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Denmark GDP per capita is among the highest in the OECD with high levels of labour productivity. Hours worked are slowly declining and remain below the OECD average. Income inequality is among the lowest in OECD countries, but it is gradually increasing. Greenhouse gas emissions are just below the OECD average and Denmark is on track to meet its reduction targets. A property tax reform in 2017 lifted a longstanding nominal tax freeze, which will help to stabilise the housing market. Nevertheless, property tax rates remain too low relative to other assets and shifting the tax structure towards immovable property remains a priority. Competition has been strengthened by liberalisation of the taxi market regulation. Adult education, training and upskilling are being made more flexible and accessible with the involvement of social partners. Removing distortions in the housing market via tax reform and rental deregulation would improve geographical mobility of the labour force. Reducing the complexity of the competition framework and raising the efficiency and alignment of the education system with future labour market demand would boost productivity. Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators: Denmark A. Growth Average annual growth rates (%) GDP per capita Labour utilisation of which: Labour force participation rate Employment rate1 Employment coefficient2 Labour productivity of which: Capital deepening Total factor productivity Dependency ratio
2002-08 1.2 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.1
2012-18 1.2 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.0
Level
Annual variation (percentage points)
2015 26.3 (31.7)*
2013-15 0.5 (0)*
9.6 (7.6)*
-0.1 (0)*
2016 10 (10.9)* 0.2 (0.3)* 0.1
Average of levels 2010-16 10.1 (11.3)* 0.2 (0.3)* 0.1
C. A small gap in GDP per capita has emerged Gap to the upper half of OECD countries5 Per cent 25 GDP per capita
GDP per hour worked 20
15
B. Inequality and environment
Gini coefficient3 Share of national disposable income held by the poorest 20%
GHG emissions per capita4 (tonnes of CO2 equivalent) GHG emissions per unit of GDP4 (kg of CO2 equivalent per USD) Share in global GHG emissions4 (%) * OECD simple average (weighted average for emissions data)
10
5
0
-5
Source: Panel A: OECD, Economic Outlook Database; Panel B: OECD, Income Distribution and National Accounts Databases; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Database and International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy Database; Panel C: OECD, National Accounts and Productivity Databases StatLink 2 https://doi.org/10.1787/888933954819