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Colombia The income per capita gap relative to the upper half of OECD countries has marginally decreased, but remains large as a result of low productivity. Income inequality has declined in recent years, although it remains high. Emissions per capita are low in comparison with the OECD average. Progress has been made in improving road infrastructure through an ambitious agenda of public-private partnership programmes. Governance of R&D projects at sub-national level has been recently improved by giving a more central role to research centres in planning and executing projects. As part of the peace process, targeted education programmes in rural areas have been launched. Broadening access to quality education is essential for boosting productivity and reducing large income inequalities. A comprehensive strategy to fight informality, which has fallen but remains very high, is required to boost productivity and inclusiveness. Reducing barriers to trade will contribute to higher growth, less reliance on non-renewable natural resources and more and better jobs. Reducing disparities across regions, a new priority in 2019, is essential to improve living standards of all Colombians. This will require boosting the performance of rural areas. Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators: Colombia A. Growth Average annual growth rates (%) GDP per capita Labour utilisation of which: Labour force participation rate Employment rate1 Employment coefficient2 Labour productivity of which: Capital deepening Total factor productivity Dependency ratio
2002-08 3.9 -0.3 -1.2 0.8 0.0 3.5 0.8 2.7 0.7
2012-18 1.6 -0.5 -0.5 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.5 0.2 0.5
GHG emissions per capita4 (tonnes of CO2 equivalent) GHG emissions per unit of GDP4 (kg of CO2 equivalent per USD) Share in global GHG emissions4 (%) * OECD simple average (weighted average for emissions data)
Gap to the upper half of OECD countries5 Per cent 0
-10 -20 -30 -40
B. Inequality and environment
Gini coefficient3 Share of national disposable income held by the poorest 20%
C. Gaps in GDP per capita and productivity remain large
Level
Annual variation (percentage points)
-50
2017 49.7 (31.7)*
2013-17 -0.8 (0)*
-60
4.1 (7.6)*
0.2 (0)*
2015 3.5 (12.3)* 0.3 (0.3)* 0.3
Average of levels 2010-2012-2015 3.5 (12.8)* 0.3 (0.4)* 0.3
-70 -80 GDP per capita
GDP per employee
-90
Source: Panel A: OECD, Economic Outlook Database; Panel B: OECD, Income Distribution and National Accounts Databases and World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI) Database; International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy Database; Panel C: OECD, National Accounts and Productivity Databases StatLink 2 https://doi.org/10.1787/888933954762