A Scoping Review of Ocean Equity in Ocean Governance Literature
CREDITS OVERVIEW
Abigael Kim Nippon Foundation Ocean Nexus Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University
This report serves as a data repository for a larger project motivated by concerns that a lack of identification of, and reflection upon, the underlying themes that shape discussions of ocean equity across contemporary ocean governance literature may lead to a lack of modernization of understandings and applications of an inherently critical and anti-hegemonic concept
AbigaelKim
OceanNexusSpecialReport|2025
oceannexusorg
Acknowledgments
SpecialthankstoKatharineShelledyandLeahHufffortheirsupportindevelopingand undertakingthisproject.Financialsupportforthisresearch,authorship,andpublication wasprovidedbyNFOceanNexus
Foreword
Thisreportservesasadata/resultsrepositoryforalargerprojectandseriesofpublications regardingthenatureofoceanequitydiscourseinoceangovernanceliterature.Assuch,a formalconclusionsectionisnotoffered Forafullanalysisanddiscussionoftheseresults, pleasecheckwwwoceannexusorgforupcomingpublicationsbasedonthisdata
Introduction
Wefindourselvesinaneraofrapidoceaneconomicdevelopmentandmarineresource extraction.Inresponse,thelastdecadehasdeliveredanoverwhelmingincreaseinglobal policydirectives,researchprojects,andinvestmentinitiativesrelatedtothesocialequity (henceforth‘equityʼ)implicationsofsuchactivities However,despitethis,theoriginsof equityʼsemergenceasanimportantpartoftheframingandmessagingofoceanpolicy haveremainedmuddled
Thislargerprojectonoceanequityinoceangovernanceliterature(ofwhichthis reportsservesasadatarepositoryfor)ismotivatedbyaconcernthatalackof identificationof,andreflectionupon,theunderlyingcanons,definitions,andthemesthat shapediscussionsofoceanequityacrosscontemporaryoceangovernanceliterature,may leadtoalackofmodernizationofunderstandingsandapplicationsofaninherentlycritical andanti-hegemonicconcept.Throughalarge-scalesystematicliteraturereviewand citationnetworkanalysis,weaimtocapturethenatureinwhichinterpretationsofequityin oceangovernanceliteraturehaveevolved.
A. TheFoundationsofOceanEquity
Initsmostbasicform,thenotionofequitystemsfromthelegalsphere,whereitis consideredaspartofaneeds-basedsystemofindividualizedjustice1 developedfrom GreekandRomanideals.2 Today,contemporaryusesofequityhaveexpandeduponthis, drawingfromavarietyofsocialsciences,humanities,andsocialjustice-basedmovements (eg,racialjustice,genderequality,healthequity,educationreform,andenvironmental justice)tofurtherdifferentiateitfromequalityanditsattendant‘treateveryonethesameʼ rhetoric 3 Thisexpansionofequityoftenmanifestsinplace-basedargumentsforthe dismantlingofthesystemicbarriersandsocialpowerstructuresthatperpetuate discrimination,underrepresentation,marginalization,andunderinvestmentonthebasisof grouptraits.4 5
1 Dobbins,S.K.1991 Equity:TheCourtofConscienceortheKingʼsCommand,theDialoguesofSt.German andHobbesCompared.JournalofLawandReligion,91,113 149.
2 Yntema,H.E.1966.EquityintheCivilLawandtheCommonLaw.TheAmericanJournalofComparative Law,151/2,60 86.Atpage84.
3 Minow,M.2021.EQUALITYVS.EQUITY.AmericanJournalofLawandEquality,1,167 193.
4 Bensimon,E.M.2018 ReclaimingRacialJusticeinEquity Change:TheMagazineofHigherLearning, 503 4,95 98
5 Rodriguez,A.J.,&Morrison,D 2019 Expandingandenactingtransformativemeaningsofequity,diversity andsocialjusticeinscienceeducation.CulturalStudiesofScienceEducation,142,265 281.
Notably,inEquityvs.Equality6,MarthaMinowhighlightsequityʼsproteannature where,inpractice,anoversimplifiedinterpretation onethatisseeminglymoreattainable oraccessible isoftendisseminatedinpublicpolicy.Intheoceanspace,OʼNeilland colleagues7 doubledownonthis,reinforcingthatthelexicalambiguityof‘oceanequityʼ(a termcoinedbytheHigh-LevelPanelontheSustainableOceanEconomy8 canperpetuate “formsofcooptation,whichpervert,upend,andredirecttrulysustainable,equitable,and sociallyjustinitiativesˮ 9 10
I. Methods
A. SystematicLiteratureReview
Todefinearelevantbodyofoceangovernanceliteraturethatdiscussesoceanequity,we firstqueriedthefollowingBooleanstatement,developedthroughdiscussionswithinthe authorshipteam,intheWebofScienceCoreCollectiononMarch21,2024
TOPIC=((oceanORmarine)AND(equity)AND(govern*ORpolicyORmanage*)).
Searchresults(n=339)werethenscannedtomeettheinclusioncriteria Articles deemedrelevanttothisstudywerepeer-reviewed,onthetopicofoceangovernance, mentioned“equityˮintheabstractormaintext,andwrittenintheEnglishlanguage.Those articlesthatpassedthisphase(hereafterreferredtoasthe‘primaryliteraturebase,ʼn=301 werethenreadbyamemberoftheauthorshipteamwhocataloguedeacharticleand descriptiveinformation,includingprimarytopic11,yearofpublication,publishingjournal, regionofinterest,andpublicationtype12 intoanorganizationaldatabasedevelopedin MicrosoftExcel Thefulllistofarticlesintheprimaryliteraturebaseanddescriptive informationisavailableinAppendix1 Uponcompletingthisprocess,basicanalysisand cross-tabulationbasedonthedescriptiveinformationcollectedwasundertakentoquantify
6 Minow,M.2021.EQUALITYVS.EQUITY.AmericanJournalofLawandEquality,1,167 193.
7 OʼNeill,B.F.,Schneider,M.J.,&Lozano,A.G.2024.TowardaCriticalEnvironmentalJusticeApproachto OceanEquity.EnvironmentalJustice.
8 HighPanelontheSustainableOceanEconomy https://oceanpanel.org/the-agenda/ocean-equity/
9 Cisneros-Montemayor,A.M.,Croft,F.,Issifu,I.,Swartz,W.,&Voyer,M.2022 Aprimeronthe“blue economy:ˮPromise,pitfalls,andpathways.OneEarth,59,982 986.
10 Smith-Godfrey,S.2016 DefiningtheBlueEconomy MaritimeAffairs:JournaloftheNationalMaritime FoundationofIndia,121,58 64
11 Withanunderstandingthatthereexistsahighdegreeofinterplaybetweentopics,articletopiccategories weredevelopedandaggregatedduringthereviewprocesstobestreflectthepredominantthemeandtarget audienceofthearticle.
12 Articletypecategoriesweredevelopedandaggregatedduringthereviewprocesstobestreflectthearticles collected.
trendsrelatedtothelandscapeofoceangovernanceliteraturethatinteractswiththe conceptofoceanequity.
B. CitationNetworkAnalysis
Wethenutilizedtheprinciplesofacitationnetworkanalysis13 tomaptheevolutionof interpretationsofoceanequityinoceangovernanceliteratureasafunctionofproposed definitionsandsubsequentcitationpractices,beginningwithourprimaryliteraturebase.To beginthisprocess,weidentifiedsources14 withintheprimaryliteraturebasethatprovideda definitionofoceanequity,oracloselyrelatedterm(e.g.,‘equity,ʼ‘equitable,ʼ‘distributional equity,ʼ‘equitablemanagementʼ).ThesesourcesservedasTier1ofthecitationnetwork. Tier1sourcesandtheirrespectivedefinitionswerecataloguedintoanadditionalMicrosoft Exceldatabase AfulllistofdefinitionscollectedinTier1isavailableinAppendix2
Tier1sourceswerethenassignedauniqueNODEIDanddefinitionlabel.For instance,ifasourceʼsdefinitionofequityincludedthecitationofanothersource(s),itwas assignedthelabel‘defined,sourced,ʼwhereasdefinitionsprovidedwithoutthecitationof anothersource(s)wereassignedthelabel‘defined,notsourcedʼAllsourcescitedbyTier1 (‘Tier2sourcesʼ)werethencatalogued,collectinginformationrelatedtopublicationdate, type,andtopic,andassignedaNODEIDanddefinitionlabel Thetype15 andtopic16 ofthe sourceswerealsocatalogued Thisprocesswasthenrepeateduntilthereviewofsources withinaTierdidnotyieldadditionalsources(occurredatTier6.
Notably,betweenTiers2to5,additionaldefinitionlabelswereassignedtobest reflectthenatureofthecitationpracticesweencountered:‘mentioned,notdefinedʼ(where discussedormentionedbutnotexplicitlydefined)and‘notmentionedʼ(wheretheterm ‘equityʼwasnotidentified) Moreover,wherearoundofreviewyieldedanon-unique source(i.e.,wherethesourcehadalreadybeencapturedinapreviousTierorwithina respectiveTier),thesourceremainedcataloguedinitslowestTierleveland/orwasnot
13 Price,D J deS.1965 NetworksofScientificPapers.Science,1493683,510 515
14 Inthecontextofthecitationnetworkanalysis,allitemscollectedarereferredtoas‘sourcesʼirregardlessof whethertheyarereferredtoas‘articlesʼwithinthecontextofthesystematicliteraturereviewandprimary literaturebase.Thisisbecausenotallitemscollectedwithinthenetworkareindeedpeerreviewedjournal articles.
15 Withanunderstandingthatthereexistsahighdegreeofinterplaybetweentopics,sourcetopiccategories weredevelopedandaggregatedduringthereviewprocesstobestreflectthepredominantthemeandtarget audienceofthesource.
16 Typeofsourcecategoriesweredevelopedandaggregatedduringthereviewprocesstobestreflectthe sourcescollected.Forexample,whilst‘Dictionaryʼor‘Policy/Reportʼarenot topics,perse,theseclassification doindeedbestreflectthenatureofthesourceanditsintendedaudience.
duplicatedwithinarespectiveTier.Sourcesthatwereinaccessibleduetocopyrightand accessrestrictions(n=2)werenotreviewedforsubsequentcitations.
ThenetworkwasthenvisualizedusingCanvasoftwarebyamemberofthe authorshipteamandanalyzedtoidentifycommonlycitedpapers,trendsintheevolutionof definitions,andcommoninterpretationsofequity Thefullcitationnetworkvisualizationis availablehere
II. Results
A. LandscapeofOceanEquityDiscourseinOceanGovernanceLiterature
Articlesintheprimaryliteraturebaserangedinpublicationdatefrom1993toMarch of2024Appendix5,publishedacross100distinctacademicjournals Amongthemost representedjournalswereMarinePolicy(published196%17 ofarticlesintheprimary literaturebase),Ocean&CoastalManagement10.6%,andFrontiersinMarineScience 7.6%(fullbreakdownofalljournalsinAppendix6.
Mostarticleswerecataloguedasacasestudy488%ofarticlesintheprimary literaturebase),followedbytheoreticalreview136%),thinkpieces100%,framework proposals66%,literaturereviews66%,policyreviews66%,modelproposals50%, conferenceproceedings13%,legalreviews07%,andworkshopproceedings07% Appendix7.AfulllistofarticletypecategoriesanddescriptionsisavailableinAppendix8.
While26%articlesintheprimaryliteraturebasedidnotincludeacleargeographic scope,thosethatdidpredominantlyfocusedonoceangovernanceinternationally239% ofarticlesintheprimaryliteraturebase)followedbystudiesintheUnitedStates103% andCanada56%(fullbreakdownofallregionsinAppendix9
Thematically,articleswereorganizedinto15topics:fisheries31.6%ofarticlesinthe primaryliteraturebase),governance/researchdirectives11.6%,marineprotectedareas 113%,marinespatialplanning83%,blueeconomy53%,sustainability53%, aquaculture40%,climatechange30%,naturalhazards30%,coastalmanagement 27%,energy23%,ecosystemservices17%,tourism13%,andhealth07% Afull listofarticletopiccategoriesanddescriptionsisavailableinAppendix10
17 Allpercentagesinthisreportareroundedtoonedecimalplace.
HowDoesOceanGovernanceLiteratureDefineEquity?
Approximately781%ofarticlesintheprimaryliteraturebasedonotdefineequity,whilethe remaining21.9% indeedofferadefinitionofequityoracloselyrelatedterm(i.e.,Tier1 sources)Appendix11.AfulllistofdefinitionscollectedisavailableinAppendix2.Among these66Tier1sources,60.6%citeanothersourceindefiningequity,while39.4%donot.
B. LandscapeofSourcesWithintheCitationNetwork
Atotalof172sources(nodes),ranginginpublicationdatefrom350BC18 to2024, exist withinthecitationnetwork 65sourcesinTier1,49inTier2,34inTier3,10inTier4,12in Tier5,and2inTier6 relatedthrough192citationrelationships(edges) Afulllistof sourcesandcitationrelationshipsisavailableinAppendices3and4,respectively
Whilethevastmajorityofsourcesincludedinthecitationnetworkarepeerreviewed articles73%ofsourcesinthecitationnetwork),books/bookchapters17%,reports/white papers8%,dictionaries0.6%,webpages0.6%,andothersources19 0.6%werealso collectedAppendix12 Afulllistofsourcetypecategoriesanddescriptionsisavailablein Appendix13
Citationnetworksourcesfellintotopiccategoriesofoceangovernance(includingall Tier1sources,44.2%ofsourcesinthecitationnetwork),conservation8.2%, environmentaljustice5.8%,health5.2%,publicadministration5.2%,development 4.7%,psychology/sociology4.7%,justice4.7%,policy/report3.5%,equality2.3%, philosophy23%,sustainability23%,dictionary17%,energy17%,equity12%, climatechange06%,gender06%,andgeography06%Appendix14 Afulllistof sourcetopiccategoriesanddescriptionsisavailableinAppendix15
WhatInformsDefinitionsofEquity?
Amongcitationrelationships(ie,edges)stemmingfromTier1(n=97),433%leadto sourcesonthetopicofconservation,followedbyoceangovernance31.0%, environmentaljustice5.2%,development4.1%,justice4.1%,psychology/sociology 3.1%,sustainability3.1%,gender1.0%,geography1.0%,health1.0%,and
18 ThisdatereferstoAristotleʼsTheNicomacheanEthic.Whileithasbeenrepublishedonnumerousoccasions, itiswidelyunderstoodthatitwascomposedaround350BC.
19 IncludesAristotleʼsTheNicomacheanEthic
policy/report1.0%.ThemostcitedsourcewithinTier1equitydefinitionsisMcDermottet al.ʼsExaminingequity:Amultidimensionalframeworkforassessingequityinpaymentsfor ecosystemservices2013.20
Amongallcitationrelationshipsacrossthecitationnetwork(n=192),307%leadto sourcesonthetopicofconservation,followedbyoceangovernance161%,justice83%, environmentaljustice63%,health63%,development52%,psychology/sociology 4.7%,publicadministration4.7%,sustainability3.1%,equality2.6%,policy/report 2.6%,dictionary2.1%,philosophy2.1%,energy1.6%,geography1.6%,equity 1.0%,gender0.5%,andclimatechange0.5%.
Onanindividualsourcelevel(n=172),517%ofsourcesarecitedjustonce,331% arecitedbetween2and5times,and26%arecitedover5timesTable1 Overall, McDermottetal.ʼsExaminingequity:Amultidimensionalframeworkforassessingequityin paymentsforecosystemservices201321 isconsideredthemostinfluentialsourceacross thenetwork,cited16times.
Table1 Listofthetop5mostinfluentialsourceswithinthecitationnetwork
Source Definitionlabel Topic Timescited
McDermott,M,Mahanty,S,&Schreckenberg, K 2013 Examiningequity:A multidimensionalframeworkforassessing equityinpaymentsforecosystemservices EnvironmentalScience&Policy,33,416 427
Pascual,U.,Phelps,J.,Garmendia,E.,Brown, K,Corbera,E,Martin,A, &Muradian,R 2014 SocialEquityMattersinPaymentsfor EcosystemServices Bioscience,6411, 1027 1036.
Rawls,J 1971ATheoryofJustice Cambridge,Massachusetts,TheBelknap PressofHarvardUniversityPress22
Schreckenberg,K,Franks,P,Martin,A,& Lang,B.2016.Unpackingequityfor
Defined, sourced Conservation 1684%ofall citation relationships)
Defined, sourced Conservation 105.2%ofall citation relationships)
Defined,not sourced Justice 842%ofall citation relationships)
Defined,not sourced Conservation 737%ofall citation
20 McDermott,M.,Mahanty,S.,&Schreckenberg,K.2013 Examiningequity:Amultidimensionalframeworkfor assessingequityinpaymentsforecosystemservices.EnvironmentalScience&Policy,33,416 427
21 McDermott,M.,Mahanty,S.,&Schreckenberg,K.2013.Examiningequity:Amultidimensionalframeworkfor assessingequityinpaymentsforecosystemservices.EnvironmentalScience&Policy,33,416 427
22 Rawls,J 1971ATheoryofJustice.Cambridge,Massachusetts,TheBelknapPressofHarvardUniversity Pressalsoincludesanycitationsoftherepublication
protectedareaconservation Parks Northwood,London,England),222,11 28. relationships)
Zafra-Calvo,N,Pascual,U,Brockington,D, Coolsaet,B,Cortes-Vazquez,J A, Gross-Camp,N.,...&Burgess,N.D.2017. Towardsanindicatorsystemtoassess equitablemanagementinprotectedareas BiologicalConservation,211,134 141
Defined, sourced Conservation 631%ofall citation relationships)
Topic Article
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Fisheries
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Appendix2ListofdefinitionscollectedinTier1ofthecitationnetwork
Term Definition
Equitable development
“…equityinthedistributionofbenefitsfromdevelopment:
•intrasocietalequity(e.g.,amonggroupsinsociety, respectingthespecialrightsofindigenouspeoples,etc.);
•intergenerationalequity(notforeclosingtheoptionsof futuregenerations);
•internationalequity(fulfillingobligationstoother nationsandtotheinternationalcommunity,givenglobal inter-dependence).ˮ
Source Year Topic Citing
Cicin-Sain1993, p.16 1993 Ocean GovernanceCoastal Management N/A
EquityTheory
“…hasfourbasicpropositionsWalsteretal.1973,1978
1.Individualsseektomaximizetheiroutcomes,where out-comesequalrewardsminuscosts
2.Groupscanmaximizecollectiverewardthrough systemsfor"equitably"apportioningrewardsandcosts amongmembers Thus,membersevolvesystemsof equityandattempttoinducememberstoacceptand adheretothesesystems.
3 Whenindividualsfindthemselvesininequitable relationships,theybecomedistressed.Themore inequitabletherelationship,themoredistresstheyfeel.
4.Individualswhofindthemselvesinaninequitable relationshipattempttoeliminatetheirdistressby restoringequity.Thegreatertheinequity,theharderthey trytorestoreequity.
EquityisdefinedintermsofproportionalityWalsterand Walster1975.Initssimplestform,apersonwouldexpect
Loomis&Ditton 1993,p.15 1993 Ocean GovernanceFisheries Walsteretal. 1973,Walster &Walster 1975,Walster etal.1978
hisorherratioofoutcomestoinputstobeequaltothe ratioofanotherperson'soutcomestoinputs.Inequityor injusticeoccurswhentheratiosareunequal,andthe personwiththelowerratioperceivestherelationshipto beinequitableˮ
Socialequity “…thesafeguardoftheculturalvaluesandthepreserving ofrightsoffuturegenerations.ˮ
Vallega2002, p.723 2002 Ocean GovernanceGovernance/Rese archDirective N/A
Equity “Referstotheequitabledistributionofbenefitsamong groups;thiswillalsotellhowincomesfromfisheriesare allocatedamonginterestgroupsˮ
Equity “…arisesinvariousformssuchasintergenerational equity,genderequity,etc.Chambers,1997.ˮ…“can ariseinnaturalresourcemanagementthroughissuesof empowermentandparticipationintheimplementationof resourcemanagement,andasadesiredoutcome,rooted intheidealsofsocialjusticePomeroyandRivera-Guieb, 2006ˮ
Equity principle “…basedonthecapabilityapproachsuggestedbySen 1999,relatesburdensofactionstotheagentsʼabilityto meetthemˮ
Equity “…relatestohowapersonorgroupperceivesthe proportionalavailabilityofgoodsandservices(e.g.,isa givenpoolofresourcesevenlydistributedand/or available?ortherelativedeprivationcomparedwith others(e.g.,doothershavemorethanIdo?.ˮ
Andelecio2011, p.763 2011 Ocean GovernanceFisheries N/A
Capistrano& Charles2012, p201
2012 Ocean GovernanceFisheries Chambers 1997,Pomroy &Rivera-Guieb 2006
Grenetal.2012 p.156 2012 Ocean GovernanceClimateChange Sen1999
Halpernetal. 2013,p.1
2013 Ocean GovernanceSustainability Chambers 1997
Equity “...anormativeconceptthatreferstotheideaofmoral equality,of‘fairnessʼ,theprinciplethatpeopleshouldbe treatedasequalsJones,2009a).Itisunderstoodasthe degreetowhichallpeoplehaveaccesstoeconomic, social,andpoliticalopportunities,andspecificallytothe distributionofcostsandbenefitsbetweenrichandpoor Bovarnicketal.,2010.Inpractice,itistranslatedas benefitsorcostsforaspecificprojectthathaveto equallyimpactstakeholders.ˮ
Socialequity “…equalopportunitywasgiventoeveryonetovoicetheir inputandopinions,regardlessoftheirstatutoryor non-statutoryroleorthesectororinterestgroupthey represented,againwithregardtocross-border representation.ˮ
Equity “Therearethreemaincomponentstoequity:procedural, recognitional,anddistributionalMcDermottetal.,2013; Pascualetal.,2014.Proceduralequityreferstothe equality,inclusivenessorbalanceofparticipationinthe decision-makingprocess.Recognitionalequity recognizestheneedtoaccountfordiverseculturesand associatedvalues,pre-existingrightsandtenure,and traditionalmanagementandgovernancestructures Distributionalequityrelatestothefairdistributionofthe costsandbenefitsofconservationtodifferentgroups–acrossspace(eg togroupslivingnearandfarfromthe area)andtime(e.g.topresentandfuturegenerations).ˮ
Hilletal.2016, p.113
2016 Ocean GovernanceMPAs Jones2009b, Bovarnicketal 2010
Jayetal.2016, p.92
2016 Ocean GovernanceMSP N/A
Spaldingetal 2016,p.191
2016 Ocean GovernanceMPAs McDermottet al.2013, Pascualetal 2014
Equitable development
“Areactionstakentoensurepresentandfuturecostsand benefitsofconservationaredistributedamong stakeholdersandrightsholders,sothatoutcomesare consideredtobeacceptablebyallparties?ˮ
Equity “ wheredifferencesinsocialpositionandprivilegeare recognizedandaddressed.ˮ
Bennettetal. 2017a,p.413
2017 Ocean GovernanceConservation N/A
Equitable management
“…entailsthat:a)therights,cultureandknowledgeof localstakeholdersandcommunitiesarerecognized,b) thatproceduresbuildontheidealsofgoodgovernance–suchasparticipation,inclusion,transparency,accessto justice,accountability,andFree,PriorandIn-formed ConsentFPIC,andc)thatthebenefitsandburdensof conservationaremitigatedandmanaged21,75 78ˮ
Sardelisetal 2017,p.2 2017 Ocean GovernanceGovernance/Rese archDirective N/A
Bennett2018, p.141
Equity “Amulti-dimensionalconceptofethicalconcernsand socialjusticebasedonthedistributionofcostsand benefits,processandparticipation,andrecognition, underpinnedbythecontextunderconsideration Sometimesusedsynonymouslywithfairnessorjustice.ˮ
Outcome equity
“…anequitabledistributionofcosts(i.e.amountof resourcesnotavailabletopeople),benefits(ie amount ofresourcesprotected)orrisks(i.e.unprotected resources)betweenindividualsorgroupsofpeople
Friedmanetal 2018,p.3
2018 Ocean GovernanceSustainability McDermottet al.2013, Pascualetal. 2014, Schrekenburg etal2016, Zafra-Calvoet al2017, Lockwood 2010
2018 Ocean GovernanceEcosystem Services N/A
Kabbadjetal. 2018,p32
2018 Ocean GovernanceConservation Juffe-Bignoliet al2018, Capistrano& Charles2012,
affectedbytheconservationaction,althoughequitymay alsorefertobroaderconsiderationsthanconservation costs,benefitsandrisks10,14,15.ˮ
Equity “…insimpleterms,referstofairorjusttreatmentof individualsorgroupsˮ “has4dimensions:procedural, equitableinvolvementandinclusionofallstakeholder groupsinrulemakinganddecisions;distributional, equitabledistributionofcosts,benefits,rights, responsibilities,andriskwithinandamonggroupsfrom presentandfuturegenerations;recognitional,equitable respectforknowledgesystems,values,socialnorms, andrightsofallstakeholdersinpolicyorprogramdesign andimplementation;andcontextual,equitable considerationofthebroadsocial,governance, economic,andculturalcon-texts,pastandpresent(eg, powerdynamics,gender,education,ethnicity,age),that influenceanactorʼsabilitytogainrecognition,participate indecisionmaking,andlobbyforfairdistributionˮ
Socialequity “…isaboutrecognitionofmultiplevaluesystems, effectiveparticipationindecision-making,andjust/fair distributionofbenefitsandburdensPascualetal. 2014ˮ
Genderequity “…theprovisionofresourcesandopportunitiestoboth menandwomeninawaythatisnotnecessarilyequal butthataddressesthegenderinequalitiestoproducea levelplayingfield.ˮ
Kleinetal 2015a
Lawetal.2018, p295 2018 Ocean GovernanceConservation N/A
Martinez-Harms etal.2018, p.1527
2018 Ocean GovernanceSustainability
Vila-Concejoet al.2018,p.2
Pascualetal 2014
2018 Ocean GovernanceGovernance/Rese archDirective N/A
Justiceand equity “Whatarethesocialimpactsofenvironmentalchange, ecologicaldegradation,andpollutionfordifferent groups?Areallrelevantrightsholdersandstakeholders recognized?Howaredifferentgroupsincludedinor marginalizedfromdecision-makingprocesses?Whoare thewinnersandlosersofmarineconservation, management,anddevelopmentactivities?ˮ
Equity “ isunderstoodtoincludethreeelements:distribution (ofbenefitsandburdens),procedure(decision-making processes),andrecognition(whois acknowledged/includedandhow)71 73.ˮ
Bennett2019, p.80
Campbell&Gray 2019,p.196
2019 Ocean GovernanceGovernance/Rese archDirective N/A
Equity “…concernsallocationsdependentonparticipantsʼ contributionsoreffortsOlsthoorn2013,13 Nevertheless,applicationoftheconceptofequitymay deprivecertaingroupsofpeoplewhoareunabletomake contributionstosocialcapitalˮ
Socialequity “ therecognitionandfairtreatmentofallgroupsthat wouldbenefitfromorbeimpactedbyexistingornascent oceanindustries;theirinclusionindevelopmentplans andpoliciesthatwouldaffectthem,and;the achievementofamorejustdistributionofbenefitsand burdensfromtheseindustries18.ˮ
Equity “Thedistribution,procedure,andthecontextual dispositionofcapabilities,accesstoresourcesand power43.ˮ
Chungetal. 2019,p573
2019 Ocean GovernanceMPAs Dawsonetal 2017, Schreckenburg etal2016, Zafra-Calvoet al2017
2019 Ocean GovernanceMPAs Olsthoorn 2013
Cisneros-Montem ayoretal.2019, p.2
2019 Ocean GovernanceBlueEconomy
Pascualetal 2014
Diedrichetal 2019,p.7
2019 Ocean GovernanceMcDermottet al2013
Equity “…whenprocessesandoutcomesassociatedwithan interventionarefairandjustˮ…“Differencesinaccess, power,andcapabilities(contextualequity)playakeyrole inconservationoutcomes,bothintermsofwhois involvedindecisionmaking(proceduralequity)andwho ismostvulnerabletobeingdisproportionatelyaffected (distributionalequity)50.ˮ
Socialequity “…referstoequalandjustdistributionofcostand benefitsofmeasures,involvementofstakeholdersatall levelsandemphasisonlivelihoodmaintenanceor alternatives.ˮ
Equitable transition “…achievingthenecessarybalancebetweenthe economic,political,andenvironmentalaspects(the ‘energytrilemmaʼ)indecision-making,inorderachieve energyjusticeinpracticeHeffronandTalus,2016a; HeffronandMcCauley,2017;McCauleyandHeffron, 2018-thisissue-)ˮ
Socialequity “…amultidimensionalconceptofethicalconcernsthat referstofairnessandiscloselyrelatedtosocialjustice Friedmanetal 2018 Equityentailssupportforall membersofsocietyinproportiontowhattheyinitially haveorwhattheyneedtoreachatargetorminimumthat theyareentitledtoLawetal 2017ˮ
Gilletal.2019, p.349,361
Governance/Rese archDirective
2019 Ocean GovernanceConservation
Grimmeletal. 2019,p.142
McDermottet al2013
2019 Ocean GovernanceMSP N/A
Salvadoretal. 2019,p316
Zafra-Calvoetal. 2019,p.191
2019 Ocean GovernanceMSP McCauley& Heffron2018, Heffron&Talus 2016,Heffron &McCauley 2017
2019 Ocean GovernanceMPAs Friedmanetal 2018,Lawet al2017
Socialequity “DrawingfromMcDermottetal.2013,Pascualetal. 2014,Schreckenbergetal.2016andZafra-Calvoet al.2019,wedefinethethreedimensionsofsocial equityasfollows:
•Recognitionalequityreferstotheacknowledgement andre-presentationoftherights,culturesandidentities, valuesandvisions,knowledgesystemsandlivelihoods oflocalgroupsinconservationplanningand management;
•Proceduralequityconcernstheinclusiveandeffective participationofallrelevantactorsandgroupsinruleand decision-makingforconservationpoliciesandprograms; and,
•Distributionalequitysignifiesthefairnessofdistribution ofbenefitsandburdensbetweendifferentgroups, includingcurrentandfuturegenerations,ofthe outcomesofconservationactions.ˮ
Equity “ thenotionthateveryoneshouldhavewhattheyneed forwellbeingintheirgivencontext,andsustainability 30.ˮ
Bennettetal. 2020,p.2
2020 Ocean GovernanceMPAs McDermottet al.2013, Pascualetal. 2014, Schreckenberg etal.2016, Zafra-Calvoet al 2017
Equity “ referstofairorjust;thatis,thestatus,rights, opportunities,andsoforthmaydependonhistoricor currentposition,needs,andvariousotherconsiderations thatenabletheirenjoymentoraccess,andthesemaynot bethesameforeverypersonorgroup.ˮ...
“acknowledgesoneʼscircumstanceandrelativeposition thatinfluencetheabilitytobenefitequallydespitelaws
Blairetal 2020, p.5
2020 Ocean GovernanceEcosystem Services Leachetal 2018
Donkerslootetal 2020,p.1,8
2020 Ocean GovernanceFisheries N/A
dejure.Furthermore,equityattendstooutcomesand impactsthatmaybeunequalasaresultofcircumstances andpositionsofpower.ˮ
Socialequity “…representsanessentialissueforensuringequal treatment,evaluatingwhatconstitutesfairtreatmentin termsofbothsignificantoutcomesandritualmatters 30.requiresthatmarginalgroupsfavoraffirmative governanceactions30 Socialequityhasthree dimensions,whichareasfollows30,31
•Recognitionalequityimpliesthelimitorfacilitates peopleʼsaccesstothedecision-makingprocedures, benefits,andresources;
•Proceduralequityconcernsaninclusiveandactive involvementofallstakeholdersindecision-makingand rule-makingforconservationefforts;
•Distributionalequityreferstothefairnessofthe distributionofbenefitsandliabilitiesofconservation measuresamongthevariousgroups,includingthe presentandfuturegenerations.ˮ
Islametal. 2020,p3
2020 Ocean GovernanceEcosystem Services Campbell& Gray2019, Zafra-Calvoet al2019
Socialequity, inclusionand empowerment
“…referringmainlytothedistributionofimpactsacross differentpartsoflocalcommunitiesinthePAsandalso thelevelofparticipationindecision-makingprocessesˮ
Distributional equity “…anaspectofsocialequitythatconcernsthe distributionofcostsandbenefits37 40.ˮ
Jonesetal. 2020,p.136
Kockeletal. 2020a,p.2
2020 Ocean GovernanceMPAs N/A
2020 Ocean GovernanceFisheries Schreckenberg etal.2018, Sikoretal 2014,Martin etal2016,
Socialequity “…amultidimensionalconceptthatconcernsinjustices andinequitiesassociatedwithMPAs,including distribution,recognition,andprocedureequityHalpern etal.2013;Schreckenbergetal.2016.ˮ
Equity “theinclusionofmarginalizedgroups,women,youthand indigenouscommunities,ownershipˮ
Kockeletal. 2020b,p.145
Okafor-Yarwood etal 2020,p5
Equity "conceivedasfairdistributionofgoodsandlifechances, withaparticularattentiononthemost vulnerable" "Equity,aswellasequality,meansplacing particularemphasisonthosegroupswhoareeithermost vulnerable,standtobemost“harmedˮorwhose values/benefits,experiences,andformsofknowledge havebeenmarginalized/misrecognizedinMSP(and/or thebroadersociety) inotherwords,“theworstoffˮ."
Socialequity “…isconcernedwithfairnessandjusticeinhowpeople aretreatedorpublicpoliciesareformulatedand implemented.Thecurrentthinkingonsocialequityin conservationdrawsfromalonghistoryofthinkingand scholarshiponenvironmentaljusticeAgyemanetal, 2003;Schlosberg,2009;Walker,2012;Ulloa,2017; Engenetal.,2021,socialjusticeFraser,1998;Miller, 1999;Sikoretal,2014;Bennettetal,2019a),andsocial equityMcDermottetal.,2013;Pascualetal.,2014; Schreckenbergetal.,2016;Zafra-Calvoetal.,2017;
Saundersetal. 2020,p.5,7
Schlosberg 2007
2020 Ocean GovernanceMPAs Halpernetal 2013, Schreckenberg etal2016
2020 Ocean GovernanceBlueEconomy N/A
2020 Ocean GovernanceMSP N/A
Bennettetal. 2021,p2 3
2021 Ocean GovernanceConservation McDermottet al 2013, Pascualetal. 2014, Schreckenberg etal2016, Zafra-Calvo 2019, Agyemanetal 2003,Bullard
Dawsonetal.,2018;Friedmanetal.,2018.ˮ…
“Recognition- Theacknowledgmentandincorporation oftherights,tenure,culturalidentities,practices,values, visions,knowledgesystemsandlivelihoodsoflocal groupsintoconservationgovernance,planning,and management.Procedures-Theinclusionandeffective participationofallrelevantactorsandgroupsinruleand decision-makingforconservationpoliciesandprograms, whichrequiresgoodgovernancepracticessuchas transparencyandaccountability.Distribution-Thelevel offairnessinthedistributionofbenefitsandburdens betweendifferentgroups,includingcurrentandfuture generations,oftheoutcomesofconservationactions.
Management-Theextenttowhichlocalpeopleareable toparticipatein,carryouttheworkof,orberesponsible forandhavealeadershiproleinmanagementactivities.
Environment-Thequalityofthelocalenvironmentand natureʼscontributionstopeoplebasedonthe effectivenessofactionstakentomaintainecological sustainability,healthandproductivitythatpeopledepend onforfoodsecurity,livelihoods,culturalanchoring, health,andwell-being Contextual/Structural-The surroundingsocial,economic,andpoliticalconditions thatinfluencepeopleʼspre-existingstatus(intermsof wealth,socialcapital,assets/capabilities,andpower),as wellasthestructuresthatenableorunderminepeopleʼs abilitytoachieverecognitional,procedural,distributional, managerial,andenvironmentalequityinconservation initiatives.ˮ
Schlosberg
Equitable “…doesnotmeanthatallthebenefitsofaquaculture shouldbeequallydistributed,butitimpliesthatthey shouldbesharedfairlyandthat,importantly,any negativeimpactonpeopleandtheirlivelihoods,localor remote,noworinthefuture,shouldbeconsideredand formpartofprecautionaryorremedialstrategiesatthe broadersystemlevel.ˮ
Equity “ relatedtotheanalysisofdistributionalfactorsfor qualityoflifeandwell-being,andtoempowermentand participatoryprocesses.ˮ
Fairness, equity,and justice “...refertotherepresentationofdifferentgroupsin decision-makingprocesses,butalsototheconsideration ofdivergingviews,beliefs,interestsandneedsandhow inputisweighed(e.g.,PiwowarczykandWrobel,2016.ˮ
Oceanequity “Cicin-Sain5definesequitabledevelopmentas‘equity inthedistributionofbenefitsfromdevelopmentʼacross groupsinsocietyincludingrespectingtherightsof indigenouspeoples,acrossgenerations,andacross nationsˮ
Equity “…recognition(whoisacknowledged/includedandhow [decision-makingprocess]),anddistribution(ofbenefits andcosts),inanyconservationinitiativesBennettetal 2020;CampbellandGray2019;Zafra-Calvoetal.2019.ˮ
Brugereetal. 2021,p.2
2021 Ocean GovernanceAquaculture N/A
Frederiksenetal 2021,p.3
2021 Ocean GovernanceMSP N/A
Gileketal.2021, p6 2021 Ocean GovernanceMSP N/A
Huang&Mabon 2021,p.4
2021 Ocean GovernanceSustainability Cicin-Sain 1993
Islam2021, p.173 2021 Ocean GovernanceMPAs Bennettetal. 2020, Campbelland Gray2019, Zafra-Calvoet al 2019
Equity “…referstoboththedistributionofenvironmental‘goodsʼ (includingfisheries)andrisks(distributivejustice)aswell
Parsonsetal. 2021,p.17
2021 Ocean GovernanceN/A
asthefairnessofprocesses(proceduraljustice),which arecriticallyinfluencedbyintersectingfactors(including socialcapital,gendernorms,powerrelations,economic anddemographicconditions).Equity-basedpolicies, therefore,considerthejustnessofhowenvironmental goodsandthreatsaredistributedwithinandbetween differentgroupsofpeople(distributivejustice)andthe capacitiesofpeopletoparticipateinenvironmental governanceandmanagementacrossgenerations (proceduraljustice).ˮ
Equity “…istheprinciplethatpeopleshouldbetreatedas equals,inafairandjustmannerMcDermottetal,2013 Innatureconservation,equitymeansthatallpeople sharethecostsandbenefitsthatcomefromthe managementanduseofnaturalresourcesand ecosystemservicesMcDermottetal.,2013.ˮ
Socialequity “…emphasizetherightsofmarginalizedactors(e.g., disadvantagedactorsorthosewithgreaterrelianceon theresource).ˮ
Equity “…aconceptrootedinWesternlaw,philosophyand politicaltheoryHay1995ˮ…“Thefirstdimensionwas theoutcome-based/distributivedimension,referring to...equityinthedistributionofbenefitsandburdens (inclusiveofcostsaswellasresponsibilities)between genders,racesandethnicgroups,species,classesand nationstates.Theseconddimensionwasthe process-oriented/proceduraldimension,referringto
Governance/Rese archDirective
Schéréetal. 2021,p2 2021 Ocean GovernanceMPAs McDermottet al2013
Setoetal.2021, p245 2021 Ocean GovernanceFisheries N/A
Alexanderetal. 2022,p.298, 300 2022 Ocean GovernanceGovernance/Rese archDirective Hay1995
impartialityandfairnessintheprocessofdeliveringand administeringjustice.Thethirdwasthe concept/contextualdimension,referringtoinforming cultural,political,economicandsocialworldviews, knowledgesystems,actorsandattributesofthe situation,peoplesandnaturalsystems,andthe interrelatednessofecologicalconditionstothese."
Justiceand equity “ refer,ingeneralterms,torightandfairtreatmentof people–includingintheprocesses,applicationand outcomesofapublicpolicyororganizationalpracticeˮ… “variousdimensionsof‘oceanequityʼmightbedefined asfollows:
a)Recognitionalequity:theacknowledgementand considerationoflocalrights,values,visions,knowledge, needsandlivelihoodsinpolicyandpractice;
b)Proceduralequity:thelevelofinclusivenessand participationindecision-making,andtheembodimentof goodgovernanceprinciples(eg,transparency, accountability,responsiveness,consensusorientation andefficiency);
c)Distributionalequity:thedegreeoffairnessinthe allocationofbenefits,andtheminimizationofharmsto localpopulationsandamonggroups;
d)Managementequity:theextentoflocalcapacityfor, leadershipin,andauthorityovermanagementactivities;
e)Environmentalequity:thesafeguardingand maintenanceoflocalenvironmentalquality,sustainability, andnatureʼsbenefitstopeople;and,
Bennett2022, p.2 2022 Ocean GovernanceGovernance/Rese archDirective McDermottet al.2013, Pascualetal 2014, Schreckenberg etal2016, Zafra-Calvoet al2017, Bennettetal 2021, Engen etal2021
f)Contextualequity:theextenttowhichbroader contextualfactors(e.g.,economic,governance,social structures,climatechange,environmentalconditions, ruleoflaw)enableorunderminelocalsocialequityand theadvancementofequityinpolicyandpractice(see Figure1.ˮ
Equity “…recognizedasmulti-dimensional.Alongwith distribution,“theprocedurebywhichdecisionsaremade andwhohasavoice;andrecognition-acknowledgement ofandrespectfortheequalstatusofdistinctidentities, histories,values,andinterestsofdifferentactorsˮ Friedmanetal,2018,2ˮ “Thesethreedimensionsare embeddedin(orsurroundedby)‘enablingconditionsʼ McDermottetal.,2013,i.e.thesocial,economic, environmental,cultural,andpoliticalcontextinwhich effortstoadvanceequityareundertakenSikoretal., 2014;Martinetal.,2015;Zafra-Calvoetal.,2017;Gurney etal,2021;Lauetal,2021,tonameafew)ˮ
Socialequity “…referstomuchwiderissuesofrecognition,inclusion, andrestorativejustice,includingforhistorically marginalizedregionsorpeoples,andthisshouldbea fundamentalaspectofaBlueEconomyAllisonetal, 2020;Bennettetal.,2019.AsdefinedbyFriedmanetal. 2018,forexample,socialequityconsidersthe “distributionofcosts,responsibilities,rights,and benefits;theprocedurebywhichdecisionsaremadeand whohasavoice;recognition acknowledgementofand respectfortheequalstatusofdistinctidentities,histories,
Campbelletal. 2022,p2 2022 Ocean GovernanceGovernance/Rese archDirective Friedmanetal 2018, McDermottet al.2013,Sikor etal2014, Martinetal 2015, Zafra-Calvoet al2017, Gurneyetal 2021,Lauet al2021
Cisneros-Montem ayoretal.2022, p.2
2022 Ocean GovernanceBlueEconomy Friedmanetal 2018,Allison etal2020, Bennetetal 2019
values,andinterests;andcontext thesocial,economic, andpoliticalhistoryandcircumstances.ˮ
Equity “emphasize[s]therightsofmarginalizedactorsandseek tocounteracttheconcentrationofbenefitstothe historical‘winnersʼˮ
Equity “…including:(i)distributionalequity(equitabledistribution ofpresentandfuturecosts,benefits,andresponsibilities amongstgroups);(ii)proceduralequity(equitable involvementofallgroupsintheprocess);(iii) recognitionalequity(equitablerespectfordifferent knowledges,values,socialnorms,andgrouprights); and,(iv)contextualequity(equitableconsiderationofall past,present,andpotentiallyfuturepolitical,social, economic,andculturalcontextsthatinfluenceany groupʼsaccess,capability,andpower)69,103 These dimensionsofequityareinherentlyinterrelatedFig.2 69.ˮ
Equity “…inprotectedareascanbethoughtofinthree dimensions:recognition(acknowledgedlegitimacyof rights/valuesbystakeholders),procedure (inclusive/effectiveparticipationofstakeholders),and distribution(sharingofcosts/benefitsofmanagement betweenstakeholders)Schreckenbergetal.,2016; Zafra-Calvoetal.,2017.Allthreecomponentsmustbe integratedforequitableMPAestablishmentand management.ˮ
Davisetal. 2022,p.4
Kellyetal. 2022,p.8 9
2022 Ocean GovernanceFisheries N/A
2022 Ocean GovernanceSustainability McDermottet al2013, Sanborn-Jung 2021
Andradi-Brownet al 2023,p15
2023 Ocean GovernanceMPAs Schreckenberg etal 2016, Zafra-Calvoet al.2017
Socialequity “…therecognitionandfairtreatmentofallgroupsthat wouldbenefitfrom,orbeimpactedbyoceanindustries; theirinclusionindevelopmentplansandpolicies,andthe achievementofamorejustdistributionofbenefitsand burdens referringtoanoutcome"
Oceanequity “…translatesintosixdimensionsaccordingtoBennett 2022recognitionalequity(i.e.acknowledginglocal rights,knowledge,values,needsamongothers), proceduralequity(i.e.includingstakeholdersin governanceprocesses,ensuringtransparency,and accountabilityofprocedures),distributionalequity(i.e. fairnessinbenefitsallocation),managementequity(ie empowermentoflocalstake-holders),environmental equity(i.e.conservinglocalnature'shealthandbenefits topeople),andcontextualequity(thearticulationof multi-levelequityininstitutionstoensuresocial fairness).ˮ
Equity “ canbebroadlydefinedashavingthequalityofbeing fairandimpartialˮ…“Includesdimensionsof:(i) distribution,(ii)procedure,and(iii)recognitionSikoret al.,2014.Distributionalequity,orthefairdistributionof costs,benefits,rights,andresponsibilitiesamongsubjects(e.g.,individuals,groups)canincreasecompliance. Forinstance,paymentsforecosystemservices distributedinaccordancetolocalnotionsofequity improvedattitudes,legitimacyandcompliancein terrestrialprotectedareasPascualetal.,2014.Similarly, alackofproceduralequity,orfairnessof
Bakeretal. 2023,p.2
2023 Ocean GovernanceSustainability N/A
Berkowitz2023, p.84 2023 Ocean GovernanceGovernance/Rese archDirective
Bennett2022
Bersgethetal 2023, p.699 700
2023 Ocean GovernanceMPAs Sikoretal 2014,Pascual etal.2014, Raycraft 2020,Martin etal.2016
decision-makingprocesses,hasledtofishersprotesting theirperceivedmarginalizationthroughsub-tleactsof non-compliancewithMPAregulations(e.g.,useofdestructingfishinggears,sabotage,vandalism)Raycraft, 2020 Lastly,recognitionalequity,orformally acknowledging,respecting,andvaluingdifferences duringinteractionsanddiscourseisequallyim-portant Martinetal,2016ˮ
Equitable “…byconsideringnotonlythemostlucrativeactivitiesbut alsothediversityofactorsTrouillet,2020.Alsoby focusingonaproportionofactivitydecreaseandnota lossinvalueFlanneryetal,2018;FrazaoSantosetal, 2021;Kockeletal.,2020.ˮ
Boussarieetal. 2023,p.2
Healthequity “…theconditionwhereallpeoplehaveafairandjust opportunitytobeashealthyaspossible15.ˮ
Socialequity “ afairdistributionofopportunities,costs,andbenefits acrossindividualsorgroupsofpeople.ˮ
Curranetal. 2023,p.2
Furmanetal 2023,p.1
Equity “ involvesaworldinwhichallpeoplescanattaintheir potentialswhilecontributingtothegeneralgood;theydo notjustonlysurvivebutflourish.Thegoalforpromoting equityistomovebeyondhistoricalandsystemicbarriers thatlimitaccessinordertoachievegreaterfairnessof outcomes.ˮ...“Thefourdimensionsofequityinclude: Issifuetal 2023,p.3
2023 Ocean GovernanceMPAs Trouillet 2020, Flanneryetal. 2018,Santos etal.2021, Kockeletal. 2020a
2023 Ocean GovernanceMSP Bravemanetal 2018
2023 Ocean GovernanceFisheries N/A
2023 Ocean GovernanceBlueEconomy Wellsetal 2021, Österblomet al 2020, Hicksetal. 2022,
procedural,distributional,recognitionandcontextual Wellsetal.,2021.Proceduralequityinvolves participationingovernanceandinclusionindecision makingwhereasdistributionalequityinvolvesthefair distributionofbenefitsandminimizationofburdens Österblometal.,2020;Hicksetal.,2022.Recognition equityincorporatestherecognitionandrespectof diverseknowledgesystems,values,andsocialnorms Bennettetal.,2019.Italsoinvolvesrecognizingthe diversityofoceanactorsandtheirrights.Thefourth dimensioniscontextualequity,whichhighlightsthefact thattounderstandwhatisequitablerequires understandingthecontextandhistoryofspecificplaces andthecontextspecificsituationsthatpeopleface Alexanderetal,2021;Cisneros-Montemayoretal, 2022.Contextualequitythereforedenotesthebroad socio-economicandculturalcontexts,includingaspect ofthepastandpresentthatinfluencethecapacityofan actortoparticipateindecision–making,ensurefair distribution,andgainrecognition.Forexample,ethnicity, powerdynamics,age,gender,andeducationshouldplay aroleWellsetal,2021ˮ
Equity “…mustconsidertheinterestsofdifferentgroupsofthe currentgeneration(genderandyouth)andsafeguarding futuregenerationsˮ
Socialequity “…itsthreekeydimensionsofrecognition(e.g.,30, distribution(e.g.,19andprocedure(e.g.,36.ˮ
Bennettetal. 2019, Alexanderetal. 2021, Cisneros-Mont emayoretal. 2022
Jollyetal.2023, p.431 2023 Ocean GovernanceAquaculture N/A
Mainietal. 2023,p.4 2023 Ocean GovernanceConservation Gurneyetal 2021,Martin etal2016,
Equity “…isamulti-facetedconcept91,92ˮ…“thetermstands forthefairorjusttreatmentofindividualsorgroups94.ˮ
McMullenetal. 2023,p.12
Transparency andequity
“Createenvironmentswhereallstakeholderscanshare theirconcernscandidlyandrespectfullyandare consultedthroughouttheprocess Beawareof stakeholderpowerasymmetries,developingbest availablemeasurestoensureallvoicesareheard.ˮ
Monsantoetal. 2023,p.2176
Ruano-Chamor roetal2022
2023 Ocean GovernanceConservation Bodwitchetal. 2022, Crosmanetal 2022, Campbelletal 2022,Lawet al2018
2023 Ocean GovernanceConservation N/A
Equitable development
“ referstothefairdistributionofbenefitsand/orcosts amongindividualsorgroups.ˮ
Equity “…improveslivelihoodsandwellbeingbysustainingthe economic,cultural,spiritualandsocialconnections betweenhumansandthemarineenvironmentBetleyet al.2021.ˮ
Equity “ oftenbrokendownintothedimensionsofrecognition, procedure,anddistributionSchlosberg,2004. Recognitionalequityconcernstheacknowledgementand respectofrightsandsocio-culturaldiversity,inparticular theidentitiesandculturesofmarginalisedgroups Schreckenbergetal.,2018.Proceduralequityrelatesto
Ruano-Chamorro etal.2023, p.2724
Subramaniamet al 2023,p1135
2023 Ocean GovernanceFisheries N/A
2023 Ocean GovernanceFisheries Betleyetal 2021
Hampton-Smith etal.2024, p.1 2
2024 Ocean GovernanceConservation Schreckenberg etal.2018.
Ruano-Chamor roetal 2021 Deutsch1975, McDermottet
OceanNexusSpecialReport|AScopingReviewofOceanEquityinOceanGovernanceLiterature
howdecision-makingisundertakenandbywhom Ruano-Chamorroetal.,2021.Distributionalequity focusesonthedivisionofbenefitsandburdensamong actorsaccordingtoprinciplesofequality,need,or proportionality,forexample,accordingtomeritDeutsch, 1975.ˮ...“…otherframeworksalsoincludeelements suchascontextualequitywhichacknowledgethe politicalandculturalconditionsunderwhichequityis enactedMcDermottetal.,2013,orenvironmental equitywhichpointstothequalityofnaturalresources thatpeopledependonfortheirwellbeingBennettetal., 2021ˮ
al.2013, Bennettetal. 2021, Schlosberg 2004
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Schlosberg,D.2007.Defining EnvironmentalJustice:Theories, Movements,andNature.Naturessciences sociétésMontrouge),154,454 454. 2007 2 Peer-reviewed
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Appendix4ListofcitationrelationshipswithinthecitationnetworkbyNODEID
Note:Sourcesthatdonotciteanothersourceintheirdefinitionofequityappearto‘citethemselvesʼ(e.g.,SourceNODEID= 2,CitingNODEID2.Thisisstrictlyforthepurposesofcodingandvisualization.
Appendix8Listofarticletypecategoriesanddescriptions
Note: Articletypecategoriesweredevelopedandaggregatedduringthereviewprocesstobestreflectthepredominant natureofthearticlescollected.
Articletypecategory Description
Casestudy
Conferenceproceedings
Frameworkproposal
Legalreview
Literaturereview
Modelproposal
Policyreview
Theoreticalreview
Thinkpiece
Articlesthatinvestigateaspecificsubject,suchasaperson,group,event,orphenomenon,to understanditscomplexitiesandimplicationsinrelationtoothercasesanddrawtransferable conclusions.
Articlesthatserveasarecordoftheresearchanddiscussionssharedduringaconferenceor symposium
Articlesthatintroduceanddescribethein-depthformulationofanovelconceptualstructure designedtohelpresearchersbetterunderstandandinterpretphenomena.
Articlesthatcriticallyanalyzeaspecificlegalissueorcase Oftenwrittenbylegalprofessors, judges,orattorneys.
Articlesthatdescribetheresultsofasystematicsurveyofscholarlyandprofessionalsources (e.g.,books,journalarticles,reports)relatedtoaspecifictopicorcase.
Articlesthatintroduceanddescribethein-depthformulationofanovelexplanatoryorpredictive modeldesignedtorepresentaspecificsystem,process,orphenomenon.
Articlesthatanalyzeexistingpolicies,offeringinsightsintotheireffectiveness,merits,limitations, andimplicationsinaparticularcontext.
Articlesthatexamineexistingtheoriesrelatedtoaspecificdisciplineortopic,ofteninvestigating itsintellectualandconceptualfoundations.
Articlesthatpresentareasonedargumentorviewpointonatopic,providingcommentaryor intellectualdebateonthenatureofresearchandgovernance.Sucharticlestypicallydonotoffer adesignated‘methodologyʼsection.Articlesclassifiedas‘Opinionʼbyapublishingjournalwere
automaticallycategorizedas‘Thinkpieceʼ
Workshopproceeding Articlesthatserveasawrittenaccountofpresentations,discussions,orinsightsfroma workshop.
Note:Withanunderstandingthatthereexistsahighdegreeofinterplaybetweentopics,articletopiccategorieswere developedandaggregatedduringthereviewprocesstobestreflectthepredominantthemeandtargetaudienceofeach article.
Articletopiccategory Description
Aquaculture
Blueeconomy
Climatechange
Coastalmanagement
Articlesfocusingonthefarmingandharvestingofaquaticspeciesincontrolledmarine environments.E.g.,environmentalimpact,governability,publicopinion,etc.
Articlesfocusingonthedevelopmentof‘blueeconomiesʼonmultiplescales.Notethatwhile OceanNexusadoptsablueeconomydefinitionasproposedbySmallIslandDeveloping States23,thistopiccategoryalsoincludesarticlesthatdefineblueeconomyinalternativeways. Whiletherearetopiccategoriesconsideredasdimensionsorindustrieswithinablueeconomy (e.g.,fisheries,tourism,energy),articlesinthiscategorydiscussblueeconomiesinthe broader,conceptualorumbrellatermsense.
Articlesfocusingontheimpactsofclimatechangeonmarineenvironments.Whileclimate changeisadimensionmentionedinarticlesindifferenttopiccategories,articlesinthis categorydealspecificallywiththedirectimplicationsofchangesinclimatepatternsonthe ocean.E.g.,oceanacidification,marineeutrophication,adaptationandresilience,etc.
Articlesfocusingonthemanagementofcoastalregions Whilecoastalmanagementisa dimensionmentionedinarticlesindifferenttopiccategories.Articlesinthiscategorymore generallydiscussthemanagementofcoastalareasnotdesignatedexplicitlyasbeingpartofa marinespatialplan,forexample.E.g.,propertyrights,coastalsystemsmanagement,power dynamicsinco-management,etc
Ecosystemservices
Articlesfocusingonthevaluationofmarineresourcesandenvironments,specificallythrough anecosystemserviceslens.Whilefacetsofecosystemservicesareadimensionmentionedin
23 WorldBankandUNDESA2017ThePotentialoftheBlueEconomy—IncreasingLong-termBenefitsoftheSustainableUseofMarineResourcesfor SIDSandCoastalLeastDevelopedCountriesWashington:WorldBank).Availableonlineat: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/cee24b6c-2e2f-5579-b1a4 457011419425/content
Energy
Fisheries
Governance/research directive
articlesindifferenttopiccategories Articlesinthiscategoryexplicitlydiscusssaidfacets throughthelensofanecosystemservicesapproach.E.g.,tradeoffs,managementof ecosystemservices,evaluations,etc.
Articlesfocusingontheplanning,implementation,management,andimpactsofrenewableand non-renewableenergyintheocean.E.g.,offshorewind,deepseamining,tidalenergy,etc.
Articlesfocusingontheharvestingofaquaticspeciesfromfreshwaterormarineenvironments. E.g.,fisheriesmanagement,catchquotaallocation,stockassessment.
Articlesthatcallforlarge-scalechangestoglobal/internationalgovernancesystems(e.g., UnitedNations)andresearchinstitutions/practicesatlarge.Whiletherearearticlescategorized indifferenttopicsthatindeedcallforgovernanceactions,articlesinthiscategoryhavethe explicitandpredominantgoalofcreatingacaseforsaidlarge-scalechanges.
Health
Marineprotectedareas
Marinespatialplanning
Articlesfocusingonthehumanhealthimpactsofoceangovernanceanddevelopment.E.g., holisticapproachestohealth,healthsystems,etc.
Articlesfocusingontheplanning,implementation,andmanagementofmarineprotectedareas. E.g.,communityparticipation,effectiveenforcement,co-management,etc.
Articlesfocusingontheplanning,implementation,andmanagementofspatialplanningwithin marineandcoastalareas.E.g.,effectivemonitoring,equitableparticipation,integrationofsocial dimensions,etc
Naturalhazards
Sustainability
Tourism
Articlesfocusingontheimpactsofnaturalhazardsonoceanenvironmentsandcoastal communities.E.g.,sealevelriserelocation,flooding,hurricaneimpacts,etc.
Articlesfocusingonthelargersustainabilityofoceanscapes,ecosystems,andresourcesin general.E.g.,sustainabledevelopmentgoals,general‘oceansustainabilityʼ,triplebottomline, etc.
Articlesfocusingontheplanning,implementation,management,andimpactsoftourism venturesinmarineandcoastalspaces.E.g.,resourcestrain,localviews,ecotourism, Indigenoustourism,etc.
Appendix13Listofsourcetypecategoriesanddescriptions
Note:Sourcetypecategoriesweredevelopedandaggregatedduringthereviewprocesstobestreflectthesourcescollected.
Sourcetypecategory Description
Book/bookchapter
Sourcesthatarescholarlyornon-scholarlybooksorbookchapters.
Dictionary Sourcesthataredictionaryorencyclopediaentries.
Peer-reviewedarticle Sourcesthatarepeer-reviewedpublicationsfromanacademicjournal.
Report/whitepaper
Webpage
Sourcesthatarepoliciesorreportsbygoverningbodies,industryorganizations,etc.
Sourcesthatareembeddedtextfromawebpage.Thiscategorydoesnotincludeallonline sources(i.e.,reports,books,articles,etc.hostedonline).
Other Sourcesthatdonotfallintothepreviouscategories.
Appendix15Listofsourcetopiccategoriesanddescriptions
Note:Withanunderstandingthatthereexistsahighdegreeofinterplaybetweentopics,sourcetopiccategorieswere developedandaggregatedduringthereviewprocesstobestreflectthepredominantthemeandtargetaudienceofthearticle.
Sourcetopiccategory Description
Oceangovernance
Climatechange
Conservation
Development
Dictionary
Energy
Environmentaljustice
Sourcesfocusingonthegeneralgovernanceandimplicationsofoceanscapes,ecosystems,and resources.Giventhenatureoftheoriginalliteraturereview,sourcesfromtheprimaryliterature base(i.e.,Tier1sources)wereautomaticallycategorizedas‘oceangovernanceʼregardlessof interplaywithadditionaltopicsinthislist.
Sourcesfocusingontheimpactsofclimatechangeonterrestrialenvironmentsandinland communities.Whileclimatechangeisadimensionmentionedinsourcesindifferenttopic categories,sourcesinthiscategorydealspecificallywiththedirectimplicationsofchangesin climatepatterns. E.g.,adaptationandresilience.
Sourcesfocusingontheconservationofterrestrialenvironments.Whileconservationisa dimensionmentionedinsourcesindifferenttopiccategories,sourcesinthiscategorydeal specificallywiththegoalofenvironmentalconservation. E.g.,protectedareas,speciesatrisk, restoration,etc.
Sourcesfocusingonthenatureandimplicationsofdevelopmentinterrestriallandscapesand inlandcommunities.E.g.,sustainabledevelopment,unequaldevelopment,poverty,etc.
Sourcesknownasdictionariesorencyclopedias.Whilelexically,ʼdictionaryʼmaynotbeatopic, perse,itwasdesignatedatopiccategoryinthisstudytomostaccuratelyreflectanddifferentiate thenatureandtargetaudienceofsuchsources.
Sourcesfocusingontheplanning,implementation,management,andimpactsofterrestrial renewableandnon-renewableenergyventures Eg,windfarms,criticalminerals,oilandgas,etc
Sourcesfocusingontheimplicationsofinjusticeastiedtosystemsofoppressionandtheir manifestationrelatingtoterrestrialenvironments.E.g.,raceandexposure,classanddistribution, etc.
Equality
Equity
Gender
Geography
Health
Justice
Policy/report
Sourcesfocusingonthetheoryanddevelopmentofequality Whileequalityisadimension mentionedinsourcesindifferenttopiccategories,sourcesinthiscategorydealspecificallywith theunderpinningsofequalityasaconceptasopposedtoitsapplication.
Sourcesfocusingonthetheoryanddevelopmentoftheconceptofequity.Whileequityisa dimensionmentionedinsourcesindifferenttopiccategories,sourcesinthiscategorydeal specificallywiththeunderpinningsofequityasaconceptasopposedtoitsapplication.
Sourcesfocusingonthesocial,cultural,andhistoricalconstructionsofgender.E.g.,intersectional identitiesandgender
Sourcesfocusingonthespatialandtemporaldistributionsofphenomena,processes,and features.E.g.,humangeography.
Sourcesfocusingonhumanhealthimpactsunrelatedtomarineenvironments Eg,healthcare, healthequity,diseaseprevention,etc.
Sourcesfocusingontheconceptualizationanddevelopmentofjustice.Whilejusticeisa dimensionmentionedinsourcesindifferenttopiccategories,sourcesinthiscategorydeal specificallywiththeunderpinningsofjusticeasopposedtoitsapplication.
Sourcesknownaspoliciesorreportsbygoverningbodies.Whilelexically,‘policyʼor‘reportʼ may notbetopics,perse,theyweredesignatedatopiccategoryinthisstudytomostaccuratelyreflect anddifferentiatethenatureandtargetaudienceofsuchsources