicators shot up when cow friends were separated.

Sadly this research was conducted with an eye towards improving milk yields on farms. Not measured were stress levels when newborn calves are separated from their mothers.

GORILLAS CAN CATCH HUMAN COLDS AND OTHER ILLNESSES Diseases frequently pass between humans and animals.

Zoonotic disease transmission occurs when a disease passes from animals to humans, as with the novel coronavirus which caused the global pandemic of 2020.

Reverse zoonosis occurs when diseases pass from humans to animals. Gorillas are susceptible to reverse zoonosis, particularly respiratory infec-

7 5 tions. In Africa, wild gorillas are exposed to these diseases through the ecotourism industry, posing significant risks to highly endangered populations.

THE BAT IS THE ONLY MAMMAL THAT CAN FLY Although more similar in appearance and behavior to birds, bats actually have a lot in common with human beings. Both species are mammals, since bats give birth to live young and wean them on milk, and are covered with hair rather than feathers or scales.

Where bats are exceptional is their ability to fly under their own power, which no other mammal in the world possesses.

DO YOUR PART Planet earth is home to so many incredible species of animals, each with their own unique perspectives on the world.

Now that you know more about those with whom we share this planet, hopefully, you will do your part to reduce suffering and support initiatives that aim to increase respect and protection for animals everywhere. ◙ SOURCE: ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

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Men's Health

stroke, sometimes called a A "brain attack," happens when

over age 65, but they can happen at any age.

Strokes are also more likely to be fatal and strike earlier in men than in women.

blood flow to an area in the brain is cut off.

The brain cells, deprived of the oxygen and glucose needed to survive, die. If not caught early, permanent brain damage and death can result.

Strokes are the fifth leading cause of death in men (and the third most common cause of death in women), yet some guys can't name one stroke symptom. Here's how to recognize and prevent them.

WHY SHOULD I CARE ABOUT STROKES? If you're like most middleaged guys, you probably don't spend much time worrying about a stroke.

After all, strokes are a risk we associate with later in life - something to think about after we retire and are fitted with our first pair of dentures.

But maybe we should be a little more concerned. They are indeed more likely in men

The consequences of a stroke can be devastating. Not only can a stroke kill you, but nonfatal strokes can leave you severely debilitated, paralyzed, or unable to communicate.

However, the news isn't all bleak. About 80% of strokes are preventable. So it's time to improve your odds.

Strokes are the fifth leading cause of death in men (and the third most common cause of death in women), yet some guys can't name one stroke symptom.

If you're at risk, you need to learn the signs of stroke and make some changes in your lifestyle.

Knowing the risk factors and signs of a stroke is the first step in stroke prevention.

HOW DOES A STROKE HAPPEN? There are two types of stroke: STROKES •areISCHEMIC similar to a heart at-

tack, except they happen in the blood vessels of the brain.

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Men's Health

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Clots can form either in the brain's blood vessels, in blood vessels leading to the brain, or even blood vessels elsewhere in the body that travel to the brain.

or thinness in the blood vessel wall.

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF STROKE? The most common symptoms of a stroke are:

These clots block blood flow to the brain's cells, choking off oxygen to a part of the brain. Without oxygen, brain cells first go into shock and then start dying.

So the longer you go without stroke treatment, the greater the damage to your brain. Ischemic strokes can also happen when too much plaque (fatty deposits and cholesterol) clogs the brain's blood vessels.

or numb•nessWeakness of the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body

Hemorrhagic strokes happen when a blood vessel in the brain breaks or ruptures.

Loss of speech, difficul•ty talking, or understand-

ing what others are saying severe head•acheSudden, with no known

Loss of balance or •unstable walking, usually combined with another symptom

WHAT SHOULD I DO IF I HAVE SYMPTOMS OF A STROKE?

HEMORRHAGIC STROKES •happen when a blood vessel in the brain breaks or ruptures.

Immediately call 911 if you or someone you know has symptoms of a stroke. Stroke is a medical emergency. Immediate treatment can save your life or increase your chances for a full recovery.

The result is blood seeping into the brain, causing damage to brain cells.

While less common, these strokes can be more devastating.

The most common causes of hemorrhagic stroke are high blood pressure and brain aneurysms. An aneurysm is a weakness

ing) in one or both eyes

cause

These are the most common type of stroke. About 80% of strokes are ischemic.

Although the cause is different from an ischemic stroke, the result is the same: Brain cells can't get the blood they need.

More than 60% of people who have a hemorrhagic stroke die within a year, and those who survive tend to be much more disabled.

or dim•mingLoss(likeof avision curtain fall-

The consequences of a stroke can be devastating.

Not only can a stroke kill you, but nonfatal strokes can leave you severely debilitated, paralyzed, or unable to communicate.

The American Heart Association uses the memory tool known as F.A.S.T. to recognize signs of stroke:

• Facial drooping • Arm weakness • Slurring of speech • Time to call 911

ARE STROKES PREVENTABLE?

About 80% of strokes are preventable. Many risk factors can be controlled before they CONTINUES ON PAGE 8

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half an hour on most days of the week

cause problems.

• Eating right, preferably a diet low in saturated fat (such as that in processed meats) and high in fruits and vegetables

Controllable risk factors Include:

• High blood pressure • Atrial fibrillation • Uncontrolled diabetes • High cholesterol • Smoking • Heavy drinking • Being overweight or coronary • Carotid artery disease

Uncontrollable risk factors include:

•65)Age (People over age Gender (Men have •more strokes; women

Maintaining a healthy •weight

smoking. Smokers •areNot twice as likely to have a stroke.

Hemorrhagic strokes are best prevented by controlling high blood pressure.

have deadlier strokes)

(African-Ameri•canRace people have a higher risk)

Family history of •stroke

Low-dose aspirin can reduce stroke risk, although it may not help younger men already at low risk for stroke. Talk to your doctor before starting aspirin therapy.

Sometimes, people experience warning signs before a stroke occurs.

These are called transient ischemic attacks (also called TIA or "mini-stroke"), brief episodes of the stroke symptoms listed above. A TIA is when a blockage, caused by a clot, is temporary.

These leave no permanent brain damage but do put you at higher risk for a subsequent stroke.

Your doctor can evaluate your risk for stroke and help you control your risk factors.

Some people have no warning signs before a stroke, or symptoms are so mild that they are not noticeable.

Hemorrhagic strokes are best prevented by controlling high blood pressure.

The less pressure there is on the walls of your blood vessels, the less likely they are to burst.

Regular checkups are important in catching problems before they become serious. Report any symptoms or risk factors to your doctor. ◙

The more common ischemic strokes are caused by blood clots - the same villains responsible for heart attacks.

SOURCE: WEBMD.COM

To decrease the risks, you need to keep your arteries clear of plaque - the gunk that builds up in them and leads to clotting.

Ways to do this include:

• Exercising for at least

Regular checkups are important in catching problems before they become serious.

Mind and Body

s most of us know all too A well, when you’re reeling

from love gone wrong.

ADDICTED TO LOVE

from the finale of a romantic relationship that you didn’t want to end, your emotional and bodily reactions are a tangle:

The earliest pairings of brain research and love research, from around 2005, established the baseline that would inform research going forward: what a brain in love looks like.

You’re still in love and want to reconcile, but you’re also angry and confused; simultaneously, you’re jonesing for a “fix” of the person who has abruptly left your life, and you might go to dramatic, even embarrassing, lengths to get it, even though part of you knows better.

In a study led by psychologist Art Aron, neurologist Lucy Brown, and anthropologist Helen Fisher, individuals who were deeply in love viewed images of their beloved and simultaneously had their brains scanned in an fMRI machine, which maps neural activity by measuring changes in blood flow in the brain.

What does our brain look like when we’re in the throes of such agonizing heartbreak?

This isn’t just an academic question. The answer can help us better understand not only what’s going on inside our lovelorn bodies, but why humans may have evolved to feel such visceral pain in the wake of a break-up. In that light, the neuroscience of heartbreak can offer some practical—and provocative— ideas for how we can recover

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What does our brain look like when we’re in the throes of such agonizing heartbreak?

The fMRI’s vivid casts of yellows, greens, and blues—fireworks across gray matter— clearly showed that romantic love activates in the caudate nucleus, via a flood of dopamine.

The caudate nucleus is associated with what psychologists call “motivation and goaloriented behavior,” or “the rewards system.” To many of CONTINUES ON PAGE 10

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these experts, the fact that love fires there suggests that love isn’t so much an emotion in its own right—although aspects of it are obviously highly emotional—as it is a “goaloriented motivational state.”

(If that term seems confusing, it might help to think about it in terms of facial expressions: Emotions are characterized by particular, passing facial expressions—a frown with anger, a smile with happiness, an open mouth with shock—while if you had to identify the face of someone “in love,” it would be harder to do.) So as far as brain wiring is concerned, romantic love is the motivation to obtain and retain the object of your affections.

But romance isn’t the only thing that stimulates increases in dopamine and its rocketlike path through your reward system. Nicotine and cocaine follow exactly the same pattern: Try it, dopamine is released, it feels good, and you want more—you are in a “goal-oriented motivational state.” Take this to its

In a study led by psychologist Art Aron, neurologist Lucy Brown, and anthropologist Helen Fisher, individuals who were deeply in love viewed images of their beloved and simultaneously had their brains scanned in an fMRI machine, which maps neural activity by measuring changes in blood flow in the brain.

logical conclusion and, as far as brain wiring is concerned, when you’re in love, it’s not as if you’re an addict. You are an addict.

Just as love at its best is explained by fMRI scans, so, too, is love at its worst. In 2010 the team who first used fMRI scanning to connect love and the caudate nucleus set out to observe the brain when anger and hurt feelings enter the mix.

They gathered a group of individuals who were in the first stages of a breakup, all of whom reported that they thought about their rejecter approximately 85 percent of their waking hours and yearned to reunite with them.

Moreover, all of these lovelorn reported “signs of lack of emotion control on a regular basis since the initial breakup, occurring regularly for weeks or months.

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too much and/or making dramatic entrances and exits into the rejecter’s home, place of work or social space to express anger, despair or passionate love.” In other words, each of these bereft souls had it bad.

Then, with appropriate controls, the researchers passed their subjects through fMRI machines, where they could look at photographs of their beloved (called the “rejecter stimulus”), and simultaneously prompted them to share their feelings and experience, which elicited statements such as “It hurt so much,” and “I hate what [they] did to me.”

A few particularly interesting patterns in brain activity emerged: As far as the midbrain reward system is concerned, they were still “in love.” Just because the “reward” is delayed

They gathered a group of individuals who were in the first stages of a breakup, all of whom reported that they thought about their rejecter approximately 85 percent of their waking hours and yearned to reunite with them.

in coming (or, more to the point, not coming at all), that doesn’t mean the neurons that are expecting “reward” shut down.

They keep going and going, waiting and waiting for a “fix.” Not surprisingly, among the experiment’s subjects, the caudate was still very much in love and reacted in an almost Pavlovian way to the image of the loved one.

Even though cognitively they knew that their relationships were over, part of each participant’s brain was still in motivation mode.

Parts of the brain were trying to override others. The orbital frontal cortex, which is involved in learning from emotions and controlling behavior, activated. As we all know, when you’re in the throes of heartbreak, you want to do things you’ll probably regret later, but at the same time another part of CONTINUES ON PAGE 12

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different from a stab wound.

you is trying to keep a lid on it.

This neatly parallels the discoveries that love can be addictive on a par with cocaine and nicotine.

They were still addicted. As they viewed images of their rejecters, regions of the brain were activated that typically fire in individuals craving and addicted to drugs. Again, no different from someone addicted to—and attempting a withdrawal from—nicotine or cocaine.

While these conclusions explain in broad strokes what happens in our brains when we’re dumped, one scientist I interviewed describes what happens in our breakup brains in a slightly different way. “In the case of a lost love,” he told me, “if the relationship went on for a long time, the grieving person has thousands of neural circuits devoted to the lost person, and each of these has to be brought up and reconstruct- The short answer is that no ed to take into account the one knows. The long answer person’s absence.” is that the pain might be caused by the simultaneous LOVE HURTS hormonal triggering of the When you’re deep in the sympathetic activation sysmire of heartbreak, chances tem (most commonly referred are that you feel pain some- to as fight-or-flight stress that where in your body—proba- ramps up heart and lung acbly in your chest or stomach. tion) and the parasympathetSome people describe it as a ic activation system (known dull ache, others as piercing, as the rest-and-digest rewhile still others experience sponse, which slows the it as a crushing sensation. heart down and is tied to the social-engagement system).

The pain can last for a few In effect, then, it could be as seconds and then subside, if the heart’s accelerator and or it can be chronic, hanging over your days and depleting brakes are pushed simultaneyou like just like the pain, say, ously, and those conflicting of a back injury or a migraine. actions create the sensation of heartbreak.

But how can we reconcile the sensation of our hearts While no one has yet studied breaking—when in fact they what exactly goes on in the don’t, at least not literally— upper-body cavity during the moments of heartbreak that with biophysical reality? might account for the physiWhat actually happens in our cal pain, the results of the bodies to create that sensa- aforementioned fMRI study of heartbroken individuals intion?

When you’re deep in the mire of heartbreak, chances are that you feel pain somewhere in your body—probably in your chest or stomach.

Much as we think of “heartbreak” as a verbal expression of our pain or say we “can’t quit” someone, these are not actually artificial constructs— they are rooted in physical realities. How wonderful that science, and specifically images of our brains, should reveal that metaphors aren’t poetic flights of fancy.

But it’s important to note that heartbreak falls under the rubric of what psychologists who specialize in pain call “social pain”—the activation of pain in response to the loss of or threats to social connection.

From an evolutionary perspective, the “social pain” of separation likely served a purpose back on the savannas that were the hunting and gathering grounds of our ancestors.

dicate that when the subjects looked at and discussed their rejecter, they trembled, cried, sighed, and got angry, and in their brains these emotions triggered activity in the same There, safety relied on numarea associated with physical bers; exclusion of any kind, including separation from a pain. group or one’s mate, signaled Another study that explored death, just as physical pain the emotional-physical pain could signal a life-threatening connection compared fMRI injury. results on subjects who touched a hot probe with Psychologists reason that the those who looked at a photo neural circuitries of physiof an ex-partner and mentally cal pain and emotional pain relived that particular experi- evolved to share the same pathways to alert protohuence of rejection. mans to danger; physical and The results confirmed that emotional pain, when sabersocial rejection and physical toothed tigers lurked in the pain are rooted in exactly the brush, were cues to pay close same regions of the brain. So attention or risk death. when you say you’re “hurt” as a result of being rejected On the surface, that funcby someone close to you, tionality wouldn’t seem teryou’re not just leaning on a ribly relevant now—after all, few of us risk attack by a wild metaphor. animal charging at us from As far as your brain is con- behind the lilacs at any givcerned, the pain you feel is no en moment, and living alone CONTINUES ON PAGE 13

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doesn’t mean a slow, lonely death.

But still, the pain is there to teach us something. It focuses our attention on significant social events and forces us to learn, correct, avoid, and move on.

When you look at social pain from this perspective, you have to acknowledge that in our society we’re often encouraged to hide it.

We bottle it up. While of course it’s possible to be private about one’s pain and still deal with it, and it may not be so healthy to share your sob story with everyone you meet on the street, if you’re totally ignoring it and the survival theory holds true, then you’re putting yourself at risk because you’re not alerting others to a potential crisis.

THE HEARTBREAK PILL? Several studies, also using the hot probe + image + fMRI combo, have shown that looking at an image of a loved one actually reduces the experience of physical pain, in much the same way that, say, holding a loved one’s hand during a frightening or painful procedure does, or kissing a child’s boo-boo makes the tears go away.

If you could take a pill that assured that you could fall in love, fall out of love, or stay in love on command, would you take it? faulty though it may be for some of us, that if you’re suffering from a broken heart, moving on fast can bring relief.

There’s a point, however, where this trend in fMRI research starts to enter a prickly realm: Because physical pain and emotional pain—like heartbreak—travel along the same pathways in the brain, as covered earlier, this means that theoretically they can be medically treated in the same way.

physical pain, also reduces the pain of social rejection, at both neural and behavioral levels,” they write in their paper in the journal Psychological Science.

derstand about love in terms of science . . . well then, the closer we are to understanding what makes humans human, an advance that might be on a par with physicists cracking the mystery of the But some experts argue that space-time continuum. the moment you put a toe on the slippery slope of pop- Ultimately, all this progress ping pills to make you feel points to one thing: treatbetter emotionally, you have ment, with both painkillers to wonder if doing so circum- and antiaddiction drugs. vents nature’s plan.

Perhaps recovering from You’re supposed to feel bad, heartbreak could be as simto sit with it, to review what ple as wearing a patch (Lovawent wrong, even to the derm!) or chewing a special point of obsession, so that gum (Lovorette!) or popping you learn your lesson and a pill (Alove!) that just makes don’t make the same mistake the pain go away. again.

If you could take a pill that While they might not admit assured that you could fall in it, for biologists and psycholo- love, fall out of love, or stay in gists, understanding love on a love on command, would you chemical level is tantamount take it? ◙ to finding the holy grail.

Science shows that love is effectively a painkiller, because it activates the same sections of brain stimulated by morphine and cocaine; moreover, the effects are actually quite In fact, researchers recentstrong. ly showed that acetaminoOn one level this suggests a phen—yep, regular old Tylewonderfully simple and el- nol—reduces the experience egant solution, albeit a New of social pain.

Agey one, to physical or emotional pain: All you need is “We have shown for the first time that acetaminophen, an love. over-the-counter medication SOURCE: And it bolsters the notion, commonly used to reduce After all, the more we un- PSYCHOLOGYTODAY.COM

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Social Media

D

his company ’s nefarious power, and a video of Queen Elizabeth dancing and giving a speech about the power of technology. None of these events occurred in real life.

eepfake, synthetic media, including images, videos, and audio, generated by artificial intelligence (AI) technology that portray something that does not exist in reality or events that have never occurred.

Deepfakes are produced using two different AI deep-learning algorithms: one that creates the best possible replica of a real image or video and another that detects whether the replica is fake and, if it is, reports on the differences between it and the original.

The term deepfake combines deep, taken from AI deeplearning technology (a type of machine learning that involves multiple levels of processing), and fake, addressing that the content is not real.

The term came to be used for synthetic media in 2017 when a Reddit moderator created a subreddit called “deepfakes” and began posting videos that used face-swapping technology to insert celebrities’ likenesses into existing pornographic videos.

In addition to pornography, examples of deepfakes that have been widely circulated include an image of Pope Francis in a puffer jacket, an image of former U.S. president Donald Trump in a scuffle with police, a video of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg giving a speech about

Examples of deepfakes that have been widely circulated include an image of Pope Francis in a puffer jacket.

The first algorithm produces a synthetic image and receives feedback on it from the second algorithm and then adjusts it to make it appear more real; the process is repeated as many times as it takes until the second algorithm does not detect any false imagery.

In deepfake videos, a specific person’s voice may be replicated by feeding an AI model real audio data from the person, thereby training it to mimic them.

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speaking with new AI-generated audio mimicking the voice of that person.

Deepfakes are, more often than not, associated with nefarious motives, including creating misinformation and generating confusion about politically important matters.

Deepfakes are, more often than not, associated with nefarious motives, including creating misinformation and generating confusion about politically important matters.

They have been used to demean, intimidate, and harass and have targeted not only celebrities, politicians, and CEOs, but ordinary citizens as The art world has also found well. positive uses for deepfake Some positive uses for deep- technology. fakes have also emerged, however. One is spreading An exhibition called “Dalí awareness about social is- Lives” at the Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida, feasues. tured a life-sized video disFor example, soccer player play of the artist Salvador David Beckham participated Dalí delivering quotes from in a campaign to increase his interviews and written awareness about malaria in correspondence in a voice which videos were produced that mimicked his. that appeared to show him speaking in nine different lan- Several humorous deepfakes guages, broadening the reach have emerged as well. One TikTok account is entirely of the message. dedicated to deepfakes of

onance imaging (MRI) scans, making them easier to treat.

For example, because tumours or abnormalities are relatively rare in the general population, it is difficult to have enough images of them to feed to an AI program.

Deepfake images allow such

AI programs to be trained to recognize a greater number of abnormalities, hence improving their long-term accuracy. Their use also permits Keanu Reeves, with videos research to be conducted usranging from humorous takes ing synthesized data instead on romantic relationships to of data from real patients, TikTok dances. enabling researchers to avoid privacy concerns. ◙ Education and medicine are SOURCE: two additional fields that ENCYCLOPAEDIA may benefit from deepfake BRITANNICA technology. In the classroom, educators may use deepfakes of historical speeches to offer immersive and engaging lessons.

Using deepfake technology in health care can improve the accuracy with which tumours are spotted on magnetic res-

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Nutrition

7

rocessed foods refer to P any food that’s changed from

its natural state. This can include food that was simply cut, washed, heated, pasteurized, canned, cooked, frozen, dried, dehydrated, mixed, or packaged. It also can include food that has added preservatives, nutrients, flavors, salts, sugars, or fats.

Some slightly processed foods can be a part of a healthy diet.

But other, highly processed options can lead to health risks.

Usually, people think processed foods are “bad.” While there are a lot of processed options that are less nutritious, some processed foods are healthy.

This group might also include things that have been dried, WHAT ARE frozen, refrigerated, filtered, THE TYPES OF PROCESSED FOODS? fermented, or put in vacuum-sealed packages. This is The United Nations has a meant to preserve the natufood grouping scale called ral foods and allow you to the NOVA food classification. safely eat them later.

It puts food into four groups: Group two: Processed culiGroup one: Unprocessed or nary ingredients. minimally processed foods.

This group contains options This group includes foods like like butter, oils, sugar, or fresh blueberries, roasted salts. They’re ingredients that nuts, chopped vegetables, or come from nature but are other foods that have slight slightly changed. changes. These foods are prepared like this to make them They may have been pressed, easier to access. refined, milled, or dried.

HOW DO PROCESSED FOODS AFFECT YOUR HEALTH? Some slightly processed foods can be a part of a healthy diet. But other, highly processed options can lead to health risks.

You might consume more than you’re aware of. Some processed foods contain a lot of salt, fat, and sugar. This can make the foods seem more appealing, taste better, or They’ve gone through this lengthen their shelf life. process to make it easier for you to use them in your But you might not know just kitchen. These options aren’t how much fat, salt, or sugar is supposed to be eaten alone. in the foods you eat. This can They’re meant to be added to cause you to eat more than foods during meal prepara- you’d expect since it can be difficult to spot these addition. tives.

Group three: Processed Because of the high amount foods. of ingredients, some of these These include canned fish, foods also have a lot more fruits in syrup, bottled veg- calories than you’d think. etables, cheese, fresh bread, For example, one small cookor other options that were ie might have 50 calories. This made with added salt, oil, is about the same number of sugar, or other things from calories as an entire cup of groups one or two. green beans.

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Nutrition

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Milks or juices with •added vitamin D and cal-

You’ll tend to eat more calories with highly processed foods.

cium

Canned fruits stored •in water or natural fruit

Highly processed food may put you at a higher cancer risk. One study found that your risk of cancer goes up with the amount of ultra-processed food you eat. Some experts wonder if this is because of all of the food additives that are in these options.

juice

Breakfast cereals with •added fiber While it’s impossible to completely avoid unhealthy foods at times, it’s smart to stick to mainly minimally processed foods.

Some processed options don’t give your body what it needs. Foods that are highly processed are stripped of their basic nutrients. This is why many processed foods have added fiber, vitamins, and minerals. But once you take out the natural nutrients from a food, it’s difficult to add back all of its healthful value.

There are a few ways to ensure you consume nutritional food options:

READ YOUR LABELS The fewer ingredients, the better. If you can’t pronounce most of the ingredients in a food, it’s most likely highly processed and probably not very good for you. Look for whole food options, like raw vegetables and fruit, or options with less ingredients.

HEAVILY PROCESSED FOODS ARE QUICKER TO DIGEST

CHOOSE FOOD FROM THE FRESH SECTIONS

Processed foods are easier for your body to digest than foods in their natural state.

This means your body burns fewer calories when you digest processed foods. Experts think you burn around half as many calories with processed options compared to natural foods. If you eat high-calorie processed foods that require less calories to digest, it may be harder to stay at a healthy weight.

The fewer ingredients, the better.

If you can’t pronounce most of the ingredients in a food, it’s most likely highly processed and probably not very good for you.

HOW CAN YOU CHOOSE BETTER OPTIONS?

To get the most out of your meals, you’ll want to stick to foods that aren’t changed as much from their natural Some examples of processed foods that can add benefits to state. your meals include: Typically, the less processed it is, the better.

Whole-grain or whole

•

wheat bread

• Precut vegetables • Low-fat milk

One way to avoid processed foods is to look in the fresh section at the grocery store.

You’ll find more wholesome choices here.

Look for less processed meats. Meats that are less processed, like seafood or chicken breasts, are better for you than processed meats.

Avoid heavily processed options like sausage or bacon.

COOK MORE AT HOME When you go out to eat, it’s hard to tell what’s actually in your food. If you cook at home, you’re in control of the ingredients you put in your meals. ◙ SOURCE: BRAINLIFE.COM

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Culture

WHO WAS THE WOMAN BEHIND THE STATUE OF LIBERTY? of Liberty is one Tof hetheStatue most iconic sculptures

in the Western world and is often seen as a symbol of American freedom.

Designed and sculpted by French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi, France donated this colossal statue to the United States in 1875 to commemorate their alliance during the American Revolution.

Formally titled Liberty Enlightening the World, the statue depicts a crowned Liberty, personified as a woman, lifting up a torch with her right hand as her left hand clutches a tablet bearing “JULY IV, MDCCLXXVI,” the Roman-numeral date on which the Declaration of Independence was adopted.

Formally titled Liberty Enlightening the World, the statue depicts a crowned Liberty, personified as a woman, lifting up a torch with her right hand as her left hand clutches a tablet bearing “JULY IV, MDCCLXXVI,” the Roman-numeral date on which the Declaration of Independence was adopted.

In “The New Colossus,” Emma Lazarus calls her the “Mother of Exiles,” and for Americans new and old, her image has become one of the most recognizable in the world.

But what do we know about the real-life woman who inspired Lady Liberty?

Answering this question requires going back in Bartholdi’s writings and sketches— not of the Statue of Liberty but of an earlier statue that bears a stark resemblance to his American monument.

Bartholdi began to dabble in colossal statuary in the late 1850s, nearly 30 years before the Statue of Liberty was completed.

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Culture

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Spring is the perfect time to get outside and enjoy the beauty of nature.

been informed by classical monuments, like the Colossus of Rhodes. The style he studied “with the greatest attention,” however, was that of the ancient Egyptians.

Bartholdi journeyed to Egypt about 1856 and was awestruck at the Colossi of Memnon, two statues of the pharaoh Amenhotep III. At 70 feet (21 meters) tall, they had towered over the ruins of ancient Thebes for over 3,200 years.

Bartholdi wrote that “these granite beings, in their imperturbable majesty, seem to be still listening to the most remote antiquity. Their kindly and impassable glance seems to ignore the present and to be fixed upon an unlimited future….[T]he design itself expresses, after a fashion, in-

In “The New Colossus,” Emma Lazarus calls her the “Mother of Exiles,” and for Americans new and old, her image has become one of the most recognizable in the world. But what do we know about the real-life woman who inspired Lady Liberty?

finity.”

Bartholdi’s journey to Egypt was enormously transformative and influential. In 1868 he returned to marvel again at the Colossi, and in 1869 Bartholdi submitted a colossal statuary proposal to the Egyptian khedive, Ismāʿīl Pasha.

Bartholdi hoped that the khedive would use his sculpture design to commemorate the completion of the Suez Canal, which had opened that year.

As the shortest path between the Mediterranean and Red Seas, the Suez Canal functioned as a literal sea-bridge between Europe and Asia.

If selected, Bartholdi hoped that his colossus would be seen as a symbol of cultural progress and understanding.

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Bartholdi’s design for the in the minds of those who khedive was modeled after viewed their likenesses. a woman fallāḥ, or Egyptian This logic is clear in the name, peasant. form, and function of BarUnfortunately, very little is tholdi’s contest submission. known about this fallāḥ besides her socioeconomic sta- Titled Egypt Carrying the tus; Bartholdi left no records Light to Asia, this colossal that indicate any interest in woman was to be positioned her personal story. Despite in the middle of the Suez this, selecting a woman was Canal atop a monumental plinth. no accident.

Bartholdi was conscious of a centuries-long European artistic tradition of personifying values, ideas, and even countries in the forms of women.

These personifications were venerated and sometimes worshipped, but of particular importance for Bartholdi was that they lived and lingered

As ships from countless nations passed beneath her, this woman was to be seen as the physical embodiment of Egypt and its progress.

es.

The woman’s characteristic Egyptian dress gave way to Greek robes, and light beamed from her torch inAlthough Bartholdi’s submis- stead of her head. sion may have impressed the khedive, building the colos- A diadem would later replace sus would have been enor- her head covering, while her left hand soon bore a tablet. mously expensive.

Egypt was facing financial problems that likely caused Dressed in what Egyptians the khedive to shift his attenwould have recognized as the tion elsewhere, and the projclothes of a fallāḥ and immor- ect was terminated. talized as a monument, she would have been a point of But if Bartholdi’s colossal pride for Egyptians of all so- fallāḥ seems recognizable, that is because he was decial classes. termined to repurpose his She doubled as a lighthouse, scrapped design. Between holding a torch up high and 1870 and 1871, he began to radiating light from her head. alter the details of his sketch-

THE NEW COLOSSUS

But like the sketches from 1869, she still held her torch with an upstretched arm, her other limb positioned at her waist. Beneath what would become America’s Liberty Enlightening the World was Egypt’s own colossal fallāḥ, still “carrying the light. ◙ SOURCE : ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

Emma Lazarus 1849 –1887 Not like the brazen giant of The air-bridged harbor that Greek fame, twin cities frame.

With conquering limbs astride from “Keep, ancient lands, your storied land to land; pomp!” cries she Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates With silent lips. shall stand “Give me your tired, your poor, A mighty woman with a torch, Your huddled masses yearning to whose flame breathe free, Is the imprisoned lightning, The wretched refuse of your and her name teeming shore.

Mother of Exiles.

Send these, the homeless, From her beacon-hand tempest-tost to me, Glows world-wide welcome; I lift my lamp beside the her mild eyes command golden door!”