Luetscher: Snow, Sun and Stars.

Contents Prologue by Adolf Ogi: Success and sustainability .. ........................................................................................... 7 Introduction: Taming the great outdoors ............................................................................................................. 8

Pages 11— 41

IN THE BEGINNING WAS THE LIGHT Tuberculosis patients travelled to the Alps to bene�t from its winter climate, and winter sports enthusiasts soon followed.

Switzerland: Land of freedom, paradise on earth ................................................................................................ 13 Johannes Badrutt: A technophile who believed in god, guests and the climate ........................................ 14 Skeleton: Ice and steel .................................................................................................................................................. 28 Elizabeth Main: A particularly active guest

...........................................................................................................

32

Melchior Ragetli: From dogsbody to concierge via London ............................................................................. 36 Pages 43 — 67

TWO BOARDS CREATE A REVOLUTION How skiing made more out of a winter in the mountains.

Ski fashion: From long skirts to stirrup pants ....................................................................................................... 47 Victor de Beauclair: A ski pioneer from Brazil . . ..................................................................................................... 50 Henry Lunn: The ski pioneer who never skied . . .................................................................................................... 53 The founding years: The 1920s was the decade that launched the classic ski races ................................. 58 Ski school: Skiing goes to school ............................................................................................................................... 65 Pages 69 — 85

GETTING UP THE MOUNTAIN No winter tourism without railways and cableways.

Rosa Dahinden: The woman behind the Rigibahn’s winter service............................................................... 77 Arnold Annen: A farmer builds a cable car . . ........................................................................................................... 81 Aeroport St. Moritz: The airport on a lake ............................................................................................................... 82 Pages 87—103

WINTER SPORTS GO OLYMPIC The Winter Olympics held in St. Moritz in 1928 and 1948 were a sign of the increasing social recognition of winter sports.

Ice hockey: Tour de Suisse in the eternal ice . . ....................................................................................................... 94 1948 Olympics: The memories of legendary sports reporter Sepp Renggli ............................................... 99 Nino Bibbia: A delivery boy won Olympic gold in skeleton racing – the sport of the rich .................... 102 Pages 105 —129

WINTER SPORTS EVERYWHERE How winter leisure activities and competitions became a national pastime and part of the country’s defence strategy.

Bobsled racing: Bob on the tracks and on the streets ......................................................................................... 110 Hollywood in Switzerland: Charlie Chaplin and other stars visit St. Moritz ................................................ 117 Alpine neighbours: Winter tourism takes over the entire Alpine region ..................................................... 122 Giovanni Testa: The saddler who developed a new skiing technique and new business models

. . ......

125

Pages 131—149

GREETINGS FROM PARADISE Posters were the medium of choice for attracting people to winter sports resorts.

Badrutt’s bet: A good story makes history .............................................................................................................. 133 St. Moritz’s directors of tourism: Shining guardians of the brand .. .................................................................... 137 Pages 151—167

WINTER SPORTS — A WEALTH OF DESIGN How the production of sports equipment developed from a craft to an industry.

Association for Osteosynthesis: Plates and screws instead of disability bene�ts . . ...................................... 155 Karl Molitor: Ski racer and shoe manufacturer

....................................................................................................

156

The Davos sledge: Plain and simply a sledge . . ....................................................................................................... 160 Architecture: Form follows function......................................................................................................................... 164 Pages 169—197

A NEVER-ENDING BOOM Following the Second World War, winter sports experienced a boom that lasted for decades, with skiing at the forefront.

Zermatt: One village’s late arrival as a winter sports hot spot . . ....................................................................... 174 Fridli Wyss: The reminiscences of a ski instructor

. . ............................................................................................

181

The Engadin Ski Marathon: A marathon lasts the distance ................................................................................ 186 Walter Gurtner: The master butcher who developed a ski resort . . ................................................................. 191 Art Furrer: A cowboy on skis ....................................................................................................................................... 195 Sapporo is at the heart of Switzerland . . .................................................................................................................. 196 Pages 199— 219

EXTENDING THE WINTER Glacier summer ski areas and snow-making machines extend the winter season, which in some locations is all about luxury.

Polo on snow: A summer event adapted to winter

.............................................................................................

Hartly Mathis: The pioneer of gourmet gastronomy on the slopes

................................................................

Gstaad vs. St. Moritz: What unites and distinguishes the two high-society destinations

.......................

205 208 210

Leo Jeker: The Alpine snow-making pioneer . . ..................................................................................................... 215 Pages 221— 235

BACK TO THE ROOTS The snowboard reinvents snow sport, while sleds, ski tours and winter hiking experience a revival.

Evelyne Vuilleumier: Snowboarding as a way of life ............................................................................................ 225 Xtreme: How much ice and rock can you handle? . . ............................................................................................ 228 Patrouille des Glaciers: An ironman in the snow.. .................................................................................................. 233

Epilogue: Two sides to every story .......................................................................................................................... 237 A look ahead: Trend researcher David Bosshart on the future of winter tourism .................................. 240 Afterword by David Moran: Britain’s fascination with Switzerland was crucial for winter tourism . 243 Appendix: Notes, Bibliography, Picture credits, Index, Special thanks, Authors and Co-Authors . 245

TAMING THE GREAT OUTDOORS Introduction by Michael Lütscher

One hundred and �fty years ago, the Alps were an undiscovered country for almost everyone born beyond its borders.

Buried under ice and snow, an entire world was waiting to be discovered. Although most passes were also used for transporting goods by sledge in winter and the snow certainly helped farmers move tree trunks and hay bales, the slopes and meadows were left untouched. When tourists began to discover the delights of the mountain in summer, the idea of spending the winter at these altitudes was still quite un­ imaginable. The locals in Chur tried to stop Johann Heinrich Mayr, an industrialist from Thurgau, from journeying through the Engadin in the winter of 1834. He would be blinded and freeze to death if he tried, they said. But Mayr, who already had a considerable journey behind him, was determined to escape the fog that clouded the valley; he ignored their advice and discovered a land of brilliant sunshine and crisp, clear air.

Heinrich Mayr was only a herald of the changes that were about to descend upon – or rather ascend to – these undiscovered heights. Winter sojourns in the Alps began in 1865 when doctors in England and Germany sent their tuberculosis patients to the Alps for a good long dose of winter sunlight and fresh mountain air. It worked.

The patients gradually turned into tourists, who admired the beauty of the winter landscape, described it in countless travel reports and – once they had convalesced – began to actively explore its possibilities. The English indulged in their passion for games and competitions and were soon racing all over the slopes and surfaces on skates and sledges, building ice rinks and tracks, and inventing new sports like bobsleighing and skeleton. The concept of winter sports was born. And when the Norwegian technique of skiing arrived in the Alps, the race to explore and exploit the potential of the snowy slopes began.

Small groups of international visitors were the �rst to winter in St. Moritz and Davos. Their numbers rapidly increased. They stayed for months, or even years, and some even set up businesses there. Switzerland in the 19 th century was a country of open borders.

The creation of winter tourism was an act of international cooperation, a product of the �rst phase of globalisation in the 19 th century. Doctors and clerics promoted the refreshing 8 Introduction

bene�ts of mountain air on the body and soul, while the local farmers, tradesmen and hoteliers found inventive solutions to meet the needs of these new guests from England, Germany and Holland, who then teamed up with the locals to make their time in the mountains as entertaining as possible.

Swiss winter tourism began in the mountains of Graubünden for a number of reasons. Firstly, St. Moritz already had a long tradition as a health resort. Shortly before the concept of winter tourism emerged, the resort’s summer business had experienced a sudden boom, which inspired pioneering hotelier Johannes Badrutt to move there. A second reason was the geographical location of Switzerland. Compared to Scandinavia, where Nordic skiing had been pursued as a sport since the 1860s, the winter days in the Alps were far longer. A third reason was the amount of literature that had already established Switzerland in the public imagination as a place of outstanding natural beauty and civil liberty whose attractions could be visited in summer. And �nally, the political situation in Europe helped the Swiss tourism industry on its way: Alexander Spengler, a political refugee who was granted asylum in Switzerland and who set up a medical practice in Davos, was the �rst to see that the mountain air might be just what tuberculosis patients needed, particularly in winter.

While Davos soon developed into an international health resort with one sanatorium lined up next to the other, St. Moritz became the world’s favourite winter playground from the late 19 th century to the outbreak of the First World War. It was the de�nitive resort, whose “natural splendours, childish amusements and social Darwinism” made it a prime target for British tourists, as a contemporary bon mot claimed. The Engadin had produced a large number of confectioners who had emigrated to Italy and become successful entrepreneurs with many international connections. They were far closer to the neighbouring country of Italy than their German-speaking compatriots, and were used to dealing with foreigners.

“The people of Engadin are good at the art of serving and getting rewarded for it”, says physician Peter Berry of St. Moritz, whose great-­grandfather played an important part in developing the winter season as the health resort’s physician. Remarkably, it was the locals who �nanced St. Moritz’s advancement as the world’s leading winter resort; in this early phase other resorts relied much more on external investment.

Although tourism in Switzerland was referred to as “Fremdenverkehr” (foreign tra≈c) until the 1980s, from the time of the Second World War, domestic tourists played a very important role in winter tourism. When foreign tourists stopped coming to Switzerland during the war, the industry beseeched the Swiss population to take up winter sports – with government support. “A nation on skis!” declared the posters that were later to establish the sport as an integral part of Swiss national identity in the 1960s and 1970s. The enthusiasm for skiing that took hold everywhere in the years following the Second World War soon established winter tourism as the main pillar of the economy in many places in rural Switzerland, far more lucrative than summer tourism had ever been.

The lonely wilds of the snowy mountains became ski areas with railways and cableways, ski lifts, and prepared pistes. The mountains had become the “playground” of E ­ urope

and the world, a metaphor coined by Leslie Stephen, an in­ trepid author and climber, who observed the behaviour of summer guests in Switzerland in the early 1870s.

The fact that the numerous railways and cableways, roads and second homes constitute a massive encroachment onto the mountain landscape is incontestable, but these are essential for the vital industry of tourism. Compared to the far greater level of development on the Swiss Plateau, they seem quite innocuous.

The mountains still oΩer the thrills that enchanted those adventurous pioneers to venture to these heights in winter 150 years ago – the dazzling light, the clear air and the bright, white snow. The mission of this book is to recall the emotions the Swiss Alps have evoked for all those years and to unravel the story of how this winter wonderland developed.

9

WINTER SPORTS EVERYWHERE Winter sports became a national pastime in the 1920s and 30s, and phrases like winter wonderland were on everybody’s lips.

During the Second World War, Switzerland de�ned itself as a nation on skis .

105 Classic fun on the ice: Ice-skating in Davos, 1920s.

I

n 1931, the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) published a small map of Switzerland advertising “cheap winter sport trips”.1 The map featured 180 diΩerent destinations to which the Swiss Federal Railways were oΩering a return ticket for the price of a single journey. The list of places included wellknown resorts such as St. Moritz, Davos, Engelberg, Grindelwald and Zermatt, as well as villages like Fleurier in the canton of Neuchâtel, Gänsbrunnen in the canton of Solothurn, Oberdiessbach in Emmental, and Speicher in the district of Appenzell.

In 1930, the winter sports region in Switzerland extended from the edge of the Swiss Plateau, the Jura and the foothills of the Alps.

Only a few resorts were equipped with ski lifts or mountain railways in those days. But the winter sports enthusiasts were quite content to crowd onto the trains with their cheap tickets and squat down between the “bulging rucksacks” in compartments that smelt of “freshly polished shoes”, “sausages”, “tar-�avoured wax”, “freshly baked bread and all sorts of tobacco”, as the SBB-Revue reported.2 The passion for winter sports, and skiing in particular, had spread like a virus through broad sections of the population by 1930. “Skiing has become all the rage in our country and may soon become our national sport”, enthused the President of the Swiss Ski Association Karl Dannegger.3 Surveys suggest that by the end of the 1930s, 500,000 of the total Swiss population of four million had taken up skiing.4 Gym squads soon discovered the delights of skiing, and willingly exchanged their evening training sessions in unheated gyms for the brilliant sunshine of the slopes.5 The working classes were equally keen on the new sport. In 1933, the Schweizerische Arbeiter-Turn- und Sportbund (the socialdemocratic Workers Gymnastics and Sports Federation) founded a ski association in Olten.6 Skiing also became part of the school curricula, even in the cities. In Zurich, schools started organising ski camps from 1924. The accommodation was very basic, almost Spartan, and the schoolchildren slept on straw mattresses.7 People even took to skiing in the cities themselves. Marcel Ditzler from Basel, the son of a chauΩeur, remembers being given a pair of skis by his godfather on his seventh birthday.

He tried them out in the city centre, and performed a few im106 Winter sports everywhere

pressive Christiania-style manoeuvres – which he had taught himself – on the river banks. Later, he and a friend would catch a tram to the suburbs and walk up the hills near Arlesheim or Dornach and ski back down.8 Alpine skiing was the trendiest winter sport of the pe­ riod. But it was certainly not the only attraction the glittering winter mountains had to oΩer. All the sporting genres introduced or developed in the Belle Époque, such as the team games on ice, the so-called gymkhanas, including the carnival and ice-skating, were still going strong. British guests still loved curling and the locals soon developed a taste for this entertaining game and set up their own clubs. The �rst curling hall was built in Engelberg, giving players a certain independence from the weather.9 In St. Moritz, guests continued to play tennis in winter, but had moved into a purpose-built hall in the Palace hotel. People sailed across the ice on skids, and a round track for speed skating modelled on Davos was erected on the lake, an example that was soon followed in Engelberg.10 Inspired by St. Moritz and Arosa, winter horse races were also held in Gstaad in Saanenland, but on solid ground rather than frozen lakes. Skikjöring was also hugely popular; in St. Moritz an English aristocrat even attempted to replace the horse with a small aeroplane.11 In many places where tra≈c was not a problem, people still went skikjöring on the streets, or used the roads as bobsled tracks, widening curves and building up walls. In the 1920s, 34 Swiss resorts were equipped with at least one bobsled track, which was also sometimes used for skeleton racing (see “Bob on the tracks and on the streets”, p. 110).12 Bob tracks could also be found in St. Imier in the Jura, Champéry in the Lower Valais, and Schindellegi in the canton of Schwyz, where the track leads down the road to Pfä≈kon on the banks of Lake Zurich.13 In the 1920s, temperatures in winter were an average 0.7 degrees lower than they are now.14 Ski jumps were a huge attraction everywhere. Every winter sport resort had one, and so did other places that could lay no comparable claim to fame like Berne’s local mountain, the Gurten, or Langnau am Albis, Weissenstein and Sainte-Croix in the Jura.15 It was an age when one world record followed another. In Villars VD, Sigmund Ruud from Norway leapt a stunning 84 metres from the Bretaye ski jump in January 1933, a world record at the time. The record was broken just one

106

106  Relaxing in the sun on the slopes above Arosa in the 1940s.

107

107

month later by Henri Ruchet of Switzerland, who jumped 87 metres.16 Ski jumping was the “craziest thing the winter mountains had to oΩer”.17 Spectators crowded to watch the �ights of the daredevil stuntmen, whose jumps were visually far more spectacular than the sober V-style of today. They thrashed around wildly with their arms, as if they were trying to use them as propellers. The photographers usually chose the most photogenic moments when the jumpers’ arms were stretched high above their head.

Illustrated magazines lavished pages of spectacular pictures on this new sport, as well as bob and ski races, and the sculptures that graced the streets of many winter resorts: ibex, bears, wolves, ice hockey or curling players carved in ice and snow. “Switzerland as a winter paradise” is how the SBB-Revue, the illustrated monthly published by the Swiss Federal Railways, summed up the winter sporting landscape in 1927, a view echoed by international publications everywhere. “The Elysium of snow”, wrote an English article in the SBB Revue just one year later 18, while a Dutch article reported “Zwitserland, het Winterparadijs” – “Switzerland, the winter paradise”.

“No country is as rich in attractions for skiers as Switzerland, whose fame as a tourist destination and excellent transport facilities enables the visitor to indulge in a sumptuous feast of natural beauty and sporting delights”, reported a travel guide to the Alpine skiing areas in 1932.19 108 Winter sports everywhere

108

107 Ploughing through the snow: Corviglia above St. Moritz, 1936.

108 Horse racing in Gstaad, around 1920.

109

BOB ON THE TRACKS AND ON THE STREETS Invented in St. Moritz and Davos around 1890, bob-sled racing quickly became a hugely popular outdoor pursuit, whose heyday was between the wars. preferred to remain seated like the men in top hats in the photograph, 25 as did most others who tried the new sport.

Bobsled racing was more about fun than competition and was defined, in an early protocol of the St. Moritz Bobsleigh Club (SMBC), founded in 1897, as a “social sport for guests of either gender and all ages”. For this reason, the SMBC decided that the sport did not require a track of its own like the Cresta Run. 26 They preferred to stick to the roads and dashed down from St. Moritz to Celerina on compacted snow instead.

The new sport found many enthusiasts in Arosa and Davos before 1900, and the passion soon spread to other places.

People bobbed from Les Avants down to Chamby above Montreux, from Leysin

109

down to Aigle, from Engelberg to

The picture on the right features six men

racing. The first to produce a bob was the

Grafenort.27 In the Engadin, people even

in top hats and white pullovers sitting

American Stephen Whitney. He bolted

bobbed over the Albula, Bernina and

on a long, flat sled in front of a rather im-

two flat “American” sleds together with a

Maloja passes.28 There was hardly any

posing building. Looking jauntily into the

wooden board and equipped the front

traffic on the roads in winter, especially

camera, they are clearly about to set off —

one with a steering mechanism. He tried

since the railways connections had ex-

but where to? Were they going on one

it out for the first time in late 1888 on the

panded and improved.

of the traditional horse-drawn sledging

track from Davos to Klosters. He was so

The railways were one reason why

parties known as Schlitteda? Far from it!

fast that his sled was excluded from the

the members of the St. Moritz Bobsled

They were about to compete in the first

International Races in February 1889. 21

Club decided to build a bob track in 1903

ever bobsled race.

Whitney entered the race with a standard

after all.29 The Rhaetian Railway was ex-

sled and won it just the same. 22

tended to Celerina that year, which meant

The men hadn’t donned their top hats for the benefit of the photographer. They

there was more traffic on the road up to

kept them on all the way down the Cresta

Bob smith

Run, where the race took place. The local

Whitney probably modelled his invention

water, which soon iced over in the cold.

newspaper reported: “The crew caused

on contraptions used by North American

It was inaugurated on 1 January 1904 as

some amusement by wearing top hats.”20

lumberjacks, who transported tree trunks

the first bob track in the world. 30

In its early days, bobsled racing

by putting the top of the trunk on one

St. Moritz. A run was built of snow and

This example was soon followed

was a sport for gentlemen, pursued by

small sled and the bottom on another. 23

elsewhere. Bob tracks were built in

the English aristocracy, although a team

Once he was seen dashing down the

Davos, Pontresina, Caux and Montana. In

of locals participated in the first race too,

slopes with his fancy invention, Whitney

Les Avants, Mürren and Engelberg, spe-

led by a young member of the Badrutt

soon had many imitators. The local smith

cial mountain railways were built to carry

hotelier clan.

in St. Moritz, Christian Mathis, who had

passengers and their bobs up the moun-

made the first steel skeleton in 1889, bolt-

tain (see “Getting up the mountain”, p. 69).

For the first race, the bobsled racers were allowed to use the Cresta Run

ed two of them together using a wooden

The longest artificial run of 4.2 km

in St. Moritz. The skeleton season was

board. The contraption was steered with

was built in Grindelwald — almost three

already over, so the damage inflicted

ropes. That was the first real bob, which

times the length of the track in

on the track by the rake-shaped brakes

came to be known as a bobsled.24

St. Moritz.31

that were slammed on at every corner was deemed immaterial.

Skeletons and their prototypes provided the basic inspiration for bobsled

110 Winter sports everywhere

At the first bobsled race, only a few

J. J. Astor, the American investor,

contestants dared copy the skeleton

­inventor and hotelier, donated the Astor

­racers and risk taking the track in a head-

Cup to St. Moritz in 1899.32 More ambi-

first, belly-down position. Most of them

tious teams were identified by uniform

clothing, usually pullovers marked with a

and the Bachmann brothers in Val de

them going. Increased winter traffic also

particular symbol, such as a giant beetle.

Travers in Neuchâtel. One of the most

meant that roads could no longer be used

For bobsledding is a question of team-

celebrated craftsmen was Karl Feier­

for the purpose. A stocktake from 1942

work and at that time usually involved

abend, a plumber and mechanic from

lists 14 bob tracks, most of which were in

five people, who leaned to the right or

Engelberg.

the Romandie 38, a great difference to the 1920s when 34 resorts still had at least

one bob track.39 A group of bob enthusiasts in Zurich went against this trend and built a new track in Girenbad in the highlands around Zurich in 1951. It closed in 1968.40 The craftsmen who made the bobsleds experienced a similar decline. The celebrated Feierabend bobs were outstripped ­technologically by Italian manufacturers Podar and Siorpaes, who were making lighter and faster models. 41 Gunter Sachs saves the bob track In the 1960s there was a time when there were only four bob tracks left in the world. 42 In Switzerland there was just one place left to practise the sport — in St. Moritz. This track survived thanks to its wealthy patrons. Industrial heir Gunter

110

Sachs took charge of the St. Moritz Bob

the left in the curves, according to the command of the driver.33

All the manufacturers were able to

Club in 1969 and financed a part of the

start exporting their products before the

infrastructure. 43 The tone in the once very

First World War, as the enthusiasm for

British-style club changed as the sport

of whether it was better to compete in a

bobsledding spread. As sports historian

­increasingly became the domain of pro-

­belly-down or upright position divided

Max Triet writes: “The influence of

fessionals. “The social life in the club is

bobsled enthusiasts into sporting and

St. Moritz caused bob tracks to mushroom

not what it once was,” admits Rolf Sachs,

lifestyle contestants. The belly-down

all over the Alpine area.” 36 In 1914, the

son of Gunter Sachs and his successor as

position was more aerodynamic and en­

first European championships were held

President of the Bob Club. Instead it has

abled contestants to reach higher

in the German resort of Winterberg. The

become “a lot more professional”.44

speeds. Because of this and the practical

International Bobsled Federation was

impossibility of braking in this position,

founded in 1923, and in 1924 the sport

pionships and the Olympic races of 1928

it was banned in 1931. 34

became an official Olympic discipline

and 1948, is now operated by the munici-

(first won by a team from Leysin), and in

palities of St. Moritz and Celerina. It has

1930 the first world championships were

become the world’s only natural ice track,

held in Caux.

which workers from South Tyrol build

From 1912 onwards the question

Swiss bobs top exports A technical innovation replacing the two ropes with a steering wheel made the

By 1930, bobsledding had reached

The Run, the scene of 20 world cham-

at the beginning of every winter with

head first, belly-down position easier to

the apex of its popularity. After that, inter-

shovels, snow and water. Racing down it

handle, in a fashion retained until the

est in the sport waned. Skiing was the

is still a breathtaking experience, with

1930s. The 1928 Winter Olympics also

great new attraction, as the Briton Hubert

speeds of up to 80 mph. And anyone can

featured a bobsled race with five-man

Martineau, President of the SMBC from

try it out under the care of experienced

crews.35

1922 to 1969, confirmed. The “social

drivers — upon request, even in a 75-year

­significance” of the sport had changed.

old Feierabend bob.

The sleds basically consisted of a thick wooden board mounted on an iron

Until 1928, practically all bobsledders had

frame with runners. A few models of the

been guests at the Palace in St. Moritz.37

sled had a small hull at the front, but most

Later aficionados stayed in less glamor-

sleds were still completely open. Some

ous establishments and stayed away from

of these early models can be admired in

many resorts.

local museums.

The bobsleds were made by skilled

By the outbreak of the Second World War, many bob tracks had vanished from

craftsmen, including Christian Mathis

the Swiss slopes, as the money and

in St. Moritz, August Hartkopf in Davos,

­enthusiasm were no longer there to keep

109 French bobsleigh team take to the track belly-down at the 1928 Olympics in St. Moritz.

110 Sporting top hats, this crew gets ready for the first bobsleigh race in St. Moritz, 1892.

111

Express trains from Amsterdam, Berlin, Calais and Paris brought tourists straight to Chur, Interlaken and Spiez in the foothills of the Alps, from whence they were immediately transported up to the winter resorts in the Bernese Oberland and Graubünden.45

CONSEQUENCES OF FIRST WORLD WAR By the mid-1920s, guest numbers in St. Moritz had outstripped the boom years of the pre-war period 46 (no comparable statistics are available for other areas of Switzerland). This was fortunate indeed, for war had caused a drastic slump in revenues.

The absence of tourists brought railway companies and many hotels to the brink of bankruptcy. The Belle Époque, as the pre-war era was often referred to, was a time of excess and abundance. Many hotels were heavily in debt, and the Swiss Hoteliers Association appealed to the state for relief. The national government did indeed come to the aid of the hotel industry, which accounted for four percent of GDP in 1913.47 In 1915, a regulation for the “protection of the hotel industry” was passed, eΩectively shielding insolvent hotels from the claws of impatient creditors, while also obliging hotels to obtain authorisation for extensions and new buildings. It was the �rst of several state interventions in the interests of the tourism industry.48 State loans issued by the Schweizerische Hotel-Treuhand-Gesellschaft, founded in 1921, were an important part of the support schemes. In Graubünden, a canton that relied heavily on tourism, local communities had already teamed up with the cantonal bank in 1914 to found the Bündner Kreditgenossenschaft with this very scenario in mind.49 A loan from this bank enabled Hotel Kulm in St. Moritz, the pioneer of winter resorts, to avoid bankruptcy.50 Help came too late for some businesses, though. The Dufour dynasty, which had laid the foundations of winter tourism in the Romandie, lost its hotels in Les Avants during the First World War. 51 Many pre-war guests found themselves in similar circumstances. The October Revolution in 1917 had dispossessed all the Russian princes and the aristocracy, if they were lucky enough to escape execution. The collapse of the German Kaiserreich and the Austro-Hungarian Empire was a less lethal though still humiliating feat for the rich and powerful. The 112 Winter sports everywhere

111

111 Poster for the first four-man bob world championship.

112 Bob with a view: Grindelwald, 1920.

113 Crash on the bob run in St. Moritz, probably around 1920.

112

113

113

114

114  Winter sports everywhere

GRAUBÜNDEN TOP OF THE TOURIST AGENDA Hotel stays in the main winter tourist regions

1,258

1,383

Graubünden Bernese Oberland Vaud Alps Valais

1933/34

115

114 Ski-jumping in Gstaad, 1917.

1938/39

191

396 190

138

191

329

333

290

432

925

In thousands

1944/45

Source: Swiss Federal Statistical Office 52

f­ugitive Kaiser Karl of Austria checked into the Palace in St. Moritz, but the local authorities obliged him to pack his bags and leave the next day.53 It took quite a while for foreign guests to venture back into the mountain idyll. Border controls had been introduced and nationals of most states now required visas to enter the country.54 The currencies of all the countries involved in the war were in crisis, and Germany, as the country which had started and lost the war, was subjected to crippling reparation payments and had slipped into a dizzying spiral of in�ation by 1923. Banknotes were worthless almost as soon as they were printed. However, landowners and creditors bene�ted from the situation, and they now became the clients of the Swiss resorts. The Roaring Twenties were in full swing, and soon left their mark on the mountains.

The aristocracy was increasingly replaced by the nouveaux riches and �lm stars. It was the age of the silver screen and its stars. Hans Albers, Marlene Dietrich, Douglas Fairbanks and Charlie Chaplin all came to St. Moritz and stayed at the Palace, which the grandson of Johannes Badrutt had turned into a VIP establishment.55 Waiters in tails and skates 115

117

118

116

116 Skating waiter, St. Moritz, around 1935.

117 Hans Badrutt, master of the Palace for 50 years.

118 Actor Hans Albers in St. Moritz, around 1930.

119 Charlie Chaplin and Douglas Fairbanks in St. Moritz in 1931.

116 Winter sports everywhere

served drinks to the guests on the ice rinks in front of the Palace and other luxury hotels.

Some of the guests followed in the footsteps of the th 19 -century pioneers and set up exclusive clubs like the Corviglia Ski Club (see “Charlie Chaplin in the winter circus”, p. 117).56 In this period, the region around Gstaad developed into a second Swiss location for the rich and famous (see “Being rich together”, p. 210). The area’s proximity to the cities of Lucerne and Geneva and the direct railway connection to the tourist magnet of Montreux was one reason. The second was the fact that Le Rosey – the most expensive and exclusive boarding school in western Switzerland – moved its winter quarters to Gstaad in 1916. Sport was an important part of the school’s curriculum, designed to equip its protégés with the necessary sporting and social skills for their future lives. In the 1930s, the school counted the future Shah of Persia and the future Prince Rainier of Monaco among its pupils.57

CHARLIE CHAPLIN IN THE WINTER CIRCUS The stars of the silver screen were the new generation of aristocrats who graced the slopes of St. Moritz between the wars.

“Everyone got a great surprise when the

the Swiss aviation pioneer Walter Mittel-

world famous film star Charley [sic] Chap-

holzer.68 However, the odd aristocrat was

lin walked unannounced into the Palace

still seen around St. Moritz. Chaplin re-

Hotel on Sunday afternoon,” reports the

ported sharing a lift with the former heir

English-language guest newspaper Al-

to the German throne, who had appeared

pine Post in December 1931.58 The little

in comic guise in his movie Shoulder

tramp with the bowler hat, hooked cane,

Arms.69

bushy moustache and waddling gait was

The Engadin Express & Alpine Post-

an international sensation. In fact, he al-

still published the guest lists of all the ho-

ready had a double waiting for him in

tels every week. The stars rather enjoyed

St. Moritz — figure-skater Harry Witte, who

the publicity, as Marcella Maier reports of

regularly dressed up in the style of the

her encounter with Hans Albers.70 Despite

greatest star of the silent screen.

their occasional forays among the folk,

59

The real Chaplin turned up in

the rich and famous formed a closed soci-

St. Moritz at the invitation of his friend

ety, whose feathers were not even ruffled

and business partner, fellow actor Doug-

even by the economic crisis and the

las Fairbanks. “I’ll order fresh snow for

Great Depression. These were “glamorous,

your arrival. Am expecting you,” reads

guilt-ridden, escapist years”, when the

the telegram Fairbanks sent to Chaplin.60 That seemed tempting enough, even to

beau monde partied away the days and

119

nights at the Palace. Gustav Doebeli,

the self-confessed egocentric, who had

lene Dietrich and Luis Trenker were just

legendary barman of the Palace, would

had previously expressed his aversion

some of the famous names to grace the

open no less than one hundred bottles

to the “ominous presence” of the moun-

winter slopes.

of champagne for the evening apéro,

tains, which gave him a “feeling of

The stars all flocked to the Palace

futility”.61 Chaplin had planned a two-week so-

while Teddy Stauffer’s jazz band encour-

hotel, which was run by Hans Badrutt

aged the stars and their entourage to

( 1876 —1953 ), grandson of the Kulm’s

take to the dance floor.71

journ, but was so pleasantly surprised

founder, Johannes Badrutt. The Palace at-

In 1930, the gaudy mix of the haute

that he ended up staying in St. Moritz for

tracted a cosmopolitan crowd of interna-

volée in St. Moritz decided to assume an

over two and a half months, from mid

tional celebrities, a contrast both to the

official social form with the Corviglia

December 1931 to early March 1932.62

stuffy “British establishment club”, which

Ski Club. Invited by the Spanish Duke of

On Fairbanks’ insistence, he learnt to ski,

the Kulm and Suvretta House had be-

Alba and the Italian Prince di Sangro,

which he found a lot more complicated

come, and the “Temple of Mammon”, as

100 guests were present at its foundation,

than expected but tremendous fun. He

the neighbouring Grand Hotel was nick-

including fashion designer Coco Chanel

watched the bob and skeleton races, but

named.

and auto manufacturer Edoardo Agnelli.

didn’t dare have a go himself. He made

66

The house next to the mountain station of

up for it by diving into the social life with

Glamorous escapism

its panoply of dinners, balls, fashion

The collapse of the German Kaiserreich,

sive meeting point for celebrities on

shows and charity events.63

the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the

the piste, a character it still retains today

Russian Empire at the end of the First

(see “Being rich together”, p. 210 ).

Chaplin found himself among a host of celebrities. These included automotive

World War obliged the luxury hotel seg-

manufacturer André Citroën, who showed

ment to find its customers elsewhere.

him his new caterpillar vehicle; Lady

Victors and profiteers were regular guests

Edwina Mountbatten, wife of the future

in the 1920s, as well as glamorous eccen-

Viceroy of India,64 and Hollywood diva

trics like the Greek arms dealer and philanthropist Basil Zaharoff.67 Representa-

Gloria Swanson, who claimed never to wear the same article of clothing twice.

the Corviglia funicular became an exclu-

65

The list of film stars who visited

tives of industries as extravagant as they were flourishing, like cosmetics pioneers

St. Moritz in winter in the 1920s and 30s is

Helena Rubinstein and Elizabeth Arden,

as long as the railway track down to the

were also among the guests. The press

valley. Mary Pickford, Adolphe Menjou,

titan Lord Beaverbrook even had himself

Alfred Hitchcock, Paulette Goddard, Mar-

flown to the mountains from England by

117

120

AVALANCHE RESEARCH — A consequence of winter tourism Avalanches were a serious impediment to the development of winter tourism in the mountains.

In 1917, an avalanche buried a train near Davos, killing eleven people.72 The need for year-round access to railways and roads, electric cabling, and the popular passion for skiing required the tourism industry to find out more about avalanches. Simply avoiding the avalanche paths, as mountain inhabitants had traditionally done, was no longer an option. The national government had issued recommendations for building avalanche protection barriers in the late 19 th century, but until after the First World War, knowledge about the workings of avalanches had been limited to regional and subjective experiences.73

121

It was Wilhelm Paulcke, a German with a strong attachment to the Swiss mountains, who made the decisive move to put research on snow and avalanches on a scientific basis. 74 He was a professor of geology at Karlsruhe University who had learnt to ski in Davos and later became a pioneer of the sport. Upon his urging, government representatives, the ETH Zurich, the railways and various power stations founded an Expert Commission for Avalanche Research in 1931. The Commission was based in Davos and conducted its research in five different places.75 Attempts were made to shoot down avalanches with trench mortars.76 From winter 1936 / 37, the Swiss Ski Federation broadcast infor-

mation on snow conditions and avalanche hazards, and the army began to take an interest in research results.77 In 1942, the Commission became the Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research.

Unimpeded by the disruptions of wartime, it grew into the world’s leading institute of its kind.78

118 Winter sports everywhere

The presence of such illustrious boarding schools in the Saanenland soon led the pupils’ parents to discover the pleasures of the Alpine foothills for themselves. The Royal Hotel and Winter Palace, a fairy-tale castle that towered above the village with its simple farmhouses, provided them with suit­ able accommodation.79 The winter season soon became all the rage in Gstaad, St. Moritz and entire regions of Switzerland. In the winter of 1930/ 31, Graubünden, the country’s most popular winter sports region, attracted more tourists than in summer. However, the rise in winter tourism came at the price of a slump in summer – some guests had simply switched the season when they chose to visit Switzerland.80 The number-one holiday destination had also begun to attract competition. Neighbouring Alpine states like Germany, Italy and Austria had also discovered the winter goldmine and started to invest in its potential. In some places, the ­railways and hotels were now of a more modern standard,

198 One hat for all: Zurich school children at ski camp, all wearing the SKA hat.

199 Everybody’s skiing: The ­record sleeve of Vico Torriani’s ­well-known hit single, 1963.

200 A star in the snow: Film a ­ ctress Romy Schneider on Corviglia in St. Moritz, 1960.

200

The Thiokol vehicles were imported by Ratrac, who sold them under its own brand name.67 The name Ratrac soon became synonymous with piste-bashing machine . These mechanical caterpillars were most useful after fresh snow had fallen; on steep slopes, however, the grooves carved out by the skis would quickly expose the natural bumps in the ground again.

In order for the snowcats to traverse the pistes unhindered, these needed to be free of obstacles. Bulldozers are used in the summer to �atten the slopes.68 In the 1950s, sporadic eΩorts were made to remove rocks and rubble from the ski �elds, as well as felling individual trees, removing bumps in the ground, and �lling in dips.69 Blowing up rocks and moving earth and rubble with bulldozers seemed to be the summer entertainment programme in the ski areas.70 Every �attened, bashed and groomed piste and every new cableway spelt the arrival of more skiers. Typically, there were always more people wanting to ski than could be accommodated. On Sundays, the valley stations of many cableways were crowded with eager skiers who queued for hours; at least the queue tickets issued at the Corvatsch and Diavolezza cableways and several others made the wait less arduous.71

It would seem that easy-listening artist Vico Torriani got it right with his 1963 hit Alles fährt Ski: Everybody’s skiing, the whole nation’s on skis. Skiing was a populist sport, and it helped post-war Switzerland to recapture its national identity. Skiing also oΩered an aura of exclusivity – not unlike the pop music that was conquering the world at the time.

STARS ON THE SLOPES In 1965, one of the biggest stars of pop made it onto the pistes of St. Moritz – John Lennon of the Beatles. Lennon, his wife Cynthia and his producer George Martin stayed at the Palace Hotel for two weeks.72 Movie hero James Bond also took to skiing. Mürren and its new aerial cableway to the Schilthorn were used as a �lming location for On Her Majesty’s Secret Service in 1968 / 69. The villain of the story took up residence in the revolving panoramic restaurant atop Piz Gloria , as the Schilthorn was known in the �lm. Bond pursued his antagonist across summits and glaciers and even down the bob run, which had been rebuilt especially for the �lm.73 In the real world, the rich and powerful also took up residence in Switzerland’s Alpine wonderland. The Shah of Per183

201 Curling with James Bond: During the filming of On Her ­Majesty’s Secret Service on the Schilthorn, 1968.

202 The Shah on a sled with his wife Farah Diba and their children in St. Moritz, 1975.

203 John Lennon on the pistes of St. Moritz, 1965.

204 Gunter Sachs with his future wife Mirja (l.) and Gita Wranding, presenting clothes from the ­Micmac boutiques owned by Sachs, St. Moritz, 1969.

201

sia, whose wealth and in�uence was based on his country’s geostrategic importance and vast oil reserves, had purchased a pied-à-terre in St. Moritz, the Villa Suvretta located next to the luxury hotel Suvretta House. Together with his wife Farah Diba and their children, the Shah journeyed to St. Moritz every winter in the 1960s and early 1970s for skiing (as well as receiving dignitaries such as British prime minister Edward Heath).74 Because of his strict authoritarian rule and his complicity with US politics, the Shah provoked strong reactions from supporters of the political left; his 1967 trip to Berlin caused riots and was one of the triggers of Germany’s 1968 student protest movement. Even in St. Moritz, the Persian ruler was confronted with protests in 1968: on the Schulhausplatz square, skeleton teams demonstrated against Iran’s in�ated caviar prices.75 Nevertheless, the Shah and his glamorous wife remained at the top of St. Moritz’s proli�c high society (see Being rich together , p. 210). This also included the uncrowned king of Italy, Fiat owner Gianni Agnelli. The Italian was revered as the most stylish man of his time, and indeed, Gunter Sachs once described him as made of style .76 Oil was what the fortunes of the jet set were based on.

Even Marc Rich, the decried commodity trader who sold oil 184 A never-ending boom

to all and sundry involved in the Cold War, was eventually to settle in St. Moritz. Saudi Arabia’s oil minister Ahmed Zaki Yamani, who headed the OPEC oil cartel and exerted a tight stranglehold over the West’s oil habit, frequently resided in Gstaad.77 So did also Adnan Kashoggi; he had achieved both wealth and notoriety with arms trading.78 Much less controversial but much more suitable for the media spotlight were the royals. In Gstaad, one might encounter Prince Rainier of Monaco and his wife Princess Gracia, former US movie star Grace Kelly. King Hussein of Jordan also loved skiing in Gstaad or St. Moritz.79 Of course, skiing wasn’t the only winter sport on oΩer, at least not in St. Moritz. For two weekends every February (three weekends from 1980 ), horses races were held on the frozen lake (see White Turf , p. 202). Also, every year from the end of December to the beginning of March, the Bob Run and Cresta Run were kept busy. One of those responsible for reviving these older winter sports was Gunter Sachs. The heir to a powerful German family of industrialists, Sachs embodied both the history and the future of St. Moritz. Both his grandfathers – automotive tycoon Wilhelm von Opel and inventor Ernst Sachs – were regular visitors to St. Moritz,

202

203

204

185

A MARATHON LASTS THE DISTANCE The annual Engadin Ski Marathon, first held in 1969, was a clear sign that there’s more to skiing than downhill racing.

It is a memorable sight: thousands of

marathons were already a mainstay

everyone in the country was very familiar

brightly attired cross-country skiers

in Scandinavia, with Sweden’s Vasaloppet

with cross-country skiing. Other mara-

traversing the Upper Engadin lakes like

and Norway’s Birkebeinerrennet. They

thons soon sprang up, such as the

a line of ants.

were also sporadically held in Switzer-

­Gommerlauf in the Valais.

The fact that its popularity and

land — the Pragellauf in Central Switzer-

The first “Engadiner”, held in March

breathtaking backdrop can be captured

land, the Alpsteinlauf in Appenzell,

1969, had a comparatively meagre 856

within a single photograph was probably

and the Morgartenskilauf in Schwyz.

participants, but this far surpassed organ-

instrumental in making the Engadin Ski

But it wasn’t until the “Engadiner” that

isers’ expectations.85 One person who

Marathon one of the biggest Swiss media

cross-country racing really caught on

didn’t compete was local champion

spectacles of the 1970s.

in Switzerland.

­Albert Giger. “If you were a professional

Cross-country touring takes place

ski racer, you simply didn’t participate

in spread-out areas, typically hidden in

Haas and Wisel show how it’s done

forests and remote valleys. With the pub-

The 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble

ensuing popularity of the marathon

lic eye firmly focused on Alpine skiing,

triggered Switzerland’s renewed interest

made him reconsider; the following year

cross-country practically fell off the map

in the sport. Sepp Haas, a farmer from

saw both Giger and Kälin signing up.

in Switzerland. In the early 1960s,

Entlebuch, was the first Swiss person to

“cross-country racing was a fringe sport

win an Olympic cross-country medal —

fessionals made the Engadin marathon

at best”, recalls former cross-country

he came third in the 50 km race. And Alois

even more popular. By 1976, the race had

champion Albert Giger.80

“Wisel” Kälin of Einsiedeln won silver

more than 10,000 skiers on the track.86

in public races”, he recalls. However, the

The opportunity to race against pro-

in the cross-country section of the Nordic

Before long, it became a platform for par-

the Upper Engadin at the time included

combined, to the delight of everyone

ticipants to promote themselves, with

mailman Dölf Cadonau and sports retailer

back home.82

economic leaders and politicians using it

Other cross-country enthusiasts in

Albert Scheuing. In 1964 / 65, Scheuing

1969 also saw the founding of the

was operating a small cross-country ski

Einsiedler Volksskilauf marathon in Kälin’s

Marathons such as the Engadiner were

school, and in 1967 he established a short

home region.83 A Lucerne-based commit-

precursors to the endurance sports craze

cross-country race from St. Moritz Bad to

tee started the “LLL” promotional cam-

yet to come, which included mountain

Lej da Staz and back. In 1969, they got

paign — “Langläufer leben länger”

marathons, triathlons, and gigathlons.

together to launch the Engadin Ski mara-

(“Cross-country skiers live longer”).84

thon over the classic marathon distance of 42 km from Maloja to Zuoz.81 Public ski

Thanks to the ubiquitous stickers produced as part of the campaign, soon

as an opportunity to prove their mettle.87

Giger, who won the Engadiner five times and has been its director since 1991, attributes its enduring popularity to

its relative ease. “Detractors refer to it as the gentlest downhill run in the world”, says Giger. The first half of the track traverses the Upper Engadin lakes and is ­almost entirely flat, while the second descends very slightly. Between the two is a short ascent and a short downhill run.

Marathons with more tiring topographies never proved as popular, and they eventually disappeared.

Nowhere is the catchphrase of “cross-­ country skiers living longer” truer than at the Engadiner — this race really is lasting the distance. It still attracts over 12,000 participants. And it wouldn’t be

possible without an army of 1,500 volunteers.

205

186 A never-ending boom

THE BRITISH ENTHUSIASM FOR SWITZERLAND WAS CRUCIAL FOR WINTER TOURISM Afterword by David Moran

Switzerland is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful countries in the world. I frequently hear people say their country is aiming to become “the new Switzerland”. But the real thing remains unmatched, and tourists from all over the world still �ock to Switzerland to experience the splendours of its mountains for themselves. The Engadin and St. Moritz are particularly cherished jewels in the Swiss crown, and played an important part in developing the winter tourism industry.

British tourists love Switzerland. O≈cial statistics report that almost 700,000 Britons visited Switzerland in 2013. Many of them regularly spend their holidays there, continuing a tradition of British enthusiasm for Switzerland that goes back to the 19th century and the very beginnings of the Swiss tourism industry – the winter season in particular, which British visitors were instrumental in developing.

Britain has a great tradition of intrepid explorers and adventurers. In the early 19th century, when British mountaineers discovered the Swiss mountains, the race was soon on to climb them. Indeed, some people regard Alfred Wills’ successful ascent of the Wetterhorn in 1854 as the beginning of modern mountaineering. Long before the British arrived, Swiss mountaineers had climbed 20 of the highest peaks, including the Piz Bernina and the Jungfrau. After 1850, British mountaineers developed an even more ferocious determination to conquer these heights, and by 1865 they had successfully climbed 31 of the 39 remaining peaks in the Swiss Alps.

Most of the tourists who visited Switzerland in those days were quite well oΩ. Mass tourism as we know it today was inconceivable. Nineteenth-century tourists were met with quite diΩerent conditions to those we are familiar with today. Switzerland was a deeply rural country, and the foreigners who strayed into the mountain villages were few and far between. The locals must have been more than a little surprised by the newcomers and their peculiar tastes and desires.

The transport and accommodation infrastructure was very rudimentary. But this only heightened the sense of adventure the �rst tourists were undoubtedly seeking in the wild beauty of the mountain landscape. They were simply delighted to be there and enjoyed the opportunity to spend time on the shores of a mountain lake, admiring the scenery. The Swiss were not long in adapting the supply to the new demands. The arrival of the British tourists stimulated the tourism industry and the local economy, and soon led to improvements in infrastructure. While only 58,000 beds were available for tourists in 1880, this number had tripled by 1913, when it totalled 170,000 beds. As time went on, the middle classes also began to be able to aΩord journeys to the mountains. Around 1930, all this foreign interest in their country also inspired the Swiss to begin travelling and thus discovering their own country in a quite diΩerent way to any previous generation.

Bilateral ties between the two countries deepened and grew into a genuine friendship. In 1909, the Association of British Members of the Swiss Alpine Club was founded. They wanted to thank the Schweizer Alpen-Club (SAC) for welcoming them to the Alps and in particular for making their Alpine huts available to them, and so the Brits began to raise money for a new Alpine hut. By 1912, the Britannia hut above Saas-Fee was ready. It still oΩers mountaineers from all over the world shelter, and has been expanded several times.

A shared enthusiasm for winter sports has also brought top-level politicians together for many years. In 1956, a tradition was established whereby members of the British and Swiss parliaments come together for a week’s skiing every year. Over the course of time, a number of British MPs really have managed to prove that they can slide down a mountain slope on a pair of skis. This tradition of shared 243

fun in the snow has nurtured many friendships over the years and many of us are already looking forward to the 60-year anniversary of the Skiwoche in 2016.

Winter tourism in Switzerland has come a long way. The country has become one of the world’s leading tourist destinations and continues to attract visitors from all over the world while successfully retaining its old friends. A modern transport and hotel infrastructure and excellently trained staΩ have kept the industry competitive and abreast of the latest developments. The industry only accepts �rst-class standards, which I am pleased to say includes many British travel agents and service providers. Yet the mountains remain the country’s central attraction and the guarantee of its enduring fascination. By focusing on sustainable tourism, Switzerland has made an important move to protect this heritage, and I am convinced that the next 150 years of tourism will be quite as varied and fascinating as the �rst.

David Moran Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Switzerland and Liechtenstein

244 Afterword

Picture credits

Cover ¬¬ Front page: Swiss National Museum LM-101378.1 ¬¬ Back page: Christof Sonderegger/ swiss-image.ch Sleeve ¬¬ Katharina Lütscher In the beginning was the light ¬¬ Collection Diserens: 31 ¬¬ Dokumentationsbibliothek Davos: 9, 10 ¬¬ Dokumentationsbibliothek St. Moritz: 3, 5, 12, 14, 18, 33, 38 ¬¬ grindelwaldgeschichten.ch: 30 ¬¬ Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum, Elizabeth Main: 11 ¬¬ Keystone: 4, 15, 26, 32, 37 ¬¬ Kulturarchiv Oberengadin: 16 ¬¬ Elizabeth Main: 8, 17 ¬¬ Swiss National Museum LM-101356.1: 20 ¬¬ St. Moritz Tobogganing Club Archive, London: 6, 21, 22, 27, 34, 36 ¬¬ Frederick Bligh: 19, 24, 25 ¬¬ G. R. Ballance: 23, 35 ¬¬ Ullstein Bild: 1, 2, 7, 13, 29, 39 Two boards create a revolution ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬

¬¬¬¬¬¬¬

¬¬¬

Die Alpen 1931: 46 Yvonne Gozon-Amstutz collection: 58 Dokumentationsbibliothek Davos: 48, 53 Dokumentationsbibliothek St. Moritz: 40, 44, 45, 61 Fotosammlung Landesarchiv des Kanton Glarus: 47 grindelwaldgeschichten.ch: 56 Keystone: 43, 54, 57, 59 Kulturarchiv Oberengadin: ¬¬ from the Pinösch-Gredig estate: 51 ¬¬ Gustav Sommer: 52 Museum des Landes Glarus, Freuler­ palast, Näfels: 50 National Portrait Gallery, London: 49 Ringier: 55, 66 Yvonne Gozon-Amstutz collection: 58 Albert Steiner, Collection Bischofberger, Switzerland: 63 St. Moritz Tobogganing Club Archive, London: 41 ¬¬ G. R. Ballance: 42 Underwood Archives, Getty Images: 65 Ullstein Bild: 60, 62, 64

Getting up the mountain ¬¬ Ruth Annen: 79 ¬¬ Flüela Foto + Verlag archive: 76

¬¬ Berry Museum, St. Moritz: 69 ¬¬ Brügger collection, Swiss Alpine Museum, Berne, photographer unknown: 77 ¬¬ Martin Horath collection: 75 ¬¬ Dokumentationsbibliothek Davos: 73 ¬¬ Dokumentationsbibliothek St. Moritz: 67 ¬¬ ETH-Bibliothek, Zurich, Image Archive/Stiftung Luftbild Schweiz: 80 ¬¬ grindelwaldgeschichten.ch: 71 ¬¬ Adi Kälin: 74 ¬¬ Keystone: 72, 82, 83, 85 ¬¬ Kulturarchiv Oberengadin, from the Pinösch-Gredig estate: 68 ¬¬ Médiathèque Valais – Martigny: 78 ¬¬ Albert Steiner, Collection Bischofberger, Switzerland: 81 ¬¬ St. Moritz Tobogganing Club Archive, London: 70 ¬¬ Tal Museum Engelberg: 84 Winter sports go Olympic ¬¬ Dokumentationsbibliothek St. Moritz: 86, 88, 93, 99 ¬¬ Dokumentationsbibliothek St. Moritz: II. Olympische Winterspiele, St. Moritz, 11.– 19. Febr. 1928, Hugo Laubi 101.5 × 64 cm: 91; La Suisse vous appelle aux Jeux olympiques d’hiver, St. Moritz 30. 1./ 8. 2. 1948, Alois Cari­ giet OCST Zurich, 102 × 64 cm: 101 ¬¬ Keystone: 87, 89, 90, 92, 94, 95, 97, 98, 102, 103, 104 ¬¬ Ringier: 96, 100 Winter sports everywhere ¬¬ Bibliothèque de Genève, Championnat du monde de bobsleigh, Caux s/Montreux, 25 – 26 janvier 1930, Jacomo, pseudonym of Jacomo Müller, 90.5 × 64 cm: 111 ¬¬ Arosa-Schan�gg Cultural Archives: 122 ¬¬ Berta Czegka, Poster Arlberg Ski School, circa 1930: 126 ¬¬ Dokumentationsbibliothek St. Moritz: 107, 118, 119, 131 ¬¬ Keystone: 105, 106, 108, 114, 116, 120, 121, 125, 127, 129 ¬¬ Museum Grindelwald: 112 ¬¬ Ringier: 117, 124 ¬¬ Renato Testa collection, provided: 128 ¬¬ Swiss National Library: Das ganze Volk fährt Ski!, 1943, Oskar P�ster, 127.5 × 90 cm, SVZ: 130 ¬¬ Gesunde Jugend, wehrkräftiges Volk durch Wintersport, 1940, Hans Thöni, 127.5 × 90 cm, SVZ: 123 ¬¬ St. Moritz Tobogganing Club Archive, London: 110, 113 ¬¬ Ullstein Bild: 109

Greetings from paradise ¬¬ Dokumentationsbibliothek St. Moritz: 136, 137, 138 ¬¬ Dokumentationsbibliothek St. Moritz: VII. Grosses Ski-Rennen der Schweiz, St. Moritz, 11. & 12. Februar 1911, W. Küpfer, SSV, 104 × 74 cm: 141 ¬¬ St. Moritz 1937, Amstutz & Herdeg Zurich, 127 × 90 cm: 132 ¬¬ St. Moritz, Winter in St. Moritz, Engadin 1907, Anton ChristoΩel, 68 × 99 cm: 146 ¬¬ Winter in St. Moritz, Oberengadin, Schweiz 1918, Emil Cardinaux, 128 × 91 cm: 143 ¬¬ Fotostiftung Winterthur © Fotostiftung Schweiz/Herbert Matter Estate: 135 ¬¬ St. Moritz Tourist Board: Engadine 6000ft. 1924, Carl Moos, 45 × 69 cm: 147 ¬¬ Médiathèque Valais-Sion, Verbier, Valais, Télésiège de Médran 1951, Martin Pei­ kert, © 2014, ProLitteris, Zurich, 100 × 65 cm: 156 ¬¬ Plakatsammlung ZHdK: Flums, 1940, Carlo Vivarelli, Verkehrsverein Flums: 150 ¬¬ Pontresina 1936, Herbert Matter, ­Fotostiftung Winterthur © Fotostiftung Schweiz/Herbert Matter Estate: 149 ¬¬ Ringier: 133, 139 ¬¬ Swiss National Library: Chemin de fer Aigle-Monthey-Champéry, Téléférique Planachaux, Champéry, Valais, Suisse 1947, Martin Peikert, © 2014, ProLitteris, Zurich, 101 × 65 cm: 157 ¬¬ Davos, Jahres-Kurort, 1560 m. ü. M., Touristen- & Sport-Platz I. Ranges 1901, anonymous, 100.5 × 70 cm: 144 ¬¬ FIS-Rennen, Engelberg, Trübsee, 5. bis 7. März 1938, Herbert Matter, 101 × 64.5 cm, Fotostiftung Winterthur © Fotostiftung Schweiz/Herbert Matter Estate: 153 ¬¬ Funiculaire, Les Avants-Col de Sonloup sur Montreux 1932, 110 × 80 cm: 142 ¬¬ Gstaad, 1943, Alex Walter Diggelmann, 127.5 × 90.5 cm: 155 ¬¬ La patrie des bons skieurs, Martin Peikert, © 2014, ProLitteris, Zurich, 101 × 64 cm: 154 ¬¬ Die Renntage der Kanonen, Mürren, 19.– 22. Februar, 15.– 16. März, Alex Walter Diggelmann, 127.5 × 90.5 cm: 152 ¬¬ St. Moritz 1934, Amstutz & Herdeg Zurich, 128 × 91 cm: 151 ¬¬ Winter in Davos 1914, Burkhard ­Mangold, 127 × 90 cm: 145 ¬¬ Engadin St. Moritz Tourism ­Organi­sation: 140 ¬¬ Ullstein Bild: 134 ¬¬ St. Moritz FIS Cup 1933, Walter Herdeg, 50 × 70 cm: 148

263

Winter sports – a wealth of design

A never-ending boom

Back to the roots

¬¬ AO Foundation: 163 ¬¬ Arosa Bergbahnen AG: 180, 181 ¬¬ Dokumentationsbibliothek St. Moritz: 166, 174 ¬¬ ETH-Bibliothek, Zurich, Image Archive: 176 ¬¬ Keystone: 158, 173, 175, 178, 182 ¬¬ Christof Kübler: 160, 177 ¬¬ Helga Lutz-Weiskönig, Attenhofer Ski 1955, Werner Weiskönig, colour lithography, 128 × 90cm: 162 ¬¬ Radical Sports, Urs Homberger Arosa: 171 ¬¬ Ringier: 168 ¬¬ Schlae�i & Maurer AG: 164 ¬¬ Swiss National Library: Kandahar 1946, 70 × 50 cm: 159 ¬¬ Kandahar 1966, 128 × 90 cm: 161 ¬¬ Molitor 1967, Mark Jeker, 128 × 90.5 cm, Wengen: 165 ¬¬ Stöckli Wolhusen: 169, 170 ¬¬ Switzerland Tourism: 179 ¬¬ Ullstein Bild: 167 ¬¬ Zai AG, Disentis: 172

¬¬ Bogner: 190, 191 ¬¬ Decca Records: 199 ¬¬ Dokumentationsbibliothek Davos: 194, 213 ¬¬ ETH-Bibliothek, Zurich, Image Archive: 186 ¬¬ Keystone: 183, 187, 193, 198, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 208, 217, 218, 219 ¬¬ Fridli Wyss private archive: 197 ¬¬ Ringier: 184, 185, 188, 192, 195, 196, 200, 206, 210, 214, 216 ¬¬ Christoph Ruckstuhl, NZZ Zurich: 209 ¬¬ Hans-Peter SiΩert, weinweltfoto.ch: 212 ¬¬ Switzerland Tourism: 189 ¬¬ Ullstein Bild: 205

¬¬ Marianne Fässler: 245, 246 ¬¬ Stefan Hunziker, Geneva: 252 ¬¬ Keystone: 244, 251, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261 ¬¬ Evelyne Vuilleumier private archive: 249 ¬¬ Radical Sports: 247, 248 ¬¬ Ringier: 257 ¬¬ Peter Schärer: 250 Epilogue Christoph Niemann/Engadin St. Moritz Tourism Organisation: 263

Extending the winter ¬¬ DEPREZphoto Crans-Montana: 220 ¬¬ Dokumentationsbibliothek St. Moritz: 222 ¬¬ Beatrice Geistlich: 239 ¬¬ Keystone: 225, 226, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242 ¬¬ Hartly Mathis private archive: 230 ¬¬ Ringier: 228, 235, 236 ¬¬ Switzerland Tourism: 243 ¬¬ Swiss Image: 223, 224, 227 ¬¬ Ullstein Bild: 221

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Index

A Aargau 125, 222 Academic World Winter Games 93, 159 Active service 57, 60 Addington Symonds, John 21, 36, 37 Adelboden 38, 50, 53, 55, 121 Aerial cableways 122, 123, 173, 175, 176, 183, 190, 191, 200, 216 Aga Khan, Karim 190 Agnelli, Edoardo 117 Agnelli, Gianni 102, 184, 190 Aigle 75, 110 Airbnb 242 Albers, Hans 115 –117 Albula 72, 110, 125 Aletsch area 173, 190 Allgöwer, Martin 155 Allmen, Fritz von 59, 156, 158 Alpina-Hütte 52, 164

264 Appendix

Alpine Club 31 Alpine ski racing 58, 61, 64, 102, 226 Alps ¬¬Bernese 50 ¬¬French 192 ¬¬Fribourg 170 ¬¬Glarus 50 ¬¬Vaud 40, 75, 115, 124, 170, 179, 189, 194, 200 Alpsteinlauf 186 Altenrhein 82 Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) 99 Amateur Hockey Association (AHA) 99 America, the Americans (also see USA) 28, 31, 98, 102, 110, 137, 156, 170, 175, 195 Amin, Idi 191 Amsterdam 112, 134

Amstutz, Walter 47, 50, 62, 63, 66, 131, 132, 135, 137, 158, 161 Andermatt 40, 180, 200, 216, 238, 242 Anglican church 20 Annen, Arnold 80, 81, 85 Annen, Ruth 81 Appenzell 106, 186, 215 Après-ski 153, 156, 158, 193 Architectural traditions of the canton of Graubünden 164 Architecture 164 – 167 Arden, Elizabeth 117 Aristocracy 37 Arlberg-Kandahar 58, 59 Arlesheim 106 Arolla 233 Arosa 33, 39, 40, 44, 51, 65, 77, 82, 95, 106, 107, 110, 132, 166, 167, 176, 181, 202, 216

Arosa’s Weisshorn 167, 176 Arti�cial ice rinks 95, 206 Arti�cial snow 207, 214, 216 – 219 Arx-Zogg, Nini von 157 Aspen 123, 205 Astor Cup 110 Astor, J. J. 110 Atzmännig 206, 207 AuΩm’ Ordt, Clement 82 Austin, Charles 26 Australian 23, 25, 26, 28 Austria, the Austrians 23, 25, 29, 52, 58, 63, 65, 72, 84, 96, 98, 115, 118, 122, 123, 159, 161, 172, 178, 192, 196, 200, 202, 207, 215, 237, 241, 242 Austrian Ski Association 123 Automatic heel release ­mechanism 180 Avalanche research 163, 178

B Baar 163 Bachtel 46 Bad Ragaz 20, 216 Baden 13 Badrutt family 14, 110, 133 Badrutt, Andrea 190, 210, 211 Badrutt, Anton 133 Badrutt, Caspar 14, 23, 37, 132 Badrutt, Hans 14, 101, 116, 117, 137 Badrutt, Hansjürg 210 Badrutt, Johannes 8, 12, 14 – 16, 70, 115, 117, 132, 133 Badrutt, Maria 15 Badrutt’s wager 12, 133 Baedeker 13, 132, 174 Baillet-Latour, Henri de 88 Ballaigues 53 Ban on the construction of new hotels 119 Bandi, Walter 155 Bandlin, August 33 Bandy 17, 37, 94 Barblan, Peter 61, 65 Barclay, Vera 37 Bardonecchia 123 Bardot, Brigitte 187 Barton, Susan 37 Basel 70, 90, 95, 106, 126, 156, 174, 200, 225 Bavarian Curling 23, 212 Bearth & Deplazes 167 Beauchamp Strickland, Freddie de 20 Beauclair, Victor de 50, 51 Beatenberg 33, 173 Bec des Rosses 228 Beck, Noldi 158 Beeli, Gaudenz 191 Belalp 51 Belgian 7 Belle Époque 106, 112, 128, 189 Belmondo, Jean-Paul 158 Benson, Edward Frederic 37 Berg, Leif 52, 55, 77 Berlin 82, 112, 134, 135, 184 Berne 36, 55, 71, 90, 95, 106, 152, 170, 194, 208, 218, 219, 224 Bernese Oberland 32, 51, 53, 56, 58, 66, 72, 74, 79, 112, 115, 128, 156, 170, 194, 200, 218 Bernhard, Oscar 34, 155 Bernina Pass 102, 176 Berry, Gianni 205 Berry, Peter “Pierin” 190, 205 Berry, Peter 14, 15 Berry, Peter IV 8 Berry, Peter Robert 34, 72 Bettlach 155 Bettmeralp 170, 173, 190 Beyer, Herbert 136 Biathlon 60, 101 Bibbia, Elia 102 Bibbia, Gianni 102 Bibbia, Nino 102 , 103 Bibbia, Rösli 102 Biel 71, 155 Bière 158

Birkebeinerrennet 186 Bischof, Werner 136 Bischofberger, Bruno 29 Bivio 215 Björnstad, Thorleif 52, 55, 77 Black Forest 44, 50, 84, 123 Blonay, Godefroy de 88 Blüemlisalp 7 Bob runs 72, 112, 164, 167, 183, 184, 192, 207, 238 Bob tracks 14, 29, 106, 110, 111, 123, 164, 184, 190, 192 Bob world championships 93, 112 Bobsledders 75, 76, 79, 99, 111 Bobsleigh Federation 29, 111 Bobsleighs: ¬¬Bachmann brothers 111 ¬¬Feierabend 111, 123 ¬¬Hartkopf 111, 123 ¬¬Mathis 110, 111 ¬¬Podar 111 ¬¬Siorpaes 111 Bocuse, Paul 208 Bogner 47, 176 Bolgen ski lift 84, 85 Bolgenschanze 57 Bon, Hans 101 Bond, James 166, 167, 184 Bone fractures 155, 178 Bonorand, Peter 26 Bonvin, Roger 128, 175 Boss family 33 Boss, Fritz 71 Bosshart, David 240 – 242 Bottrop 207 Bracken, Bill 58 Brambrüesch 234 Brandt, Carl 132 Braunwald 81, 163 Brazil, the Brazilians 50, 238, 241 Brentel, Guglielmo 242 Bretaye ski jump 106 Breuil/Cervinia 63, 123, 175 British 22, 23, 53, 63, 100 Brundage, Avery 99 Buchs (St. Gallen) 158 Bühlmann, Christian 159 Bulpett, William Henry 25, 28, 29 Bündner Kreditgenossenschaft 112 Burger, Wilhelm Friedrich 134 C Cadonau, Dölf 186 Cairo 134 California 123 Canada, the Canadians 28, 94, 123, 181, 206 Carbon emissions 238 Cardinaux, Emil 134, 141 Caribbean 237, 240 Carigiet, Alois 101 Cars 28, 76, 81, 124, 175, 177, 191, 237 Cartier Polo World Cup on Snow 205 Carving 229, 235

Casparis, Christian 20 Cattini, Hans 95 Cattini, Pic 95 Caux 92, 95, 110, 111 Caviar 184, 203, 204, 208 Celerina 37, 38, 63, 72, 102, 110, 111 Celio, Enrico 126 Central Switzerland 13, 186, 200 Chairlifts 69, 173, 190, 207 Chamby 110 Chamonix 32, 40, 47, 53, 58, 92, 99, 122, 123 Champagne climate 137 Champéry 106, 149 Champfèr 39, 53, 181 Chandolin 228 Chanel, Coco 117 Chaplin, Charlie 115, 116, 117 Charity events 31, 117 Château d’Œx 40 Chiavenna 14, 125 Child, L. P. 28 China, Chinese 44, 138, 205, 238, 241 Christiania 44, 106 Chur 12, 14, 36, 70, 72, 79, 112, 176, 208, 234 Churchill, Winston 29 Citroën, André 79, 83, 117 Clark, Kelly 227 Climate change 199, 240 Club Méditerranée 189, 190 Coal holiday 172 Cocteau, Jean 212 Coester, Johann Carl 21, 22 Col des Mosses 124, 189 Collombin, Roland 196, 197 Colorado 123 Compagnie des Alpes 175 Comte, Alfred 82 Confectioners 8, 16, 208 Constam, Ernst 84, 85 Consumption 12, 18 Coolidge, W. A. B. 31 Cornish, Alfred 28 Corporate identity 131, 135 Cortina d’Ampezzo 123, 178 Corvatsch 180, 183, 200, 201, 214, 216, 219, 228 Corviglia 44, 52, 61, 63, 66, 79, 80, 100, 108, 116, 117, 164, 183, 202, 203, 208, 209 – 211, 226 Corviglia hut 52, 57, 61 Corviglia Ski Club 116, 117, 202 Coubertin, Pierre de 88, 89 Crans-Montana 40, 53, 56 – 58, 80, 110, 166, 171, 173, 181, 182, 189, 197, 199, 200, 216 Crap-Sogn-Gion 172, 191 Cresta Run 14, 20, 26, 28, 29, 32, 37, 63, 72, 102, 103, 110, 164, 165, 170, 184, 190, 238 Cross country 50, 55, 64, 91, 102, 154, 186 Curling 22, 23, 25, 106, 135, 136, 184, 206, 207, 211, 212 Curzon, Francis N. 29, 210 Czechoslovakia 99 Czegka, Berta 123

D Dahinden, Alois 77 Dahinden, Josef 61, 65, 77, 128, 134, 178 Dahinden, Rosa 76, 77 Dannegger, Karl 106 Danuser, Hans Peter 136 – 138, 205 Davos 7, 8, 11, 12 – 40, 44, 50 – 52, 56 – 58, 66, 70, 72, 76, 80, 84, 85, 90 – 95, 100, 105, 106, 110, 111, 118, 123, 126, 132 – 135, 138, 142, 152, 155, 157 – 161, 163, 165, 166, 170, 174 – 176, 179 – 181, 189, 192, 193, 203, 238, 241 Davos Toboggan Club 25, 28 Design 44, 60, 67, 125, 151, 160 Devaluation of the Swiss franc 119 Diavolezza 80, 82, 170, 176, 200, 214, 216, 219 Diba, Farah 181, 184 Diemtig Valley 53 Dietrich, Marlene 115, 117 Diggelmann, Alex W. 136, 149 Dimson Run 37, 40 Ditzler, Marcel 106, 128, 170, 193, 200, 237 Doctors 8, 12, 15, 19, 33, 34, 35, 126, 190, 205 Doebeli, Gustav 117 Domat/Ems 36 Dornach 106 Downhill Only Club 64 Downhill race 58, 59, 63, 64, 200 Doyle, Arthur Conan 51, 52, 160 Dracula Club 187 Dubai 206, 207, 209 Dufourspitze 174 Duke of Alba 117 Duttweiler, Gottlieb 121 Dylan, Bob 219 E Eagle Ski Club 202, 210 Earl Roberts of Kandahar 53, 57, 58 Ebnat-Kappel 179 Economic prosperity 9, 208 Edlin, Fred W. 58 Eggenberger, Johann 152 Egger, Carl 57 EHC Arosa 95 EHC St. Moritz 95, 102 Ehrat, Ariane 193, 197, 237 Eidenbenz, Hermann 153 Eiger 7, 33, 50, 228 Einsiedler Volksskilauf 186 Eiselin, Andreas 231, 232 Eisenhut, Johannes 222, 235 Eismeer 56, 60, 76, 214 Emmental 106, 222 Engadin 7, 8, 12, 20, 25, 32, 35, 40, 41, 48, 55, 61, 70 – 72, 82, 88 – 90, 99, 110, 117, 122, 124, 125, 128, 132 – 134, 137, 152, 160, 166, 186, 187, 189, 193, 200, 205, 209, 222, 232, 235, 237, 243

265

Engadin Ski Marathon 7, 186, 187, 232 Engadin St. Moritz Tourism ­Organisation 137, 193, 237, 271 Engadinsnow 228 Engel, Karl 154 Engelberg 29, 40, 79, 84, 90, 106, 110, 123, 157, 171, 182, 200 Engelhard, Paul 82 Engi, Hanns 166 England, the English 7, 8, 12 – 14, 17 – 22, 25, 29, 32, 33, 36, 40, 44, 58, 61, 65, 70, 82, 94, 106, 108, 110, 117, 119, 133, 160, 181, 207, 216, 237 Environmental impact assessment 215 Erb, Fritz 64, 101, 170, 178 Erb, Karl 193, 195 Erni, Hans 134 Ernst, Albert 190 Esco≈er, Auguste 208 Eton 53, 59 Ettinger, Jack 84, 159 Ettinger, Ruedi 160 Evolène 197 F Fairbanks, Douglas 115 – 117 Fanck, Arnold 60, 134, 135 Farman biplane 74 Farner, Mark 163, 224, 230 Fässler, Peter 222 – 224 Federal Council 7, 72, 93, 119, 126, 128, 133, 175, 197 Federal Inspectorate for ­Forestry 194 Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research 118 Federalism 190 Fédération Internationale du Ski (FIS) 58, 64, 66, 93, 96, 101, 145, 149 Feierabend, Karl 111, 123 Felix, Kurt 195 Fernandes, José 224, 226 Figini, Michela 197 Figure skating 17, 89, 91, 92, 98, 136, 206, 207 Film stars 115, 117 FIS races 66, 93, 136, 145, 149 Fitzgerald, Scott 211 Flaine 192 Fleurier 106 Flims 65, 77, 79, 173, 191, 200 Flums 219 Flumserberge 176 Fondue 206, 207 Fopp, Johann Peter 152 France, the French 7, 20, 29, 50, 63, 84, 111, 122 – 124, 156, 175, 200, 208, 215, 241 Franco-Prussian War 20 Frankfurt 206 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria 34, 40, 41, 202 Freeride World Tour 228 Freeriding 221, 226, 228, 231 Freestyle 206, 207, 225 – 228 Freestyle.ch 206, 207

266 Appendix

Freiburg im Breisgau 50 Frenzel, H. K. 135, 138 Friedrich, Prince of Prussia 181 Funi 81, 85 Funiculars 69, 76, 79, 80, 83 – 85, 189, 214 Fuorcla Surlej 51, 200 Furrer, Art 125, 195, 209 G Gaberel, Rudolf 165, 166 Gafner, Raymond 95 Gänsbrunnen 106 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 58, 93, 96, 99, 123 Gasperl, Leo 62, 63 Gaudenzi, Reto 205 Gemsstock 182, 200, 216 Geneva 36, 90, 99, 116 Genoa 19, 132 Germany, Germans 8, 12, 14, 16, 19, 21 – 23, 25, 29, 40, 50, 52, 58, 65, 70, 82, 83, 98, 112, 115, 117, 118, 123, 134, 161, 170, 184, 192, 200, 207, 215, 237, 241 Gerschwiler, Hans 99 Gertsch, Ernst 58, 163, 216 Gertsch, Ulo 163 Gertsch, Viktor 59 Gessner, Conrad 13 Gibson, Harry 26, 28, 45 Giger, Albert 186 Girenbad 111, 192 Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 208 Glacierbike Downhill 209 Glaciers: ¬¬Aletsch 50, 51, 170 ¬¬Gurschen�rn 216 ¬¬Mont Miné 233 ¬¬Silvretta 200 ¬¬Steinlimi 200 ¬¬Theodul 200, 214 ¬¬Vorab 191 Glacier Ski areas 191, 214, 225 Glarus 46, 48 – 52, 55, 152, 222 Global economic crisis 81, 83, 117 Global warming 214 Globalisation 237, 238, 241 Goddard, Paulette 117 Golden age of mountaineering 13 Golden age of skiing (races) 59, 64, 67, 226 Golf 204, 209 Gommerlauf 186 Goms 174 Gondolas 167, 171, 173, 190, 191 Gornergrat 174 Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute 242 Graf, Rudolf 59 Grafenort 110 Grand National 26, 28, 29 Grand Duke Andrei 40 Grand Duke Michael 40 Granelli, Ezio 102 Grass skiing 206, 207

Graubünden 7, 8, 28, 33, 35, 36, 38, 53, 70, 71, 74, 79, 82, 99, 100, 112, 115, 118, 124, 128, 173, 174, 192, 194, 209, 215, 218, 235 Graz 122 Great Britain 31, 33, 53, 58, 61, 98, 243 Greatheed, Francis 12, 15, 17 Greich 195 Greicheralp 173 Grimmialp 53 Grindelwald 17, 31, 33 – 35, 39, 41, 53, 56, 60, 70 – 72, 81, 106, 110, 112, 124, 128, 158, 159, 169, 170, 173, 214 Gross value added 237 Grand duke Andrei 40 Grand duke Michael 40 Grosshöchstetten 223 Gruber, Peter 58 Gstaad 72, 81, 95, 106, 108, 115, 116, 118, 149, 170, 173, 176, 184, 187, 190, 202, 210, 211, 238 Guardia Grischa 125 Guetg, Peder 215 Guinness, Loel 176 Guisan, Henri 101, 121, 126 Günthard, Jack 194 Gurten 55, 56, 106 Gurtner, Othmar 65 Gurtner, Reto 191 Gurtner, Walter 191, 192 Gut, Paul 126, 155 Gut’s clinic 155 Gymkhanas 22, 106 H Haas, Sepp 186 Hale-Woods, Nicolas 228 Halfpipe 224, 225, 227, 229 Haller, Albrecht von 13 Harrow 53, 59 Hartkopf, August 111, 123, 160 Hauri, Johannes 20 Hauser, Walter 72 HC Bellerive-Vevey 94, 95 HC Davos 95, 100 HC Les Avants 94, 95 HC Rosey-Gstaad 95 Heath, Edward 184 Heating holidays 126 Heaton, Jack 102 Heer-Bétrix, Leo 71 Heidiland 137 Heierling, Franz 157 Heierling, Hans 157 Heiniger, Ernst A. 136 Heinzenberg 181 Heliotherapy 35 Heliskiing 176, 181 Hemmi, Heini 215 Hendrik, Prince of Holland 88 Henie, Sonja 87, 89 Herdeg, Walter 131, 132, 135 – 138, 145, 147, 158 Herwig, Otto 44 Hess, Erika 197 Heyerdahl, Thorwald 44, 50 High society 210 Hitchcock, Alfred 117, 136, 137

Hitler, Adolf 123 Hitz, Luzi 158 Hnateck, Samuel 44, 152, 222 Hoch-Ybrig 192, 229 Hoek, Henry 61, 152, 158 Hofer, Polo 218 HoΩmann, Camill 38 Holidays 40, 53, 118, 121, 125 – 128, 170, 189, 190, 235, 237 Holland, the Dutch 8, 16, 25, 70, 170 Holsboer, Willem Jan 16, 17, 19, 22, 70, 72 Horseracing 7, 35, 38, 40, 58, 89, 106, 108, 202, 238 Hotel bookings 115, 175, 194, 197, 237, 238 Hotelleriesuisse 242 Hotelplan 121 Hotels: Arosa: ¬¬Kulm 65 Celerina: ¬¬Cresta Palace 22 Crans-Montana: ¬¬Crans-Ambassador 189 Davos: ¬¬Belvedere 17, 18, 21, 23 ¬¬Buol 25 ¬¬Flüela 40 ¬¬Kurhaus 13, 16, 20 Davos-Wiesen: ¬¬Kurhaus Bellevue 20 Grindelwald: ¬¬Bear 33– 35, 71, 128 Gstaad: ¬¬Palace 81, 118, 210, 211 Klosters: ¬¬Silvretta 25, 26 Les Avants: ¬¬Grand-Hotel 31 Mürren: ¬¬Palace 53, 58 Rigi: ¬¬Bellevue 77 ¬¬Grand Hotel 77 St. Moritz: ¬¬Badrutt’s Palace 14, 17, 32, 37, 53, 83, 101, 106, 111, 115 – 117, 132, 134, 137, 183, 190, 202, 208, 210, 211, 212, 238, 241 ¬¬Carlton 37, 241 ¬¬Crystal 190 ¬¬Grand Hotel 41, 117, 128, 129 ¬¬Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains 241 ¬¬Kulm 12, 14 – 17, 19, 21 – 23, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 37, 61, 70, 71, 88, 112, 117, 132, 133, 164, 165, 187, 190, 208, 210, 238, 241 ¬¬Kurhaus 16 ¬¬Neues Stahlbad 189 ¬¬Pension Flugi 15 ¬¬Reine Victoria 189 ¬¬Suvretta House 37, 64, 65, 101, 117, 181, 184, 208, 212, 238, 241

Zermatt: ¬¬Mont Cervin 174 ¬¬RiΩelalp 174 ¬¬Zermatt 174 Huitfeld, Fritz 154 Huntford, Roland 52, 161 Hüppi, Mirko 206 Hussein, King of Jordan 181, 184 Hyperin�ation 83, 115

Jungfraujoch 41, 65, 77, 137, 200, 214 Jura 40, 53, 106, 159, 170

I Ice fall climbing 235 Ice hockey 17, 37, 92 – 96, 99, 101, 102, 108, 123, 135, 136, 206 Ice hockey association 94, 99 Ice rink building Davos 165, 166 Ice rinks 14, 17, 22, 31, 38, 90, 98, 116, 122 Ice skating 17, 32, 76, 89, 91, 92, 105, 106, 136 Ice skating style, english 17 Ice stadium 14, 99 – 101 Ice yachting 25 Iceripper Snowboard Club 225 Igaya, Chiharu 195 Iltios 176 Immigrant background 240 Imperialism 40 Imseng, Josef 44 India 53, 117, 132, 210, 238 Indoor ice rinks 206 Inferno race 58, 59, 170 International Eisschubverein 23 International Olympic Committee 88, 90, 93, 96, 99, 101 International races 25, 26, 28, 110, 225 International Snowboard ­Federation (ISF) 225 Interwar period 121, 123 Iselin, Christof 46, 48 – 52, 55, 222 Italy, the Italians 8, 14, 19, 26, 29, 58, 72, 84, 102, 118, 123, 125, 133, 156, 175, 200, 208, 215, 241, 246, 253

K Kainz, Josef 13 Kälin, Alois 186 Kandahar binding 153, 156, 158, 159 Kandahar Challenge Cup 57, 58 Kandahar downhill race 200 Kandersteg 7, 40, 53, 223 Karajan, Herbert von 125, 190 Karl, Kaiser of Austria 115 Kashoggi, Adnan 184 Kasper, Peter 133, 137, 170, 190 Kelly, Grace 184 Kennedy, Thomas S. 12 Kessler, Charly 95 Kessler, Hansjürg 163 Kessler, Herbert “Hertli” 95 Kilomètre lancé 62, 63, 226 Kipp, Karl-Heinz 242 Kitesur�ng 22 Kitzbühel 122, 202, 205 Kjelsberg, Olaf 46 Klammer, Franz 196 Klein Matterhorn 175, 214 Kleine Scheidegg 56, 63, 71, 218, 219 Klewenalp 176 Klosters 25, 26, 38, 53, 70, 76, 110, 172, 173, 200 Knickerbockers 29, 47, 67, 94 Kobelt, Karl 128 Koch, Robert 34 Koch, Valentin 164 Konol�ngen 224 Krippendorf, Jost 194 Küblis 58, 160 Küderli, Hans 189 Küderli, Robert 189 Küpfer, Walter 134, 139 Kurhotellerie (hotels dedicated to health and spa treatments) 70 Küsnacht 225

J JablochkoΩ candle 14 Jackson, N. Lane 23 Jacober, Josef 49, 60, 152 Jacober, Melchior 48, 49, 152 Jacomet, Simon 163 Jakobsbad 207 Jakobshorn 176, 226 Japan 96, 98, 156 Jeker, Leo 214 – 216, 219 Jerusalem 53 Jet set 184, 187 Joch Pass 171 John, Elton 219 Jones, Digby 160 Jucker, August 74, 82 Julen, Severin 175 Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands 177 Julier Pass 26, 70, 72, 119, 124 Jungfrau 7, 31, 51

L La Neuveville 156 Laax 172, 180, 191, 192, 200, 204, 216, 227 Lake Placid 98, 123 Lakes: ¬¬Biel 156 ¬¬Davos 82 ¬¬Geneva 13, 32, 33, 92, 94, 95, 170, 227 ¬¬Lucerne 13 ¬¬Sils 25, 32 ¬¬Silvaplana 204 ¬¬Stazer 20 ¬¬St. Moritz 37, 39, 74, 82, 83, 176, 202, 204, 205, 238 ¬¬Thun 13, 33 ¬¬Walen 176, 187, 194, 197 ¬¬Zurich 106, 225 Landquart 70 Langnau am Albis 106

Lantschner, Gustav 63 Lanz, A. B. 162 Lauber, Daniel 174 Lauberhorn, Lauberhorn Races 58, 59, 156, 163, 219 Laubi, Hugo 90 Lauenen 81 Lausanne 95, 174, 228 Lauterbrunnen 58, 70, 71, 74, 119 Le Corbusier 135 Le Rosey 81, 95, 116, 210 League of Nations 53 Lebrument, Hanspeter 191 Lennon, Cynthia 183 Lennon, John 183, 184 Lenzerheide 40, 50, 52, 53, 70, 79, 81, 190 Les Avants 20, 31, 33, 34, 52, 79, 94, 95, 110, 112, 124, 140 Les Diablerets 182, 200, 221 Lettner, Rudolf 159 Leukerbad 13 Leysin 35, 40, 75, 76, 110, 111, 189, 226, 227 Ligue de Hockey sur Glace de la Suisse Romande 94 Lilienfeld 52, 122, 154 Lilienfelder Skilauf-Technik 52 Livanos family 125 Lohrer, Heini 95 London 12, 15, 18, 20, 21, 36, 70, 72, 82, 92, 94, 99, 134, 156, 206 Lord Beaverbrook 117 Lord Brabazon of Tara 29 Lötschberg 124 Lower Engadin 35, 225, 226 Lower Valais 106, 228 Lowlands 70, 95, 134, 193, 204 Lucerne 13, 186 Ludwig II., King of Bavaria 13 Lung conditions 12, 19, 40 Lunn, Arnold 50, 52, 53, 57 – 59, 61 – 63, 101, 158, 200, 216, 226 Lunn, Henry 33, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 74, 189 M MacMorland, Elizabeth 21, 22 Maier, Marcella 61, 80, 98, 117 Main, Elizabeth 31, 32 Maloja 38, 110, 125, 137, 160, 189 Mangold, Burkhard 134, 143 Mann, Thomas 166 Marker, Hannes 162 Marketing 133, 195, 240 Martigny 173 Martin, George 183 Martineau, Hubert 111 Mass tourism 187, 241, 243 Mathis, Christian 28, 110, 111 Mathis, Friedy 208, 209 Mathis, Hartly 203, 208, 209 Mathis, Reto 208 Mathys, Robert 155 Matter, Herbert 135, 136, 138, 149 Matterhorn 7, 12, 13, 50, 123, 174, 175

Matthias, Eugen 125, 157 Mayr, Johann Heinrich 8, 12, 15 Maze, Tina 163 Meerkämper, Emil 132 Meiringen-Hasliberg 161 Mellingen 222 Menjou, Adolphe 117 Menthon, Bernhard von 60 Mentasti, Giuseppe 102 Meyer, Antoinette 156 Meyer, Fredi 228 Middle classes 240, 242 Milan 20, 60, 132, 134, 208, 241 Military 57, 60, 93 Military patrol run 89, 93, 101, 128, 232 Minger, Rudolf 93 Minsch, Peter 25, 26 Miss Carroll 59 Mittelallalin 214 Mittelholzer, Walter 82, 117 Modernism 134, 135, 166 Mogul runs 179, 219, 226 Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo 136 Molitor, Fritz 156 Molitor, Karl 58, 59, 61, 62, 101, 103, 156, 157 Mönch 7 Mont Blanc 122, 228 Monte Rosa 228 Monte Generoso 234 Montgomery of Alamein, Bernard 170 Montreal 28, 206 Montreux 33, 72, 79, 81, 92, 110, 116 Moon boots 193, 225 Morach, Otto 166 Morgartenskilauf 186 Morges 170 Morgins 53, 228 Mountain railways 33, 69, 76, 79, 80, 106, 110, 119, 121 – 125, 134, 140, 176, 180, 191, 203, 214, 218, 237 Mountbatten, Edwina 117 Müller, Maurice E. 155 Müller, Peter 197 Munich 125, 205, 208, 241 Muothatal 46 Mürren 38, 53, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 66, 74, 79, 85, 110, 135, 149, 153, 156, 158, 167, 170, 183, 216 Mürzzuschlag 122 Mussolini, Benito 123 N Nadig, Marie-Theres 193, 196 Näf, Eduard 46 Nansen, Fridtjof 45, 46, 52, 222 Nater, Carl 93, 103 Nation of skiers 128, 194, 197 National Association for the Promotion of Tourism 122, 134 Nationale Aktion 194 Natural skiing 124, 134 Nendaz 209, 228 Neuburg, Hans 136 New York 99, 123, 134, 195

267

New Zealand 31 “ni” storm 95 Niarchos, Stavros 125, 176, 180, 190 Nidecker 158, 163 Nidwalden 176 Niemann, Christoph 138, 239 Nora, Pierre 196 Nordic disciplines 55 Nordic Games 91 North America 28, 44, 123, 156, 231 North face of the Eiger 59, 71 Norway, the Norwegians 8, 39, 43 – 46, 50, 52, 66, 87, 89, 93, 106, 152, 154, 158, 159, 202, 226 O Oberalpstock 50 Oberdiessbach 106 Oberhof (Thuringia) 123 Obersee 40, 82, 202 Obrist, Robert 125 October Revolution 112 O≈ce National du Tourisme 122 Ogi, Adolf 7, 196 Oil crisis 194 Olten 55, 106 Olympic bob run 167, 207 Olympic ski jump 90, 93 Olympic stadium 89, 90, 96, 164, 166 Opel, Fritz von 187 Opel, Wilhelm von 184 Oslo 44, 101, 158 Osteal tuberculosis 35 Osteosynthesis 155 Outdoor Amusement Committees 22, 25 Oxford Canadians 94 P Package holidays 33, 189, 237 Package oΩers 33, 121 Pahlawi Reza, Shah of Persia 116, 152, 181, 184, 208 Paracelsus 13 Paravicini, Giovanni 44 Paris 14, 20, 45, 70, 112, 134, 206, 208 Parliamentary ski week 243 Parsenn 50, 58, 59, 67, 80, 170, 172, 173 Parsenn Derby 58, 170 Patrouille des Glaciers 128, 232, 233 Paulcke, Wilhelm 44, 50, 51, 94, 118, 174 Penicillin 76 Perren, Stephan 155 Pfä≈kon SZ 106 P�ster, Oskar 126 Pickford, Mary 117 Pieper, Michael 242 Piste de l’Ours 189, 192 Piste preparation 179, 183, 219 Piz Bernina 7, 243 Piz-Nair 137, 167, 176, 219

268 Appendix

Pizol 52, 164, 176 Plaine Morte 57, 58, 199, 200 Polo on Snow 202, 204 Poltera, Gebi 95 Poltera, Ueli 95 Pontresina 38, 51, 80, 85, 110, 123, 128, 138, 146, 152, 158 Pope Pius XI. 60 Postal snow sleds 18, 70 Postcards 131, 132 Poster art 134, 141 Posters 128, 131, 132, 134 Pragel Pass 46, 49, 57 Pragellauf 186 Prättigau 70 Preussen, Wilhelm von (Wilhelm of Prussia) 40 Price of land 14, 38, 191 Priests 14, 17, 38, 233 Prince di Sangro 117 Prince’s Club London 94 Pringle Robertson, George 25 Pröll, Annemarie 196 Public Schools Alpine Sports Club 33, 53, 189 Puidoux 163 Pulitzer Texas Long Horn 26 Pulitzer, Ralph 26

Rich, Marc 184 Richter, Hugo 17 Ridell, Jimmy 58 Riederalp 173, 195 Rigi 40, 56, 76, 77, 79, 234 Riviera 12, 36, 122 Roaring Twenties 115, 119, 134 Rodewald, Raimund 238 Rolle 163 Rollier, Auguste 35 Rolling carpets 207 Romandie 31, 94, 111, 112, 181 Romanshorn 160 Rome 20, 53, 134 Rominger, Rudolf 125 Roth, Hermann 133 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 13 Rubi, Christian 58 Rubinstein, Helena 117 Ruchet, Henri 108 Rue, Xavier de la 229 Rümligen 160 Russi, Bernhard 193, 196, 197, 237 Russia, the Russians 20, 112, 117, 152, 208, 238, 241 Rütli Oath 133 Ruud, Sigmund 106

R Rack railways 84 Raclette 206 Radical Snowboarding Club 224 Radio 99, 194, 196 Ragaz, Georg 215 Ragetli, Melchior 36 Ragettli, Andri 229 Railways and funiculars: ¬¬Allmendhubel 56, 79 ¬¬Arth-Rigi 77 ¬¬Berner Oberland 72, 79 ¬¬Chantarella 56 ¬¬Corvatsch 200 ¬¬Corviglia 69, 79 ¬¬Diavolezza 183 ¬¬Gerschnialp 79 ¬¬Gerschnialp-Trübsee 84 ¬¬Gotschna 173 ¬¬Jungfrau 56, 64, 76, 134, 214 ¬¬Matterhorn Gotthard 174 ¬¬Montreux-Oberland-­ Bernois 72 ¬¬Muottas Muragl 56, 76, 79 ¬¬Parsenn 67, 80, 165, 166 ¬¬Visp-Zermatt 74, 174 ¬¬Vitznau-Rigi 77, 79 ¬¬Wengernalp 59, 71, 74, 85 ¬¬Wispile Funi 81 Rainier III., Prince of Monaco 116, 184, 190 Raphael 14 Ratrac 179, 183 Ray Ban 136, 177 Recession 194 Reinalter, Edy 101 Rennverein St. Moritz 202 Reuge, Guido 159 Revolving turns 66, 226 Rhaetian Railway 38, 70 – 72, 90, 110, 202

S Saanenland 72, 80, 84, 106, 118 Saanenmöser 81 Saas Valley 44 Saas-Fee 175, 200, 209, 214, 243 Saas-Grund 197 Sachs, Ernst 187 Sachs, Gunter 29, 111, 158, 184, 187 Sachs, Mirja 184 Sachs, Rolf 111 Safety binding 162, 163, 178 Sa�en valley 219 Sailer, Toni 178 Salastrains 125 Samedan 14, 15, 38, 82, 99, 128, 132 Samnaun/Ischgl 197, 219 San Bernardino 36 Sanatoriums 18, 34, 35, 37, 40, 76, 166, 189 Santos, Alberto 50 Sapporo 96, 193, 196, 197 Sarajevo 41 Saratz, Claudio 51 Sattel-Hochstuckli 207 Saudan, Sylvain 228 Savognin 214 – 216 Sawiris, Samih 242 Scaletta Pass 72 Scandinavia 8, 44, 123, 186, 215 SchaΩhausen 193, 197 Schatzalp 40, 56, 76, 192 Schaufelberger, Edi 219 Scherz, Ernst 210, 211 Scheuing, Albert 186 Schierke (Harz) 123 Schiller, Friedrich 13, 133 Schilthorn 58, 167, 183, 184 Schindellegi 106 Schlitteda 22, 110

Schlunegger, Hedi 99 Schmid, Jürg 239 Schmid, Leza 214 Schmid, Peter 218 Schmidt, Gian-Paul 226 Schneereifen 44 Schneider, Hannes 58, 60, 65, 122, 123, 134 Schneider, Robert 155 Schneider, Romy 183 Schneider, Vreni 197 Schönenwerd 157 School holidays 172 Schulthess, Edmund von 88 Schulthess, Emil 136 Schumacher, Beatrice 128 Schwarzenbach, Urs E. 205 Schweizerische HotelTreuhand-Gesellschaft 112 Schwyz 106, 173, 192, 229 Scotland 23 Scuol 34, 38, 225, 226 Second homes 9, 194, 238 Seiler, Alexander 122 Seiler, Hermann 50, 174 Semmering 29, 40, 122 Sestriere 58, 123 Siberia 44 Siebenthal, Oswald von 80, 81 Siegrist, Dominik 232, 235 Sillig, Max 94 Sils (Engadin) 38, 152, 222 Silvaplana 181, 208 Sion 192 SKA hat 183 Skateboards 224, 229 Skating Union 91 Skeleton 7, 8, 26, 28, 29, 37, 40, 88, 90, 101, 102, 110, 117, 134, 187, 192, 225 Ski acrobatics 125, 195, 209, 226 Ski areas 9, 181, 183, 190 – 192, 195, 197, 212, 215 Ski association of the Workers’ Gymnastics and Sports ­Federation (Satus) 106 Ski bindings: 44, 49, 52, 152 – 154, 222, 225 ¬¬Alpina 159 ¬¬Balata 154 ¬¬Fritschi 162 ¬¬Gertsch 163 ¬¬Giant reed 154 ¬¬Kandahar 67, 153, 158, 159, 162, 163 ¬¬Nefracta 162 Ski boots: ¬¬Bally 157, 158, 161 ¬¬Heierling 157, 161 ¬¬Henke 156, 161, 193, 195 ¬¬Molitor 156, 157, 161 ¬¬plastic 156 ¬¬Raichle 157, 158, 161, 225 ¬¬Te-Ma 125, 157 Ski camps 106, 128, 173, 183, 238, 240 Ski clothing 47, 49 Ski clubs: ¬¬Alpina St. Moritz 44, 65, 164, 202

¬¬Berne 152 ¬¬Glarus 48 ¬¬of Great Britain 61 ¬¬Kandahar 58, 62, 63, 158 ¬¬Zurich 52 Ski �lms 134, 228, 231 Ski instructors 7, 52, 55, 60, 61, 65, 84, 93, 96, 101, 122, 124, 125, 170, 174, 175, 180, 181, 193, 195, 200, 219 Ski jumping 55, 57, 61, 91, 102, 108, 115, 125, 134, 154, 201 Ski jumps 38, 106, 122, 166 Ski lifts 69, 81, 83 – 85, 100, 106, 123, 173, 176, 190, 191, 197, 200, 216, 222, 238 Ski races 39, 41, 43 – 67, 89, 101, 122, 132, 149, 156, 169, 193, 195, 196, 200, 202, 225 Ski school prices 170 Ski schools 7, 64, 65, 77, 123 – 125, 178 – 182, 186, 195 Ski tour racing 232, 233 Ski touring 44, 51, 52, 221, 230, 232, 240 Ski World Cup 163 Skiing 8, 32, 39, 43 – 67, 69, 77, 79, 89, 96, 105 – 129, 134, 145, 157, 169 – 197, 199, 200, 204, 207, 212, 216, 222, 230, 232, 235, 237, 240 Skiing holidays 53, 56, 121, 238 Skiing lesson/ski course 51, 60, 65, 77, 121, 122 Skikjöring 38, 39, 106, 125, 144, 202, 203 Ski-Mambo 65, 134, 178 Skis: ¬¬ash timber 152, 158 ¬¬Attenhofer 154, 158, 159, 162, 180 ¬¬Authier 158, 162 ¬¬Belmag 158 ¬¬Carving 152, 230 ¬¬Gotthardsoldat 60 ¬¬Head 161 ¬¬hickory 158, 178 ¬¬metal 154, 158, 162, 180 ¬¬Molitor 156 ¬¬Movement 163, 230 ¬¬norwegian 44, 46 ¬¬plastic 162 ¬¬Rebell 158 ¬¬Schwendener 158, 162 ¬¬Splitkein 67, 158, 161 ¬¬Staub 158 ¬¬Stöckli 158, 161 – 163 ¬¬Streuli Frères 158 ¬¬wooden 158, 159 ¬¬Zai for Bentley 163 Slalom 58, 59, 63, 64, 99, 101, 156, 157, 170, 224 Sledges: ¬¬Burri 160 ¬¬Caprez 160 ¬¬Davos 25, 28, 45, 160, 161, 192 ¬¬Engelberg 160 ¬¬Graf 160 ¬¬Grindelwald 160

¬¬Hartkopf 160 ¬¬Heinz-Friberg 160 ¬¬Marquart 160 Sledging 28, 192 Sleigh lifts 81, 84 Sloterdijk, Peter 196 Slovenia 44 Smith, Trygve 44, 50 Snocial season 211 Snociety 210, 211 Snörekjöring 38, 39, 202 Snow cannons 215, 218, 219 Snow football world cup 209 Snow’n’Rail 83 Snowboard world championships 227 Snowboarding 206, 207, 214, 219 – 231, 240 Snowboards: ¬¬Hooger Booger 223, 224 ¬¬Radical 163, 224, 230 ¬¬Sims 225 ¬¬Wild Duck 230 Snowcats 182, 183, 216 Snowkite 234, 235 Snow-making systems 215, 216, 218, 237, 238 SnowpenAir 218, 219 Snowplough turn 52, 122 Snowshoeing 235, 240 Snowshoes 18, 44 – 46, 77, 231, 234 Social Darwinism 8 Solar energy 126 Solarskilift 218, 219 Solothurn 106 Sonloup 34, 79, 140 South Tyrol 193, 224 Soviet Union 98 Speed skating 17, 89, 91, 92, 106, 166, 206 Speicher 106 Spengler, Alexander 8, 12, 15, 16, 19, 34, 44 Spiez 112 Spini, Georg 157 Spiritual Defence 126 Spitzmeilenhütte 164 Squaw Valley 196 St. Anton am Arlberg 58, 60, 65, 122, 134 St. Gallen 36 St. Galler Oberland 216 St. Gotthard 124, 174, 194 St. Imier 53, 106 St. Moritz Tourist Board 65, 82, 98, 132, 133 St. Moritz: 7, 8, 11 – 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 52, 56, 57, 63 – 66, 69 – 72, 77, 79 – 83, 85, 87 – 103, 106, 108, 110 – 112, 115 – 118, 123, 125 – 129, 131 – 138, 151, 155 – 157, 160, 164 – 166, 170, 174, 175, 181 – 184, 186 – 189, 192, 193, 200, 202 – 205, 207, 208, 210 – 212, 219, 224, 226, 227, 229, 237 – 241, 243 ¬¬Bad 13, 16, 37, 61, 89, 186, 189 ¬¬Bobsleigh Club (SMBC) 110, 111

¬¬Font 134– 138 ¬¬Grand Prix of 202 ¬¬Skating Club 18, 70, 132 ¬¬Tobogganing Club (SMTC) 28, 29, 102 ¬¬Top of the World 137, 138 ¬¬Village 13, 14, 37, 136 St. Niklaus 174 Stankowsky, Anton 136 StauΩer, Teddy 117 Ste-Croix 40, 106, 153, 159 Steel edges 59, 159 SteΩen, Rudolf 210 Stein am Rhein 161 Steiner, Albert 132 Steiner, Karl 190 Stephen, Leslie 9, 31, 40 Sterchi, Thomas 219 Stevenson, Robert Louis 23 Stifter, Herbert 122 Stirrup pants 47, 67, 177 Stockholm 134 Stoos 176 Strasser, Gottfried 70 Straumann, Fritz 155 Strauss, Franz-Josef 191 Strettell, Alfred Baker 14, 19 Strettell, Arthur V. 12, 14, 15 Subsidies 72, 172, 242 Sulgen 160 Summer ski areas 200 Summer skiing 200 Summer toboggan runs 207 Sun Valley 123 Sunglasses 136, 177 Sur�ng 22, 224 Surselva district 191 Susten Pass 200 Suvretta 125, 190 Suvretta lift 83, 84 Swanson, Gloria 117 Sweden 44, 99, 186 Swinging Sixties 212 Swiss Confederation 88, 90 Swiss federal government 72, 103, 174 Swiss Federal Institute of ­Technology (ETH) 50, 118 Swiss Federal O≈ce of Sport 232 Swiss Federation for Nature Conservation 180, 192 Swiss Foundation for Landscape Conservation 238 Swiss Heritage Society 192 Swiss National Tourism O≈ce see Switzerland Tourism Swiss ¬¬Academic Ski Club (SAS) 50, 59, 62, 63 ¬¬Alpine Club (SAC) 52, 60, 164, 180, 243 ¬¬Army 57, 101, 124, 128 ¬¬Berghilfe (an organisation for the bene�t of the population in the mountains) 219 ¬¬Cableways register 175 ¬¬Credit Institution 190, 193 ¬¬Curling Association 23

¬¬Federal Railways (SBB) 80, 106, 108, 132, 134, 176 ¬¬Hoteliers Association 65, 83, 112 ¬¬Hotel-Revue 65 ¬¬Ice Hockey Federation 94 ¬¬Locomotive and Machine Factory (SLM) 46 ¬¬National Accident Insurance Fund (Suva) 155 ¬¬National Exhibition 1939 134 ¬¬Olympic Committee 90 ¬¬Public accident insurer (Suva) 155 ¬¬Railway Workers Association 121 ¬¬Reisekasse (holiday fund) 121 ¬¬Sample Fair 156 ¬¬Ski Association 7, 50, 55, 64, 65, 77, 96, 106, 189, 196 ¬¬Ski Championships 55, 174 ¬¬Ski School Association 65 ¬¬Television 193 ¬¬Tourism Federation 194 ¬¬Youth ski camp 126, 128 Swissair 82, 83 Switzerland Tourism 7, 119, 122, 134, 238, 239 Syers, Madge 17 T Tailing party 18, 23 Tannenbodenalp 176 Tanner, Simon 132 Täsch 175 Taylor, Liz 190 Team games 37, 106 Telemark 44, 49, 152, 235 Television 99, 131, 133, 193, 194, 196, 222, 224 Tell, Wilhelm 13, 133 Tenna 218, 219 Tennis 22, 106, 132, 200, 209 Testa, Adriano 47, 152 Testa, Giovanni 65, 124, 125, 134, 157, 178, 195 Testa, Plinio 125 Testa, Renato 125 Tête Blanche 233 The AO Foundation (Association for Osteosynthesis) 155 The First Crossing of Greenland 45, 222 Theler, Hans “Cha-Cha” 187 Thermal springs 13 Theus, Tilla 167 Thoma-Badrutt, Emil 80, 202 Thöni, Hans 121 Thurgau 12, 156 Thusis 70, 72 Thyon 189, 192, 193 Tianjin 205 Ticino 208, 234 Tissières, Rodolphe 128, 190 Toboggan 23, 25, 26, 28, 76 Toboggan runs 18, 25, 37, 38, 77 Tobogganing 18, 23, 26, 28, 29, 192

269

Toggenburg 176, 193, 226 Töndury, Janet 16 Topham, Harold 45 Torelli, Ines 181 Torriani, Bibi 95, 96, 99, 100 Torriani, Vico 183 Tourism 8, 33, 57, 77, 83, 122 Trenker, Luis 117 Trepp, Hans-Martin 95 Triet, Max 111 Trio Eugster 194 Tropeano, Joe 215 Tschappina 181 Tuberculosis 8, 12, 16, 23, 34, 35, 44, 51, 76 Tunisia 163 Turner, Tina 219 Typhoid epidemic 175 Tyrol 65 U Udet, Ernst 82 Unger, Friedrich 12, 17 Uniform method 65, 125, 178, 195 United States Olympic ­Committee 99 Unterterzen 176 Unterwasser 81 Upper Engadin 33, 40, 51, 56, 70, 76, 89, 101, 134, 137, 176, 180, 181, 186, 200, 205, 219 Uri 200 Urnäsch 215, 216 USA 26, 31, 82, 84, 98, 99, 123, 125, 136, 174, 195, 215, 222, 225 V Vaduz 157 Val d’Hérens 192, 233 Val de Travers 111 Val Gardena 193 Val Thorens 192 Valais 40, 44, 50, 53, 56 – 58, 74, 81, 84, 102, 115, 173, 174, 186, 189, 192, 194, 209, 228

270 Appendix

Valbella 81 Valentin, Paul 176 Vasaloppet 186 Vaucher-Testa, Irene 125 Vaud 35, 79, 158, 226 Velogemel 158, 159 Veraguth, Hilda 204 Verbier 128, 149, 173, 175, 190, 228, 233, 238 Vergé, Roger 208 Vevey 13, 94 Vex 192 Veysonnaz 189 Victoria, Queen of England 13 Vienna 40, 52, 122, 123, 134, 156, 207, 241 Viennese school 17 Village Run 37 Villars 40, 66, 94, 106 Visp 74, 174 Von Roll 173 Vue-des-Alpes 207 Vuilleumier, Evelyne 222, 224 – 226 Vulpera 209 W Waldenburg 155 Wangs 216 Wasescha, Teias 214 Wasserngrat 202, 210 Weber, Emil 164 Weber, Hermann 12, 15 Wedeln (fast parallel turning) 125, 178 Weisse Arena 191 Weiss�uh summit 50, 176 Weiss�uhjoch 66, 80, 176, 203 Wengen 38, 53, 56, 58, 61, 64, 65, 71, 74, 149, 156, 157 White Turf 184, 202, 203 Whitney, Stephen 110 Whymper, Edward 13, 174 Widmer, Sigmund 192 Wiesen 21 Wildhaus 81, 226

Wilhelm II., Kaiser of Germany 41, 53, 181 Willenegger, Hans 155 Williams, Robbie 219 Wills, Alfred 243 Winter campgrounds 189 Winter hiking 235 Winter hiking trails 77, 235 Winter holidays 128, 189, 208, 238 Winter Olympics: 7, 29 ¬¬1924 47, 91 ¬¬1928 7, 47, 82, 87, 88, 90, 91, 111, 125, 134, 151 ¬¬1932 123 ¬¬1936 93, 123 ¬¬1940 96 ¬¬1948 7, 87, 98, 99, 101 – 103, 156, 170, 210 ¬¬1952 101 ¬¬1956 178 ¬¬1968 186 ¬¬ 1972 196 ¬¬1976 192 ¬¬2014 163 Winter paradise 108 Winter sports advertising 119 Wintersportmuseum Davos 44 Winter Sports Week 91 Winterhalder, Robert 84 Winterthur 46 Witte, Harry 117 Wolf, Konrad 167 Wolhusen 161, 162 World fairs 14 World Luge Championships 192 World Ski Championship 7, 66, 93, 157, 197 World War ¬¬First 8, 11, 17, 29, 60, 72, 77, 79, 82, 111, 112, 117, 118, 122, 167, 200 ¬¬Second 9, 20, 43, 53, 63, 85, 95, 105, 111, 126, 161, 169, 173, 232 Wranding, Gita 184

Wright brothers 82 Writers 23, 32, 35 – 37, 51, 65, 133, 158 Wyss, Fridli 101, 180 – 182, 200, 219 X Xtreme 228, 229 Y Youth culture 222 Z Zaeslin, Carl 164 ZaharoΩ, Basil 117 Zaki Jamani, Ahmed 184 Zarn, Adolf 61, 65 Zdarsky, Mathias 47, 52, 63, 64, 122, 152, 154, 157, 159 Zellweger, Ulrich 16 Zemp, Josef 72 Zermatt 50, 52, 72, 74, 106, 122, 128, 173 – 175, 181, 182, 195, 200, 203, 204, 214, 216, 219, 233, 238, 241 Zernez 137 Zryd, Annerösli 193 Zucchero 218 Zumikon 158 Zuoz 40, 189 Zurbriggen, Pirmin 197 Zürcher Oberland 46, 192 Zurich 12, 14, 15, 36, 50, 52, 72, 81, 82, 90, 95, 102, 106, 134, 156, 163, 170, 172, 176, 206, 207, 224, 225, 229, 237, 240, 241 Zurich Academic Ice Hockey Club 95 Zürcher SC 95

Authors and Co-Authors

Michael Lütscher, *1962, lives in Zurich.

He has worked as a journalist since 1982, including editorial work on background issues, portraits and reports for the �nancial paper Cash and the SonntagsZeitung newspaper. He has been working on a freelance basis for a few years. He has many published works, including Eine Stadt, ein Verein, eine Geschichte (Buchverlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung), about the history of FC Zürich.

de Lausanne. He has worked in various ­European luxury hotels, including the Gstaad Palace. He was general manager of The Peninsula in Hong Kong and Badrutt’s Palace in St. Moritz from 1980 to 1990. His book Via St. Moritz nach Hongkong und zurück (Buchverlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung), a collection of stories from his time in the hotel industry, was published in 2006. He has been living in Denmark with his wife since the end of his career as a hotelier.

Ursula Bauer, *1947, lives in Zurich. She is an author and works in media documentation. She wrote various book chapters on early mountain hikers and Alpine tourists, including Elizabeth Main (in Elizabeth Main. Alpinist, Photographer, Writer: Diopter Verlag). She also co-wrote many works with Jürg Frischknecht, including Time Travel: En route to historic hotels in Switzerland (Mattenbach), Ein Russ im Bergell.

Anton von Rydzewsky 1836 – 1913 (Desertina) and eight literary travel guides.

Christof Kübler, *1956 in Thusis, studied history of art, history and sociology at the University of Zurich. He worked at the Institute of Historic Building Research and Conservation at ETH Zurich, and then became an assistant to the chair of modern and contemporary art at the University of Zurich. He has been involved in journalistic projects in the �elds of history of art, architecture and culture. He has been curator at the Swiss National Museum since 1996, and chief curator and member of the management from 2005 to 2008. He has been working on a freelance basis since 2009 and manages the company querverweise gmbh.

Samuel Burgener, *1987, grew up in SaasFee. He started out working as sports editor for the Walliser Bote, and has been sports editor for the Neue Zürcher Zeitung and NZZ am Sonntag since 2013. He primarily writes about ice hockey and football.

Beatrice Geistlich, *1966, lives in Zurich.

She has been working as a photo editor since 1996, including for Keystone, TagesAnzeiger, and various book projects.

Peter Jegen, *1962, is deputy head of the sports department at the Neue Zürcher ­Zeitung. He has been writing about inter­ national and national equestrian sports for over 30 years. He edited The Moyglare Story (Buchverlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung), a book about horse racing and the people involved.

He also co-wrote White Turf: 100 Jahre ­Internationale Pferderennen St. Moritz (Gammeter).

Adi Kälin, *1959 in Küssnacht, obtained a Master’s degree in history, has been a journalist for about 30 years and is currently editor of the Zurich section of the Neue Zürcher Zeitung. His book Rigi – mehr als ein Berg (Hier + Jetzt) was published in 2012.

Max Keller, *1943 near Lake Constance, ­attended business school in St. Gallen, and later trained as a chef at the Ecole hôtelière

272 Appendix

Roland Küng, *1953 in Chur, is a former pilot who now works in radar systems management for the air force. For roughly 30 years, he has been running the Flug­ archiv Graubünden, a private collection of documents on aviation in the Canton of Graubünden, in other areas of Switzerland, and abroad. He has written several publications on the topic of aviation in Graubünden.

Silvio Margadant, *1947, born and raised in St. Moritz, obtained a doctorate in history and was the state archivist for the Canton of Graubünden from 1980 to 2012. He is member of the executive committee of many historical and cultural institutions.

He wrote numerous pieces on the history of Graubünden, including St. Moritz: Strei�ichter auf eine aussergewöhnliche Entwicklung (Gammeter), which he cowrote with Marcella Maier.

Sepp Renggli, *1924, was head of sports at Radio DRS, manager of the Radio DRS studios in Zurich and, from 1987 to 1995, columnist for the Weltwoche. He has covered over 18 Winter and Summer Olympic Games and countless major sporting events on every continent. He is married and has two sons who are also sports journalists.

Imprint

This publication is issued on behalf of the municipality of St. Moritz and the Bürgergemeinde (citizens’ commune) of St. Moritz. © 2014 Neue Zürcher Zeitung Publishing, Zurich Concept and editorial work: Michael Lütscher, Zurich Archive research assistance: Silvio Margadant, Haldenstein English translation: ENGLISH EXPRESS, Berlin, www.englishexpress.de Picture editing: Beatrice Geistlich, Zurich Layout and typesetting: Bernet & Schönenberger, Zurich Printing: Somedia, Chur Bookbinding: Buchbinderei Burkhardt, Mönchaltorf

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