OECD Bibliometric indicators highlights: May 2026 edition (AI indicators revised September 2026)

OECD Bibliometric indicators: Selected highlights May 2026 edition – AI indicators revised in September 2026 Web: http://oe.cd/scientometrics Contact: STI.Scientometrics@oecd.org

About the OECD Bibliometric indicators – May 2026 • OECD bibliometric indicators are calculated on Elsevier’s Scopus Custom Data – This version is based on data provided by Elsevier in February 2026 – This version provides a comprehensive view of indicators up to and including 2024 – Indicators for 2025 have not been compiled because of incomplete data for that year, whose use would lead to biased results • The presentation relies on screenshots from the STI.Scoreboard platform where up-to-date indicators can be retrieved and visualised: http://oe.cd/sti-scoreboard

Contents of May 2026 edition • Trends in scientific publication output and citation impact profiles – Absolute publication numbers – Average citation rates – Documents among global 10% most-cited in their category (domestic share and contribution to global 10% most-cited)

• International collaboration (implied by multiple affiliations) • Trends in international mobility (implied by author affiliation changes over time) • Perspectives on science in selected domains (AI,

Trends in volume of Scopus-indexed scientific publication output Four largest publishing territories in absolute terms, fractional counts

Source: https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=FPUBS_NBFRAC&v=3&t=2014,2024&s=CHN,EU27_2020,IND,USA

Scientific publications by largest producers as share of world’s total, 2014 compared with 2024

Source: https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=FPUBS_X_WLD&v=6&t=2014,2024&r=4

Trends in citation rates for selected economies, 2014 – 2024 Field-normalised citation scores: actual citations versus world’s norm ratio (%)

World’s norm = 100

Source: https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=NORMCIT_X&v=3&t=2014,2024&s=CHN,EU27_2020,USA

Trends in high-citation intensity

Domestic documents in global 10% top-cited as % of all domestic documents

Source: https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=TOP10_X&v=3&t=2014,2024&s=CHN,EU27_2020,USA

Trends in the world’s distribution of 10% top-cited publications Top-cited publications in largest contributing territories as % of world’s top 10%-cited

Source: https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=TOP10_X_WLD&v=3&t=2014,2024&s=CHN,EU27_2020,DEU,IND,GBR,USA&r=4

International collaboration implied by co-authorship

International scientific collaboration, OECD countries, 2014 and 2024

Documents with multiple country affiliations as percentage of total domestic publications

Note: Counts are fractional (documents in international collaborations count less than 1 for a country) Source: https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=INTL_X&v=6&t=2014,2024&r=3

International scientific collaboration, 2014 – 2024 Documents with multiple country affiliations as percentage of total domestic publications

The collaboration figures presented for the EU27 include collaboration within its member states.

Note: Counts are fractional (documents in international collaborations count less than 1 for a country) Source: https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=INTL_X&v=3&t=2014,2024&s=CHN,EU27_2020,DEU,IND,GBR,USA&r=4

International scientific collaboration for the world and OECD, 2010 – 2024

Documents with multiple country affiliations as percentage of total domestic publications

Note: Counts are fractional (documents in international collaborations count less than 1 for a country) Source: OECD calculations based on Scopus Custom Data, Elsevier, Version 1.2026, April 2026.

International mobility implied by affiliation changes

International scientist mobility: net flows into territory implied from reported affiliation changes: 2016 - 2024

Source: https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=ANNUAL_FLOWS_NB&v=6&t=2016,2024&r=4

Net international mobility of scientific authors over time

Source: https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=ANNUAL_FLOWS_NB&v=3&t=2014,2024&s=CHN,EU27_2020,USA

Perspectives on science in selected emerging tech domains

Number of Artificial Intelligence scientific publications, 2014 and 2024 Fractional counts

Updated with the revised AI search strategy (September 2026)

Note: For more information on the search strategy see : https://doi.org/10.1787/d17e9a1a-en, more info on slide 24.

Source: https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=AIPUBS_NBFRAC&v=6&t=2014,2024&r=4

Trends in AI scientific publishing Number of top 10% cited documents, 2014 - 2024

Updated with the revised AI search strategy (September 2026)

Source:

https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=TOP10_AI_NBFRAC&v=3&t=2014,2024&s=CHN,EU27_2020,DEU,IND,GBR,USA&r=4

Number of quantum-related scientific publications, 2014 and 2024 Fractional counts

Note: For more information on the search strategy see : https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum3030036.

Source: https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=QPUBS_NBFRAC&v=6&t=2014,2024&r=4

Trends in quantum-related scientific publishing Number of top 10% cited documents, 2014 - 2024

Source:

https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=TOP10_Q_NBFRAC&v=3&t=2014,2024&s=CHN,EU27_2020,DEU,IND,GBR,USA&r=4

Number of biotech-related scientific publications, 2014 and 2024 Fractional counts

Note: Biotechnology-related publications were identified by operationalising the OECD list-based definition of biotechnology using a keyword-based Boolean search. See : https://doi.org/10.1787/085e0151-en Source: https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=BPUBS_NBFRAC&v=6&t=2014,2024&r=4

Trends in biotech-related scientific publishing Number of top 10% cited documents, 2014 - 2024

Source: https://stip.oecd.org/stats/SB-StatTrends.html?i=TOP10_B_NBFRAC&v=3&t=2014,2024&s=CHN,EU27_2020,DEU,IND,GBR

Additional information

Defining the emerging technology domains • AI-related publications were identified using 180 groups of AI-related terms, an increase from 168 groups in the previous search strategy. A publication was classified as AI-related if its abstract contained at least two AI keywords drawn from different term groups. Requiring keywords from multiple groups reduces false positives and limits the over-identification of AI-related publications. For more information see: OECD (2025), “Identifying emerging AI technologies using patent data: A semiautomated approach”, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/d17e9a1a-en.

• Quantum technology documents were identified using a predefined set of search queries. For details on the search strategy see: Scheidsteger, T et al. (2021), “Bibliometric Analysis in the Field of Quantum Technology”, Quantum Reports 3, no. 3: 549-575. https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum3030036.

• Biotechnology publications were identified using the OECD list-based definition, applied through a keyword-based Boolean search. For details on the list of keywords see: Friedrichs, S. and B. van Beuzekom (2018), “Revised proposal for the revision of the statistical definitions of biotechnology and nanotechnology”, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2018/01, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/085e0151-en.

Where to find these data and much more …

• A selection of bibliometric indicators is available in the STI.Scoreboard platform: http://oe.cd/sti-scoreboard • The STI.Scoreboard platform can be used to retrieve, visualise and compare statistical indicators of science, technology and innovation systems across OECD countries and several other economies. Use the platform to generate your own charts, download data and charts or save and share them.

• In addition, there are four data sets of bibliometric indicators available at: https://data-explorer.oecd.org/ – Under Innovation and technology -> Bibliometric indicators -> • Bibliometric indicators of implied bilateral mobility flows • Bibliometric indicators of international collaboration • Bibliometric indicators, by field and country • Bibliometric indicators, by Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Type bibliometrics in the box and the search engine will take you to the four bibliometric cubes

Disclaimer • This data and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

• The statistical data for Israel are supplied by Elsevier. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

Contact: STI.Scientometrics@oecd.org