Extract: Flower to the People

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Extract is circulated at its designated distribution points free of charge to readers for their individual use and by mail to subscribers. The cash value of this copy is $1. Persons taking copies of the Extract from its distribution points for any reason other than their or others’ individual use for reading purposes are subject to prosecution.

PUBLISHER Peter J. Brzycki

EDITORIAL EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Brittany Pickering bpickering@okgazette.com MANAGING EDITOR Matt Dinger CONTRIBUTORS Nikita Lewchuk Lawrence Pasternack, Ph.D. Dr. Steven Ross, MD Justin Williams

OPERATIONS & MARKETING MANAGER Kelsey Lowe MARKETING ASSISTANT Kendall Bleakley ACCOUNTING/ HR MANAGER Marian Harrison CIRCULATION MANAGER Chad Bleakley

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CREATIVE DIRECTOR Phillip Danner

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EDITOR'S NOTE This month, Extract takes a look backward and forward at those whom the government has called criminals but those in the cannabis space called pioneers. I would take that a step farther and call them freedom fighters. Will Foster was an Oklahoma computer scientist who was raided by police on a confidential informant’s tip searching for methamphetamine. Law officers instead found only his small bomb shelter packed with cannabis plants. He sacrificed more than four years of his life for 27 plants. Meanwhile, on the West Coast, Eddy Lepp put the pedal to the metal in cultivation for patients, including his wife who died during her fourth bout of cancer, surrendering nearly a decade in federal prison for the cause. Foster is back home growing some of the best cannabis in the state, and Lepp is now in legal limbo while on parole in the state where he has spent more than half of his life. Meanwhile, Nikita Lewchuk talks to some of our activist neighbors to the south in their attempts to bring legal cannabis to the Lone Star State and, for his first time in our pages, Dr. Lawrence Pasternack takes aim at anti-cannabis crusaders who continue to restrict and punish cannabis users even as legalization efforts continue to snowball across the world. Justin Williams informs those doing business in Oklahoma’s cannabis industry of the changes now in effect resulting from House Bill 2612 this past legislative session and Dr. Steven Ross shines a spotlight on another mysterious illness afflicting cannabis consumers this month, an affliction that has been dubbed cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome and a topic that you will see again soon in these pages. You will notice this month that Extract is undergoing a makeover. I have been working closer with our creative director, Phillip Danner, to update the look of our magazine.

Expect to see more of these changes as we move forward.

Matt Dinger Managing Editor Extract mdinger@okgazette.com

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toxins, residual solvents and chemical residues, metals, pesticides and other filth and contaminants determined by Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority (OMMA) to be potentially injurious to consumer health. These testing facilities will be licensed by OMMA, and it has begun accepting applications for testing facilities’ licenses as of Nov. 1.

Currently, commercial operators are experiencing wildly divergent results from multiple testing facilities for identical products and other curious results that have led to widespread distrust of the validity of the available testing practices and techniques. It might take a month or more for OMMA to process the first of its testing facility license applications, but some relief is quickly coming.

Justin Williams| Photo Alexa Ace

House Bill 2612 is now in effect, forcing all cannabis businesses to update their models to be in compliance. By Ju stin William s

Commercial cannabis licensees are by

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now familiar with many of the obligations imposed by House Bill 2612, commonly referred to as the “Unity Bill,” a comprehensive legislative effort to close the gaps left in Oklahoma law following the enactment of State Question 788. In many respects, its implementation is causing the industry tremendous frustration.

Although business owners continue to become more knowledgeable concerning Unity Bill’s requirements, there remains a great deal of misinformation and confusion among license holders concerning their legal rights and obligations.

While certainly not a comprehensive summary of all of the myriad means by which the Unity Bill has affected the cannabis industry, these are commonly understood to be some of the most significant departures from prior law.

TESTING REQUIREMENTS Unity Bill requires commercial growers and processors to submit samples of their products for each and every 10-pound batch of uniform cannabis strain or product to approved testing facilities for testing. These tests are required to ensure that the cannabis product does not contain impermissible levels of microbials, myco-

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WASTE DISPOSAL Included among the changes brought about by Unity Bill is the requirement that cannabis “waste” must now be destroyed by a licensed medical marijuana waste disposal company. No waste disposal licenses have currently been issued, and the application window has only recently opened. Nonetheless, commercial entities are now legally obligated to utilize a licensed waste disposal company to dispose of “unused, surplus, returned or out of date product, recalled product, and other plant debris, including dead plants.”

The law explicitly excludes “roots, stems, stalks, and fan leaves” as cannabis waste that must be disposed of through a licensed company. Operators may continue to dispose of those byproducts of their operations through open burning, incineration, burying, mulching, composting or any other means approved by the Department of Environmental Quality.

TRANSPORTATION AND TRANSPORT-AGENT LICENSES AND REVISED RESIDENCY REQUIREMENTS To the extent a cannabis company desires to transport its product from its facility — whether to a testing facility or buyer — it is now required to do so through a licensed transport agent. It is no longer sufficient to transport cannabis pursuant to the transportation license that the state previously issued to every commercial business along with its business

license. Every individual that transports products for a cannabis company must now be individually granted his or her own transport agent license.

The law requires that these transport agents meet even more exacting residency standards than that of all owners of a cannabis business in order to obtain their license. Specifically, while cannabis businesses are permitted to have out-ofstate minority ownership groups, all transport agent licensees must be Oklahoma residents that have maintained residency within the state for either two years preceding their application or for five of the past twenty-five years. An out-of-state resident may now legally maintain an ownership interest in a cannabis company under Unity Bill, but he or she may not transport their own product to a buyer unless they have lived in the state for the two preceding years.

This two-year residency requirement has similarly caused out-of-state investors to find a more creative solution to establishing their Oklahoma residency than simply obtaining an Oklahoma driver’s license in order to satisfy the state’s requirement that 75 percent of any commercial cannabis business be owned by Oklahoma residents.

INVENTORY TRACKING AND RECORD KEEPING Each commercial business must now also maintain an inventory tracking system that permits it to trace each batch of cannabis product in its possession from either the seed or immature plant stage until the product is “consumed, used, disposed of or otherwise destroyed.” The state has not identified which software program it intends to utilize for its own compliance checks but has said that companies must be able to integrate their own tracking system with the state’s.

Owners must also now ensure that they maintain inventory manifests detailing, among other things, the origination, destination, date, time, agents, quantities and type of cannabis product being transported to and from their operations.

Licensed entities must maintain business records sufficient to replicate all cannabis transactions, down to the particular batch number of products involved in the transaction, including the date of each, all point-of-sale records, inventory manifests

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and waste disposal records for a period of two years. Businesses may not, however, maintain private patient information for more than 60 days absent the patient’s express consent.

Unity Bill expands upon OMMA’s ability to audit or otherwise obtain records from these establishments upon written notice to provide the requested information within 10 days. The prior law permitted businesses 15 days in which to provide documents responsive to OMMA’s request. On-site inspections are permitted up to two times per year upon only 24-hour notice without cause and without notice at all if OMMA has cause to suspect a violation of the law. Failure to cooperate with these requests is grounds for OMMA’s nonrenewal, suspension or revocation of a commercial license.

LABELING AND ADVERTISING Another feature of Unity Bill is additional rules governing the labeling and advertising of cannabis products. Labels must not reasonably appear to target children and, thus, are restricted from depicting content such as toys, cartoon characters or similar images. The labels may not contain any false or misleading statements or statements that the marijuana product “provides health or physical benefits to the patient.” Advertising representing that marijuana has “curative or therapeutic effects” is deemed similarly improper. The state plainly does not want Oklahoma’s medical cannabis to be confused with medicine.

SCHOOL PROXIMITY CHANGES One of the more prominent effects of Unity Bill’s enactment has been the submission of letters of revocation for dispensary licensees that

had previously been issued valid licenses from OMMA. One common reason for these revocations is the state’s alteration of what constitutes a “school” under the law. The state previously required that no dispensary operate within 1,000 feet of a “school.”

SQ788 contemplated that dispensaries would not open near any “school building” where class instruction or services took place.

Unity Bill excludes dispensaries from operating within 1,000 feet of any door, passage or gate to not only school buildings, but also other “facilities” or “indoor and outdoor property” utilized for “school activities.” Properties located near everything from bus barns and agricultural facilities to practice fields are now explicitly off-limits to dispensary owners.

Preschools are also now deemed “schools” under the law.

Dispensaries that had previously been issued their license and owners that had invested (in some cases) tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars in acquiring and improving property have now found themselves operating illegally upon Unity Bill’s enactment.

Despite the frustrations that many have experienced in complying with these new rules, the industry continues to grow at an incredible pace. Any nascent industry should expect to undergo growing pains just like these. While that assurance might not resolve one’s immediate frustration with his or her current predicament that Unity Bill might have imposed, there is always an attorney willing to work toward a creative solution.

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A mysterious but serious disease is affecting a very small percentage of cannabis patients, but it is important to recognize the symptoms and underlying cause.

BY DR. STEVEN ROSS, MD

W

ould you be surprised to hear that there is a disease that is caused only by the long-term use of cannabis and has caused several deaths in otherwise young, healthy people? A disease that is relatively new but is increasing in frequency?

A disease that causes significant misery for the sufferers and usually huge hospital bills trying to get it figured out? Well, while not very common, unfortunately, that disease exists. The medical world still has much to learn about this aspect of cannabis called Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS).

Cannabis has variable effects depending on dose, patient and type. In fact, it is common for it to have completely opposite effects in different people. It can calm anxiety, and it can cause or worsen anxiety. It can help with appetite and weight gain, and it can cause weight loss.

It is well known that cannabis is helpful to treat nausea and stimulate appetite. What is less commonly known is that at times, it can be the cause of nausea. When this occurs, while each use seems to relieve the nausea, it is the repetitive use that is causing or worsening the underlying issue. Eventually, this can lead to CHS. Hyperemesis is a medical term that describes puking over and over, nearly nonstop. CHS is a specific type of hyperemesis that occurs with the use — more commonly overuse — of cannabis.

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CHS was first described fairly recently, considering the many centuries that cannabis has been used by humans. Doctors in South Australia first published a case series of nine patients in 2004. Since then, it has become more commonly described in the medical literature and more known to the emergency room doctors and gastroenterologists that 6

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typically care for these patients.

From the largest review available, the most common features of this condition are a history of regular cannabis use for some duration of time (100 percent), cyclic nausea and vomiting (100 percent), age less than 50 at time of evaluation (100 percent), at least weekly cannabis use (97.4 percent), resolution of symptoms after stopping cannabis (96.8 percent), compulsive hot baths with symptom relief (92.3 percent), abdominal pain (85.1 percent) and a male predominance (72.9 percent).

The disease tends to go through three phases. Initially, patients typically can use for many years without issue. With time, they begin to develop nausea, typically in the morning and often with associated abdominal pain. This phase often is only nausea but has a strong fear-of-vomiting component. There can be some vomiting, pushing the patient to use more cannabis to relieve the nausea.

After some time, this is followed by the hyperemetic phase. The hyperemetic phase consists of severe and repetitive cyclical vomiting. It typically lasts at least 48-72 hours.

Interestingly, these symptoms are relieved by taking very hot showers, which most patients do repetitively. Finally, with cessation of cannabis use, patients can enter the recovery phase.

The hyperemetic phase, while typically brief, is the most concerning. The persistent vomiting combined with a strong desire for very hot showers can lead to dehydration and sometimes acute kidney failure. This phase usually requires an emergency department visit for intravenous therapy and sometimes requires hospitalization.

Along with dehydration and kidney problems, patients can have electrolyte disturbances severe enough to affect the heart.

There is a published case series of three deaths attributed to CHS. The first case was a 27-year-old female found by her boyfriend unresponsive with no pulse and an abnormal heart rhythm. She was healthy other than an 8-year history of nausea and vomiting for which she had many investigations without a found cause. She had been in the ER a few days before with nausea and vomiting. An autopsy found no cause other than the THC in her bloodstream. The second case was a 27-year-old male who was found deceased at his residence at a drug treatment facility. He also had a long history of nausea and vomiting. He was reported to have been vomiting excessively for several days prior to his death. Again, an autopsy found no cause of death other than dehydration and THC in his bloodstream.

The third was a 31-year-old man with multiple sclerosis and a seizure disorder. He also had been seen in the ER for nausea and vomiting shortly before being found dead. His death was attributed to CHS and seizures.

From a medical treatment standpoint, the hyperemetic phase of CHS can be quite difficult to treat. Routine medications for nausea are often not very successful. There are certain types of antipsychotic medications that also help with nausea that can be

helpful. Benzodiazepines are useful. Capsaicin cream, which is made from peppers and therefore gives a burning sensation, can sometimes help when rubbed on the abdomen or in the same areas that give maximum relief when hit with the hot shower.

A very difficult aspect of caring for patients with this problem is convincing the patient that cannabis is the problem. It is common knowledge that cannabis helps nausea, and that is what these patients experience, as the use of cannabis does relieve the nausea in the short-term.

Therefore, many cannot believe that cannabis is causing the problem.

Others have developed dependence issues over the years and have a difficult time stopping or decreasing use, even if they are aware it is the problem. In addition, the bias many medical providers have against cannabis prevents a relationship of trust. Initially, when the cannabis user hears a doctor telling him to stop cannabis forever, it simply sounds like just another anti-cannabis doctor.

However, the unfortunate truth is that cessation of cannabis use is the only method of curing CHS known in the current medical literature. There are no published effective protocols that allow resumption of

cannabis use while preventing the recurrence of CHS. In fact, in the medical literature case reviews, virtually all patients that stop use have no further symptoms and all patients that continue use have ongoing symptoms. Anecdotally, some have been able to continue to use after a significant washout period of one to six months and then very limited use typically with a different strain than prior. However, most who attempt reuse begin having nausea again and the cycle starts all over.

FINDING THE CAUSE

We do not know why most users can use for long periods and only a few develop this problem, and the best guesses really depend on who you are asking. The medical literature has multiple unproven hypotheses.

There are two with the most logical evidence but no definitive evidence.

First is the idea that CB1 receptors in the bowel become downregulated with chronic cannabis use.

Downregulation of receptors is how tolerance develops and is very common with use of receptor-based medicines. This downregulation causes a decrease in bowel motility powerful enough to overcome the anti-nausea effects of CB1 receptors in the brain. This theory is backed by some animal studies, but motility study results in humans have not been consistent. The other theory is based on the endocrine system. The hypothalamic-pituitary axis, which modulates our response to stress in balance with the sympathetic nervous system, relies on endocannabinoid signaling. Chronic use of cannabis is thought to alter that balance. Through several complex hormonal and neuronal mechanisms, this can cause the nausea and vomiting of CHS. The beneficial effects of benzodiazepines, antipsychotics and hot showers fit with this theory.

DR. STEVEN ROSS, MD

In the cannabis world, there is a common belief that this is caused by a contaminant. The most commonly named culprit is neem oil, a commonly used pesticide. However, there is little evidence for this theory.

First, while the toxic effects of neem oil and its metabolites include nausea and vomiting, it typically causes many other serious effects such as seizures not seen in CHS. Second, people have had CHS using cannabis that was not treated with neem oil or any other contaminant.

Of course, particularly being that this condition only occurs in a very small portion of the many people that use cannabis, the mechanism could involve many processes that interact together. The proverbial “lining up of the Swiss cheese holes” might need to occur in the genetic and physiologic makeup of certain individuals to cause this particular dysfunction.

The commonly used “cannabinoid” hyperemesis syndrome might not be a correct term at all, as while we know it is associated with cannabis use, we do not yet know if cannabinoids have anything to do with it.

While fortunately still not very common and the severe effects being very uncommon, CHS is increasing in incidence. What is not known is if the increased incidence is because of the increasing popularity of cannabis, the increasing potency or other changes to cannabis or simply doctors and others now knowing this exists and, therefore, giving a specific diagnosis to what in the past was just considered a cyclical vomiting syndrome.

While we still do not know enough about the details of this syndrome, it is important that the cannabis user suffering from ongoing nausea understand its potential and stop use to see if this is the culprit prior to developing hyperemesis.

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Texas is surrounded by medical and recreational cannabis states. What is the status of reform laws in the Lone Star State?

B Y N I K I TA L E W C H U K

H

usband-and-wife duo Dave and Akila Weinecke are working to change mindsets in their community concerning medical cannabis. The couple sees cannabis as a potential solution to alleviating suffering from a variety of medical conditions, from chronic pain to seizure disorders.

Akila works as director of outreach for the Texas chapter of National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML). She takes calls from various people who might be thinking about trying medical cannabis but are unsure how to talk to their doctors or are looking for more information.

She enjoys working with patients, but so far, she said the most rewarding success has been getting her mother off potent pharmaceuticals.

Her mother has suffered for many years from severe back pain that her doctors were treating with hydrocodone and morphine.

“Once she moved from the East Coast to live with my family and I, I did voice my concern: ‘I’m not comfortable with you being on opiates.

I would like for you to be present and be a part of our family gatherings.’”

Though her mother was not comfortable with the idea of smoking the plant, Akila was able to find a treatment option that worked better for her: a topical salve.

“Now, when she’s in her community with her senior friends, she tells them, ‘Hey, that salve works. It works great for my arthritis.’ I thought, ‘Great! We get to keep you around!

No more opiates!’” Akila said.

Dave’s involvement in cannabis activism was the result of something more serendipitous.

“I’ve always believed in the healing properties of this plant, and I found out that there was such an organization out there, and I also found out they happen to meet at a local reggae bar here in town, which is my favorite

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kind of music,” Dave said. “So it just kind of all made sense for me to check this out, and I hit the ground running as soon as I did.”

Dave served as director of fitness and athletics for Texas NORML and now works as a volunteer, helping lobby lawmakers at the Capitol.

“I remember my first legislative session being involved was probably 2013, and you just wouldn’t even get a conversation in these offices. You would go in there and say, ‘Yeah, I want to talk about House bill yada yada, which is the decriminalization of cannabis,’ and they would just laugh at you,” he said. “And now fast forward five years now and we’re

disorders, multiple sclerosis, spasticity, autism, cancer pain and incurable neurodegenerative disorders.

Even with the new additions to the law, Dave sees plenty of room for improvement.

“The Texas Compassionate Use program is our joke of a medical cannabis program here in the state of Texas,” he said.

In his view, it is not only the range of coverage that needs improvement, but the actual medical product as well.

The only form of cannabis legal in Texas is referred to as low-THC cannabis. By law, any salve, tincture, salt, oil or other form of cannabis must contain no higher than 0.5 percent THC by weight.

“It’s basically a hemp oil extract that is being provided to these patients,” said Dave. “And anybody who does any studying whatsoever about this plant knows that CBD is beneficial, but it is far more beneficial when it has the rest of the plant with it.”

Dave and Akila Weinecke | Photo provided

able to actually go into these offices and have real conversations with these people about making change.”

The Texas Legislature recently amended the Compassionate Use Act to include several more conditions that would qualify an individual for care.

Unlike Oklahoma, Texas’ Compassionate Use Act includes only a handful of medical conditions that are legally treatable with cannabis.

When the law first took effect in January 2016, it was allowed only for the treatment of intractable epilepsy.

Now, the list of treatable conditions includes epilepsy and other seizure

Due to the restrictions in Texas law, Dave sees many patients using medical cannabis move to different states that allow for a more comprehensive treatment.

As more states expand their own cannabis laws, such as Oklahoma’s new medical program and Illinois’ recent legalization of recreational cannabis, more and more Texans are leaving the state to seek treatment elsewhere.

“One that comes to mind is Alexis,” said Dave. “Alexis used to have several hundred seizures a week.

She has been using cannabis oil and taking it orally, and she has not had

a seizure in almost four years.”

Dave met Alexis and her family while they were living in the DallasFort Worth area, though the family has since relocated to Colorado, where accessing cannabis is easier.

PASSIONATE ACTIVISM Though Dave and Akila work in different fields of activism, they are both passionate about bringing information and education to the people they work with.

In 2017, the Texas chapter of NORML was named Chapter of the Year for its work in outreach and activism.

For Dave, activism means not only speaking to lawmakers, but also having conversations within the broader community of Texas as well.

“The Texas legislative session meets once every two years, so in the off-season, as we like to call it, I get out there and speak and educate and empower others to get involved and do the same thing,” he said.

Akila also enjoys working in education and advocacy but finds her own path is less than straightforward.

“I’ve been an activist since 2015. I would love to make a career out of this,” she said. “I’m struggling to find that as being a path with being a person of color. I feel a lot of reefer madness and a lot of stereotypical things create a barrier. A lot of people see me and see a stereotype or a projection of what I’m advocating for rather than [that] I would like to educate and share knowledge of something that’s beneficial.”

Though Akila does recognize the value of pharmaceuticals and other lab-designed medications like vaccines, she said the unique natural properties of the cannabis plant deserve the attention of the medical community as well.

“Cannabis acts well with our endocannabinoid system, which helps our bodies rest and reset,” she said.

“Everybody on the planet needs some good rest and reset — a good night’s sleep, a good meal, the feeling of a deep breath in and out to find relief — and that’s what cannabis does.”

While Oklahoma now has more than 200,000 licensed medical cannabis patients, much of last century’s stigma still remains attached to its use.

B Y L AW R E N C E PA S RR N .A C KE , V PH . DR . OSS, MD BTYE D ST EN

D

espite their defeat at the polls last June, the forces behind the 788 Is Not Medical campaign have used their positions of influence to help deny cannabis users full participation in society.

Whether impaired or not, cannabis users cannot legally drive (in virtue of our DUI laws). Employers can designate nearly any job as “safetysensitive” and purge cannabis users from their employ. Public housing authorities and their landlords almost uniformly deny benefits to cannabis users (despite the discretion that the federal government gives to local authorities).

Physicians, including most pain management doctors and oncologists, refuse cannabis users medical treatment. And the list goes on.

Even though there are numerous studies that not only establish its medical benefits but also link many autoimmune and neuropathic conditions to endocannanbinoid deficiencies, employers, physicians, schools and a host of other entities in our state choose instead to regard cannabis use as a moral

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failing or perhaps a sign of one’s political leanings rather than a treatment for physiological disorders, a treatment that was, long before cannabis was ever associated with “race mixing” in the 1930s or “hippies” in the 1960s, perfectly acceptable to the medical profession.

For thousands of years, it was used across much of the globe, and by the mid-19th century, it became a staple of medical care in the United States. But with the end of alcohol prohibition in 1933, Harry J. Anslinger of the Federal Bureau of Prohibition had to find a new mission or be out of a job. He thus latched on to “marihuana,” persuading Congress to ban it under the pretext that it “causes white women to seek sexual relations with Negros.”

Then, 30 years later, as the federal government was drafting the Controlled Substances Act and assembling its list of drugs that had “no currently accepted medical use in the United States,” cannabis was, by then, no longer being prescribed by physicians. Yet that was not due to a lack of efficacy or safety but because of Anslinger’s efforts a generation prior. In fact, just as the American Medical Association fervently opposed its ban in 1937, so likewise did the medical advisors for the Controlled Substances Act in 1970 recommend that it not be made Schedule 1.

But in both cases, they were overruled by politicians, and so rather than medical science shaping public policy, the people of this nation Lawrence Pasternack | Photo Alexa Ace became victims

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of a system of laws borne out of wanton ignorance, bigotry and hate.

If not for the racism of Harry J. Anslinger and Richard Nixon’s hatred of the political left, it is hard to imagine anything of this sort ever happening. But it did. Knowledge of its medical benefits was actively suppressed by the DEA, and the lives of tens of millions of Americans were destroyed by a government whose treatment of them hardly differed from the communists who sent counter-revolutionaries to gulags.

For while we never went so far as to sentence cannabis users to death, we nevertheless annually arrested them by the millions and handed out extreme prison sentences in droves. All this because cannabis use came to be linked first with racial mixing and second with a youth movement that challenged establishment ideology. The danger, in other words, was not cannabis as such. It was that it came to be seen as an instrument of rebellion against the authority of the state, a choice on the part of citizens to control their own medical care and free themselves from the commodification of their bodies.

Thankfully, this dark chapter of history is behind us. But while medical cannabis use will no longer deprive you of your liberty, its users continue to suffer discrimination: employees fired, drivers’ licenses suspended, public benefits denied, probation revoked, custody denied and medical care withheld.

The rationales given for such sanctions are usually: a) it is required by federal law or b) cannabis use impairs cognitive performance.

We may grant that both are sometimes true. But consider that standard workplace drug tests do not detect active impairment but rather the non-psychoactive metabolite THC-COOH, which can remain in one’s system for up to 90 days.

Consider as well that in December 2018, the Controlled Substances Act was amended (see section 12619 of the 2018 Farm Bill), removing hemp-derived THC from Schedule 1. In fact, studies indicate that proper dosing of THC can improve cognitive performance for people with certain underlying conditions (such as ADHD) as well as through improvements in sleep quality, pain, anxiety and depression.

Nevertheless, employers routinely terminate THC-positive employees (or reject applicants on this basis) even if they only use federally legal products or only use THC during their off hours. Moreover, because of the aforementioned change in the Controlled Substances Act, employers can now be fully compliant with the Federal Drug-Free Workplace Act while allowing THC-positive employees to remain at their jobs. Likewise, any employer concerned about workplace safety, after-hours cannabis use not only does not jeopardize that safety but might even enhance it since many individuals use THC to improve their sleep quality and fatigue is far and away the leading cause of workplace accidents.

Granted, some employers might not know any of the above. They might assume that a positive test equates with impairment. They might not realize that federal law has recently changed. But it seems to me that many employers also do not want to reconsider their views.

Industry coalitions and the state chambers of commerce didn’t merely call for the completely reasonable use of impairment tests for safety-sensitive jobs but rather lobbied our lawmakers to let employers deny employment to anyone who tests positive for THC, regardless of whether the employee only uses products during their off

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hours, regardless of whether they are in no way impaired at work and regardless of the recent changes to the Controlled Substances Act. For while most employers would have no trouble believing that their employees can drink on the weekend but come to work sober or use Ambien for sleep but come to work completely alert, it seems that they do not care to believe the same about cannabis use. Perhaps their default view is that cannabis users are addicts and so there is no reason to presume that their use is limited to outside work. Perhaps they believe cannabis use equates with a moral failing. Perhaps they regard themselves as sentinels of a political ideology that still associates cannabis use with the counterculture of the 1960s or the “race mixing” targeted by Anslinger.

For once it is realized that standard workplace THC tests in no way correlate with impairment, employment actions taken on the basis of these tests indicate that the em-

ployer simply finds any THC use whatsoever unacceptable. Hence, while the forces behind 788 Is Not Medical can no longer send cannabis users to jail, they can at least keep them out of their places of employment, off their roads, out of their housing, out of their medical practices and deny them benefits under their control.

No doubt there are some not so virtuous people who are also cannabis users, but the hallmark of bigotry is to believe in negative stereotypes rather than seeing members of a group as individuals.

To be fair, some of those behind our new system of discrimination are not bigots. Some simply don’t know the facts, and some wish they could grant cannabis users equal rights but worry about being ostracized by other members of their business community. After all, if one business views cannabis users as vile or untrustworthy, why would they want to do business with a company that has such individuals in their

employ? This, sadly, is the socialreinforcing dynamic of bigotry, for many who want to oppose it feel that such efforts would come at too high a cost or that there is nothing they themselves could to do to realize change.

The passage of State Question 788 is an important moment of progress, but as of today, cannabis use might result in the loss of your drivers’ license, your job, your housing and your medical care.

This is wrong, and this is also something that many patient licensees are not told and do not discover until it is too late.

The forces behind 788 Is Not Medical might have lost the vote but have nevertheless succeeded in sending the message that anyone who gets a medical license shall pay a heavy price. So while other states and countries are moving past cannabis bigotry and have implemented laws that prohibit employers from taking adverse employment action solely on the basis of a THC

test, we need our Legislature in the next session to recognize what has happened since the passage of SQ788 and stand against wanton ignorance, bigotry and hate.

L AW R E N C E PA S T E R N A C K , P H . D .

Lawrence Pasternack, Ph.D. is a patient advocate and one of the founders of Oklahoma Cannabis Liberty Alliance (okcla.org). He is also among the world’s leading specialists in Immanuel Kant’s philosophy of religion. Dr. Pasternack is a professor of philosophy and the director of the religious studies program at Oklahoma State University. The views here do not necessarily represent those of OSU.

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Cannabis is one of the most ancient forms of medical treatment known to mankind.

B Y D AV I D B I E N E N S T O C K

Editor’s note: A slightly modified version of this story originally appeared on Leafly.

C

arl Sagan once speculated that cannabis might have been the very plant that inspired the age of agriculture. The first crop so useful that some long-forgotten nomadic foraging society decided to stop roaming around in favor of becoming farmers.

Obviously, that’s just conjecture — and Sagan was a notorious cannabis enthusiast, so perhaps it should be taken with an extra grain of salt.

But even if cannabis wasn’t the first agricultural product on planet Earth, we do know that human use dates back around 10,000 years.

For perspective, at that time, there were still a few woolly mammoths and saber-toothed tigers running around, though they were in the process of going extinct.

Cannabis, meanwhile, was about to begin a long, strange relationship with humanity in which the plant would be both joyously extolled and ruthlessly exterminated.

CANNABIS IN ANCIENT RITES

Most of our earliest evidence of cannabis use concerns textiles, food, medicine and other industrial uses that were likely derived from low-THC plants similar to what today we would call hemp.

But obviously someone was the first person to purposely use cannabis to get high, though we’ll sadly never know the true story of that ultimate ancient OG. At this point, the farthest back we can go to find irrefutable evi16

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dence of humans getting lifted by smoking cannabis is about 3,000 years. And that’s only because last month, a team of researchers at Chinese Academy of Sciences shared evidence showing that pieces of charred wood they recovered from a tomb in Western China, circa 500 BC, tested positive for THC. Well, not the wood itself, but the residue of whatever was ritualistically burned on top of it, which means that mourners basically crowded into the tomb, lit up some cannabis on top of a wooden altar and settled in for a smoky send-off.

Researchers also recovered the remains of a musical instrument called an angular harp in the tombs, a finding that led archeologist Yimin Yang to reason that getting high and playing harp both figured prominently in the last rites of the era: “We can start to piece together an image of funerary rites that included flames, rhythmic music, and hallucinogen smoke, all intended to guide people into an altered state of mind,” Yang said.

And from there, cannabis reached the entire world.

Of course, it helps to have a plant species that can adapt to grow in almost any climate. But the real key factor in this great migration has always been how much some people love this plant — enough to risk going to jail.

But that all came much later. The first known prohibition of cannabis didn’t happen until 1253 AD, when Egyptian authorities started targeting for arrest a group of hashishsmoking Sufis who planted a communal, municipal cannabis garden in a public park in the middle of Cairo. Those caught growing cannabis faced capital punishment, while mere hashish-eaters only had

According to legend, Shennong — also known as “the divine farmer” — personally ingested hundreds of wild herbs in search of those with healing properties. The Divine Farmer’s Herb Root Classic, which compiled his findings, is one of the world’s first pharmacopoeia and lists cannabis among the “supreme elixirs of immortality,” praising its female flowers specifically as a superior treatment for “constipation, ‘female weakness,’ gout, malaria, rheumatism and absentmindedness.”

CANNABIS AS A SPIRITUAL SACRAMENT

1200 BC, India The first known documentation of cannabis as a spiritual aid comes in The Atharvaveda, one of the four vedas comprising the oldest scrip-

PROLIFERATION OF THE PLANT

Also worth noting is that the location of the tombs in the Pamir Mountains of Western China place them squarely along the ancient Silk Road trade route that once stretched from Asia to Europe and the Middle East. According to Robert Spengler, laboratory director at Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and a co-author of the study, the Silk Road was a key way that commodities and customs moved throughout the ancient world.

“Plants were one of the major commodities to move along these trans-Eurasian exchange routes, and in so doing largely reshaped the foods in all of our kitchens today. I think with this new study, we can now actually place cannabis within that list as well as being one of these crops that originates on these ancient trade routes,” Spengler said.

their teeth yanked out — a harbinger of dark times to come.

But thankfully, all of the cultures chronicled in our compendium of the ancient world’s biggest cannabis enthusiasts existed at a time when the plant was not only permitted, it was celebrated.

CANNABIS AS MEDICINE

2727 BC, China Emperor Shennong (sometimes “Shen-Nung”) is a revered figure to this day in China, where he’s seen as the father of both modern agriculture and herbal medicine. He’s also credited with making the earliest known recorded mention of cannabis as a medicinal plant.

tural Hindu text. Particularly associated with the playful god Shiva, cannabis is listed among the text’s five sacred plants, where it’s praised for bringing joy and relieving anxiety.

With both its spiritual and medicinal traditions well-documented, bhang offers some of the earliest detailed accounts of cannabis use in the ancient world. And it is a tradition that continues today in parts of India, where government-run shops sell bhang and consumption is extremely widespread during certain festivals honoring Shiva.

Bhang itself is made in a mortar and pestle, by grinding cannabis into a paste. A common preparation is the bhang lassi, an intensely fla-

vorful milkshake-like beverage redolent with spices and an earthy hint of cannabis.

Leafly recommends a recipe that includes almonds, pistachios, rose petals, mint leaves, garam masala, ginger, fennel, anise, cardamom, rosewater and honey.

Shiva — the Hindu god of transformation — is well-known for being particularly fond of bhang, a cannabis drink, that is also a recognized part of Ayurvedic medicine as a treatment for fever, digestive problems, immune support and even a flagging libido.

INVENTION OF THE HOT BOX

800 BC, Scythia The Ancient Greek scholar Herodotus is often referred to as “the father of history” and can also lay claim to being the first European to write about cannabis. He traveled far and wide to research his histories and, over time, became fascinated by the many different customs and cultures he encountered.

When Herodotus undertook a study of the ancient Scythians, a nomadic group of traders originally from the Altai Mountains in Southern Siberia, he recorded that their personal grooming regimen was actually a giant hot box: “They make a booth by fixing in the ground three sticks inclined towards one another, and stretching around them woollen felts, which they arrange so as to fit as close as possible: inside the booth a dish is placed upon the ground, into which they put a number of red-hot stones, and then add some hemp-seed … immediately it smokes, and gives out such a vapour as no Grecian vapourbath can exceed; the Scyths, delighted, shout for joy.”

And, oh yeah, the Scythians also smoked out of solid gold bongs.

CANNABIS FOR THE AFTER LIFE

500 BC, Siberia In 1993, the mummified body of a Siberian woman was unearthed from under thick ice in the Altai Mountains of Eastern Russia after

being buried for 2,500 years. The body was so well preserved her tattoos were distinguishable.

Dubbed an “ice princess” due to the expensive clothes she was buried in and the fine craftsmanship of her jewelry and coffin, the well-preserved body and pricey items she was buried with gave a wealth of clues about her life.

One enduring mystery was the cause of death for a woman who appeared to be in her early 20s when she met her end. That is until a team of Russian scientists used MRI scans to diagnose the ice princess with breast cancer which might explain why a pouch of cannabis was buried with her alongside all the other treasures.

There’s also speculation that she might have been a shaman who used cannabis as part of spiritual planthealing ceremonies.

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1000 AD, Morocco Morocco boasts an uninterrupted hashish-making culture as old as any wine region, and to this day, it is designated by the United Nations as the world’s leading producer of cannabis.

Much of Morocco’s hashish is still produced in and around the Rif Mountains, where Berber villages have been cultivating cannabis and dry-sifting it into potent concentrates using traditional methods for countless generations.

The Berbers are also credited with creating mahjoun (sometimes “majoun” or “majoon”), a 1,000year-old recipe for a hashish-powered confection that’s the spiritual and psychoactive ancestor of all modern edibles.

Much as every Italian grandmother holds fast to the family’s secret recipe for tomato gravy, a Moroccan family would have their own unique way to prepare mahjoun.

A traditional version begins with a thick paste of figs, dates, hashish, butter and ground nuts that then get coated in savory-sweet-spicy flavorings like honey, rosewater, sea salt, turmeric, cardamom, ginger, cinnamon and lavender.

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SUPPORTING CANNABIS INDUSTRY LISTINGS DISPENSARIES APCO Med 313 NW 23rd St. Oklahoma City, OK 73103 213-454-1856 apcocure.com 11 a.m.-7 p.m. Mon-Thu 11 a.m.-9 p.m. Fri-Sat Closed Sun

BOGO’s Dispensary 415 S. State St. Edmond, OK 73003 405-906-2002 10 a.m.-10 p.m. Mon-Sun

Buddy Green’s Cannabis Co. 8805 S. Western Ave. Oklahoma City, OK 73139 405-900-5668 10 a.m.-10 p.m. Mon-Sat Noon-8 p.m. Sun

Canna South 1221 SW 59th St. Oklahoma City, OK 73109 405-429-7570 cannasouth.net 10 a.m.-9 p.m. Mon-Sat Noon-6 p.m. Sun

CBD Plus USA 60+ locations 420 N. Pennsylvania Ave. Oklahoma City, OK 73139 833-4-CBD-PLUS cbdplususa.com 9 a.m.-6 p.m. Mon-Fri 10 a.m.-6 p.m. Sat Noon-5 p.m. Sun

Craft Cannabis Company 151 E. 33rd St., Suite 102 Edmond, OK 73013 405-697-3939 ccannabisco.com 9 a.m.-8 p.m. Mon 11 a.m.-5 p.m. Sun

Dab & Go 5 SE 89th St. Oklahoma City, OK 73149 10 a.m.-8 p.m. Mon-Thu 10 a.m.-10 p.m. Fri-Sat 10 a.m.-6 p.m. Sun

Fire Leaf Dispensary 751 S. Canadian Trails Drive, Suite 120 Norman, OK 73072 405-310-2433 fireleafok.com 10 a.m.-10 p.m. Mon-Sun

7876 S. Western Ave. Oklahoma City, OK 73139 405-600-6527 fireleafok.com 10 a.m.-10 p.m. Mon-Sun 8017 W. Reno Ave. Oklahoma City, OK 73127 405-470-0546 fireleafok.com 10 a.m.-10 p.m. Mon-Sun 2810 SW 104th St. Oklahoma City, OK 73159 405-676-8479 fireleafok.com 10 a.m.-10 p.m. Mon-Sun 9606 N. May Ave. The Village, OK 73120 405-286-4900 fireleafok.com 10 a.m.-10 p.m. Mon-Sun

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5917 S. Sunnylane Road Oklahoma City, OK 73155 405-225-1323 10 a.m.-10 p.m. Mon-Sat 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Sun

3121 Pennsylvania Ave. Oklahoma City, OK 73112 405-225-1104 10 a.m.-8 p.m. Mon-Thu 10 a.m.-9 p.m. Fri Noon-9 p.m. Sst Noon-6 p.m. Sun

Mr. Mack’s Cannabis Co. 7220 S. Western Ave., Suite 109 Oklahoma City, OK 73139 405-600-7994 onlymrmacks.com 10 a.m.-8 p.m. Mon-Sat Noon-4 p.m. Sun

Okie Kush Club 13801 N. Western Ave., Suite 205 Edmond, OK 73013 405-252-4193 okiekushclub.com 10 a.m.-8 p.m. Mon-Thu 11 a.m.-9 p.m. Fri-Sat Closed Sun

2301 S. Interstate 35 Service Road Moore, OK 73160 405-676-5826 greenhoperx.com 10 a.m.-8 p.m Mon-Thu 10 a.m.-9 p.m. Fri 9 a.m.-9 p.m. Sat Noon-6 p.m. Sun

825 SW 19th St. Moore, OK 73160 405-237-3471 okiekushclub.com 10 a.m.-8 p.m. Mon-Thu 11 a.m.-9 p.m. Fri-Sat Closed Sun

Herbology

2410 N. Meridian Ave. Oklahoma City, OK 73107 405-724-9318 originscannabis.com 8 a.m.-10 p.m. Mon-Thu 8 a.m.-11 p.m. Fri-Sat 9 a.m.-9 p.m. Sun

718 N. Broadway Ave. Oklahoma City, OK 73102 405-440-3947 myherbology.com 10 a.m.-10 p.m. Mon-Sat 10 a.m.-8 p.m. Sun

Key to Nature’s Blessings 8282 NW 39th Expressway Bethany, OK 73008 405-603-8200 keytonaturesblessings.com CBD Only 10 a.m.-6 p.m. Mon-Sat Closed Sun

Lotus Gold 60+ locations 420 N. Pennsylvania Ave. Oklahoma City, OK 73139 833-4-CBD-PLUS lotusgold.com 9 a.m.-6 p.m. Mon-Fri 10 a.m.-6 p.m. Sat Noon-5 p.m. Sun

Origins Cannabis Dispensary

2500 NW 23rd St. Oklahoma City, OK 73107 405-595-2052 originscannabis.com 8 a.m.-10 p.m. Mon-Thu 8 a.m.-11 p.m. Fri-Sat 9 a.m.-9 p.m. Sun (Formerly Rabbit Hole)

Painted Nurse Apothecary 3017 N. Lee Ave., Suite A Oklahoma City, OK 73103 405-971-4201 Closed Mon Noon-8 p.m. Tues-Thu Noon-10 p.m. Fri-Sat Noon-6 p.m. Sun

Ringside Medical 14201 N. May Ave., Suite 205 Oklahoma City, OK 73134 405-242-5325 ringsidemedical.com 10 a.m.-9 p.m. Mon-Sat Noon-7 p.m. Sun

Sage Wellness 4200 N. Western Ave. Oklahoma City, OK 73118 405-601-9560 sagewellnessokc.com 10 a.m.-10 p.m. Mon-Thu 10 a.m.-11 p.m. Fri-Sat 11 a.m.-7 p.m. Sun

Steve’s Greens Cannabis & Wellness 6715 N. May Ave. Oklahoma City, OK 73116 405-608-8010 stevesgreens.com 10 a.m.-8 p.m. Mon Closed Sun

Stellar Herb 11925 NE Interstate 35 Service Road Oklahoma City, OK 73131 405-406-2563 stellarherb.com 8 a.m.-8 p.m. Mon-Sun

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The Peak Dispensary 1609 N. Blackwelder Ave., Suite 1 Oklahoma City, OK 73106 405-738-2633 thepeakok.com Closed Mon 11 a.m.-8 p.m. Tue-Sun

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33 W. 15th St. Edmond, OK 73034

greenhopewellness.com 9:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. Mon-Fri 8 a.m.-3 p.m. Sat Closed Sat-Sun

Natural Choice Urgent Care 5929 N. May Ave., Suite 500 Oklahoma City, OK 73112 405-608-6820 9 a.m.-6 p.m. Mon-Fri 8 a.m.-3 p.m. Sat Closed Sun

GROW SUPPLY STORES Cultivate Garden Supply 1101 N. Meridian Ave. Oklahoma City, OK 73107 405-415-9480 10 a.m.-6 p.m. Mon-Fri 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Sat Closed Sun

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