Rice Tax Workshop 2022

Title goes here U.S. Income Tax Workshop for Foreign Subtitle goes here

Students & Scholars Rice University

Office of International Students & Scholars February 22, 2022 Presented by Crystal C. Gates, Tax Partner Kelley H. Lau, Tax Manager Month, Day, Year

Workshop Objectives

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To review U.S. tax filing requirements for international students and scholars • • • •

Determination of residency status Filing required Form 8843 – Statement for Exempt Individuals Tax treatment of scholarships, fellowships, stipends, and other income Filing Form 1040-NR – U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return

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Target Audience

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• Students with F-1 or J-1 visas who have been in the U.S. for five years or less • Scholars with J-1 visas who have been in the U.S. for two years or less

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Internal Revenue Service

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• The 16th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution gave Congress the authority to enact an income tax.

• Agency of the United States Department of Treasury • Enforcement of Internal Revenue Code • Nation’s tax collection agency • Process income tax and other information returns • Website (irs.gov) has most updated information. All IRS forms, instructions, publications, and many other resources can be found here.

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• This is page one of the first U.S. Individual Income Tax Return from 1913.

• Details for income and deductions were on pages two and three.

• Instructions took up only one page.

• 2021 U.S. Individual Income Tax Return instructions are 114 pages.

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U.S. Tax Overview

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• United States taxes individuals based on their residency status • U.S. Citizens and Resident Aliens Taxed on worldwide income • Nonresident Aliens Taxed only on U.S. source income • Individuals report income earned on a calendar year basis (i.e. January through December)

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Determination of Residency Status

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• Resident Aliens • Substantial Presence Test • Green Card Test • “First-Year Choice” Election • Nonresident Aliens (“NRA”) • Individuals who fail to meet the above residency standards

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Substantial Presence Test

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• Days physically present in the U.S. • 31 days during the year (2021); and • At least 183 days during the last three years (2021, 2020, and 2019) • Counting number of days for 2021: all days in 2021 + 1/3 of your days in 2020 + 1/6 of your days in 2019 Example: Jane spent 100 days in the US in 2021, 180 days in the US in 2020, and 180 days in the US in 2019. Jane’s number of days in the US for the substantial presence test is 100 days for 2021 + 60 days for 2020 (180 days x 1/3) + 30 days for 2019 (180 days x 1/6) for a total of 190 days. Does Jane meet the substantial presence test for 2021? Yes, 190 > 183.

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Substantial Presence Test

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• Exception for students, scholars, teachers, and trainees  considered “exempt individuals” • Days are not counted toward the 183 days when present in the U.S. while under an “F,” “J,” “M,” or “Q visa • Exception discussed in detail later

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Green Card Test

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• Lawful Permanent Resident • U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS) issues an alien registration card • Resident status continues until you voluntarily abandon this status or if a federal court terminates your status

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“First-Year Choice” Election

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• Must be present for at least 31 consecutive days in 2021 and be present for at least 75% of the number of days beginning with the first day you’re in the U.S. and ending with December 31st • Election can be made by attaching a statement to your tax return • Once you make this election, it cannot be revoked

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Form 8843: Statement for Exempt Individuals and Individuals with a Medical Condition

• Explains basis for claim of excluding days of presence in the U.S. for purposes of the substantial presence test • Must be filed annually with the IRS •Filed with income tax return (Form 1040-NR) •If not filing a return, Form 8843 must be filed separately • Failure to file could result in being considered a U.S. resident under the substantial presence test

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Exempt Individuals and Form 8843

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• Students and scholars • Individual who is temporarily present in the U.S. under an “F,” “J,” “M,” or “Q” visa • Must also substantially comply with the requirements of the visa • Generally, cannot claim the exception if you were previously exempt as a student, teacher, or trainee for more than five years

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Exempt Individuals and Form 8843

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• Students and scholars • Part I – General Information • Part III – Student Information • If you have a “Q” visa, complete Part I and ONLY lines 10-14 of Part III

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Spouse & Dependent Form 8843 Filing Requirements

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• Spouses and dependents with F-2 visas must file their own Form 8843.

• Spouses and dependents with J-2 visas must file their own Form 8843 and Form 1040-NR.

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Form 8843, Part I: General Information

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Form 8843, Part III: Students

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Form 8843, Signature Line

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• You must sign and date Form 8843 if submitting this form alone (i.e. without your tax return).

• Without your signature, the form is considered incomplete.

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U.S. Income: Scholarships and Fellowships

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• Generally, no work is required • Nontaxable (“tuition waiver”) • The student is pursuing a degree AND • Used for tuition, fees, books, supplies and equipment required for courses • No longer required to be reported on Form 1042-S (issued by university)

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U.S. Income: Scholarships and Fellowships

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• Generally, no work is required • Taxable (“room and board waiver”) • Used for room and board • In exchange for teaching or research • Can be exempted by tax treaty

• Reported on Form 1042-S (issued by university)

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Form 1042-S: Foreign Person’s U.S. Source Income Deck Name Goes Here Subject to Withholding

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U.S. Income: Stipend

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• Generally, recipient performs work • Taxable (“Teaching or Research Assistant” Stipend) • May be eligible for treaty benefits • Reported on Form W-2

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U.S. Income: Other Compensation

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• Work outside the university • Taxable wages – performance of services as an employee • Reported on Form W-2 • Subject to U.S. tax withholding • May have exemption from withholding under a tax treaty (discussed briefly later)

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Form W-2: Wage and Tax Statement

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-Form W-2 is issued by your employer and reports the wages earned during the year.

-If you had a job last year, you should have received Form W-2 by now.

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Form 1099-NEC: Nonemployee Compensation

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-Form 1099NEC is issued by somebody who did not consider you an employee and reports the income earned during the year.

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Form 1098-T: Tuition Statement

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-Informational form issued by university -Not needed for tax return reporting on Form 1040-NR

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Form 1095-B: Health Coverage

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-Informational form issued by insurance provider that shows the IRS a person has health insurance -Health insurance is not a requirement for income tax purposes for nonresident taxpayers

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Form 1095-C: Employer-Provided Health Insurance Offer & Coverage -Informational form issued by employer that shows the IRS a person has health insurance -Health insurance is not a requirement for income tax purposes for nonresident taxpayers © 2021 Crowe LLP

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Individual Tax Returns

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• Filing Requirement • Required if you have U.S. sourced income: oTaxable scholarship or fellowship grant oIncome partially or totally exempt under tax treaty oAny other taxable income • You would like to claim a refund of over-withheld taxes • If you earned zero U.S. sourced income, you don’t have a U.S. tax return filing requirement.

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Individual Tax Returns

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• Form 1040-NR – paper file (i.e. mail) or electronically file (i.e. efile on computer) • Due date for filing is April 18, 2022 • Filing date is usually April 15 every year • Emancipation Day holiday is recognized and is why the deadline is April 18 this year

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Individual Tax Returns

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• If you are paper filing, attach Form W-2 and/or Form 1042-S to your tax return.

• You must sign and date your tax return.

• Without your signature, your return is considered incomplete.

• Below is the signature line on Form 1040-NR.

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Individual Tax Returns

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• If you are paper filing, always make a copy of your tax return for your records.

• It is recommended to use United State Postal Service (USPS) Certified Mail Receipt with “Return Receipt” and “Signature Required” which can be done at the post office. By doing this, you have record of the IRS receiving what was sent.

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Form 1040-NR: U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return

• What is your filing status if it changed during the year? Your filing status for the tax year is determined by your status as of December 31 (i.e. the last day of the calendar year).

• Example: John and Jane get married on June 30, 2021. John and Jane are nonresident aliens for U.S. income tax purposes, and each are required to file Form 1040-NR. John and Jane will check the “married filing separately” filing status box on their respective tax returns. There is no joint tax filing available for nonresident aliens.

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Form 1040NR (Schedule OI)

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Tax Treaties

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• Under tax treaties, residents of foreign countries are taxed either • at a reduced rate or • are exempt from U.S. income taxes on certain types of U.S. sourced income.

• There are over 60 tax treaties in place.

• See IRS Publication 901: U.S. Tax Treaties

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Example of 1040-NR

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Jane Chang, a Chinese college student, has the following items to report on her 1040-NR: • Receives Form W-2 for $5,000 compensation earned during a part-time job • Receives Form W-2 for a stipend in the amount of $5,000 as a research assistant • Receives Form 1042-S for a teaching scholarship in the amount of $3,000

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Form W-2: Compensation Earned from Part-Time Job

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Form W-2: Stipend Earned as Research Assistant

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Form 1042-S: Teaching Scholarship - Taxable

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• Tax Tables are included in the instructions for Form 1040.

• If you are using a tax software to prepare Form 1040-NR, the software will calculate your tax.

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Key Points

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• Form 8843 must be filed regardless if an individual income tax return is filed.

• If you are required to file Form 1040-NR, attach Form 8843 to return and file by April 18, 2022.

• If filing Form 8843 on its own, the due date is April 18, 2022.

• Mailing/filing address for Form 8843: Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service Center Austin, TX 73301-0215 • Make sure to sign and date Form 8843 and/or Form 1040-NR, or else the form is considered incomplete.

• Attach Form W-2 and/or Form 1042-S to your tax return

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Key Points

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• Form 1040-NR is due April 18, 2022.

• Mailing/filing address for returns with no tax due or overpayment: Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service Austin, TX 73301-0215 • Mailing/filing address for returns with tax due: Internal Revenue Service P.O. Box 1303 Charlotte, NC 28201-1303 • Retain a copy of your tax return • Can submit Form 1040-NR electronically (“e-file”) © 2021 Crowe LLP

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Reference Guide: Common Forms

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• Form 8843: Statement for Exempt Individuals and Individuals With a Medical Condition • Form 1042-S: Foreign Person’s U.S. Source Income Subject to Withholding • Form W-2: Wage and Tax Statement • Form 1099-NEC: Nonemployee Compensation • Form 1098-T: Tuition Statement • Form 1095-B: Health Coverage • Form 1095-C: Employer-Provided Health Insurance Offer & Coverage • Form 1040-NR: U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return

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Reference Guide: Definitions and Terminology

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• Nonresident Alien: Generally, any person who is not a U.S. citizen or resident alien • Student: Person temporarily in the U.S. on an “F,” “J,” “M,” or “Q” visa • Teacher/trainee: Person who is not a student & who is temporarily in the U.S. on a “J” or “Q” visa • Compensation/Earnings: Wages, salaries, tips • Income: Wages, salaries, tips, interest, dividends, some scholarship/fellowship grants • IRS: Internal Revenue Service • Income Tax Return: Statement filed (submitted) by individual taxpayer to the IRS reporting taxable income

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Reference Guide: Definitions and Terminology

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• Withholding: U.S. income tax automatically taken from your paycheck • U.S. Source Income: All income, gain or loss from U.S. sources • Standard Deduction: Standard amount that individuals may subtract from income before calculating taxes owed (generally nonresident taxpayers are not allowed a standard deduction) • Itemized Deductions: Allowable amounts that individuals may subtract from income before calculating taxes owed • Examples: charitable contributions and state & local taxes withheld • Note: No one can have both a standard deduction and itemized deductions.

Itemized deductions are only taken if the total exceeds the standard deduction.

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Reference Guide

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• Helpful sites and contact information • Internal Revenue Service (www.irs.gov) • Forms and Instructions available • IRS Toll-Free Phone Number – (800) 829-1040 • IRS International Taxpayer Service Call Center – Phone (267) 941-1000 • IRS International Taxpayer Service Call Center – Fax (681) 247-3101 • Useful resources • Publication 519 – U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens • Publication 901 – U.S. Tax Treaties • www.irs.gov/Individuals/International-Taxpayers/Foreign-Students-and-Scholars

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Thank you for attending!

“Crowe” is the brand name under which the member firms of Crowe Global operate and provide professional services, and those firms together form the Crowe Global network of independent audit, tax, and consulting firms. Crowe may be used to refer to individual firms, to several such firms, or to all firms within the Crowe Global network. The Crowe Horwath Global Risk Consulting entities, Crowe Healthcare Risk Consulting LLC, and our affiliate in Grand Cayman are subsidiaries of Crowe LLP. Crowe LLP is an Indiana limited liability partnership and the U.S member firm of Crowe Global. Services to clients are provided by the individual member firms of Crowe Global, but Crowe Global itself is a Swiss entity that does not provide services to clients. Each member firm is a separate legal entity responsible only for its own acts and omissions and not those of any other Crowe Global network firm or other party.

Visit www.crowe.com/disclosure for more information about Crowe LLP, its subsidiaries, and Crowe Global. The information in this document is not – and is not intended to be – audit, tax, accounting, advisory, risk, performance, consulting, business, financial, investment, legal, or other professional advice.

Some firm services may not be available to attest clients. The information is general in nature, based on existing authorities, and is subject to change. The information is not a substitute for professional advice or services, and you should consult a qualified professional adviser before taking any action based on the information. Crowe is not responsible for any loss incurred by any person who relies on the information discussed in this document. Visit www.crowe.com/disclosure for more information about Crowe LLP, its subsidiaries, and Crowe Global. © 2021 Crowe LLP.

“Crowe” is the brand name under which the member firms of Crowe Global operate and provide professional services, and those firms together form the Crowe Global network of independent audit, tax, and consulting firms. Crowe may be used to refer to individual firms, to several such firms, or to all firms within the Crowe Global network. The Crowe Horwath Global Risk Consulting entities, Crowe Healthcare Risk Consulting LLC, and our affiliate in Grand Cayman are subsidiaries of Crowe LLP. Crowe LLP is an Indiana limited liability partnership and the U.S member firm of Crowe Global. Services to clients are provided by the individual member firms of Crowe Global, but Crowe Global itself is a Swiss entity that does not provide services to clients. Each member firm is a separate legal entity responsible only for its own acts and omissions and not those of any other Crowe Global network firm or other party. Visit www.crowe.com/disclosure for more information about Crowe LLP, its subsidiaries, and Crowe Global. The information in this document is not – and is not intended to be – audit, tax, accounting, advisory, risk, performance, consulting, business, financial, investment, legal, or other professional advice. Some firm services may not be available to attest clients. The information is general in nature, based on existing authorities, and is subject to change. The information is not a substitute for professional advice or services, and you should consult a qualified professional adviser before taking any action based on the information. Crowe is not responsible for any loss incurred by any person who relies on the information discussed in this document. Visit www.crowe.com/disclosure for more information about Crowe LLP, its subsidiaries, and Crowe Global. © 2021 Crowe LLP.

Crowe, LLP Crystal C. Gates, CPA

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Crystal works closely with multinational companies and their owners in providing both domestic and international tax planning, consulting and compliances services. Her broad experience enables her to provide comprehensive value-added services with an emphasis on efficient tax structure, risk management and facilitating successful growth for a client’s business at home and abroad.

Crystal has worked with firms throughout the world through her global network of professional services firms. She focuses on building a team of quality in-country advisors and specialists to collaborate in providing the best strategies for her clients in navigating the global marketplace.

In her 20 year career, she has focused her practice on middle market entrepreneurial companies working side by side with business owners in growing their businesses both domestically and abroad. Crystal’s experiences include: Developing and managing a substantial international tax practice for a top 10 local accounting practice in Denver, Colorado, serving domestic and multinational middle-market and large companies.

Collaborating with in-country tax advisors in all the major global regions (North and South America, Asia, Europe, Australia and Africa) to enable global U.S. business owners to effectively manage domestic and international tax positions.

Advising clients on the growth of their businesses through sophisticated tax planning including operations, mergers and acquisitions, and business succession.

Working efficiently with various types of business structures from start-up companies to large multinational enterprises, consolidated groups, U.S. flow through entities and high net-worth individuals.

Crystal received a B.A. in Accounting from University of Colorado and a Masters of Taxation from the University of Denver. She is member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the Houston Chapter of the Texas Society of Certified Public Accountants (TXCPA). Crystal has authored and presented at various tax seminars providing continuing professional education on topics ranging from federal tax updates, IRS controversy and civil procedure and international taxation.

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Crowe, LLP Kelley H. Lau, CPA

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Kelley started her public accounting career with Briggs & Veselka in 2009. She has experience with federal and state tax returns for individuals, trusts, partnerships, S corporations, and private foundations. Kelley mentors several Briggs & Veselka staff to develop their business and personal growth in the firm. As of January 2022, Briggs & Veselka joined Crowe.

Kelley has facilitated the tax intern training schedule for incoming spring interns. She co-presents an annual income tax workshop to international students at Rice University and the University of St. Thomas since 2013. Kelley has visited the University of Houston for various recruiting events such as accounting career panels at Cullen Performance Hall and accounting career mixers at Bauer College of Business.

Kelley volunteers with the CPAs Helping Schools Committee of the Houston Chapter of the Texas Society of Certified Public Accountants (TXCPA Houston). She is head of the sub-group for the Accounting Career Education & Financial Literary Program, which gives the opportunity for CPAs to visit schools and speak about careers in accounting and educate students about a variety of financial literary topics such as budgeting, paying for college, etc.

Kelley received the following awards: Rising Star Award from the Texas Society of Certified Public Accountants (TXCPA) in 2020, Stan & Margaret Voelkel Contribution to Education Award from TXCPA Houston in 2018, and Legacy of Loyalty Award from Briggs & Veselka in 2017.

Kelley was born and raised in Sugar Land, suburb of Houston. Her prior work experience consists of working in retail and working in the accounting and finance department of a financial services firm.

Kelley received a B.B.A. in Accounting from the University of Houston in December 2008. She is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) in Texas and is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and TXCPA Houston.

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