Liquid Geographies

DESIGN STUDIO ERIK G L’HEUREUX ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

AY 2012/2013 M.ARCH THESIS, SEMESTER 1/2

LIQUID GEOGRAPHIES

SIMON CHIANG HAI MAN TESSA CHOO LI XIA HTIN AUNG LEE ZHENG ZE ALAN

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL OF DESIGN AND ENVIRONMENT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

LIQU

GEOGRA

UID

APHIES

Simon Chiang Hai Man Tessa Choo Li Xia Htin Aung Lee Zheng Ze Alan Erik G. L’Heureux

SINGAPOR

REGATT

RE

TA

1 INTRODUCTION

FORGOTTEN

REALITY

THE SIJORI REGION

1.05km

1.92km

13k

15km

Karimun 125 km2

Rempang 165 km2

Galang 80 km2

km

Johor Bahru 2216 km2

Singapore 714.3 km2

Batam 415 km2

31km

Bintan 2402 km2

NATIVE INDONESIA

7 NAUTICAL MILES AWAY

THE SIJORI REGION -SEA TOPOGRAPHY

THE SIJORI REGION - MARITIME BOUNDARIES Singapore/Indonesia Border 1973-2006 Singapore/Malaysia Border 1927 - 1995 Country Baseline System Malaysia/Indonesia Border 1969

area: 7378 km2

pedra branca

P. Nipa

THE SINGAPORE REGION -SEA

area: 653 km2

port limit

:

singapore land area

sijori sea area

: singapore sea area

10x

0.9x singapore land area

PIP DRE

PE EAM

FARM

CURR

MING

RENTS

2 TERRITORY OF OPTIONS

liquid economies liquid networks pheripheral economies

24 seven

CARGO TRADE SINGAPORE’S DAILY TRANSHIPMENT general shipping routes ending at the largest port in that region

5 2

/ day to North America

1

/ day to Central + South America

91

/ day to

600 123

over ports in

countries spread over 6 continents

5

/ day to Europe

13

4

/ day to China + Hong Kong + Taiwan

/ day to Japan

70

/ day to South + Southeast asia

3

/ day to Africa

3

/ day to Australasia

85%

of the containers that reach Singapore ports are transhipped out to the world.

100 000 TEUS PER DAY

PORTS - TEU HANDLING CAPACITY one million TEUs per annum projected one million TEUs per annum

12 million

85 million

Tanjong Bin

35 mill Proposed Tuas Port Singapore Ports

Johor Port

Pengerang Port

lion

Tanjung Sauh

VESSEL DENSITY 201012 1700H (239)

moving - 25% stationary - 75%

PIRAC Y AND ARMED ROBBERY piracy attacks reported in 2005 Singapore/Indonesia Border 1973 - 2006 Singapore/Malysia Border 1927 - 1995 Country Baseline System Malaysia/Indonesia Border 1969

pedra branca

DES

SE

SERT

EA

ILLEGAL MIGRATION POINTS * Indonesians seeking jobs in Malaysia

from

“Officials estimate

1500

have died while crosinga the straits”

Dumai & Bengkalis

- New Straits Times, Aug 1994

(illegal migration centers)

Tanjung Balai

Tanjung Batu

Desaru

Tanjung Belungkor

Tanjung Pegelih

5 boats 400 illegal workers)/night Nongsa Batu Merah

Teluk Mata Ikan Batu Besar

Sekupang

Batam Center Nagoya

Telaga Punggor

Tanjung Uban

Serve as key ‘organising’ centers for illegal migration

Tanjung Pinang

HY

S

YDROLOGICAL

SPLIT

INTERISLAND CONNECTIVITY ferry route main highway secondary highway ferry terminal future connections

Tanjung Puteri Station Woodlands Station

1

Marina Bay Stati

ion

1 Thompson Mass Rapid Line (2019) “More leisure options with transit link to Johor” - Straits Times, May 2010

2 Highway Connecting Pasir Gudang to Singapore via Pulau Ubin

3 Third Singapore-Johor Ljnk

“Study being done on undersea tunnel to link JB and Singapore” - The Star, Nov 2011 “Third bridge likely to boost industry in east Johor” - The Star, May 2009

2

3

INTERISLAND CONNECTIVITY

20mins 25mins

25mins

45mins

90mins

Passengers 12, 480

southern islands

438, 960

desaru

1, 140, 000

cruise

766, 500

karimun

1, 322, 880

bintan

2, 135, 250

batam

100 000 x 365

woodlands causeway

PRIVATE

BEACH

OIL TRADE ROUTE major trade routes supporting trade routes

#1 Importer (25% of oil import) USA

major oil transit points major oil producers major oil importers

#3 Exporter (9% of oil production) USA

#1 Exporter (12% of oil production ) Russia

3

oil transit # (6.5% of oil trade) Bab el-Mandeb

1

oil transit # (35% of oil trade) Straits of Hormuz

#2 Exporter (10% of oil production) Saudi Arabia

2

# oil transit (31% of oil trade) Straits of Malacca

#3 Importer #2 Importer (10% of oil imports ) (5% of oil imports ) China Japan

OIL & MARITIME SECURITY China’s claimed territorial waters UNCLOS 200 nautical miles Exclusive Economic Zone Oil Fields Oil refineries Oil refineries (Planned)

nei

am

Bru

n Viet esia

Indon

Singapore Non- oil producing

“U.S. Navy to Deploy New Warship to Singapore In 2013” - defensenews.com, May 2012

a aysi

Mal

Parcel Islands Clained by Vietnam byt forcibly driven out by Chinese

“China to deploy new military garrison in West Philippine Sea” - gmanetwork, Jul 2012

Spartly Islands Clained by: Brunei, China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan and

“The US Will Open Massive Philippine Bases Not Occupied Since The Cold War” - Business Insider, Jun 2012

STORAGE

SPACE

OIL REFINING & STORAGE oil refining centers oil refining center (U/C) 1 million cubic meter of oil storage 1 million cubic meter of oil storage (U/C)

3 million

Tanjung Bin

3

cubic meters storing capacity current: 0.84 mil projected: 2 mil

# Refining center in world

20 million 0.155 million

cubic meters storing capacity

3 million

cubic meters storing capacity (projected)

cubic meters per day refining capacity Jurong Island + Pulau Bukom

0.5 million Jurong Island Rock Carvan cubic meters storing capacity (projected)

Pulau Bukom Very Large Floating Structures

2 million

Tanjung Langsat

cubic meters storing capacity current: 1 mil projected: 1 mil

5 million 0.035 million

cubic meters storing capacity (projected)

2.5 million

cubic meters storing capacity (projected)

Batam Oil Terminal

cubic meters per day refining capacity Tanjung Pelapas

PUL BLACK

LAU K GOLD

Hanoi

REGIONAL GAS NETWORK existing gas pipelines

Hong Kong

gaslines under contsruction proposed TAOG pipeline gas fields gas power stations

Phnom Phenh Da Lat

12

Natuna Island (Indonesia)

# Gas Producer 2.3 trillion cubic meter Malaysia

50 %

of Indonesian Reserves - 1.4 trillion cubic metres reserves - to Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia

Bintulu Mersing Singapore

11

# Gas Producer 3.0 trillion cubic meter Indonesia

Kota Binabalu

37

# Gas Producer 0.7 trillion cubic meter Brunei

25%

GAS TRANSMISSION TO SINGAPORE submarine gas pipelines

of Singapore’s supply Gas Lines from Malaysia 5.7 million cubic meter a day

no anchorage zone gas-powered stations gas-powered stations (planned)

Senoko Power Station

Tuas Power Station

Power Sejaya Keppel Merlimau

Buried Gas Pipes

Pasir Panjang Gas Turbine Power Station

Pasir Gudong Power Station

Pengerang Power Station

50 %

of Singapore’s supply Gas Lines from Natuna Island 11 million cubic meter a day

1km

No Anchorage, fishing or dredging

25%

of Singapore’s supply Gas Lines from Sumatra (Grissik) 6.2 million cubic meter a day

6 BIL CUBIC

RECLA

LLION C METERS

AMATION

LA SCAP

AND PING

BUYING SAND MAKIN

NG ENEMIES

SAND river sand areas

recent reclamation

coastal sand areas illegal sand mining authorized sand mining

Pulau Punggol Timur

“Spike in Cambodia sand mining "appears to coincide with the end of sand exports from Indonesia to Singapore."

- The Phnom Penh ‘Disappeared’ Nipah Island due to coastal sand mining (2005)

“ 24 islands are believed to have disappeared under the waves [in Thousand Islands due to sand mining]” - DredgingToday, Aug 2010

San Ind

nd Mining dustry

“Sand pirates: Millions floated out of the country via Sungai Johor” - The Star, May 2010

OPTICAL

ILLUSION

TELECOMMUNICATION submarine cable landing point submarine cables anchorages and shipping lanes no anchorage zone (submarine gas pipe)

Tuas Landing Site

Changi North Landing Site Tanah Merah Landing Site

Tanjung Pinggir Landing Site

FA OU

AMILY UTING

COASTAL RECREATION sea sports facilities recreational pier current coastal recreational zones future coastal recreational zones

Johor Bahru : 3

Singapore : 31

Bandar Panawar : 11

Batam: 9

Bintan: 19

EXPANDIN

TERRITORIE

NG

ES

TERRITORY OF OPTIONS city centres industrial institutions residential recreation proposed routes sea routes land routes

SIJORI COASTAL PLANNING city centres industrial institutions residential recreation

2006 -2025 comprehensive development plan for south johor economic region

2km limit from the coast port tanjung pelapas area

nusajaya cyber city

pasir oleo indu

~15km

r gudang ochemical ustry pengarang project

~13km

designated tourism area

m

batam city centre

2010 - 2030 pattern plan living area map for batam, bintan, and karimun

DECAPITATED

COASTLINE

3 COASTAL DECAPITATION

TERRITORIAL EXPANSION & PORT LIMITS on going / proposed 2010 2000 1990 1970 - 1980

1975

1980

2012

*the territorial waters of Singapore are determined by the Singapore Government on 15 september 1980 as an extension of the low water mark up to a distance of 19.3km, an extension of the British 1878 Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act. As land expands, so does the Port Limit of Singapore.

RECLAMATION AND LOSS OF NATURE LAND RECLAMATION original (1957)

present

581.5 km2

750 km2 168.5 km2 reclaimed land 28%

CORAL REEF LOSS

75 km2 coral reef (original)

65% loss

30 km2 coral reef (present)

MANGROVE LOSS

63.4 km2 mangrove (1953) 13% 90% loss 6.6 km2 mangrove (present) 0.5%

WA DEPO

ASTE OSITORY

ISLAND DECAPITATION - LANDFILLS Existing: waste generated = 6 517 000 tonnes/year 2% landfill = 130 340 tonnes/year ash from incineration = 730 000 tonnes/year

Within next 50 years: waste generated = 325 850 000 tonnes 2% landfill = 65 170 000 tonnes ash from incineration = 6 517 000 tonnes

Therefore semakau receives 860 340 tonnes of landfill/year

40% filled (11 years) 100% filled in 27.5 years land area = 3.5 km2 landfill area = 3.2 km2 fill capacity = 63 million cubic meters = 23 659 350 tonnes

Totaly landfill within 50 years is 71 687 000 tonnes.

=

incineration plant

3x = 10.5 km2

EXPLOITATION

THE CORAL TRIANGLE coral triangle core - region of highest coral biodiversity in the world coral triangle core at risk of extinction coral triangle region

The Coral Triangle covers Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, The Solomon Islands, East Timor and Singapore - contains

nearly 30 percent of

the world's reefs and more than 3,000 species of fish.

86,500 km2 of sea is facing extinction - July 10, 2012 World Resources Institute, 12th international coral reef symposium More than 130 million people living in the region rely on reef ecosystems for food, employment, and revenue from tourism, according to "Reefs at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle".

Singapore’s entire 13km2 of reef faces severe threat from high levels of shipping and industrial and reclamation activity.

LOSS OF CORAL REEFS protected OR not in immediate development zone (17%) at immediate risk (12%) lost to dredging and reclamation (71%) original reef - 75 km2 current reef - 30 km2

500 tons crude

1. jan 1975 - aground 2. july 1987 - aground 3. oct 1988 - collision 4. jun 1995 - collision 5. oct 1997 - collision 5

6. oct 2000 - aground 1

7. jun 2002 - collision 8. dec 2002 - collision 9. may 2010 - collision

2

9 4 3 7 8

6

SEAS

PARK

SON

KING

ANCHORAGES

25.7 km2 reclaimed (Singapore) general anchorages bunkering anchorages explosives anchorages quarantine + immigration anchorages

3

# largest oil refinery globally

1

#

busiest global transhipment hub

#

1

largest cruise terminal in S.EA

Anchorages =

10%

land area of Singapore

INDUSTR

COAST

RALIZED

TLINE

GARR

STA

RISON

ATE

COASTLINE TYPOLOGIES seawall beach mangrove / vegetation reclaimed breakwater / groynes dyke tidal barrier / dam 9 8

1. Pulau Ubin Naval Base 2. Police Coast Guard Loya

7

5

6

3. SAF Ferry Terminal 4. Changi Naval Base 5. Police Coast Guard Gul 6. Tuas Naval Base 7. Tuas Checkpoint 8. Police Coast Guard Lim 9. Woodlands Checkpoint 10. Punggol Jetty Police Po

ang Base

10 1 2

Base

3

Chu Kang Regional Base

ost

4

CORBU

DRE

USIAN

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