Surveying+Spatial Issue 111 March 2023

SURVEYING SPATIAL March 2023 #111

Magazine

Then and NOW SATELLITE IMAGERY: THE OLD AND THE NEW REALITY CAPTURE: EVOLVING CONCEPTS AND NEW TECH S+SNZ NEW CERTIFICATION FRAMEWORK

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From fly to finish

• EDITORIAL

Focusing on ‘Then and Now’

A

s we continue to make major

cannot imagine our modern existence

strides in the use and devel-

without the technology that started

opment of new technologies,

it all and the convenience it brings to

it seems to be a timely opportunity

our daily lives today.

to look back at some of the changes

Our technologies will continue

that have occurred in the survey and

to innovate and evolve but perhaps

spatial industries over the past few

one thing that will never change is

decades.

our continual need for products and

The introduction of new technolo-

services that ensure greater accuracy,

gies and developments has not only

information and detail. The new

increased the efficiency of work, but

emerging technologies occurring in

Managing Director Steve Critchlow

in many cases, it has changed the

the survey and spatial sectors today

takes a look at the evolution of

way survey and spatial professionals

are setting the bar very high for the

satellite imagery technology, from

approach work altogether, resulting

future.

1960s images constructed from

in less need for continuous on-site

In this first edition for 2023 we’re

Critchlow Geospatial’s Group

individual photos to today’s state of

presence, creating more scope for

focusing on the theme ‘Then and

the art, high-definition imagery that

office-based data gathering and

Now’, taking a look at some of the

can be used to inform quickly and

greater remote working activity.

progress and innovations that have

efficiently.

As recalled in Walter Frick’s article in the Harvard Business Review, American physicist and early microchip pioneer

taken place in the survey and spatial space.

Also in this edition, Survey + Spatial NZ presents the official launch of

Global Survey’s Kirsty Mackie

the Survey and Spatial New Zealand

Robert Noyce held up a new Intel

outlines the development of reality

Certification Framework. This new

4004 microprocessor to his relatives

capture and how this technology is

framework, the result of a successful

at a reunion in California in 1971

changing the way people work and

2022 pilot programme, is the first

with a visionary prediction. “This

their ability to deliver more efficient

of its kind in New Zealand and will

is going to change the world,” he

and mobile solutions into the future.

provide a recognised professional

said. “It’s going to revolutionise your

From Toitū Te Whenua-Land

pathway for S+SNZ members at all

home; you will all have computers.

Information New Zealand, Toni Hill

levels, and ensure mandatory con-

You will have access to all sorts of

presents a compilation of ‘then and

tinuing professional development.

information, everything will happen

now’ photos from a LINZ team’s recent

This edition, we outline the criteria

electronically.”

visit to Antarctica that reveals some of

and feature some participants from

the new and enduring practices used

the certification pilot programme.

Noyce’s prediction has proved to be prophetic. In the 21st century we

on the frozen continent.

•

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 1

Survey and Spatial

New Zealand TĀTAI WHENUA

Contents MARCH 2023

SURVEYING+SPATIAL

ISSUE 111 MARCH 2023 A publication of Survey and Spatial New Zealand, Tātai Whenua.

ISSN 2382-1604 www.surveyspatialnz.org

EDITOR Rachel Harris surveyingspatial@gmail.com All rights reserved. Abstracts and brief quotations may be made, providing reference is credited to Surveying +Spatial. Complete papers or large extracts of text may not be printed or reproduced without the permission of the editor.

Correspondence relating to literary items in Surveying+Spatial may be addressed to the editor. Papers, articles and letters to the editor, suitable for publication, are welcome.

Papers published in Surveying+Spatial are not refereed. All correspondence relating to business aspects, including subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Chief Executive Survey and Spatial New Zealand PO Box 5304 Lambton Quay Wellington 6140 New Zealand Phone: 04 471 1774 Fax: 04 471 1907 Web address: www.surveyspatialnz.org Email: admin@surveyspatialnz.org

Distributed free to members of S+SNZ. Published in March, June, September and December by S+SNZ.

1

Editorial Rachel Harris

5

Satellite imagery technology: then and now Steve Critchlow

9

Reality Capture is not a new concept Kirsty Mackie

5

13 Antarctica then and now Toitū Te Whenua–Linz 21 New certificate framework launch

21

23 Certificate Pilot: meet the participants

DESIGN & PRINT MANAGEMENT KPMDesign – www.kpmdesign.co.nz info@kpm.co.nz

TO ADVERTISE Email: admin@surveyspatialnz.org or contact Jan Lawrence +64 4 471 1774

27

27 5 diversity benefits in schools Roshni Sharma 30 New Landonline application captures attention Lyndon Telfer 32 Perpetual leases over Māori land Mick Strack 36 Book review: The Measure of the Man Ross Miller 38 News

9

42 Legal column 43 University Happenings Richard Hemi

13 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 3

• THEN AND NOW

SATELLITE IMAGERY TECHNOLOGY: THEN AND NOW Steve Critchlow, Group Managing Director, Critchlow Geospatial There is perhaps no better example (or visual comparison) of the evolution of spatial technology than satellite imagery technology – and the importance of this technology has never been more critical than today. The image below was taken on Tuesday, February 21 in Puketapu, Hawke’s Bay, a week after Cyclone Gabrielle hit.

A

s the country navigates its way through this latest natural disaster, knowing that authorities today can rely on the availability of such highly detailed data

shows just how far we’ve come.

But let’s go way back to the beginning when the NASA weather satellite TIROS-1 sent the first picture of Earth from

Source: Charming Globe, Puketapu, Hawke’s Bay, February 21, 2023

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 5

space on April 1, 1960. It was obviously both revolutionary

Satellite imagery and associated technology, of course,

and revelatory to view imagery of this kind for the very first

has advanced significantly since the launch of Landsat 1

time.

in the 1970s (perhaps not as quickly as many geospatial experts would like).

In truth, until pretty recently, satellite imagery technology had been a source of great frustration – so much potential, but it was clear that potential wouldn’t be realised fully until next generation optics (and supporting technology) came on stream.

Adding to this frustration was the knowledge that if you didn’t have serious in-house expertise, as well as the required (and expensive) hardware/software, then any real-world business applications were largely out of reach for most organisations.

Quite simply, these limitations meant that for many years, satellite imagery technology just wasn’t ready for mainstream use and subsequently was never adopted at the scale that its initial promise suggested it would be.

Today, it’s a different story.

Quietly and somewhat behind the scenes, over the past few years, satellite imagery technology has properly come of age.

The Tiros-1 satellite, which captured the first satellite images of Earth in 1960.

Back then, of course, the images were constructed by stitching together thousands of individual photographs;

Today, providers can routinely offer native 30cm resolution and derived resolution high-definition imagery (via algorithms) of 15cm.

In addition, the recent advances in optics, remote

and it was really only possible to discern land and water

sensing, artificial intelligence, machine learning and cloud

boundaries, or large scale cloud formations.

computing now mean satellite imagery is more powerful

The next big technology leap occurred on July 23, 1972, when the Landsat 1 satellite was launched. That’s really where modern ‘earth observation’ satellite imagery technology (as we know it) started.

and accessible than ever before and is driving newer and ever more granular applications.

This complementary technology is further enabling the use of multispectral and hyperspectral capabilities

The impact on cartography and the geospatial sciences

allowing users to more quickly and easily visualise and

of Landsat 1 data cannot be overstated: it was immediate

monitor change, as well as determine and distinguish

and fundamental; country boundaries were redrawn and

between material features on the surface of Earth.

new islands discovered. of an enormous fire burning in central Alaska, allowing

Multispectral and hyperspectral satellite imagery

scientists to see, for the first time, the extent of fire damage

Multispectral imaging works by capturing image data

Within days of the launch, Landsat 1 captured imagery

via satellite while it was still burning.

Landsat 1 was in service for over six years and, during that time, obtained images that covered nearly 75% of Earth’s surface.

Equipped with cameras and instruments operating in both the visible and near infra-red spectral bands, Landsat 1 was capable of up to 80-metre ground resolution.

The first advances in enhancing the data with computer technology and software were also pioneered during this time, allowing some of the spectral band data to be digitally processed and improved.

6 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

within specific wavelength ranges from across the electromagnetic spectrum. This can include frequencies such as infrared and ultra-violet – these are wavelengths beyond the visible light range for humans and allow for the extraction of information that the human eye would be unable to capture.

With multispectral satellite imagery, it is possible to differentiate materials by what is known as their ‘spectral reflectance signatures’. These unique ‘fingerprints’ enable identification of materials, for example, the spectral signature for oil can help detect and ascertain the area of

oil spills at sea.

When you combine all these advances in detection,

Hyperspectral imagery is next level again and enables

processing power and accessibility with the capability for

segmentation and classification of land and aquatic fea-

new imagery to be captured daily, you have an incredibly

tures to a very granular level (but of course, like anything

powerful tool for understanding and anticipating change

to do with satellite imagery – also at scale).

(both human created and natural).

For example, hyperspectral imagery can identify and

This kind of easy access and on-demand intelligence is

quantify molecular absorption, inferring biological and

ideal for assessing risk, monitoring land use, and planning

chemical processes, and has been used in this capacity to

infrastructure and development.

monitor the application of pesticides for quality control and optimum dose coverage.

Commercially available synthetic aperture radar imagery

The applications for environmental protection and emergency response are also huge, particularly when you consider the ability of SAR imagery to penetrate both smoke and cloud cover.

Then and now With over 20 years’ worth of vast imagery archives now readily accessible, satellite imagery provides unique historical context around change to our planet via what is essentially a ‘then and now’ digital time machine.

These archives also plainly highlight the difference between satellite imagery technology in its infancy and what it is capable of today. As is often the way in geospatial, the difference between then and now is most powerfully demonstrated visually.

Below is the first image of Earth from space taken by TIROS-1 on April 1, 1960. Compare that with the Capella image.

Clearly, the difference in resolution between the very first satellite images of the 1960s and the latest satellite imagery is obvious

Source: Capella Space; Westport, New Zealand February 4, 2022, 4:27pm NZT (water displays as black).

and striking. However, even this doesn’t fully

One of the most significant advances in satellite imagery technology recently is the commercial availability of synthetic aperture radar (SAR). This technology uses radar to capture images of Earth’s surface, and depending on the use case, its capabilities are far more powerful than optical satellite imagery. This includes enhanced change detection capabilities and SAR’s ability to penetrate cloud, smoke and darkness.

Accessibility and currency Cloud computing and flexible new business models around the data licences for software and data make it easier and more cost-effective than ever to access satellite imagery in a timely and automated manner.

Image taken on April 1, 1960 by the TIROS-1 weather satellite – the first picture of the Earth from space.

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 7

The extra high resolution imagery available through Charming Globe that was recently captured for the entire east coast of the North Island took 1 minute and 11 seconds. capture the recent revolution in derived data, processing,

juxtaposition in capability and utility. It’s this very recent

and accessibility – and speed!

convergence of a lot of disparate technology (machine

The extra high resolution imagery available through

learning, AI, cloud computing and optics) that makes the

Charming Globe that was recently captured for the entire

contrast between today’s satellite imagery technology and

east coast of the North Island took 1 minute and 11

what’s gone before so dramatic.

seconds.

Indeed, there is no doubt that satellite imagery and its derived data can now be used in myriad ways to inform decision-makers, quickly, easily and affordably.

•

Sources: https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-1

The New Zealand Satellite Imagery Marketplace is an online resource provided

by Critchlow Geospatial. It offers the most comprehensive range of satellite services available today.

Current providers include Maxar, NTT Data, Pixxel, SI Imaging, Head Aerospace, Capella Space, Charming Globe, Satellogic and SpaceWill.

For more information about the New Zealand Satellite Imagery Marketplace visit: https://www.critchlow.co.nz/satellite-imagerymarketplace Source: Charming Globe, Coverage Map, February 21, 2023

A ‘then and now’ comparison conducted only a few years back wouldn’t have presented quite the same jarring

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8 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

• THEN AND NOW

REALITY CAPTURE IS NOT A NEW CONCEPT

Kirsty Mackie – Reality Capture and Autonomous Survey BDM, Global Survey

When people say ‘reality capture’, they often mean devices that produce point clouds. But, at a fundamental level, reality capture is capturing the real world and creating a 3D digital representation of it. Isn’t this what surveyors have been doing since day one?

N

ewer reality capture methods such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and photo-

grammetry have developed from the principles of traditional surveying. In a relatively short amount of time, we have gone from selectively capturing 1 GNSS shot per minute, to non-selectively getting 2 million points per second with the Leica RTC360 laser scanner.

The efficiency gains that newer methods offer over traditional methods (GPS and total stations), particularly for large or remote sites, are immense. Newer methods enable more data to be collected, faster delivery and great visualisation power in end outputs. As a result,

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 9

UAV photogrammetry and TLS are

for surveyors is the ability to get

much more effective communication

globally fast becoming embedded in

millimetre precision from these point

tool.

the surveyor’s toolkit.

cloud outputs.

The traditional methods of reality

Your client, who may not be experienced at looking at these

capture obviously do still have their

The power of visualisation

place, but it’s all use case specific. The

Reality capture is not a point solution,

the design intent and physicality of

computer requirements and big data

the use cases are manifold and

the structure as seen in a 2D format.

management involved with newer

diverse. But often newer methods

With the 3D visualisations that newer

methods is immense, and not always

are adopted in a business as a point

reality capture methods produce,

necessary for what you’re trying to

solution. Deliverables are regularly

all stakeholders can now see and

achieve. Whilst GNSS and total station

focused on the ‘mm precision’

interact with the design. This enabling

instruments are still the domain

element of the outputs. However,

them to intuitively understand

of the surveyor, laser scanners and

this emphasis can detract from

as-built conditions as a basis for

photogrammetry have a much wider

the 3D visuals that are delivered.

discussion about proposed changes.

array of use cases across a business

Visualisations are a powerful tool for

These visualisations are also very

and throughout different industries.

stakeholder engagement in their own

powerful for condition assessment

Myths about all point clouds ‘being

plans, can struggle to understand

right. Frequently the end outputs are

and continual management of

the same’ and laser scanning just

2D drawings with their own symbol-

remote assets.

being ‘point and shoot’ are being

ogy and layering language, seeing a

perpetuated. A key point of difference

visual of as-built conditions can be a

With the 3D visualisations that newer reality capture methods produce, all stakeholders can now see and interact with the design.

10 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

How do you compete?

The development of this technology is changing how we work and what we deliver, and with pushes towards autonomy, e.g. the development of autonomous mobile mapping capture solutions or automated extraction workflows, this is a continuously

evolving process. So it is important that you have a digital strategy for the adoption of this technology across your business.

On top of this, new reality capture software and hardware are released every day. It is like we are on a long train ride with an unknown destination. With emerging technology arriving at pace, we are said to be in the grips of a fourth industrial revolution – the industry 4.0, as McKinsey & Company are calling it. As a result, our BAU processes are changing – but are

The development of this technology is changing how we work and what we deliver, and with pushes towards autonomy, e.g. the development of autonomous mobile mapping capture solutions or automated extraction workflows, this is a continuously evolving process.

we changing? “Surveyors as the data managers” has become an industry

and retention which, currently, in the

As Benjamin Franklin put it, “By failing

catchphrase. Are you observing this

surveying industry is critical.

to plan, you are preparing to fail.”

catchphrase or is your company actively adapting?

What’s your digital strategy?

A key part of my role at Global Survey is to be the expert and stay up to date with emerging technology in this space. This is a challenge because of the volumes of new hardware

One of the things I’ve observed,

What is your digital strategy for the

is that it’s the companies that have

adoption of reality capture technol-

good internal cross company col-

ogy?

laboration that are most successful.

Discussing different use cases across different departments is key. Having lessons learn on large TLS scanning

•

Email: kirsty@globalsurvey.co.nz Follow Kirsty on LinkedIn: https:// www.linkedin.com/in/kirsty-mackie

jobs is critical!

Planning how you adapt to technology is imperative.

and software coming out every day.

My time is mostly spent providing technical training and support for our customers on their reality capture digital journey, refining workflows, consulting on best practice. My job enables me time to do this research, but in a consult role you likely won’t have this research time. How is your team staying up to date?

Cross-department collaboration is often the key element. As soon as a point cloud leaves your company, it’s really hard to retain disclaimers on its quality. Any ‘bad’ data that has gone out there has come from your company, not a specific department, so it’s important there are is collaboration and quality assurance processes in place.

A successful digital strategy for the deployment of reality capture methods is also is key to recruitment

Reference: https://www.geoweeknews.com/news/realitycapture101

. . . new reality capture software and hardware are released every day. It is like we are on a long train ride with an unknown destination.

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 11

12 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

ANTARCTICA

THEN AND NOW Toitū Te Whenua–Linz

A team from Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand recently visited Antarctica as part of efforts to better understand climate change and protect important heritage sites. It’s part of ongoing Toitū Te Whenua work on the continent that includes monitoring tide gauges and heritage sites. The team also conducts surveys for new ground infrastructure that will improve the accuracy and reliability of global navigation systems in New Zealand and Australia.

We look back over some of the photos from past trips to see what has changed, and what remains remarkably similar.

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 13

Getting around in the early 1960s on sled with dog power

14 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

Peter Otway undertaking office work during winter on base preparing for the summer season field work.

Long trips – often for three months at a time.

Garth Matterson with the ‘photo-theodolite’ set-up.

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 15

Recording features and data in field books.

Garth Falloon carrying out daylight star observations at Vanda Station in the Wright Valley with T2 Theodolite, 1987.

Di 20 EDM measurements in the Wright Valley, 1988-89.

16 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

Transport early 1960s.

T3 theodolite observations with observing tent at Mount Jason, 1988-89.

Garth Falloon using T2 theodolite to fix sea positions with Emperor Penguins looking on, 1987.

Garth Falloon and Kelvin Tait doing survey work for the Cape Roberts tide gauge, 1990.

Graeme Blick and Don Grant (former Surveyor-General) using GPS and working with USGS on the Trans-Antarctic deformation (TAMDEF) project to monitor deformation in the Trans- Antarctic Mountain area.

Programming a computer (under the blanket) at a TAMDEF GPS site.

Establishing a long-term TAMDEF GPS site. Solar power for running the receiver which is kept in a freezer. Freezers are good insulators and, while they keep items cool in hot climates, they can also be used in reverse in cold climates – ie keep the warmth in and cold out.

Installing survey marks for the TAMDEF project.

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 17

2022 Transport – plus covid precautions.

Karl & Lyndon using Leica Robotic Total Station (TS16) to support the Scott Base redevelopment.

18 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

Undertaking a horizon profile survey and GNSS survey to assess suitability for a SouthPAN ground station.

Karl and Lyndon setting up a Trimble GNSS receiver to undertake Scott base tide gauge calibration.

Monitoring the historic huts at Cape Evans to detect any movement from ground settling or ice build-up.

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 19

Monitoring wind turbines with Leica LS15 Digital Level.

Dave Collett with the new sea floor mount for the Scott Base tide gauge.

Photos supplied by Peter Otway, Garth Falloon, Graeme Blick, Dave Collett, Karl Wilton, Lyndon Telfer and @antzkiwi

20 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

Survey and Spatial

New Zealand TĀTAI WHENUA

NEW CERTIFICATION FRAMEWORK LAUNCH! Photo provided by Carl Salmons, Director of Maven and one of the certification programme’s Land Development Engineering Assessors.

It was with great excitement that Survey and Spatial New Zealand (S+SNZ) announced the official launch of the long-awaited Survey and Spatial New Zealand Certification Framework. This achievement is the result of a 2-year Certification Development Project, including a successful Pilot Program that was completed in 2022.

T

he purpose of the new framework is to provide a recognised professional pathway for members at all levels, with clear eligibility criteria, a public register

and mandatory Continuing Professional Development - all supported by a robust renewal process and a quality management system.

S+SNZ anticipate accepting applications from July 2023 for the two certifications that will be on offer. These are the Survey and Spatial New Zealand Certified Professional Engineering Surveyor and the Survey and Spatial New Zealand Certified Professional Land Development Engineer.

There is an immense amount of interest in the framework as the two certifications will be the first of their kind in New Zealand and will set a quality benchmark for the

There is an immense amount of interest in the framework as the two certifications will be the first of their kind in New Zealand and will set a quality benchmark for the industry.

industry. The programme will be open exclusively to S+SNZ members who can expect an announcement with detailed information on the cost and process of application prior to the opening of applications.

Under the new framework we will initially provide Certification for Engineering Surveyors and Land Development Engineers. Over time, it is expected that the framework will be expanded to include other professions within S+SNZ membership.

Engineering Surveying was chosen as it an unregulated industry within in New Zealand and this new certification is the first step to providing recognition of professional and technical competency for NZ Engineering Surveyors. It will provide quality assurance for employers, clients, and third parties and provide a new career pathway for our members.

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 21

Land Development Engineering was the second choice and is a first in New Zealand for Professional Land Development Engineers. The framework assesses to a high standard, providing recognition of current professional and technical competency in civil engineering as it relates to land development.

It also aligns with the intent of Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment’s new ‘Occupational Regulation of Engineers’ Act which is due to be passed in 2023.

The framework is designed to include processes that ensure currency. This will be achieved with a 4 yearly Re-assessment of Competency, an Annual Practising Certificate with compulsory Continuing Professional Development and an annual commitment to ethics and professional best practice.

The Certifications of Competence are formal recognition by S+SNZ of those who have been assessed against a defined set of professional and technical competencies. Theses meet standards and technical sign-off criteria required by private and public asset owners, Territorial and Local Authorities and other such entities.

There will be Annual Practising Certificates for both the Survey and Spatial New Zealand Certified Professional Engineering Surveyor and the Survey and Spatial New Zealand Professional Land Development Engineer setting a quality benchmark for the industry to maintain public confidence across key areas in which they practice.

Enquiries relating to the framework can be sent to certification@surveyspatialnz.org.

•

Bruce Walker from BN Walker Surveying – a key member of the programme development team.

22 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

MICHAEL CUTFIELD

Michael Cutfield, one of our ten assessors in the pilot

What was your role in the certification pilot? I was one of ten assessors.

All the assessors were assessed as

CERTIFICATION PILOT – MEET THE PARTICIPANTS! The launch of the new Certification Programme underway was the result of a successful pilot and proof of concept completed in 2022. Here we ask a few participants about the pilot and what it meant for them.

CHARL VAN DER WALT

part of the pilot. We were assessed together and there were around 20 further candidates, across the two different certifications. I then assessed about ten candidates altogether ranging from assessing assessors (one of the two main interviewers) and a third observing interviewer.

What were the results for you?

I became a Certified Professional Engineering Surveyor (number one apparently). As an Assessor seeing the different results was very interesting, it was a lot more varied than I expected. Some people really

Charl Van der Walt, one of our successful candidates in the Pilot

What was your role in the Certification Pilot? I was a candidate and I wanted to register as a professional.

What were the results for you? It was quite a long process but at the end of the day I’m now a Certified Professional Engineering Surveyor. It was a positive outcome for me. It was quite nice to go through the process

knew their stuff and others didn’t. The overall results were that we didn’t pass at least half of the candidates, it was surprising that quite a few people weren’t up to our standard, I hoped there would be more but we have a high standard and we are quite strict and keen to maintain that and keep the standard high.

JAYNE ALBISTON

and see how the guys compare your skills and knowledge of the industry to what the industry expects from a professional surveyor. It was a thorough process; it was very good.

Survey and Spatial

New Zealand TĀTAI WHENUA

Jayne Albiston, S+SNZ Professional Development Manager, who designed, developed and managed the pilot

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 23

What was your role in the certifica-

Engineering to develop sets of pro-

tion pilot? The Pilot Program was part

fessional and technical competencies.

Assessor Team, the Pilot Program

of the ‘Build’ phase of the Certification

We designed one set of professional

ran February – July 2022. The actual

Framework Development Project,

competencies for both certifications,

assessment was run over an intense

that I have led in my capacity as

the difference being that it would be

8-week period which saw us

Professional Development & Advo-

assessed relevant to the profession for

stretched to our limits as we worked

cacy Manager, with the oversight of a

which competency was being applied

to the goal of completing the Pilot

Governance Committee appointed by

for. Both certifications had their own

prior to the 2022 Annual Conference,

Survey and Spatial NZ Council.

sets of technical competencies.

held in the first week of August.

Including the recruitment of the

Midway through 2020, I was

The outcome of the design phase

In total, there were 32 participants in

brought on to the National Team

was a common purpose for all certifi-

the Pilot Program. It was a thorough

at Survey and Spatial, to carry out a

cations developed for the framework;

and robust, successful Pilot, resulting

series of reviews, which resulted in

they would be formal recognition

in competent, Survey and Spatial

a proposal for a new Certification

by Survey and Spatial New Zealand

New Zealand Certified Professional

Framework. I began Phase 1 of

of those who had been assessed

Engineering Surveyors and Land

the project in 2021 by designing

against a defined set of professional

Development Engineers.

the Framework, complete with an

and technical competencies, which

What were the results for you? There

assessment process suitable for all

met standards and technical sign off

are many outcomes from the Pilot

practice areas within the professions

criteria required by Private and Public

that I celebrate. The achievement of

represented by Survey and Spatial NZ.

Asset Owners, Territorial and Local

completing phase 2 of a multi-phase,

The 2020 reviews had revealed

Authorities and other such Entities.

long term project of national histori-

a common set of criteria across

Halfway through 2021, MBIE came

cal significance for the professions in-

employers, regional and local

out with a proposed new regime

volved, is definitely a career highlight

authorities and the public for the

for the ‘Occupational Regulation of

for me. The fact that until now, there

definition of a ‘suitably qualified and

Engineers’ which was all encompass-

has been no regulatory framework for

experienced professional’. Those

ing and included land development

Engineering Surveying as a profession

criteria, along with key organisational

engineering. This gave the devel-

in New Zealand and that we have

goals for Survey and Spatial New

opment of our land development

stepped in to self-regulate in the

Zealand, became the benchmark for

engineering certification an extra

absence of legislation, is massive. The

the new framework. They were also

layer of purpose. After our submission

fact that there has been no regulatory

embedded into the design of the

to MBIE, it became clear we would be

framework involving the on-going

processes for the professional and

working towards our Land Devel-

reassessment of competency for land

technical assessments, recognition

opment Engineering Certification

development engineers and that we

of competency and maintaining it

becoming a class of licence under the

have now created one that aligns

on an on-going basis. In short, the

new regime once the new Bill was

with the intent of MBIE’s new regime

Framework and programs inside it,

passed. (NB. The draft Bill is due to be

for the Occupational Regulation

had to include clear eligibility criteria,

published in 2023).

of Engineers, is a significant step

a public register, mandatory CPD and

The ’Build’ phase of the Certification

towards preserving a highly valued

be supported by a robust renewal

Development project involved

practice area for surveyors and

process and quality management

building the physical assets required

engineers alike.

system.

to test and pilot the process. Then

Another highlight is that there

The two professions selected by

along with Mike Cutfield from the

are now two new career pathways

Survey and Spatial for development

Engineering Surveying Stream and

for New Zealanders and Migrants

of certification within the new

others, we recruited 2 teams of

from both university and vocational

framework were Engineering Survey

Assessors for the Pilot Program. The

education backgrounds. For Survey

and Land Development Engineering.

first part of the Pilot Program, saw the

and Spatial New Zealand, that creates

Once I had designed the framework

Assessors being ‘candidates’ as they

new pathways into membership as

and processes, I worked with the

first had to apply for and be certified

the industry and professional ‘home’

Stream Leadership from Engineering

before they could then turn around

for engineering surveyors and land

Surveying and Land Development

and assess candidates.

development engineers.

24 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

The result in practical terms is that

assessments and supporting informa-

we are now moving to the Imple-

tion to assess our general profession-

mentation Phase – which is a 5-year

al and technical competence. From

plan. As part of that, I am developing

there, we were assessed by a panel of

a National Stakeholder Engagement

our peers and if successful form part

Strategy and Plan and will be a key

of the assessor team. Once we had

player in facilitating that across New

put ourselves through the process, we

Zealand.

were ready to assess the preliminary

But the true gold from the Pilot Pro-

group of candidates to enable

BRUCE WALKER

gram for me, has been the creation

analysis of the data and the process

of an exceptional National Team of

of how the system was working. That

Pictured above – Bruce Walker, lead of the S+SNZ Technicians Division and assessor for the pilot

Assessors, which we are continuing

has been my role to date.

What was your role in the certi-

to build. The richness of relationships

Since then, Mike encouraged me

fication pilot? I was an assessor

that this has created both personally

to take up a position on Council with

applicant to start with, after being

and professionally for us all, cannot

the Engineering Surveying Stream

invited in with a group of people who

be understated. It is the people who

for S+SNZ. In that role my aim is to

are established in the industry was

made the Pilot Program and who

advocate for certification, continue

the qualification. We went through

will make the implementation of this

building the engineering surveying

the assessor applicant process, were

National Framework and the Certifica-

stream, create a group and a leader-

interviewed by Zoom and if successful

tions that are developed within it.

ship team in that space leveraging off

we were appointed to be assessors

the certification assessor team and

on the pilot programme (we were all

working relationships generated in

successful, nobody failed).

SAM WILLIAMS

that space.

Pictured above – Sam Williams, our Engineering Stream lead and assessor for the pilot

We were then assessed and issued

What were the results for you? It

with a Certificate of Competency.

was quite daunting at first. Mike

Then our role involved into us

assembled quite a team of well

assessing the initial pilot programme

recognised engineering surveyors.

candidates and we independently

So, to have yourself tested against the

assessed the candidates.

competencies and the 1-hour panel

What were the results for you? There

assessment from your industry peers

were five key things.

was a bit unnerving as to how much

1. We became certified as competent

you really know and understand

to practise ourselves as approved

What was your role in the certifi-

about surveying. In the end it was

Survey +Spatial NZ Engineering

cation pilot? I was asked by Mike

quite a rewarding process.

Surveyors in my case, others became

Cutfield (the Engineering Stream

There were some tight time

Land Development Engineers. We

Chair) at the time, to apply to be an

constraints in place to get everything

will be issued with Annual Practicing

assessor. This is something I have

through in time which put a bit of

Certificates, so it was a personal gain

been passionate about for some time

pressure on the team, but we man-

for each of us.

with the civil construction industry

aged. We pulled together, worked hard, worked long hours as a team

2. We will be appointed as assessors

not being regulated in terms of the competency level of the surveyors

and were able to get a sample data set

who can work in our industry, so

out for the S+SNZ Board and Council

when Mike asked me to get involved,

to review. With the tireless efforts of

I was pretty keen. The aim is to set a

Jayne, we have got the framework

quality benchmark for our industry.

tidied up in terms of the wording,

Mike put us in contact with Jayne

individual competencies, and

Albiston (S+SNZ Professional Devel-

refinement of different areas. I would

opment & Advocacy Manager) who

like to think we have helped in getting

got us all together and encouraged

the certification to where it is now – at

us to submit our applications, written

a stage where it can be launched.

ongoing once the formal programme is rolled out from July 2023.

3. Bringing together and establishing the beginnings of a national network for Engineering Surveyors and Land Development Engineers in a community which has never really had a structural feel to it or a formality around its involvement with Survey and Spatial NZ or what was NZIS. That

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 25

is a big gain, having a brand-new

resurgence in interest and the ability

to talk to them as well. The whole

community coming out of it.

to get the technicians division up and

certification programme has grown

4. Other than the long established

running with an enthusiasm possibly

legs.

cadastral, hydro and more recently

not felt since the old days of the NZTSA

It has been superbly led by Jayne

the spatial community where there

(the New Zealand Technician Survey-

I have to say. We cannot claim to be

were recognised academic quali-

ors Association) which ran from 1974

the clever guys in this one, I think

fications, registration, certification

to about 1988. Many of the current

the Board and Council gave good

to practise in specific areas it is

S+SNZ members were part of the

direction, Ashley the CEO brought in a

really good to have this new formal

NZTSA and were from that community.

contractor (ie Jayne) who absolutely

recognition of that certification status

We have really got in behind this neat

embraced this and with the support

within S+SNZ, particularly in more

resurgence feel with the technicians.

from National Office the outcomes

modern times. It reflects the global

The engineering surveying and land

with the educational institutions have

trend where surveyors are used not

development engineering is a big

delivered a spin off which I don’t think

just in hydro, cadastral and spatial

part of that, but the whole technician

any of us thought would happen.

but certainly in construction and

community with people from

It has been more than anyone

engineering it is such a massive part

cadastral and other fields, hopefully

could have hoped for as well as the

of our industry and our community

spatial and hydro (which is yet to be

Certification Programme.

has so many surveyors working in it

explored). The whole community has

that it is appropriate now to have the

come together which has in effect

of been waiting for this for over

qualification that matches the new

been a really nice spin off.

40 years. A lot of people got a bit

community represented globally and in New Zealand.

5. The final point is very special to me and many others in the industry, the

26 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

For me personally, we have kind

It has also led us to involvement

disillusioned along the way and many

with UNITEC and Toi Ohomai Institute

of us with a passion for the industry

of Technology and Te Pūkenga

stuck it out. There have been swings

institutions who grabbed us and put

of emotion all over the place so to

a rope around us and encouraged us

finally have it in place is a real thrill.

•

• PERSPECTIVE

5 DIVERSITY BENEFITS IN SCHOOLS Roshni Sharma. Article republished from SheMaps.

I

ncreased self-confidence and em-

benefits of diversity and inclusion in

perspectives for all identities, or are

pathy in students are just some of

the classroom? First, let’s consider

some favoured?

ways to cultivate diversity benefits

what diversity and inclusion are

in school.

Diversity translates to significant

really about.

Identity groups who are favoured or represented more are considered to be privileged, while those which

top-level buy-in, and helps reach

What is Diversity and Inclusion?

a broader customer base. It also

Diversity refers to the differences

strengthens trust in company culture,

in the makeup of a group, for

promotes better decision making and

example the mix of genders, racial

Diversity Benefits in Schools

drives better innovation.

backgrounds, nationalities, sexual

Within the classroom, teachers

orientations, etc.

can help to bring awareness of

increases in the bottom line, attracts

It’s all the rage.

are under-represented are considered to be minorities.

The idea of leveraging diversity and

Inclusion is a related and connected

inclusion isn’t a new one, but as well

concept to diversity, which considers

the ways in which they guide class

as the workplace, it’s just as useful to

how well each of the various identity

discussions and class content relating

apply diversity in STEM (Science, Tech-

groups present are represented in

to people with identities of different

nology, Engineering and Mathematics

the functioning of the group – are

kinds. They can also help the class

education) and non-STEM schools.

there equal levels of contribution,

to feel safe as a group, especially

reward, presence and appreciation of

students who may fall into minority

So, how can we think about the

diversity and inclusion through

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 27

groups, and set examples through

not only to strengthen friendships,

sions around material being covered

the behaviours they model. Some of

but will also be valuable skills which

in class and different peer groups and

the benefits of this are as follows:

set them aside from others as they

individuals within the class.

1. Provides Good Foundation For Confidence In Early Adulthood And Adulthood

apply for jobs in the future.

When students are exposed to various

As students develop an appreciation

aspects of the world from an early

for people who are both similar and

age in a safe way, they can learn

different to them in different ways,

about people who are different

building empathy and interpersonal

as well as similar to them in an

skills, they become better equipped

open-minded way. Learning about

with the skills needed to improve

people from different cultures, differ-

their school performance. They are

ent religious backgrounds, different

able to perform better in groups,

types of families and different ways

better manage interpersonal conflicts

of thinking helps them to foster a

if they arise in the schoolyard,

deeper sense of safety and self-con-

assisting in managing emotions more

fidence when they come across these

effectively.

people in tertiary education and the

5. Builds Creativity

conscious Bias and How to Challenge it

Being exposed to different ways

in the Classroom.

workplace.

2. Builds Valuable Soft Skills

4. Improves Student Achievement

Sometimes the most impactful thing to do is to merely call attention to the fact that there are assumptions at play, and students will often respond positively to this increased awareness. Teachers can also weave curiosity about difference and STEM diversity into class content, helping to guide students gently to an awareness of the depth and breadth of types of people in the world.

You never know what sorts of academic or creativity benefits your students might come up with as a result!

Click here to read more about Un-

•

of thinking and being in the world

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

Learning to relate to people in

helps broaden student’s minds to

Roshni is a Geospatial Scientist and Soft

different ways, especially people

appreciate the depth and breadth

Skills Enthusiast, working to harness

who are different to us, helps foster

of the world. This equips them to

location intelligence to create tangible

empathy. Being able to consider the

be better able to come up with new

change for society. She loves dogs (but

different circumstances and experi-

ideas, see different perspectives and

not cats) and reads copiously at every

ences that different groups of people

to be open-minded.

opportunity. Roshni strives to be a

Teachers As Role Models

thought leader, a compassionate dis-

aware and appreciate some of the things they make take for granted. It

Given the suite of benefits of diversity

gets things done. Having traversed

may also help them to form stronger

in STEM and non-STEM schools and

environmental science and manage-

friendships, both at school and

workplaces, it makes sense to build

ment, human geography, palaeoclima-

post-school.

an awareness and positive culture

tology and business, in her lifetime she

3. Reduces Prejudice and Builds Interpersonal Skills

around it in classrooms.

want to help shift the culture of the

experience helps students to become

As students build empathy, they are able to reduce their prejudices consciously, allowing them to form closer relationships with their peers.

These interpersonal skills are valuable

Teachers are major role models

ruptor, a connector and someone who

geospatial industry to adopt new ways

to their students. So, they are in

of thinking and technologies ethically

a unique position to offer gentle

to leverage location to change the

questioning when situations where

way society conceptualises and enacts

diversity and inclusion matters arise.

sustainability across all industries.

These could come up as part of discus-

ABOUT SHE MAPS She Maps are one of Australia’s leading experts in drone and geospatial education. She Maps assist schools with the purchasing of drones, school-industry created drone and geospatial teaching resources and highly supportive teacher professional development.

28 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

gsi.nz

New Landonline application captures attention

T

he Landonline – Survey appli-

within their firms. Firms already using

cation is on track to provide end-

the new application are encouraged

to-end survey capture function-

to expand their number of users.

ality, following an 18-month pilot.

We’d also like to onboard users in

More than a third of all surveyors

firms who don’t currently use the new

who use Landonline are now work-

application but have indicated an

ing in the new application – including

interest to do so.

students at Otago University’s School eager for more to get onboard before

Migrating to new Landonline

it becomes available to all Landonline

LINZ’s focus this year is to bring users

users from April this year.

onto the new application.

of Surveying – and Toitū Te Whenua is

Lyndon Telfer, Survey Product Manager for the Modernising Landonline programme at Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand, reports on the new Landonline – Survey application. He previously worked in the Office of the SurveyorGeneral and led the rollout of the Cadastral Survey Rules 2021.

Developed in consultation with the

the functionality we’ve delivered is

to ensure that it’s fit for purpose, the

ready, and that it’s right.

new application has a modern look and feel, and is more intuitive.

The Survey Working Group is a refer-

Users can capture survey datasets in the new application but will need to revert to Legacy Landonline to

ence group of surveyors from around

complete plan generation and sign

Aotearoa New Zealand working with

and submit.

Toitū Te Whenua Land Information

In April and May, we’ll be driving

New Zealand to help inform the

voluntary uptake as much as possible.

Modernising Landonline programme.

We’ll then look at providing certainty

Importantly, the way customers

on when migration to the new cap-

enter information into the new

ture functionality must be achieved.

application is similar to previously,

We’ll then review migration

but the process is easier and more

progress, and the steps required

efficient. Feedback from pilot users

for full use of capture in the new

has been positive.

application.

Our focus is to get more people

Completing the migration to the

using the new application before

new application will enable us to

April to ensure there’s an experienced

focus on new Landonline enhance-

support network in survey firms to

ments for you.

help, if needed.

Outside of the functionality that’s

It’s anticipated these users will be-

accessed in new Landonline, you’ll

come champions for new Landonline

continue to work in Legacy Landon-

Our focus is to get more people using the new application before April to ensure there’s an experienced support network in survey firms to help, if needed.

30 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

We’re confident from our pilot that

Survey Working Group and surveyors

line on the same transaction, as the systems are fully compatible and integrated.

Contact us If you’d like to sign up or find out more, please email engagement@ linz.govt.nz.

•

Perpetual Leases over Māori Land Mick Strack

T

he issue of perpetual leases over Māori land is now

property rights. A full fee simple title issued to an indi-

being challenged by the Green Party in Parliament.

vidual was seen as the only way to acquire complete and

They describe the arrangements as a thinly disguised

secure property rights; fee simple title provided security of

system of land grab, and state: “Māori landowners have had no direct say in who leased

tenure. However, by the last quarter of the 19th century, in an effort to get more settlers established on small

the land, what the rent should be, or what the land would

holdings, the government wanted to provide additional

be used for.” What are perpetual leases, why were they

incentives for farmers to settle on the land. Various

established and how do they work?

forms of leases and grazing licences were tried and then

Prior to the Treaty of Waitangi, there was uncertainty

perpetual leases were created by the Land Act 1882 for a

about what Māori may have been selling; whether it was

30-year period with a further 20-year right of renewal.

just a right to occupy the land alongside the customary

While most of these leases were created over Crown

owners such that the whānau or hapū retained control

Land, many were created over land that the Crown had

over the land and occupation was at the grace and favour

reserved for Māori, or were parcels returned to Māori

of the chiefs. In any event, there was no English law estab-

after the confiscations of the 1860s. It was presumably

lished that could provide protection of any acquisition of

thought that by creating a lease over Māori land, then

land by settlers, and when Captain Hobson arrived in NSW

Māori would retain some control over the land, retain

in 1839 he declared all previous ‘purchases’ void, and then

some property rights, some decision-making ability, some

set up the Land Claims Commission to investigate those

regular income, and the possibility of resuming the land in

early land dealings, and to offer an English-style land grant

a reasonably near future. But in fact, they were a device to

to recognise legitimate and good faith purchases.

further remove Māori control over the land.

After the Treaty of Waitangi, when the Crown was busily

A perpetual lease is usually established as a lease for

acquiring Māori land for grant to the settlers, there

21 years with a regular review and right of renewal after

was little debate about the required

that time. Typically, there is an annual rental fee of 5% of the land value (capital value less the value of

32 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

improvements). There are several benefits to leaseholders in such arrangements: purchase prices of the lease should be significantly less than a purchase of a fee simple estate; the relatively low annual rent should still allow for a reasonable profit to be made from production off the land; the leases including the improvements can be sold at a good profit; commitment to the land can be temporary. On the other hand, some restrictions come with these leases: the lessor can impose conditions on land use, there may be responsibilities and expectations to keep the land weed and pest free; and initially, for leases from the Crown,

These perpetual leases amount to a complete loss of Māori control over this land – just one more way to undermine Māori interests in the land.

there was a requirement to clear the bush and drain the

land for productive purposes. Later, in the 1950s, the Māori

swamps – i.e. alter the land significantly for its productive

Trustee was empowered to acquire small and uneconomic

values rather than retain the land’s natural values.

parcels and shares in Māori land, again to assist with better

It was previously supposed that retention of Māori land may be effected by creating marketable leases rather than

management.

Under the current arrangements, with no prospect of

selling the fee simple title. However, when these leases

Māori being able to realise the economic value of this

were made perpetually renewable, any practical interest

land, nor of being able to restore their customary relation-

that Māori may have in the land was lost as the lessees ac-

ships with the land, the land provides minimal benefit for

quired an almost complete property right. These perpetual

Māori. The Crown has demonstrated that legislation can

leases amount to a complete loss of Māori control over this

be passed to extinguish perpetual leases, and the Crown

land – just one more way to undermine Māori interests in

has been relatively active in restoring Crown land to Māori

the land. Now many perpetual leases of Māori land are

through the Waitangi Tribunal processes, so it seems that

held and managed by the Office of the Māori Trustee.

dealing with these leases would provide some very useful

The Māori Trustee position was first established in 1920

benefits for iwi.

as the role of the Native Land Court was changing from

The Crown pastoral leases of the South Island High

alienation to better management of Māori land. The

Country suitably illustrate the attributes of land use re-

trustee’s purpose was to assist Māori in managing their

striction and the values held in a lease. The

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 33

pastoral lessees are restricted in their land use (to grazing

negotiating with stakeholders, surveying the parcels,

sheep and cattle), but recently as the Crown bought out

and registering new interests. That process was flawed in

these leases, very high purchase prices were paid by the

numerous ways, and subject to much criticism; especially

Crown to extinguish the lease and regain the land as public

with the interference by the Crown of legitimate property

conservation estate.

rights, and the subsequent generosity of the Crown to the

As an indication of the property rights attaching to a lease, a case was brought against a High Country station

affected lessees – the very high purchase prices.

The registered property rights of a perpetual lease have

(Crown Lands v Minaret Station 2009). The case was largely

significant protections in law, so the extinguishment

about the rental valuation but there was also discussion

of these leases over Māori land will need legislative

about the nature of the property right in a perpetual lease.

support. The regular rent and conditions reviews provide

The court stated: “Those rights approximate those of the

an appropriate time to negotiate the extinguishment of

owner of the full bundle of property rights associated

the right of renewal. This would give lessees appropriate

with ownership of the fee simple estate except for a

notice about the removal of their property rights and time

requirement to pay rent and the imposition of restrictions

to negotiate exit conditions (including compensation for

on activities that may be undertaken on the land” (Minaret

improvements).

at [96]). And in another case brought to question the

The perpetual leases over Māori land amount to 26,000

property rights of a Pastoral lease, the judge stated: “The

hectares – only 0.1% of the land area of Aotearoa. It would

very purpose of these leases is to alienate the land from

seem that more serious issues attach to most Māori free-

the Crown, but in circumstances that limit the type of

hold land (about 5% of the country). These issues include

activity that may be carried out on the land” (NZ Fish &

the difficulties of land use decisions on multiply owned

Game Council v AG 2009 at [82]).

land that affect production, occupation, and cultural

The process of extinguishing the leases and/or

relationships. The process of repealing or amending Te Ture

converting the lease to freehold required a special act of

Whenua Māori Act 1993 has stalled, but much could be

Parliament (the Crown Pastoral Lands Act 1998), and con-

gained by addressing the problems of Māori land use and

siderable administration costs in assessing the land values,

management in new legislation.

•

MARKING THE HAPAIA Survey and Spatial NZ Conference 2023 | Dunedin | 30 August - 1 September

Keep an eye on the conference website for our early-bird registration deal opening mid-April surveyspatialnzconference.org

34 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

• BOOK REVIEW The Measure of the Man

Reviewed by Ross Miller FNZIS Don McKay, FNZIS, has clearly chosen as his retirement job the recording of the life of one of the most illustrious and important surveyors New Zealand has ever had – Archie Bogle. Don was

Institute publication. Don also said himself that the definitive biography has yet to come. Now in The Measure of the Man my concerns have been met and we now have that biography. In this book Don with his editorial team of Andrew Blackman and Gordon Andreassend have achieved this outcome by combining a reprint of Links in the Chain, with Surveyor Extraordinaire plus a lot of new material including Bogle’s speeches, writings, poetry and his war time and sporting achievements.

This is a handsome quality hard covered book some 26cm x 19.5cm in size and of 335 pages on good quality paper. It is broken into the three parts covering the above 3 aspects plus introductions

Soldier Archie

not satisfied that such an important figure was marked only by an Institute award named after him and an anecdotal autobiography Bogle wrote over 50 years ago – Links in the Chain. Don had earlier penned an ‘article’ entitled Surveyor Extraordinaire which was a short biography in which he traced Archie’s career and achievements in the many positions he held.

I reviewed that article and expressed my concern as to what its future was as it was too short for a book and too long to be printed in an

and prefaces, a bibliography, a glossary of terms and an index. The book has many photographs that were originally black and white but many have now been coloured which enhances them considerably and adds to the feeling of quality in the book. There is also a useful map of the Whanganui River basin where Archie undertook the majority of his work.

A great majority of the text is made up Archie’s writings, he was a very good and prolific writer and cover a multitude of subjects. His writing style is easy; it can sometimes be

light-hearted, sometime serious and sometime thoughtful (his 1935 Anzac address at Maxwell, p189, is a case in point).

Through these writings and anecdotes we really do get the measure of the man. Don and his team have certainly achieved what they set out to do and should be congratulated for that. They obviously had a huge number of decisions to make in producing this book, I am not sure they got them all right but that does not distract from the overall attractiveness and readability of the book.

This book will be a must for those who have not only an interest in the history of New Zealand surveying and surveyors but also the country’s early history. I can thoroughly recommend it. Any proceeds from the book will be going to the Kairūri Community Trust which was established by the Institute in 2017.

The Measure of the Man Compiled by Don MacKay, Andrew Blackman, Gordon Andreassend ISBN 978-0-473-66132-8 Book Production – PressGang

Stirling Bridge

36 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

HOW TO ORDER If you wish to purchase a copy or copies and are a NZ resident NZIS member please go to our website www.surveyspatialnz. org and complete the order form.

This is a book with its own Mana, a quality hardcover production in full colour, well-illustrated, elegant size (a little less than A4), very suitable for a coffee table/reception table and a great read. A book that will enhance our profession and the Institute and likely become a collectors’ item.

A book that has everything: part autobiographic, part biographic and part anecdotal, clearly illustrating why this man was undoubtedly surveyor of the century. The Foreword to this second enlarged edition is written by Bill Robertson.

Advice Notes 1. The cost is $40 per copy inc GST plus P&P and credit card fee, at cost, $12.

Delivered by courier in a protected envelope.

2. If you are a donor to the Trust as a result of earlier appeals, please ignore this invitation (unless you want further copies). Your compli-

From Chapter 35 – Notable Commissions and Projects carried out by Archie.

During his career Archie carried out several unusual or notable jobs. Some of these are mentioned by Archie in Part One, some in Part Two. They varied dramatically from a magnetic survey of the North Island to bridge building to land developing and probably his last large job, the fourmonth contract to the Samoan government at the age of 73. We detail four of these jobs.

mentary copy is already reserved.

3. If you would like to purchase in bulk, boxes of 12 at a discounted price of $380 each plus GST and delivery please email Andrew andyblackman17@gmail.com 4. This invitation applies to NZ resident members. For those overseas members please email Andrew as above

This book is dedicated to Archie, a tribute to his memory as one of our greatest sons on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his death.

It is attractively priced for S+SNZ members at substantially less than retail and supports the Institute charitable arm, The Kairūri Community Trust.

The Bogle Reprint Committee and Editors Gordon Andreassend,

(unless you have already donated as above). Postage varies considerably country to country.

5. The GST amount on each purchase of $52 – is $6.61, and delivery April 2023.

Andrew Blackman and Don McKay.

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 37

• NEWS

Surf lifesaving equipment at St Clair Beach, Dunedin. Photo: Lana Young, NIWA.

BEACHGOERS COULD BE SAFER THANKS TO A NEW TECHNOLOGY WITH THE POTENTIAL TO GIVE REAL-TIME UPDATES OF RIP CURRENTS NIWA Rip currents are narrow, fast-moving segments of water

large variety of images from different coastal settings and

that travel away from the shore. They can reach speeds of

they hope will ultimately be used by beachgoers to alert

2.5 metres per second, which is quicker than the fastest

them of rip currents.

Olympic swimmer.

“We hope that by using cameras and drones at beaches,

NIWA and Surf Life Saving New Zealand (SLSNZ) have

the tool will be able to scan video footage and notify peo-

developed a state-of-the-art rip current identification tool

ple of the presence of rip currents. Even knowledgeable

using artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning. The

surf lifeguards can struggle identifying rips, depending

tool showed around 90% accuracy detecting rip currents

on the beach and environmental conditions. As well as

in videos and images in trials. The work is published in the

this, some beaches are remote or really large, so surf

journal Remote Sensing.

lifeguards can use all the extra help they can get!” said Dr

NIWA coastal scientists Dr Christo Rautenbach and Neelesh Rampal say the technology has been tested on a

38 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

Rautenbach.

The technology was developed by feeding millions

of coastal aerial images into the AI model, along with

This survey follows on from the previous 2022 survey in

artificial rain and fog data, to teach it to identify where rips

the same region, but it will shift focus to the offshore areas

occur in real-time, regardless of weather conditions and

of the survey, approximately 12,000 nautical miles. This

camera angle.

includes Farewell Spit to Kahurangi Shoals (West Coast,

The “warmer” colours are where the AI is focusing – it gives a probability score that shows, with various confidence, that a potentially deadly rip current is in that area.

[NIWA]

near Karamea), approaches to Nelson and near D’Urville Island.

This survey will be unique in that OI will be deploying two 8m uncrewed survey vessels (USV) called DriX, which

Adam Wooler, Special Projects Manager at SLSNZ, says

will work as a force multiplier to the mothership (Sea-

once operationalised the technology will be invaluable for

worker). Whilst the DriX has previously been used in New

people while they’re out enjoying our beautiful coastline.

Zealand and the Pacific on previous surveys, it will be the

“This is only the beginning of our research together

first time globally that two will operate simultaneously on

and our goal is to build even more effective, accurate and

a project of this scale.

reliable safety tools for New Zealand beaches. Rip currents

All three survey vessels will share near identical setups

can sweep even the strongest swimmers out to sea – we

and installations featuring Kongsberg EM2040 multibeam

had 90 people sadly drown in New Zealand last year, 25

echo-sounders to obtain full 3D bathymetric coverage,

of them on beaches, so we’re hoping that this technology

backscatter and water column data in several locations

helps to significantly reduce that number,” said Wooler.

around the region. OI, which will be based out of Nelson,

Rip currents are reported as the most hazardous safety

hopes to begin operations in late April and complete them

risk to beachgoers around the world. An Australian study

in July.

published in 2013 revealed that they have killed more

Classes are back at Otago University, and two optional

people on Australian territory than bushfires, floods,

hydrographic surveying papers are offered for 2023. There

cyclones, and shark attacks combined.

are healthy class numbers and the students are looking

HYDROGRAPHIC STREAM UPDATE

forward to getting on the water in a few weeks.

Discovery Marine Limited (DML) has completed data

Stuart Caie, Chair, Hydrographic Stream

capture for the Approaches to Napier Hydrographic Survey

Ocean Infinity (OI) is busy gearing up for the next phase of

and Phase 1 data capture of the Approaches to Gisborne

the HS73 and HS74 Hydrographic Survey, in the Tasman and Western Marlborough Sounds region.

The survey will be the first time the two DriX vessels will work simultaneously on a project of this scale.

Sophie Clayton, from Otago University, on her summer internship with DML.

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 39

Hydrographic Survey. DML mobilised a 23m vessel, Tranquil

of Tauranga, Port of Napier and Northport for emergency

Image, for 24-hour multibeam echosounder survey

survey work to ensure the ports and critical supply chains

operations in both regions between September and

remain open.

December 2022.

DML was sad to say goodbye to its summer intern Ella

The 20th South West Pacific Hydrographic Commission (SWPHC20) meeting was held on February 22-24 in

Westenberg in February. Ella joined DML in November and

Wellington, hosted by Toitū Te Whenua Land Information

quickly became part of the team, getting involved with all

New Zealand, which has chaired the commission for the

aspects of life at DML. Ella plans to use her experience with

past three years.

processing acoustic backscatter at DML to help her achieve

This was the first time delegates had gathered in person

honours in marine science from the University of Otago in

since 2020, bringing people from around the Pacific.

2023.

The meeting was attended (in person and online) by 80

In January DML hosted the inaugural recipients of the DML, OI and LINZ co-sponsored Women in Hydrography experience. Eliza McCracken from the University of

representatives from 15 nations, regional organisations and international intergovernmental organisations.

The meeting was preceded by an International

Canterbury and Sophie Clayton from the University of

Hydrographic Organization (IHO) funded capacity building

Otago joined the DML team, getting a taste of what life is

two-day workshop on hydrographic governance, attended

like at a hydrographic surveying company.

by 30 delegates from Pacific Island countries, hydrographic

Their experience included time onboard DML’s survey vessel Tupaia undertaking surveys for the Port of Tauranga.

offices, the IHO, and subject matter experts.

The purpose of the workshop was to review a high-level

DML thanks Eliza and Sophie for their enthusiasm and

hydrographic governance gap analysis that provides

interest in the hydrographic surveying industry.

foundational data relating to the status of national

Will Fraser from Mount Maunganui College was awarded

interest, national arrangements and external coordination.

the Year 13 DML Earth, Environment and Spatial Sciences

The output was an action plan for each country to bridge

Scholarship for 2022. The scholarship recognises Will’s

the gaps.

passion for practical science and will help him with his transition to the University of Canterbury in 2023. DML is proud to support Mount Maunganui College with the scholarship, now in its fifth year.

DML is busy providing support to our port clients after the devastating impacts of Cyclone Gabrielle. In the space of a week, DML has mobilised survey teams and vessels to Port

NEW DEAN FOR SCHOOL OF SURVEYING Division of Sciences Communication, University of Otago Antoni Moore, an Associate Professor in Geographical Information Science, is the new Dean of the School of

Delegates at the 20th South West Pacific Hydrographic Commission in Wellington.

40 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

Surveying at the University of Otago. Antoni takes over the role from Professor Christina Hulbe, who held the position for ten years. Antoni says Christina displayed exemplary leadership during her time as Dean, including curriculum changes and positioning the School as a Te Tiriti-led place of learning and research.

Antoni says he’s keen to give back to the School which includes exploring convergences and synergies in the many different fields that surveying encompasses. He is also looking forward to engaging with Survey Spatial New Zealand and the profession as a whole in his new role.

His arrival also coincides with a change in the curriculum for students commencing their degrees in 2023, including two new first-year papers. “These changes reflect surveying in the 2020s, bringing together the many different fields that the School covers, from geospatial science – GIS and remote sensing – to land planning and development as well as surveying measurement. All these areas can be

NEW WEBSITE, NEW LOOK FOR SURVEY AND SPATIAL NZ MEMBERS In March, a newly refreshed Survey and Spatial NZ website was launched.

Ashley Church, CE says “He was delighted to present the new site with a fresh, clean look to members. With the last major upgrade in 2017, it was very timely.

“Work on the refresh started in the latter part of 2022 when Cyberglue, our website and member database provider, introduced new functionality allowing much greater flexibility with the layout design and content management. The last major upgrade was a while ago so we’re delighted to finally deliver this new version to members.”

You’ll notice some changes and new features. There is a new member’s Dashboard layout and new member directory and profile layouts for both companies and members to use for marketing purposes. The simplified menu tabs make it easier to navigate around the site.

With making communication easier for everyone in mind, we have introduced another new feature – a members’ Tipline to keep in touch. The Tipline will not only be on every webpage but also in all our email templates.

applied to societal challenges and opportunities, including the critical issues facing us today, such as climate change.”

Antoni transferred to the School in 2008 following seven years in the Department of Information Science. As well as his long-standing research interests in geographic visualisation and cartography, he is a lead principal investigator on a Royal Society Marsden funded project (Strand) that’s exploring climate change related flooding hazards and impacts on coastal property values. He is also currently the president of the New Zealand Cartographic Society.

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SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 41

• LEGAL COLUMN

Key things to look out for when selling a Unit Titled Property Claire Tyler, Rainey Collins Lawyers

A

to have a Body Corporate committee.

n investor owned an apartment in a complex of 4 unit titled apartments, which they contacted a real

Any Body Corporate with 9 or fewer units does not need

estate agent about selling. The agent asked them

If there is no committee or no nominated chairperson

for contact details and information about the Body Corpo-

of the Body Corporate, then all owners need to sign all

rate, including levies and insurance.

documents on behalf of a Body Corporate.

The investor was adamant that because their complex was a small complex, and had a ‘non-functioning Body

Disclosure regime

Corporate’, any disclosure rules did not apply to them

When selling a unit titled property there are requirements

when it came to selling their unit.

under the Act for the Vendor to provide the Purchaser with:

The agent wasn’t sure what exactly was required in terms of disclosure when there is no ‘functioning’ Body Corporate, so sought legal advice.

The legal position here is clear. There is no such thing legally as ‘non-functioning Body Corporate’, and all the same disclosure rules apply to smaller Bodies Corporate as larger ones.

Key things Bodies Corporate must do

A Pre-Contract Disclosure Statement, A Pre-Settlement Disclosure Statement, Insurance details, and An additional disclosure statement, if requested by the Purchaser.

It is important to be aware that this disclosure regime is separate from any more general disclosures that real estate agents will require when listing a property.

All unit titled properties, no matter how small or large the

Vendors still need to disclose to their real estate agents

development is, are governed by the Unit Titles Act 2010.

any known defects, and the agent is required to point out

All unit owners in a unit titled development make up the

any defects or likely defects that they should know in their

Body Corporate.

experience as an agent.

The key things, as an absolute minimum, that a Body Corporate should do is:

Pre-Contract Disclosure Statement

1. Maintain a register of all unit owners;

When selling the property the Vendor needs to provide

2. Have an operating account into which levies are

(and sign) a Pre-Contract Disclosure Statement to purchas-

paid (which at the very least, should cover insurance costs); 3. Ensure the development is insured under one insurance policy (noting there is an exception if units are not attached to each other, where the Body Corporate can insure separately if it passes a special resolution confirming this); 4. Manage and maintain common property;

ers. There is a template statement on the Tenancy Services website, which may assist if the Body Corporate does not know how to prepare the statement.

There is a specific list of items that need to be included in the statement, as detailed in the Unit Titles Regulations.

Pre-Settlement Disclosure Statement The Vendor is required to provide the Purchaser with a certificate of insurance and a Pre-Settlement Disclosure

5. Have a Long Term Maintenance Plan in place; and

Statement no later than five working days before settle-

6. Provide disclosure statements when a unit owner is

ment.

selling their property.

The only thing that a smaller Body Corporate is exempt

A Pre-Settlement Disclosure Statement is also signed by the Vendor, but is required to be accompanied by a certif-

from under the Act is the requirement to have a Body

icate from the Body Corporate confirming the contents of

Corporate committee. A committee is a smaller group of

it are correct. If there is no chairperson or committee, this

owners which the Body Corporate has delegated certain

statement will need to be signed by all owners.

responsibilities to.

It could be difficult to get all owners to sign, so enquiries (continued page 44)

42 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

• UNIVERSITY HAPPENINGS

Richard Hemi, University of Otago

I

n the 60th year of the School of

new influx of total stations and

the school, completing a surveying

Surveying, it would seem an appro-

robotic equipment, greatly enhancing

diploma. Around this time the school

priate time to reflect on surveying

student learning in the 2020s.

was considering the adoption of a

education; then and now. Over the

Many things have obviously

four-year degree course with the

course of those years, the school has

changed since those early days

first intake in 1976, and five years

changed significantly – it has grown

– instruments, computing, survey

later, Vicky Nalder (former Chair of

in student and staff size, it has moved

methods but some things remain the

the CSLB) became the first female to

building twice, its curriculum has

same. In the 1960s, survey camps

graduate with the new BSurv degree.

evolved and the school can now

were held at Tirohanga, a small Bible

proudly count over 2000 surveying

Class hall in the hills behind Mosgiel.

13 female students, an increase

graduates.

The first pro camp of 2023 included

In Prof Mackie’s words, running

certainly, but our overall female class

Surveying has been taught at

the camp “involved administration

percentages continue to lag behind

University of Otago since the 1880s

resembling an army exercise”. I’m

what we as an industry should aspire

when papers in surveying were

sure my camp colleagues’ would

to. The staff numbers at the school are

offered as part of the degree in

heartily agree with those comments

somewhat better with the depart-

mining courses offered by the Otago

in 2023, after catering for our biggest

ment currently employing five female

School of Mines. It was from this

student cohort ever taken away to

staff members across the 17 roles.

mining department that the School

camp this year – 74 students.

Some of this historical information

of Surveying grew thanks to the hard

Ironically, as I have written about

comes from an S+SNZ Quarterly article

work of Professor John Mackie and

in a previous article, our new camp

written by Mark Smith in 2013 at the

other prominent NZIS stalwarts of

at Orangapai in the Maniatoto is also

time of the 50th anniversary. In it he

that time, including Archie Bogle and

a Bible or Christian camp. No doubt

highlights the introduction of a new

others.

out of respect for the ethos of his

curriculum in 1994 which involved

Taieri camp, Mackie and his students

the introduction of first year papers

provides an interesting chapter on

“would all call into one of the Mosgiel

undertaken at Otago. Previously

the creation of the current School of

pubs on the way back to Tirohanga”,

students could do the intermediate

Surveying, and in it, he describes the

whereas at Orangapai we pack out

year at any university in New Zealand

benefit of acquiring new equipment

the Waipiata pub for our last evening

with general maths and physics

to improve teaching – a number of

at camp.

papers. I have fond memories of

The autobiography of John Mackie

plane tables. In a similar vein, the school has recently enjoyed a

In 1973 Joanne Waugh became

my intermediate year at Waikato

the first female student to enrol at

University, before arriving at Survey (continued bottom of page 44)

SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023 43

(continued from page 42)

may need to be made very early in the piece to avoid settlement potentially being delayed as mentioned below.

This Pre-Settlement Disclosure Statement includes information regarding the levies that will be apportioned on settlement, and other details relevant to the purchase.

It is worth noting that, under the Agreement for Sale and Purchase, only ordinary levies are apportioned on

An update...Unit Titles (Strengthening Body Corporate Governance and Other Matters) Amendment Bill This Bill, currently passing through Parliament, seeks to update the Unit Titles Act and rectify some known problem areas. The Bill has passed its Third Reading and is expected to be considered again in May.

settlement, not Long Term Maintenance, Contingency or

Key things that the Bill will change are:

Capital Improvement fund levies. Vendors will not get

Adding additional items to be provided under a

back a share of what they have contributed to any such

Pre-Contract Disclosure Statement and some oth-

funds over time.

er changes to the disclosure regime;

It is also important to be aware that the Agreement can

Greater accountability for Body Corporate managers,

be delayed or cancelled if this statement is not provided

who will be defined in the Act and will be subject to a

within 5 working days of settlement.

code of conduct; A reduction in the fees for applying to the Tenancy

Deposit It is important to remember that when selling a unit titled property, the agent is required to hold the deposit until the Pre-Settlement Disclosure Statement and Additional Disclosure Statement (if requested) have been provided, as there is a right for the Purchaser to cancel prior to those

Tribunal in the event of a dispute; Permanent ability to hold meetings via audio-visual link and vote electronically.

Summary Sales of Unit Titled properties are more complex for all

statement being provided.

involved than fee simple sales, so it pays to know what to look out for and what is required, to avoid settlements being delayed or cancelled.

•

(continued from page 43)

School camp to enjoy Ted Friel’s

and the development of land has

support from a number of industry

draughting instruction and Allan

been reflected in the changes to the

software suppliers and, because of

Blackie’s plumbing lessons at the

associated papers in the BSurv course

this, students are familiar with and

Invermay Research farm.

over time. In Professor Lex McRae’s

have the ability to become well

This year we again introduce a

Subdivisional Design booklet of the

versed in a number of typical survey

new curriculum to the BSurv with

1980s, I found that it was recom-

computation and design processes.

new papers in that first intermediate

mended that “in general, all water-

What all employers must accept

year. As discussed in the last edition

courses be piped in the design of a

however is that like all surveying

of this article, one of those new first

new subdivision”. This is something

theory taught at the school, students

year papers is SURV130: People, Place

that has certainly changed in teaching

receive an introduction to a range

and the Built Environment. This paper

with a much greater focus on ecology

of skills as part of course teaching

aims to highlight the connection

and the function of natural drainage

objectives but with a limited amount

between people and land, provide

systems, and an understanding of

of practice.

students with an appreciation of

the aesthetic and cultural value

Like almost all teaching they

Māori values to land, and introduce

of the natural environment in our

require a graduate to spend more

the main components of sustainabil-

neighbourhoods.

time repeating these skills in a con-

ity and climate change science – all

In Mark Smith’s article, he remi-

tinued real life practice for them to

very important topics in this age

nisced about the school’s single Vax

become individually competent. This

and in light of the recent damaging

computer located in the windowless

partnership between undergraduate

weather events in the North Island.

room known as the ‘Black Hole’. The

theory and postgraduate practice to

A better understanding of these

school now has two large computer

achieve the desired level of expertise

issues, together with a change in

suites with over 80 computers be-

has certainly not changed from ‘then

the attitudes toward urban design

tween them. The school enjoys great

to now’.

44 SURVEYING+SPATIAL • Issue 111 March 2023

•

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